COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
 | This article is about a current disease pandemic where information can change quickly or be unreliable. The latest page updates may not reflect the most up-to-date information. |
| 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United States | |
|---|---|
 Confirmed cases per million residents by state (as of April 19, 2020[update]). | |
.svg) Confirmed cases by state (as of April 20, 2020[update]). None confirmed
<5,000 confirmed
5,000–10,000 confirmed
10,001–25,000 confirmed
25,001–250,000 confirmed
>250,000 confirmed | |
| Disease | COVID-19 |
| Virus strain | SARS-CoV-2 |
| Location | United States |
| First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei, China[1] |
| Arrival date | January 15, 2020[2] (4 years, 9 months, 2 weeks and 4 days ago) |
| Confirmed cases | |
| Recovered | 64,840 (JHU)[4] |
Deaths | |
| Government website | |
| coronavirus | |
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), spread to the United States in January 2020. Cases have occurred in all fifty U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and all inhabited U.S. territories except American Samoa.[5] All fifty states have received disaster declarations from the federal government.[6] The state of New York has seen over 15,000 deaths, more than any other state. As of April 20, 2020[update], the U.S. has the most confirmed active cases and deaths in the world.[7][8]
The first known case of COVID-19 in the U.S. was confirmed on January 20, 2020, in a 35-year-old who had returned from Wuhan, China, five days earlier.[2] On January 29, the White House Coronavirus Task Force was established.[9] Two days later, the Trump administration declared a public health emergency and announced a ban of most foreign nationals arriving from China.[10][11] On February 26, a person with "no known exposure to the virus through travel or close contact with a known infected individual" was confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[12]
The early U.S. response to the pandemic was slow, especially in regards to testing.[13][14] A manufacturing defect rendered CDC-developed test kits unusable, and regulatory rules prevented commercial laboratories from using their own tests.[15][14] Initially, President Donald Trump was optimistic,[16] dismissing the threat posed by coronavirus and claiming the outbreak was under control.[17] By March, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began allowing public health agencies, and private companies to develop and administer tests, and loosened requirements to allow anyone with a doctor's order to be tested.[15] By March 11, the U.S. had tested less than 10,000 people,[18] but that number exceeded 1,000,000 (1 per 320 inhabitants) by the end of the month.[19] Federal health inspectors surveyed hospitals in late March, reporting shortages of test supplies, personal protective equipment (PPE), and other resources due to extended patient stays while awaiting test results.[20] By April 20, the United States had processed over 4 million tests, which is around 1 per 82 U.S. inhabitants.[21][22]
The CDC warned that widespread disease transmission may force large numbers of people to seek healthcare, which may overload healthcare systems and lead to otherwise preventable deaths.[23] Since March 19, 2020, the U.S. Department of State has advised U.S. citizens to avoid all international travel.[24] On March 16, the White House advised against any gatherings of more than 10 people.[25] In mid-March 2020, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) told the United States Army Corps of Engineers to construct new medical facilities, and to convert leased buildings for use as hospitals and intensive care units.[26][27] State and local responses to the outbreak have included prohibitions and cancellation of large-scale gatherings (including cultural events, exhibitions, and sporting events), restrictions on commerce and movement, and the closure of schools and other educational institutions.[28] Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among African American populations, and there have been reported incidents of xenophobia and racism against Asian Americans.
Timeline
- For current charts and graphs, see Statistics.
On December 31, 2019, China reported a cluster of pneumonia cases in its city of Wuhan.[29] On January 7, 2020, the Chinese health authorities confirmed that this cluster was caused by a novel infectious coronavirus.[29] The World Health Organization (WHO) issued technical briefings on January 10 and 11, warning about a strong possibility of human-to-human transmission and urging precautions.[30][31] On January 14, the WHO said "preliminary investigations conducted by the Chinese authorities have found no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission", although it recommended that countries still take precautions due to the human-to-human transmission during earlier SARS and MERS outbreaks.[30][31] On January 20, the WHO and China confirmed that human-to-human transmission had occurred.[32][33]
A few weeks earlier, on January 6, the Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar states that U.S. offered a team of CDC health officials that could travel to China to help contain the outbreak.[34] He says the offer was repeated multiple times, but as of January 28, they had not received their approval.[34][35] Meanwhile, the CDC updated its China travel recommendations to level 3, its highest alert.[34]
The first U.S. case of the new virus was also reported on January 20, in an American citizen who returned from Wuhan, China, to his home in Washington state.[29] On January 30, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, warning that "all countries should be prepared for containment."[36][37] The next day, January 31, the U.S. also declared a public health emergency and took steps to restrict entry into the country, including a 14-day quarantine of people returning from Hubei province.[38] Although by that date there were only seven cases in the U.S., the HHS and CDC reported there was a likelihood of further cases appearing in the country. CDC director Dr. Robert Redfield said, "I want to emphasize that this is a significant global situation and it continues to evolve."[38] While Azar explained further:
It is likely that we will continue to see more cases in the United States in the coming days and weeks, including some limited person-to-person transmissions. The American public can be assured the full weight of the U.S. government is working to safeguard the health and safety of the American people.[38]
At that same time, a number of U.S. organizations began sending personal protective equipment to China in late January. Boeing, the world's largest aerospace company, announced a donation of 250,000 medical masks to help address China's supply shortages.[39] While the United Church of Christ (UCC) and American Baptist Churches USA joined an ecumenical effort of American churches to provide much-needed medical supplies to China.[40]
By late January the U.S. State Department also took steps to help China. Deputy Secretary of State Steve Biegun offered America's "deepest compassion" to the Chinese as the State Department organized a "robust effort to help the Chinese people get their arms around this outbreak."[38] It soon transported 17.8 tons of medical supplies to China, including masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and other vital materials.[41] A few weeks later the State Department offered to help Iran fight its own outbreak, as their cases and deaths were dramatically increasing.[42][43]
On February 7, Vice President Mike Pence, said he had spoken to Chinese President Xi Jinping in a telephone call and repeated that the United States was ready to help China.[44] And Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar, submitted names of U.S. experts to the WHO that would hopefully assist China with the outbreak response upon China's approval. He also told them the U.S. would cover their expenses and would provide $105 million in funding, adding that he had requested another $136 million from Congress.[44][45]
European countries began reporting cases in January, including Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom,[46] and by March 12 cases were reported in all 27 EU countries.[47] Britain, Japan and Germany advised against non-essential travel to China, while Singapore became the first Southeast Asian nation to do so.[38] During December, January and February, at least 3.4 million people from other countries had traveled to the U.S.[b][c] In mid-March 2020, the European Commission's president Ursula von der Leyen and other EU leaders condemned the U.S. decision to restrict travel from the coronavirus-affected European Union to the United States.[47][50]
