South Los Angeles

Coordinates: 33°55′39″N 118°16′38″W / 33.9275°N 118.27722°W / 33.9275; -118.27722
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South Los Angeles
Regions of Los Angeles County
The junction of the 110 and the 105 freeways
The junction of the 110 and the 105 freeways
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountyLos Angeles
CitiesLos Angeles
Inglewood
Hawthorne
Unincorporated areasView Park–Windsor Hills
West Athens
Westmont
Florence-Graham
Willowbrook

South Los Angeles, formerly officially and sometimes still referred to as South-Central Los Angeles, is a region in southern Los Angeles County, California, lying mostly within the city limits of Los Angeles, just south of downtown. It is "defined on Los Angeles city maps as a 16-square-mile rectangle with two prongs at the south end.” In 2003, the Los Angeles City Council renamed this area "South Los Angeles".[1][2][3][4][5]

The name South Los Angeles can also refer to a larger 51-square mile area that includes areas within the city limits of Los Angeles as well as five unincorporated neighborhoods in the southern portion of the County of Los Angeles.[6]

Geography

City of Los Angeles

The City of Los Angeles delineates the South Los Angeles Community Plan area as an area of 15.5 square miles.[7] Adjacent communities include West Adams, Baldwin Hills, and Leimert Park to the west, and Southeast Los Angeles (the 26-neighborhood area east of the Harbor Freeway) on the east.[8]

Los Angeles Times Mapping Project

According to the Los Angeles Times Mapping Project, the South Los Angeles region comprises 51 square miles, consisting of 25 neighborhoods within the City of Los Angeles as well as three unincorporated neighborhoods in the County of Los Angeles.[6]

Google Maps

Google Maps delineates a similar area to the Los Angeles Times Mapping Project with notable differences on the western border. On the northwest, it omits a section of Los Angeles west of La Brea Avenue. On the southwest, it includes a section of the City of Inglewood north of Century Boulevard.[4][a]

Districts and neighborhoods

According to the Mapping L.A. survey of the Los Angeles Times, the South Los Angeles region consists of the following neighborhoods:[9]

The South Los Angeles region as mapped by the Los Angeles Times

City of Los Angeles

Unincorporated County of Los Angeles Neighborhoods

History

Pre-1948

In 1880, the University of Southern California, and in 1920, the Doheny Campus of Mount St. Mary's University, were founded in South Los Angeles. The 1932 and 1984 Olympic Games took place near the USC campus at neighboring Exposition Park, where the Los Angeles Coliseum is located.

Until the 1920s, the South Los Angeles neighborhood of West Adams was one of the most desirable areas of the City. As the wealthy were building stately mansions in West Adams and Jefferson Park, the White working class was establishing itself in Crenshaw and Hyde Park. Affluent blacks gradually moved into West Adams and Jefferson Park.[10] As construction along the Wilshire Boulevard corridor gradually increased in the 1920s, the development of the city was drawn west of downtown and away from South Los Angeles.

In the eastern side of South Los Angeles (which the city calls the "Southeastern CPA") roughly east of the Harbor Freeway, the area grew southward in the late 1800s along the ever longer streetcar routes. Areas north of Slauson Boulevard were mostly built out by the late 1910s, while south of Slauson land was mostly undeveloped, much used by Chinese and Japanese Americans growing produce. In 1903, the farmers were bought out and Ascot Park racetrack was built, which turned into a "den of gambling and drinking". In the late 1910s the park was razed and freed up land for quick build-up of residential and industrial buildings in the 1920s.[11]

"By 1940, approximately 70 percent of the black population of Los Angeles was confined to the Central Avenue corridor"; the area of modest bungalows and low-rise commercial buildings along Central Avenue emerged as the heart of the black community in southern California.[2] Originally, the city's black community was concentrated around what is now Little Tokyo, but began moving south after 1900.[11] It had one of the first jazz scenes in the western U.S., with trombonist Kid Ory a prominent resident.[12] Under racially restrictive covenants, blacks were allowed to own property only within the Main-Slauson-Alameda-Washington box and in Watts, as well as in small enclaves elsewhere in the city.[10] The working- and middle-class blacks who poured into Los Angeles during the Great Depression and in search of jobs during World War II found themselves penned into what was becoming a severely overcrowded neighborhood. During the war, blacks faced such dire housing shortages that the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles built the virtually all-black and Latino Pueblo Del Rio project, designed by Richard Neutra.[13]

