Jump to content

Filipinos

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by JfdrU (talk | contribs) at 08:41, 8 May 2009 (Undid edits and revert back to last version). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Filipino people
Fernando María GuerreroGloria ArroyoJosé Rizal Corazón AquinoJacobo Zobel y ZangronizVina Morales Manny PacquiaoIgnacia del Espíritu SantoManuel L. Quezon
Notable Filipinos:
Fernando María Guerrero · Gloria Arroyo · José Rizal · Corazón Aquino · Jacobo Zobel y Zangroniz · Vina Morales · Manny Pacquiao · Ignacia del Espíritu Santo · Manuel L. Quezon
Total population
about 90 million people[1]
Regions with significant populations
Philippines
Languages
Filipino, English, Philippine languages, and other languages.
Religion
Christianity (Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism), Islam, Philippine mythology, Paganism, Atheism, and other religions.
Related ethnic groups
Austronesian people, Asian people.

Filipino people refers to an ethnic group in the Philippines, a country in Southeast Asia. The name Filipino was derived from Las Islas Filipinas (The Philippine Islands), the Spanish name given to the Philippines in the 16th century, by Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos.[2] There are about 90 million Filipinos, and about 11 million of whom live outside of the Philippines.

Colloquially, Filipinos refer to themselves as "Pinoy" (feminine: "Pinay"), which is a slang word formed by taking the last four letters of "Pilipino", and adding the diminutive suffix "-y". Many Philippine languages lack /f/ as a phoneme, and is substituted by /p/ turning "Filipino" into "Pilipino".

History

Prehistory

Further information: History of the Philippines (Before 1521)

The earliest human remains found in the Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a skull, and jawbone, discovered in 1962 by Dr. Robert B. Fox, an American anthropologist of the National Museum.

Anthropologists who have examined these human remains agreed that it belonged to modern human beings. These include the homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene homo erectus species. This indicates that the human remains were Pre-Mongoloid (Mongoloid being the term anthropologists applied to the ethnic group which migrated to Southeast Asia during the Holocene period, and evolved into the Austronesian people called Malayo-Polynesian.[3]

About 30,000 years ago, the Negritos, who became the ancestors of the Aeta, Agta, Ayta, Ati, Dumagat, and other tribes of the Philippines forms about .003% of the total Philippine population.

About 2000 to 6000 years ago, the Austronesian ethnic group originated from the Yunnan Plateau in Taiwan, and settled in what is now the Philippines by sailing, using boats or by traveling in land bridges.

The Indigenous people of the Philippines were also in contact with other Asian people. Various ethnic groups established several communities formed by the assimilation of various Indigenous Philippine kingdoms.

Spanish period

Further information: Spanish settlement in the Philippines

The Spanish conquest between 1521 to 1565 initiated a period of Spanish colonization of the Philippine Islands that lasted for about 333 years. The Philippines were governed by Mexico City on behalf of the Spanish Empire. Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government official, and religious missionares who were born in Spain, and Mexico. The Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) settled in the islands to governed the territory. A majority of the Peninsulares were Castillan Spanish but along with them are Andalusians, Catalonians, and Basques. Intermarriage between Spaniards, and the Indigenous people was sometimes encouraged, but did not happen as it had in the Americas. A minority of intermarriage, and inter-breeding took place between the two ethnic groups in the Philippines. Some settlers married the daughters of Rajahs, and Datus (Chieftains) to reinforce the colonization of the islands while some married only Spaniards of pure Spanish descent. The succeeding generation, called Insulares (Spaniards from the islands) became town mayors, and hacienderos (land owners) who were granted large plantations by the Spanish government. In some provinces in the Philippines the Spanish government encouraged foreign merchants to trade with the Indigenous tribes. However, they were not given such privileges as the right to own land. From the close contact between the Spanish people, a new society class were formed, known as the Principalía (Nobility).

Mexicans of European, and Mestizo heritage also arrived in the Philippines. Between 1565, and 1815, Hispanos (Hispanics) from Mexico, and Spain sailed to, and from the Philippines, assisting Spain in its trade between Latin America, and the Philippines.[4]

By the opening of the Suez Canal in 1867, the Philippines were opened for International trade, and there were some Europeans such as the British, German, and French, who have settled in the islands. By the end of the Spanish period, the native ethnic groups of the Philippines began calling themselves Filipinos.