In a series of travel restrictions announced between late January and mid-March, the United States government denied entry to foreign nationals who had traveled within the past 14 days through China, Iran, the United Kingdom, Ireland, or the 26 European countries that comprise the Schengen Area. Americans returning home after traveling in these regions were required to undergo a health screening and submit to a 14-day quarantine.[51][52] Such quarantines are governed by section 361 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S. Code § 264).[53][54] In early March, the CDC advised Americans against non-essential travel to China, Iran, Malaysia, and the aforementioned European countries.[55] The WHO declared the outbreak to be a pandemic on March 11.[28]
Throughout March and early April, several state, city, and county governments imposed "stay at home" quarantines on their populations to stem the spread of the virus.[56] By the middle of March, all fifty states were able to perform tests, with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or from commercial labs in a state, but the number of available test kits remained limited, which meant the true number of people infected had to be estimated.[57] The CDC suggested doctors use their own judgment along with certain guidelines before authorizing a test. By March 12, diagnosed cases of COVID-19 in the U.S. exceeded a thousand.[58]
Administration officials warned on March 19 that the number of cases would begin to rise sharply as the country's testing capacity substantially increased to 50,000 to 70,000 tests per day.[59][60] On March 26, the U.S. became the country with the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 infections, with over 82,000 cases.[61] By March 27, the country reported over 100,000 cases.[62] On April 11, the U.S. became the country with the highest official death toll for COVID-19, with over 20,000 deaths.[63]
The coronavirus outbreak has had varying effects on different areas of the U.S. Of the 154 known deaths in the country before March 20, 94 occurred in the state of Washington, with 35 of those at one nursing home.[64] By late March, the toll was greatest in New York, which saw 56% of all confirmed U.S. cases on March 25.[65] Continuing into April, the New York City metropolitan area remained the country's epicenter for the pandemic.[66][67]
Preparations made after previous outbreaks
Reports predicting global pandemics
The United States along with more than a hundred other countries have been subjected to pandemics and epidemics throughout their history, including the 1918 Spanish flu, the 1957 Asian flu, and the 1968 Hong Kong flu pandemics.[68][69][70] In the most recent pandemic prior to COVID-19, the 2009 H1N1 swine flu took the lives of more than 12,000 Americans and hospitalized another 200,000.[71][68] Because of this pandemic and the 2014 Ebola epidemic, which saw only a small number of Americans infected,[72] the Obama Administration increased planning and analysis that focused on deficiencies in the government's response to outbreaks.[73] In 2017, outgoing Obama administration officials briefed incoming Trump administration officials on how to respond to pandemics by using simulated scenarios, although by the time of the COVID-19 outbreak in the U.S., around two-thirds of Trump administration officials at the briefing had left the administration.[73]
The United States Intelligence Community, in its annual Worldwide Threat Assessment report of 2017 and 2018, stated that if a related coronavirus were "to acquire efficient human-to-human transmissibility", it would have "pandemic potential". The 2018 Worldwide Threat Assessment also stated that new types of microbes that are "easily transmissible between humans" remained "a major threat".[74][75][76] Similarly, the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment warned that "the United States and the world will remain vulnerable to the next flu pandemic or large-scale outbreak of a contagious disease that could lead to massive rates of death and disability, severely affect the world economy, strain international resources, and increase calls on the United States for support."[76][77]
In 2019, the first annual report by the Global Preparedness Monitoring Board, organized by the World Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO), also describes the threat of a global pandemic potentially killing tens of millions.[78][79] Three years earlier, Margaret Chan, then head of the WHO, addressed health officials from 200 countries, emphasizing that emerging diseases, and global transportation networks increased the likelihood of a pandemic.[80]
On April 8, 2020, ABC News reported that in late November 2019, the National Center for Medical Intelligence (NCMI) warned about a contagion spreading in Wuhan and "concluded it could be a cataclysmic event". The warning reportedly appeared in the President's Daily Brief in early January 2020 and was presented to decision-makers throughout the federal government. Similar bulletins claimed China was not sharing crucial information about the epidemic with other countries.[81] The Pentagon responded by denying any such NCMI report existed. The head of the NCMI, Dr. R. Shane Day, said the story of a November report was "not correct".[82][81] Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff John Hyten subsequently said he saw no U.S. intelligence reports on the COVID-19 outbreak until January. Discussing the ABC News claim, Hyten said: "We went back and looked at everything in November and December. The first indications we have were the reports out of China in late December that were in the public forum."[83][84]
Preparations
A number of organizations in the U.S. have been involved for years preparing the country and other nations for epidemics and pandemics. Among those is the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, co-founded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, the European Commission. Since 2017 it has tried to produce a platform approach for dealing with emerging epidemic diseases which would enable rapid vaccine development and immunity research in response to outbreaks.[85][86] In the final year of the administration of George W. Bush, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (a division of the Department of Health and Human Services) "estimated that an additional 70,000 machines would be required in a moderate influenza pandemic;" a contract was let and work started, but no ventilators were ever delivered.[87]
The U.S. government updated its pandemic plan[88] and public guidelines[89][90] in April 2017. In January 2017 it had updated its estimate of resource gaps[91][92] and a list of issues for the U.S. government to consider.[93] These guidelines note that a vaccine for the 2009 H1N1pdm09 swine flu virus took eight months before it was available for distribution at the end of 2009.[89] A vaccine for the 2003 SARS virus took 13 years to develop, and was ready for human trials in 2016, which have not yet happened.[94][95] A vaccine for the 2009 MERS virus took 10 years to develop, and began human trials in 2019.[96] Nevertheless the guidelines said only six months would be needed to develop and distribute a vaccine for the next pandemic, telling schools and day cares they might need to close that long.[89] The guidelines did not expect any business closures, and advised businesses to expect up to two weeks of school closures, saying employees might need to stay home two weeks with their children.[97] The guidelines anticipated "during a pandemic, infection in a localized area can last about six to eight weeks."[88]
The 2017 guidelines listed steps which could take place, up to voluntary home isolation of sick people, and voluntary home quarantine of their contacts for up to three days.[89] The guidelines did not distinguish non-essential from essential workers, but did recommend businesses keep workers three feet apart, while admitting transmission was possible up to six feet.[97] Research says sneezes can send droplets twenty-seven feet, and they can lodge in ventilation systems.[98][99] The guidelines did not consider distances between customers or between them and workers.