During this time, African Americans remained a minority alongside whites, Asians, and Hispanics; but by the 1930s those groups moved out of the area, African Americans continued to move in, and eastern South LA became majority black. Whites in previously established communities south of Slauson, east of Alameda and west of San Pedro streets persecuted blacks moving beyond established "lines", and thus blacks became effectively restricted to the area in between.[11]

1948–1960s

See also: Watts riots

When the Supreme Court banned the legal enforcement of race-oriented restrictive covenants in 1948's Shelley v. Kraemer, blacks began to move into areas outside the increasingly overcrowded Slauson-Alameda-Washington-Main settlement area. For a time in the early 1950s, southern Los Angeles became the site of significant racial violence, with whites bombing, firing into, and burning crosses on the lawns of homes purchased by black families south of Slauson. In an escalation of behavior that began in the 1920s, white gangs in nearby cities such as South Gate and Huntington Park routinely accosted blacks who traveled through white areas. The black mutual protection clubs that formed in response to these assaults became the basis of the region's street gangs.[14]

As in most urban areas, 1950s freeway construction radically altered the geography of southern Los Angeles. Freeway routes tended to reinforce traditional segregation lines.[15]

1970s–1990s

See also: 1992 Los Angeles riots

Beginning in the 1970s, the rapid decline of the area's manufacturing base resulted in a loss of the jobs that had allowed skilled union workers to enjoy a middle class lifestyle. Downtown Los Angeles' service sector, which had long been dominated by unionized African Americans earning relatively high wages, replaced most black workers with newly arrived Mexican and Central American immigrants.[10]

Widespread unemployment, poverty and street crime contributed to the rise of street gangs in South Central, such as the Crips and Bloods. They became even more powerful with money from drugs, especially the crack cocaine trade, dominated by gangs in the 1980s.[14]

Paul Feldman of the Los Angeles Times wrote in 1989:

Leaders of the black community regret the branding of a large, predominantly black sector of the city as South-Central, saying it amounts to a subtle form of racial stereotyping.[16]

They believed that such "distinctive neighborhoods as Leimert Park, Lafayette Square and the Crenshaw District were "well-removed" from South Central.[16]

2000s–present

By the early 2000s, the crime rate of South Los Angeles had declined significantly. Redevelopment, improved police patrol, community-based peace programs, gang intervention work, and youth development organizations lowered the murder and crime rates to levels that had not been seen since the 1940s and '50s. Nevertheless, South Los Angeles was still known for its gangs at the time.[17] In mid-2003, the City Council of Los Angeles voted to change the name South Central Los Angeles to South Los Angeles on all city documents, a move supporters said would "help erase a stigma that has dogged the southern part of the city."[18][19]

On August 11, 2014, just two days after the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, a resident of South L.A., Ezell Ford, described as "a mentally ill 25-year-old man," was fatally shot by two Los Angeles police officers (see Shooting of Ezell Ford).[20] Since then, a number of protests focused on events in Ferguson have taken place in South Los Angeles.[21][22]

After the 2008 economic recession, housing prices in South Los Angeles recovered significantly, and by 2018, many had come to see South Los Angeles as a prime target for gentrification amid rising real estate values.[23] Residents and activists are against market-rate housing as they have concerns that these projects will encourage landlords to sell, redevelop their properties or jack up rents. Under California law, cities can't reject residential projects based on these criticisms if the project complies with applicable planning and zoning rules.[24] The construction of the Crenshaw/LAX light rail line through the neighborhood has stimulated the building of denser multistory projects, especially around the new stations. The NFL Stadium in Inglewood also encourages gentrification according to activists.[25]

Real estate values in South Los Angeles were further bolstered by news that Los Angeles will host the 2028 Olympics, with many of the games to be hosted on or near the USC campus.[26]

Demographics

By the end of the 1980s, South Los Angeles had an increasing number of Hispanics and Latinos, mostly in the northeastern section of the region.[27]

According to scholars, "Between 1970 and 1990 the South LA area went from 80% black and 9% Latino to 50.3% black and 44% Latino."[28] This massive and rapid residential demographic change occurred as resources in the area were shrinking due to global economic restructuring described above and due to the federal government's decrease in funding of urban anti-poverty and jobs programs, and other vital social services like healthcare. The socio-economic context described here increased the perception and the reality of competition amongst Asians, blacks, and Latinos in South LA. The results from the 2000 census which show continuing demographic change coupled with recent economic trends indicating a deterioration of conditions in South LA suggest that such competition will not soon ease."[9]

In the 2014 census, the area of South Los Angeles had a population of 271,040. 61.0% of the residents were Hispanic or Latino, 28.7% were African American.[7]

Many African Americans from South Los Angeles have moved to Palmdale and Lancaster in the Antelope Valley.[29]

South Los Angeles has received immigrants from Mexico and Central America.[30]

Education

South Los Angeles is home to the University of Southern California, a private research university in the University Park neighborhood. It is California's oldest private research university.[31]

Public schools

Almost all of the South Los Angeles Area is served by the Los Angeles Unified School District. There are some schools not within the LAUSD that also serve the South Los Angeles Area, such as independent private schools or charter schools.