American period

Further information: American settlement in the Philippines

After the defeat of Spain during the Spanish-American War in 1898, the Philippines, and other remaining Spanish colonies were ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Paris, for about 20 million dollars.[5] United States government were established in 1901 during the Philippine-American War. William Howard Taft became the first American Governor-General of the Philippines.[6]

World War II was a period of American migration to the Philippines. The Philippines gained independence from the United States in 1946. A minority of Americans settled in the Philippines. Some of these individuals married Filipinos.

Genetic studies

Some genetic studies, based upon a small samples of the population, have begun to provide clues to the origins of Filipino people. Much remains to be learned by larger studies of valid statistical significance about the ancestry of the various Austronesian Philippine ethnic groups.

A Stanford University study conducted during 2001 revealed that Y-chromosome Haplogroup O3-M122 (labeled as "Haplogroup L" in this study) predominates among Filipino people. This particular haplogroup is also predominant among other Asian people. That finding is consistent with the theory that Austronesian people migrated from Taiwan, and eventually reached the Philippines. Another haplogroup, Haplogroup O1a-M119 (labeled as "Haplogroup H" in this study), is also found among Filipinos. The rates of Haplogroup O1a are highest among Austronesian people. Overall, the genetic frequencies found among Filipinos point to the Ami tribe of Taiwan as their nearest genetic ancestors.[7]

A 2002 China Medical University study indicated that Filipinos shared genetic chromosome that is found among Asian people, and Austronesian people.[8]

According to a research study by the University of the Philippines, genetic chromosome were found in Filipinos which are shared by people from different parts of Asia. [9]

Other ethnic groups include Mestizos. The official population of mixed-blood individuals in the Philippines remain unknown. However, according to a recent study conducted by Stanford University Asia-Pacific Research Center, stated that 3.6% of the Philippine population has varying degrees of European ancestry from Spanish, and United States colonization. [10]

Languages

Main article: Languages of the Philippines

According to Ethnologue, there are about 180 languages spoken in the Philippine Islands. Filipino, and English are the official languages. Other major languages of the Philippines include Cebuano, Ilokano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Kapampangan, Bikol, Pangasinan, Tausug, Maguindanao, Maranao, Kinaray-a, Chavacano, and Spanish.

Diaspora

Main article: Overseas Filipino

Filipinos form a minority ethnic group in the United States, Mexico, North America, Europe, Oceania, and the Middle East.

Filipinos in North America

The arrival of Filipinos in the Americas began during the Spanish period. Some of these individuals settled in Mexico, and the United States.

Filipinos in the Oceania

There is also a minority of Filipinos in Northern Marianas Islands, Palau, Guam, and Australia.[11][12]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of the Philippines.

References

  1. ^ "The World Factbook - Philippines". U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
  2. ^ "Filipino", Online Etymology Dictionary.
  3. ^ Scott 1984, p. 15
  4. ^ Emily Monroy, Race Mixing and Westernization in Latin America and the Philippines
  5. ^ War and Consequences: Benevolent Assimilation and the 1899 PhilAm War
  6. ^ The Philippines Title Page
  7. ^ Capelli, Cristian (2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania" (pdf). American journal of Human Genetics. 68: 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. Retrieved 2007-06-24. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); line feed character in |coauthors= at position 56 (help)
  8. ^ Chang JG, Ko YC, Lee JC, Chang SJ, Liu TC, Shih MC, Peng CT. "Molecular analysis of mutations and polymorphisms of the Lewis secretor type alpha(1,2)-fucosyltransferase gene reveals that Taiwanese aborigines are of Austronesian derivation". Journal of Human Genetics, abstract from PubMed (www.pubmed.gov).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Miranda JJ, Sugimoto C, Paraguison R, Takasaka T, Zheng HY, Yogo Y. "Genetic diversity of JC virus in the modern Filipino population: implications for the peopling of the Philippines". Journal of Human Genetics, abstract from PubMed (www.pubmed.gov). Retrieved 2007-03-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heitage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania" (PDF). Stanford University. Retrieved 2001. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  11. ^ National Summary Tables, 4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, 2001, Australian Bureau of Statistics.
  12. ^ Population Composition: Asian-born Australians, 4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, 2001, Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filipinos&oldid=288639228"