The military's estimate of resource gaps in January 2017 noted "Deficiencies and vulnerabilities ... lack of infrastructure, and PPE ... and limited laboratory confirmatory testing ... Medical systems may be overwhelmed by a dramatic increase in patient numbers. Staff availability may also be limited as medical personnel become infected."[92]
The guidelines covered normal conditions as well as pandemic conditions. During normal conditions, there was no discussion of estimating and building up stockpiles for use in emergencies.[93] The plan and guidelines were public. The estimate of resources and list of issues were not public, though they were not classified and reporters have obtained them and made them public.
While the U.S. established the Strategic National Stockpile in 2003 as an emergency repository for antibiotics, vaccines and other critical medical supplies, it has not adequately served its role in the current pandemic.[85] In 2017, public health represented just 2.5% of all U.S. health spending ($274 per person).
In late February 2020, when there were only a dozen cases in the U.S., and before anyone had died, the CDC advised Americans to prepare for an epidemic to contain the virus before it spreads throughout the U.S. Nancy Messonnier, a director at the CDC, explained that with no vaccine or treatment available, Americans must be prepared to take other precautions.[100]
According to the Global Health Security Index, an American-British assessment which ranks the health security capabilities in 195 countries, the U.S. in 2020 is the "most prepared" nation.[101][102] While the U.S., like many countries, did face criticism at the beginning or during the outbreak, the high quality of the laboratories in the U.S. and its skilled epidemiological workforce, were its highest attributes.[103] China, which ranked fifty-first, scored lowest in compliance with international norms for failing to complete several internationally recognized health security plans. It made a number of serious errors at the outset of the outbreak, notably in Wuhan, where it failed to communicate. Local authorities withheld information about the virus from the public and the central government and silenced doctors who spoke out.[102] A study by England's University of Southampton suggests the number of coronavirus cases could have been reduced by 95% had China moved to contain the virus three weeks sooner.[104]
The WHO has been criticized for not acting promptly and by failing to provide available information. The Editorial Board of the Wall Street Journal, is among those who feel the world would have been "better prepared" had the WHO declared a "Public Health Emergency" weeks before it did, since the virus had by then spread to other countries and had already taken on the attributes of a pandemic.[104] Brazil's Health Minister likewise felt the WHO was too slow in declaring the global coronavirus outbreak a pandemic, which it did six weeks later, thereby complicating Brazil's ability to fully prepare for and curb the spread of the virus after it arrived.[105] By the time it was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020, the virus had already spread across all continents except Antarctica, to 110 countries, leaving less time for some countries to fully prepare their emergency health organizations.[106][107]
While some countries and cities did take the risk of a pandemic seriously enough to prepare years ahead of time, there was often a failure to follow through due to financial constraints or from making decisions without proper support of health or science professionals. New York City, for instance, took preparatory steps more than a decade ago, but then discontinued them in favor of other priorities.[108]
With the current pandemic, once cases began spreading throughout the nation, federal and state agencies began taking urgent steps to prepare for a surge of hospital patients. Among the actions was establishing additional places for patients in case hospitals became overwhelmed. That included transforming buildings normally used for sports and entertainment events by turning them into field hospitals. The Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, for instance, was cancelled and the fairgrounds where it is normally held was turned into a medical center.[109] To prepare housing for homeless persons, states such as California have procured private hotels and motels as emergency shelters and isolation spaces.[110]
Manpower from the military and volunteer armies were called up to help construct the emergency facilities.[111][112] In addition, unoccupied former clinics and hospitals were being converted with retired and active physicians and nurses were brought in.
Pandemic simulation tests
Scenario testing can help create models of potential epidemics and pandemics, which can be achieved through large-scale computer simulations. The models can incorporate mitigation measures, seasonality, randomness, and other factors that can vary during a real epidemic. Similar tests are used by the insurance industry to understand risks posed by infrequent natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes.[113]
The Trump administration simulated a series of pandemic outbreaks from China in 2019 and found that the U.S. government response was "underfunded, underprepared, and uncoordinated" (see Crimson Contagion).[114] Among the conclusions of the test was the lack of certain medical supplies to meet demand due to their needing to be imported. It led President Trump to issue an executive order to make flu vaccines more readily available and of higher quality, and he provided additional funds for the pandemic threats program in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).[115] White House economists published a study in September 2019 that warned a pandemic could kill half a million Americans and devastate the economy.[116]
In 2018, the WHO also ran a simulation exercise of a global pandemic response involving more than 40 countries, although the results appear to be unavailable.[117]
Potential response strategies
In 2016, the NSC laid out pandemic strategies and recommendations including, moving swiftly to fully detect potential outbreaks, securing supplemental funding, considering invoking the Defense Production Act, and ensuring sufficient protective equipment available for healthcare workers. In 2017, the Trump administration was briefed on it in 2017, but declined to make it official policy.[118] Azar and Morrison, then a Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Weapons of Mass Destruction and Biodefense on the National Security Council, listed the threat of a pandemic as the issue that worried them most at the BioDefense Summit in April 2019.[119]
Reorganization and departures
In May 2018, Bolton reorganized the executive branch's United States National Security Council (NSC), largely merging the group responsible for global health security and biodefense into a bigger group responsible for counter-proliferation and biodefense. Along with the reorganization, the leader of the global health security and biodefense group, Rear Admiral Timothy Ziemer, left to join another federal agency, while Tim Morrison became the leader of the combined group.[120][121] There were critics of this reorganization, who referred to it as "disbanding" a pandemic preparedness group; and later, Trump berated a reporter for asking if the reorganization had slowed the government response.[121][122] Also in 2018, Homeland Security Advisor Tom Bossert left the administration; reportedly at Bolton's request. Bossert had helped to create the Trump administration's biodefense plans, and it was his responsibility to coordinate the government's response in the event of a biological crisis.[123] Bossert's successor, Doug Fears, and Fears' successor Peter J. Brown, took over the biodefense responsibilities of the DHS. Bloomberg News reported in January 2020 that biodefense was by then a "less prominent" part of the Homeland Security Advisor's responsibilities.[124][125] In another departure, Luciana Borio, the National Security Council director for medical and biodefense preparedness, left her post in March 2019. The Washington Post reported in March 2020 that the White House would not confirm the identity of Borio's replacement.[120]
Reuters reported in March 2020 that the Trump administration had in the years before the coronavirus outbreak drastically reduced the number of staff working in the Beijing office of the U.S. CDC from 47 to 14. According to Reuters, one of the staff eliminated in July 2019 was training Chinese field epidemiologists to respond to disease outbreaks at their hotbeds. Trump claimed that the report of the trainer being cut was "100% wrong", but the U.S. CDC acknowledged that the report was true.[126][127] The Trump administration also confirmed that it had closed the Beijing offices of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID); these offices had been each manned by a single U.S. official.[126] In addition, the Trump administration acknowledged it had eliminated one managerial position from the Beijing office of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; Reuters reported that the position oversaw an animal disease monitoring program.[126]
The Trump administration ended funding for the PREDICT pandemic early-warning program in China, which trained and supported staff in 60 foreign laboratories, with field work ceasing September 2019.[128] The scientists tasked with identifying potential pandemics were already stretched too far and thin.[129]
Abandoned and delayed efforts to improve mask and ventilator supply
Since 2015, the federal government has spent $9.8 million on two projects to prevent a mask shortage in the event of a pandemic, but abandoned both projects before completion.[130] The first was a contract from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) with Halyard Health (now a subsidiary of Owens & Minor) to design a machine capable of rapid manufacture of N95-rated masks. The design, intended to solve the problem of stockpile waste and decay, was completed in 2018. Halyard requested funding to build a prototype, but this was not granted.