Los Angeles Unified School District

The following are some of the schools under the LAUSD which fall within the boundaries of the South Los Angeles region.

LAUSD Elementary Schools [32]

  • Coliseum Street Elementary
  • Graham Elementary
  • Grape Street Elementary
  • Manchester Avenue Elementary
  • Russell Elementary
  • Foshay Learning Center
  • 20th Street Elementary
  • 28th Street Elementary
  • 68th Street Elementary
  • 75th Street Elementary
  • 107th Street Elementary
  • 109th Street Elementary
  • 112th Street Elementary
  • 116th Street Elementary
  • 118th Street Elementary

LAUSD Middle Schools[32]

  • Audubon Middle School
  • Carver Middle School
  • Charles Drew Middle School
  • Clinton Middle School
  • Edwin Markham Middle School
  • John Adams Middle School
  • Mary McLeod Bethune Middle School
  • Samuel Gompers Middle School
  • Thomas Edison Middle School
  • Los Angeles Academy Middle School
  • Foshay Learning Center

LAUSD High Schools[32]

Community Colleges

Universities

Landmarks

The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
The Banc of California Stadium
The California Science Center

Notable people

Music and entertainment

A-K

L-Z

Sports and athletes

Politicians

A-K

  • Karen Bass, State Assembly 2004–2010, U.S. House of Representatives, 2011–present
  • Tom Bradley (South Central, Los Angeles City Council, 1963–73; Mayor of the City of Los Angeles, 1973–93
  • Yvonne Brathwaite Burke, State Assembly, 1967–73; U.S. House of Representatives, 1973–79; Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, 1979–80 and 1992–2008
  • Julian C. Dixon, State Assembly, 1973–78; U.S. House of Representatives, 1979–2000
  • Mervyn M. Dymally, State Assembly, 1962–68 and 2002–08; California State Senate, 1969–74; Lieutenant Governor of California, 1975–79; U.S. House of Representatives, 1981–93
  • Robert C. Farrell (born 1936), journalist and member of the Los Angeles City Council, 1974–1991, prepared report on unemployment in Watts
  • Augustus Hawkins, State Assembly, 1932–62; U.S. House of Representatives, 1962–1991
  • Marqueece Harris-Dawson City Council, 2015–present)
  • Horace Hiller (1844–1898), member of the Los Angeles Common Council
  • Nate Holden, State Senator, 1974–78; Los Angeles City Council, 1987–2002

L-Z

  • Gilbert Lindsey, Los Angeles City Council, 1962–91
  • James G. McAllister, president of the South Los Angeles Property Owners' Protective League and City Council member
  • Billy G. Mills, Los Angeles City Council, 1963–1974; Los Angeles Superior Court, 1974–??
  • Holly Mitchell, State Assembly, 2010–present
  • Kevin Murray, State Assembly, 1994–98; State Senate, 1998–2006
  • Jan Perry, Los Angeles City Council, 2002–present
  • Curren Price, City Council, 1993–97 and 2001–2006; State Assembly, 2006–2009; State Senate, 2009–present
  • Mark Ridley-Thomas, Los Angeles City Council, 1991–2002; State Assembly; 2002–06; State Senate 2006–2008; Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, 2008–present
  • Frederick Madison Roberts, State Assembly, 1918–32
  • Rita Walters, Los Angeles Unified School District Board, 1979–91; Los Angeles City Council, 1991–2001
  • Maxine Waters, State Assembly, 1976–1991; U.S. House of Representatives, 1991–present
  • Diane Watson, Los Angeles Unified School District Board, 1975–73; State Senate, 1978–98; United States Ambassador to Micronesia, 1999–2000; U.S. House of Representatives, 2001–2011
  • Herb Wesson, State Assembly, 1998–2004; Los Angeles City Council, 2005–present)
  • Roderick Wright, State Assembly, 1996–2002; State Senate, 2008–present)