A second BARDA contract was signed with Applied Research Associates of Albuquerque, to design an N95-rated mask that could be reused in emergencies without reduced effectiveness. Though federal reports had called for such a project since 2006, the ARA contract wasn't signed until 2017, and missed its 15-month completion deadline, resulting in the 2020 pandemic reaching the United States before the design was ready.[130]
Previous respiratory epidemics and government planning indicated a need for a stockpile of ventilators that were easier for less-trained medical personnel to use. BARDA Project Aura issued a request for proposals in 2008, with a goal of FDA approval in 2010 or 2011. A contract for the production of up to 40,000 ventilators was awarded to Newport Medical Instruments, a small ventilator manufacturer, with a target price of $3,000, much lower than more complicated machines costing more than $10,000, and it produced prototypes with target FDA approval in 2013. Covidien purchased NMI and after requesting more money to complete the project (bringing the total cost to around $8 million) asked the government to cancel the contract, saying it wasn't profitable.[131] The government awarded a new $13.8 million contract to Philips, in 2014. The design for the Trilogy Evo Universal gained FDA approval in July 2019. The government ordered 10,000 ventilators in September 2019, with a mid-2020 deadline for the first deliveries and a deadline of 2022 to complete all 10,000. Despite the start of the epidemic in December, the capacity of the company to have produced enough to fill the full order, and the ability of the government to force faster production, the government did not reach an agreement with Philips for accelerated delivery until March 10, 2020.[131][132] By mid-March, the need for more ventilators had become immediate, and even in the absence of any government contracts, other manufacturers announced plans to make many tens of thousands.[133] In the meantime, Philips had been selling a commercial version, the Trilogy Evo, at much higher prices,[132] leaving only 12,700 in the Strategic National Stockpile as of March 15.[131]
Compared to the small amount of money spent on recommended supplies for a pandemic, billions of dollars had been spent by the Strategic National Stockpile to create and store a vaccine for anthrax, and enough smallpox inoculations for the entire country.[134]
Beginning of outbreak and supply shortages
The first known case of COVID-19 in the U.S. was confirmed by the CDC on January 21, 2020.[135] An unclassified Army briefing document, prepared February 3, on the coronavirus projected that "between 80,000 and 150,000 could die". The estimates also correctly stated that asymptomatic people could "easily" transmit the virus, that military forces could be tasked with providing logistics and medical support to civilians, including "provid[ing] PPE (N-95 Face Mask, Eye Protection, and Gloves) to evacuees, staff, and DoD personnel".[136] Trump administration officials declined an offer for congressional coronavirus funding on February 5. The officials, including HHS secretary Alex Azar, said they "didn't need emergency funding, that they would be able to handle it within existing appropriations," Senator Chris Murphy recalled.[137] On February 7 Mike Pompeo announced the administration donated more than 35,000 pounds of "masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and other vital materials" to China the same day the WHO warned about "the limited stock of PPE (personal protective equipment)".[135]
National Geographic reported that as of March 3, 2020, the "U.S. has only a fraction of the medical supplies it needs to combat coronavirus." An additional 300 million N95 respirators and surgical masks could be required to protect health workers. However, in Senate testimony, HHS secretary Alex Azar said "the Strategic National Stockpile has just 30 million surgical masks and 12 million respirators in reserve." HHS said it intends to purchase as many as half a billion respirators and surgical face masks over the next year and a half. A previous 2015 CDC study found that seven billion N95 respirators might be necessary to handle a "severe respiratory outbreak".[138] March 12 the HHS placed its first order of masks and ventilators for healthcare workers of $4.8 million worth of N95 masks.[139][140] Vessel manifests maintained by U.S. Customs and Border Protection showed a steady flow of the medical equipment needed to treat the coronavirus being shipped abroad as recently as March 17. Meanwhile FEMA said the agency "has not actively encouraged or discouraged U.S. companies from exporting overseas" and asked USAID to send back its reserves of protective gear for use in the U.S.[141][142] President Trump evoked the Defense Production Act to prohibit some medical exports.[143] The New York Times reported that approximately 170,000 ventilators were in the U.S., versus an early estimate by the American Hospital Association that ventilators for 960,000 patients over the course of the pandemic may be needed. Governor Andrew Cuomo said New York "has about 5,000 to 6,000 ventilators, might need 30,000 of them."[citation needed]
An unexpectedly high percentage of COVID-19 patients in the ICU required dialysis as a result of kidney failure, about 20%.[144] In mid-April, employees at some hospitals in New York City reported not having enough dialysis machines, were running low on fluids to operate the machines, and reported a shortage of dialysis nurses as many were out sick with COVID-19 due to lack of sufficient personal protective equipment.[144][145][146]
Government responses
Task force formation
.jpg)
Trump administration officials were briefed to the coronavirus outbreak in China on January 3, 2020.[147] Health officials first substantially briefed the president about the virus on January 18, when HHS secretary Alex Azar called Trump while he was at Mar-a-Lago.[148][149] On January 27, then-acting chief of staff Mick Mulvaney convened a meeting in his office with White House aides in order to draw greater attention to the virus among senior officials.[149]
Two days later, on January 29, President Trump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force to coordinate and oversee efforts to "monitor, prevent, contain, and mitigate the spread" of COVID-19 in the United States.[150] Secretary Azar was appointed as the leader of the task force.[151][9] On February 26, Trump appointed Vice President Mike Pence to take charge of the nation's response to the virus.[152] FEMA was put in charge of procuring medical supplies on March 17.[153][154]
Containment and mitigation
The early phases of public health efforts for epidemics and pandemics are to contain or limit further outbreaks. Those actions often involve tracing contacts, implementing quarantines, and isolating infectious cases. They demand significant human resources and government staffing at all levels. As an outbreak grows, new facilities may need to be constructed to manage additional infectious cases.[113]
National medical organizations such as the CDC focus on both containment, to first keep the virus from spreading after its detection, and mitigation, to prevent it from spreading quickly beyond containment limits. The process of mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic attempts to extend its time frame by spreading out cases and isolating individuals, which slows the spread of the disease. By that means, it lowers the peak number of new cases, which reduces the likelihood of suddenly over-crowding doctors' offices and hospitals beyond their capacity.[155]
The risk of a truly global pandemic is limited for some diseases, such as Ebola, because of the slow pace of transmission or high probability of detection and containment. COVID-19, at the other extreme, is a pathogen that has high potential to cause a severe pandemic because it easily transmits between people and remains asymptomatic for a long period, thereby lengthening the time it is infectious and not detected.[113]
In general, once a pandemic has begun within a country's borders, the government must begin taking steps to curtail interactions between infected and uninfected populations. The methods used could include isolation of infected patients, quarantine, physical distancing practices, school closures, use of personal protective equipment, and travel restrictions.[113]
The WHO on January 30 warned that "all countries should be prepared for containment, including active surveillance, early detection, isolation and case management, contact tracing and prevention of onward spread" of the virus.[156] February 25 was the first day the CDC told the American public to prepare for an outbreak.[157]
At a White House press briefing on April 1, Dr. Anthony S. Fauci said that, even though he expected social distancing rules can eventually be relaxed even before the availability of a vaccine, a vaccine will still be necessary to end the pandemic.[158]
Travel and entry restrictions
.jpg)
On January 31, President Trump imposed travel restrictions preventing foreign nationals from entering the U.S. if they had been in China within the previous two weeks. The immediate family members of U.S. citizens and permanent residents were exempt from this restriction.[159][160] By this time, three major U.S. airlines had already suspended flights between the U.S. and China,[161] although one of these, United Airlines, continued select flights for returning Americans.[162] Major Chinese carriers did not begin suspending flights from China to the United States until three days after the announcement of the travel restrictions.[162] In addition to restricting foreign nationals, Trump imposed a quarantine for up to 14 days on American citizens returning from Hubei, the main coronavirus hotspot at the time. This was the first quarantine order the U.S. federal government had issued in over 50 years.[159][160] Although the WHO had recommended against travel restrictions at the time,[163] HHS secretary Alex Azar said the decision stemmed from the recommendations of HHS health officials.[164] Trump expanded those travel restrictions to Iran on February 29.[164]
Over the following few weeks, the Trump administration imposed a number of other travel restrictions:
- In mid-February, the CDC opposed allowing fourteen people who had tested positive for COVID-19 while passengers on the cruise ship Diamond Princess to be flown back to the U.S. without completing a 14-day quarantine. They were overruled by officials at the U.S. State Department.[165]
- On March 12, the CDC recommended against any non-essential travel to China,[166] most of Europe,[167] Iran,[168] Malaysia,[169] and South Korea.[170][171] The following week, the U.S. Department of State recommended that U.S. citizens not travel abroad, while those who are abroad should "arrange for immediate return to the United States" unless prepared to remain abroad indefinitely.[172][173]
- On March 19, the State Department suspended routine visa services at all American embassies and consulates worldwide.[174]
- By March 20, the U.S. began barring entry to foreign nationals who had been in 28 European countries within the past 14 days. American citizens, permanent residents, and their immediate families returning from abroad could re-enter the United States under the new restrictions, but those returning from one of the specified countries must undergo health screenings and submit to quarantines and monitoring for up to 14 days. In addition to the earlier travel restrictions in place, Trump extended this quarantine and monitoring requirement to those coming from Iran and the entirety of China. Flights from all restricted countries are required to land at one of 13 airports where the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has "enhanced" entry screenings.[175][159] At least 241 foreigners (including several Canadians), who had recently traveled in China and Iran, were denied entry to the United States between February 2 and March 3.[176][177]
Containment efforts within the U.S.
As part of the early efforts to contain and mitigate the pandemic within the United States, Surgeon General Jerome Adams announced in early March that local leaders would soon have to consider whether to cancel large gatherings, consider telework policies, and close schools.[178] Over the next few weeks, a number of states imposed stay-at-home orders of diverse scope and severity, which placed limits on where people can travel, work and shop away from their homes.[179]
On March 16, Trump announced "15 Days to Slow the Spread"—a series of guidelines based on CDC recommendations on topics such as physical distancing, self-isolation, and protecting those at high risk. The government also recommended closing schools and avoiding gatherings of more than ten people.[180][181][182] Coronavirus Response Coordinator Deborah Birx cited an analysis by Imperial College London that if nothing was done by government officials, 2.2 million would die in the United States.[183] The researchers recommended enforced social distancing for the entire population and closing all schools and universities.[184] The White House recommended "social distancing". One month later, epidemiologists Britta Jewell and Nicholas Jewell estimated that, had social distancing policies been implemented just two weeks earlier, U.S. deaths due to COVID-19 might have been reduced by 90 percent.)[185]
By March 21, governors in New York, California and other large states had ordered most businesses to close and for people to stay inside, with limited exceptions. The order in New York, for instance, exempts financial institutions, some retailers, pharmacies, hospitals, manufacturing plants and transportation companies, among others. It placed a ban on non-essential gatherings of any size and for any reason.[179]
In late March, Trump announced that the National Guard would be deployed to California, New York, and Washington, and FEMA would send large medical stations with thousands of beds to the three states.[186] The city of Chicago said it would rent more than a thousand empty hotel rooms to house coronavirus patients who need to be isolated but do not require hospitalization.[187] Containment and care facilities would include two Navy hospital ships.[188] USNS Mercy arrived in Los Angeles on March 27,[189] and USNS Comfort arrived in New York City on March 30.[190]
On March 28, the president said he had decided not to enact a tri-state lockdown of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, after having publicly suggested earlier in the day he was considering such a move; instead he ordered the CDC to issue a travel advisory suggesting voluntary travel limitations in these states.[191]
On March 31, Birx reiterated the projected 1.5 million to 2.2 million deaths if government officials did nothing to stop the virus and 100,000 to 240,000 deaths if measures such as social distancing were taken.[192] As April began, various state and local officials, including the mayors of New York[193] and Los Angeles,[194] and the governors or health departments of Colorado,[195] Pennsylvania,[196] and Rhode Island[197] encouraged residents to wear non-medical cloth face coverings while in public, as an additional measure to prevent unknowingly infecting others. The CDC issued a similar recommendation on April 3. Health officials have generally advised against the use of medical-grade personal protective equipment (such as surgical masks and respirators) by the general public, as they should be saved for healthcare personnel due to shortages.[198][199]
COVID-19 testing
.jpg)
Beyond identifying whether a person is currently infected, coronavirus testing helps health professionals ascertain how bad the epidemic is and where it is worst.[201] However, the accuracy of national statistics on the number of cases and deaths from the outbreak depend on knowing how many people are being tested every day, and how the available tests are being allocated. As of late March, most countries do not provide official reports on tests performed, therefore there is no centralized World Health Organization (WHO) data on COVID-19 testing.[202]
While the WHO opted to use an approach developed by Germany to test for coronavirus, the United States developed its own testing approach. The German testing method was made public on January 13, and the American testing method was made public on January 28. The WHO did not offer any test kits to the U.S. because the U.S. normally had the supplies to produce their own tests.[203] In February, the U.S. CDC produced 160,000 coronavirus tests, but soon it was discovered that many were defective and gave inaccurate readings.[13][204] Although academic laboratories and hospitals had developed their own tests, they were not allowed to use them until February 29, when the FDA issued approvals for them and private companies.[13] Approvals were required by federal law due to the outbreak being declared as a public health emergency.[205]
Meanwhile, from the start of the outbreak to early March 2020, the CDC gave restrictive guidelines on who should be eligible for COVID-19 testing. The initial criteria were (a) people who had recently traveled to certain countries affected by the outbreak, or (b) people with respiratory illness serious enough to require hospitalization, or (c) people who have been in contact with a person confirmed to have coronavirus. Only on March 5 did the CDC relax the criteria to allow doctors discretion to decide who would be eligible for tests.[15]