Artists, filmmakers and writers

Clergy

Government and infrastructure

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the South Health Center in Watts, Los Angeles, serving South Los Angeles.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The History of South Central Los Angeles and Its Struggle with Gentrification". KCET. 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  2. ^ a b Mike Sonksen (June 20, 2018). "Inglewood Today: The History of South Central Los Angeles and Its Struggle with Gentrification". USC Lusk Center of Real Estate. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  3. ^ Smith, Laurajane; Waterton, Emma; Watson, Steve (2012). The Cultural Moment in Tourism. Routledge. p. 206. ISBN 9780415611152. The City of Los Angeles officially changed the area's name from South Central to South Los Angeles in 2003 in an effort to change the perception of the area as one plagued by urban decay and violence, but residents still largely refer to it as South Central.
  4. ^ a b "Map of South Los Angeles". Google Maps. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
  5. ^ Sims, Calvin. "In Los Angeles, It's South-Central No More". The New York Times. The New York Times.
  6. ^ a b "South L.A.", Mapping L.A. website of the Los Angeles Times
  7. ^ a b "Demographics" (PDF). 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2018.
  8. ^ "SouthLA". planning.lacity.org. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018.
  9. ^ a b Grant, et al. (1996), "African Americans"
  10. ^ a b c Darnell Hunt and Ana-Christina Ramon (eds.). Black Los Angeles: American Dreams and Racial Realities. New York: New York University. ISBN 978-0814737354.
  11. ^ a b c "Southeast Los Angeles Community Plan, L.A. Preservation" (PDF).
  12. ^ Clora Bryant; William Green; Buddy Collette; Steven Isoardi; Marl Young (1999). Central Avenue Sounds: Jazz in Los Angeles. University of California Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-520-22098-0.
  13. ^ Ehrhard Bahr (2008). Weimar on the Pacific: German Exile Culture in Los Angeles and the Crisis of Modernism. University of California Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-520-93380-4.
  14. ^ a b Dunn, William. 2007 The Gangs of Los Angeles. ISBN 978-0-595-44357-4
  15. ^ John Buntin (2009). L.A. Noir. ISBN 978-0307352088.
  16. ^ a b "18 Jun 1989, 113 - The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ "Gangs of Los Angeles (map)". Google Maps. 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
  18. ^ Matea Gold; Greg Braxton (2003-04-10). "Considering South-Central by Another Name". Los Angeles Times. p. 3. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
  19. ^ RE: DISCONTINUING THE USE. OF THE TERM "SOUTH CENTRAL LOS ANGELES" ON ALL CITY DOCUMENTS
  20. ^ Mather, Kate; et al. (2014-11-25). "Michael Brown protester handcuffed outside LAPD headquarters". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  21. ^ Nash, Jim (2014-08-14). "Protesters in Leimert Park Join Nationwide 'Day of Rage' Over Ferguson Killing". KTLA 5. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  22. ^ Mather, Kate, and Richard Winton (2014-12-09). "LAPD investigating officer's use of baton during protest". capitalgazette.com. Retrieved 2014-12-14.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ "Beyond the "Black Beverly Hills": South L.A. Real Estate Heats Up With a New Hollywood Generation". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2018-09-19.
  24. ^ Zahniser, David (2020-11-13). "L.A.'s rejection of a 577-unit housing project violated state law, judge finds". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  25. ^ Chiotakis, Steve (March 2, 2020). "Destination Crenshaw breaks ground. LA residents are excited but fear gentrification". KCRW. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  26. ^ "Mapped: the future sites of LA's 2028 Olympic games". Curbed LA. Retrieved 2018-09-19.
  27. ^ ""Latinos Move to South-Central L.A.: Drawn by Low Rents, They Replace Blacks," ,". Los Angeles Times. 1990-05-03. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
  28. ^ Grant, David M., Melvin L. Oliver, and Angela D. James. 1996. "African Americans: Social and Economic Bifurcation," in Waldinger, Roger and Medhi Bozorgmehr. Ethnic Los Angeles, New York: Russell Sage Foundation
  29. ^ Lopez, Ricardo (2012-04-28). "Blacks in South L.A. have a bleaker jobs picture than in 1992". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
  30. ^ "Takeaways from the transformation of South Los Angeles". USC News. 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  31. ^ "USC Graduate Admission". Gradadm.usc.edu. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  32. ^ a b c "School Directory". Schooldirectory.lausd.net. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  33. ^ "John Cage's Los Angeles". Graphics.latimes.com. September 1, 2012. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
  34. ^ "South Health Center." Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. Retrieved on March 18, 2010.

Notes

  1. ^ Where other reliable sources are available for the boundaries of neighborhoods, they should be treated preferentially to Google Maps and Google Street View. It is difficult if not impossible to verify as they are subject to change and documentation and archives are not available.

Further reading

External links

33°55′39″N 118°16′38″W / 33.9275°N 118.27722°W / 33.9275; -118.27722

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