The United States had a slow start in widespread coronavirus testing.[206] Fewer than 4,000 tests were conducted in the U.S. by February 27.[13] The first U.S. case of a person having coronavirus of unknown origin (a possible indication of community transmission) saw the patient's test being delayed for four days after being hospitalized on February 19, because he had not qualified for a test under the initial federal testing criteria.[207] In Washington state, a group of researchers defied federal and state officials to conduct their own tests from February 25, using samples already collected from flu study subjects who had not given permission for coronavirus testing. They quickly found a teenager infected with coronavirus of unknown origin, newly indicating that an outbreak had already been occurring in Washington for the past six weeks. State regulators stopped these researchers' testing on March 2.[208][209]
On March 5, Vice President Mike Pence, the leader of the coronavirus response team, acknowledged that "we don't have enough tests" to meet the predicted future demand; this announcement came only three days after FDA commissioner Stephen Hahn committed to producing nearly a million tests by that week.[210] Senator Chris Murphy of Connecticut and Representative Stephen Lynch of Massachusetts both noted that as of March 8 their states had not yet received the new test kits.[211][212] Anthony Fauci, the head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, acknowledged on March 12 it was "a failing" of the U.S. system that the demand for coronavirus tests was not being met;[213] Fauci later clarified that he believed the private sector should have been brought in sooner to address the shortfall.[214] By March 11, the U.S had tested less than 10,000 people.[18]
The timing and availability of testing varies across countries. For example, by March 13 South Korea offered drive-through testing centers that could get results the next day.[215] South Korea also had a government-funded daily testing capacity of 15,000.[216] According to March 16 and 17 statistics from Our World in Data, the U.S. had tested 125 people per million of their population—around the same as Japan. The U.K. tested nearly 750 per million, Italy more than 2,500 per million, and South Korea more than 5,500 per million.[217] The first COVID-19 cases in the U.S. and South Korea were identified at around the same time.[218] Critics say the U.S. government has botched the approval and distribution of test kits, losing crucial time during the early weeks of the outbreak, with the result that the true number of cases in the United States was impossible to estimate with any reasonable accuracy.[57][219]
By March 12, all fifty states were able to perform tests, with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or local commercial lab.[220] This was followed by the government announcing a series of measures intended to speed up testing. These measures included the appointment of Admiral Brett Giroir of the U.S. Public Health Service to oversee testing, funding for two companies developing rapid tests, and a hotline to help labs find needed supplies.[221] The FDA also gave emergency authorization for New York to obtain an automated coronavirus testing machine.[222]
On March 13, drive-through testing in the U.S. began in New Rochelle, Westchester County, as New Rochelle was the U.S. town with the most diagnosed cases at that time.[223] By March 22, drive-through testing had started in more than thirty states, although the Associated Press reported that "the system has been marked by inconsistencies, delays, and shortages", leading to many people waiting hours or days even though they showed symptoms and were recommended by a doctor to get a test. A lack of supplies had already forced the closure of drive-through testing in Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, New Mexico, Utah, and Virginia.[224]
In a March 13 press conference, the Trump administration announced an campaign to conduct tests in retail store parking lots across the country, with participating franchises supposedly including Walmart, Target, CVS, and Walgreens. The plan was that test data would be sent to labs to complete testing in partnership with local health departments and diagnostic labs.[225] Two weeks later, five stations had been opened by the companies: Walmart two, Target none, CVS one, Walgreens one, and one more from newcomer Rite Aid. These were labelled as "prototype sites" by the Trump administration.[226] One month after the original announcement, media organization NPR said it had contacted the retailers "and found that discussions have not led to any wide-scale implementation of drive-through tests". By then CVS had expanded to four testing sites, while Walgreens had expanded to two. Meanwhile, Target clarified that it actually had not partnered with the federal government.[227]
By March 30, over 1,000,000 people had been tested,[19] but it remained true that due to the continuing shortage of test capability, not all of the people showing symptoms were being tested.[228][213][229] Because of the shortage of testing, statistics quoted on the number of confirmed cases, and on the rate of growth of cases, may be inaccurate.[230]
During the weeks of April 6 and April 13, the U.S. conducted about about 150,000 tests per day, while experts recommended at least 500,000 per day prior to ending social distancing, with some recommending several times that level. Building up both testing and surveillance capacity are important to re-opening the economy; the purpose of social distancing is to buy time for such capacity-building.[231]
Research into vaccine and drug therapies
.jpg)
There is currently no drug approved for treating COVID-19 either as a therapy or a vaccine, nor is there any clear evidence COVID-19 infection leads to immunity (experts assume it does for some period).[232] As of late March 2020, more than a hundred drugs are in testing.[233] In April 2020, the CDC began testing blood samples to determine if a person has been exposed to the virus, even without showing symptoms, which could provide information about immunity.[234]
There is also concern that if the virus mutates as does the yearly influenza, there could be a new strain each year.[235] Learning who is protected is a primary factor in deciding when people can fully return to society.[235] Until then, physical distancing is recommended as it has been shown to slow the spread of the disease.[236]
Among the labs working on a vaccine is the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, which has previously studied other infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and MERS. By March 18, tests had begun with dozens of volunteers in Seattle, Washington, which was sponsored by the U.S. government. Similar safety trials of other coronavirus vaccines will begin soon in the U.S. Trials are also underway in China and Europe.[237] This search for a vaccine has taken on aspects of national security and global competition.[238]
The FDA has sent warning letters to at least seven retailers selling essential oils, nasal sprays, herbal remedies, and other products claiming to test for, treat, or prevent COVID-19. This is in violation of federal law, since none have been determined to be safe and effective by the FDA.[239]
By March 19, President Trump directed the FDA to accelerate the testing and possible use of certain medications to discover if they would help treat patients who already have COVID-19.[240] Among potential drugs are chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, which have been successfully used to treat malaria. In March, both hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine were already being used to treat coronavirus patients by the European Union[241]—and by a number of U.S. physicians under the compassionate use approval of the FDA or as an off-label prescription—while trials and analysis are still ongoing.[240][242] On March 29, the FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization, allowing the drugs as treatments for hospitalized coronavirus patients when clinical trials are not available for them to join.[243] Dr. Fauci and other public health officials have said hydroxychloroquine is unproven for efficacy against COVID-19.[244]
In China, trials of chloroquine are underway at dozens of clinics, with early laboratory results showing a reduction in the virus's rate of replication.
A closely-related drug, hydroxychloroquine, first approved in the U.S. for lupus in 1955, is typically used to treat certain autoimmune diseases.[245][246] A study in the peer-reviewed medical journal Clinical Infectious Diseases published on March 9 provided dosing recommendations for hydroxycholorquine as a COVID-19 treatment, and showed it to be more effective in inhibiting the virus in vitro than chloroquine.[247] Doctors are currently testing hydroxychloroquine in coronavirus patients.[245] On March 20, the WHO announced a large global trial of both drugs.[248]
Hoarding of hydroxychloroquine, including by doctors prescribing the drug preemptively to family members, and publicity about the drug generated by President Trump caused spot shortages that endangered the health of patients using it to treat lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Some state pharmacy boards placed limitations on prescriptions for hydroxychloroquine and related medicines.[249] Similarly, Nevada's governor, Steve Sisolak released an executive order banning doctors from prescribing hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine as a coronavirus treatment in his state on March 24, although he later tweeted that doctors in hospitals were exempt from the prohibition.[250][251]
On March 20, the day after Trump initially mentioned the drug, the Israeli company Teva Pharmaceuticals announced it would manufacture and donate as many doses as possible to U.S. hospitals at no charge, including six million doses by the end of the month.[252] On the same day, Sandoz, a subsidiary of Novartis, said it would donate up to 130 million doses of the drug if approved.[253][254] Mylan also began increasing its production of the drug in response to low supplies.[253] The HHS reported on March 29 that the government would make available 30 million doses of hydroxychloroquine and a million doses of chloroquine recently donated to the Strategic National Stockpile for doctors to prescribe within limitations for COVID-19 patients under the FDA's Emergency Use Authorization.[243] In a survey of 6,200 physicians in 30 countries by Sermo, 23% of U.S. doctors said they treated COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine. American doctors were significantly more likely to prescribe the drug only for high risk patients, while international doctors used it equally for mild and severe cases. It ranked as the third most-used treatment overall, behind Azithromycin (41%), and analgesics (56%).[242]
Also being tested in research clinics is the antiviral drug remdesivir.[240] It was developed to fight Ebola, although it failed to prove effective for that disease.[245] At a Coronavirus Task Force briefing on March 19, FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn noted that the FDA had made remdesivir available under compassionate use guidelines for coronavirus patients, while the FDA standard approval process was still ongoing.[255] In addition, the antibody rheumatoid arthritis treatment sarilumab is being tested in clinical trials in the hopes that suppressing some aspects of the immune response can help improve lung function patients who require supplemental oxygen.[256] Due to the emergency nature of the pandemic, former FDA commissioners Drs. Scott Gottlieb and Mark McClellan have called for the FDA to develop therapeutics and vaccines that would be exempt from some regulatory requirements.[240]
Medical supplies
On March 15, Anthony Fauci said the United States had 12,700 ventilators in its national stockpile.[257] On March 19, Vice President Mike Pence declared that the federal government had "literally identified tens of thousands of ventilators".[258]
On March 16, Trump told state governors that for medical equipment including respirators and ventilators, "We will be backing you, but try getting it yourselves."[259] On March 24, Trump said state governors who wanted help from the federal government "have to treat us well, also", because "it's a two-way street"; he warned against governors arguing "we should get this, we should get that."[260] Trump said the Governor of Washington, Jay Inslee, "shouldn't be relying on the federal government"; Inslee replied that the President should enact a "national mobilization of the industrial base in this country" to produce medical supplies.[261] On March 24, Governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo, declared that the state of New York would need 30,000 ventilators to handle the peak of the outbreak in the state. Two days later, Trump, citing "a feeling", stated: "I don't believe you need 40,000 or 30,000 ventilators."[262] On April 17, Cuomo said his requests were based on federal government projections, as New York shipped thousands of unused ventilators to other states.[263][264]
Trump signed an executive order citing provisions of the Defense Production Act on March 18, which allows the federal government a wide range of powers, including giving directions to industries on what to produce, having companies prioritize certain contracts, allocating supplies, giving incentives to industries, and allowing companies to cooperate. Initially under the act, he conferred more power over contracts and resources to the Health and Human Services Secretary and enacted provisions to prevent hoarding of medical resources.[265]
On March 18, Trump announced that the federal government ordered 500 million N95 masks to be manufactured and that American manufacturers were repurposing factories to manufacture masks.[266]
By March 21, the director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security described American hospitals as already facing shortages of test kit reagents, test kit swabs, masks, gowns and gloves.[267] In a March 20 to 24 survey of 214 American mayors (who manage a total 42 million people), 85% estimated they did not have enough ventilators, 92% said they did not have enough face masks, 88% said there was a shortage of other personal protective equipment, and 92% said they did not have enough test kits.[268] On the prevalence of medical supplies, Trump has made unsubstantiated claims that "many of the states are stocked up,", with certain hospitals "holding ventilators, they don't want to let 'em up."[269] Trump has also questioned the exponential increase in mask demand during the pandemic and suggested that the reason for the shortage was masks "going out the back door".[269][270] As evidence, the White House pointed to an early March call by Cuomo to investigate people who steal medical products.[271] While there have been reports of small-scale thefts of hand sanitizer, gloves and masks around the country, Cuomo and New York hospitals dismissed the claims.[271]
Ventilator manufacturers faced a shortage of sub-components needed to produce ventilators.[272] When asked whether the United States would have enough ventilators, Trump observed: "I think we're in great shape. I think that, number one, we've distributed—a ventilator is a big deal. We've distributed vast numbers of ventilators, and we're prepared to do vast numbers. I think we're in great shape. I hope that's the case. I hope that we're going to have leftovers so we can help other people, other countries." When the reporter needled Trump with an allusion to the Obama administration, Trump replied: "Don't be a cutie pie."[273][274]
On March 27, Trump said governors should be "appreciative" of himself, his administration, the Vice President, FEMA, the Army Corps, and several other agencies. Trump said "These people are incredible. They're working 24 hours a day. Mike Pence—I mean, Mike Pence, I don't think he sleeps anymore." Trump said he had advised Vice President Mike Pence, "If they don't treat you right, I don't call," adding "Mike, don't call the governor of Washington. You're wasting your time with him. Don't call the woman in Michigan. All—it doesn't make any difference what happens." Trump added that Pence would call them anyway.[274][275] Governor Whitmer of Michigan, who had previously argued that "the federal government did not take this seriously early enough," responded that her state still needed personal protective equipment, ventilators, masks and test kits.[276]
Masks, gloves, gowns, and sanitizing products were soon in short supply. On April 2, 2020, The Washington Post, among other news outlets, reported on the critical shortfall of N95 masks:
severe shortages of the N95 masks in emergency rooms and hospitals. Even surgical masks, which provide some protection, are in short supply at many health-care facilities. Desperate health-care workers have resorted to unvalidated measures to find alternative methods of protecting themselves ... [with] more than 500,000 physicians older than 50, representing just over half the nation's entire physician workforce. The average age of nurses in the United States is 51. A 48-year-old emergency department nurse in New York City died of covid-19 on March 24, and emergency department physicians have been reported to have developed severe covid-19 requiring intensive care in Washington state and New Jersey.[277]
On April 3 during the daily Coronavirus Task Force briefing, Trump said hospital administrators were "communicating directly with us that their level of supplies are meeting essential needs. And at the current time, they're really thrilled to be where they are." Responding on NPR, the American Hospital Association said their communications with hospital officials showed that hospitals "are worried about shortages of critical medical supplies, including medication for patients and personal protective equipment, or PPE, for health care workers".[278]
On April 3, the Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services released a report regarding their March 23–27 survey of 323 hospitals, with the following results. First, the hospitals reported "severe shortages of testing supplies", either needing complete test kits, or individual components of the test kits like "nasal swabs, viral transfer media, and reagents used to detect the virus". Second, the hospitals reported "frequently waiting 7 days or longer for test results". This extended the length of patient stays, and as a result, "strained bed availability, personal protective equipment (PPE) supplies, and staffing". Third, the hospitals reported having "widespread shortages of PPE". Other issues reported by the hospitals were not having enough staff on hand; lacking intravenous therapy poles, linens, food and cleaning supplies; and receiving "changing and sometimes inconsistent guidance from federal, state and local authorities".[279][20]
President Trump responded to the Office of Inspector General report by claiming "it's wrong". He went on to describe the report as "Another Fake Dossier". Trump pointed out that the author of the report, Christi Grimm, "spent 8 years with the Obama Administration" (Grimm had joined the office in 1999, meaning she had also worked for the two administrations before Obama's). Trump insisted the report was Grimm's "opinion" despite being told that the office had interviewed 323 hospitals in producing the report.[20]
Congressional response
.jpg)
On March 6, 2020, the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 provided $8.3 billion to fight the pandemic. The deal includes "more than $3 billion for the research and development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics, as well as $2.2 billion for the CDC, and $950 million to support state and local health agencies".[280][281] Another bill, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act was approved on March 18. It provides paid emergency leave and food assistance be provided to affected employees, along with free testing.[282]
The U.S. House Committee on Financial Services, released a stimulus proposal on March 18 in which the Federal Reserve would fund monthly payments of "at least $2,000 for every adult and an additional $1000 for every child for each month of the crisis". Other elements include suspending all consumer and small business credit payments.[283] On March 18, Representative Rashida Tlaib proposed the similar "Automatic BOOST to Communities Act", which would involve sending pre-loaded $2,000 debit cards to every American, with $1,000 monthly payments thereafter until the economy recovers. This would be funded by the U.S. Treasury minting two trillion-dollar coins. According to Tlaib, the Treasury has this authority, and it would not increase the national debt.[284]
With guidance from the White House, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell proposed a third stimulus package amounting to over $1 trillion.[d][e][f] On March 22 and 23, the $1.4 trillion package, known as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (or CARES Act), failed to pass in the Senate.[297][g][h] The act was revised in the Senate, coming to $2 trillion, including $500 billion for loans to larger businesses such as airlines, $350 billion for small business loans, $250 billion for individuals, $250 billion for unemployment insurance, $150 billion for state and municipal governments, and $130 billion for hospitals.[302] It passed unanimously in the Senate late the night of March 25.[303] On March 27, the House approved the stimulus bill, and it was signed into law by President Trump.[304]
President Trump has floated using the low interest rates to invest in infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and tunnels, but specifically excluding the initiatives of the Democrats' Green New Deal.[305] Nancy Pelosi has made similar proposals, suggesting broadband and water projects be included.[306] Although the Senate will not reconvene until at least April 20,[307] McConnell has indicated that a fourth bill related to the virus would prioritize health care.[308] Senator Bernie Sanders has called for a monthly basic income to help "every person in the United States, including the undocumented, the homeless, the unbanked, and young adults excluded from the CARES Act".[309]
Other federal policy responses
On March 3, 2020, the Federal Reserve lowered target interest rates from 1.75% to 1.25%,[310] the largest emergency rate cut since the 2008 global financial crisis,[311] in an attempt to counteract the outbreak's effect on the American economy. "The coronavirus poses evolving risks to economic activity," the Federal Reserve said in a statement. "In light of these risks and in support of achieving its maximum employment and price stability goals, the Federal Open Market Committee decided today to lower the target range for the federal funds rate."[312]
On March 11, during his Oval Office address, Trump announced that he had requested a number of other policy changes:
- He would ask Congress to provide financial relief and paid sick leave for workers who were quarantined or had to care for others.
- He would instruct the Small Business Administration (SBA) to provide loans to businesses affected by the pandemic, and would ask Congress for an additional $50 billion to help hard-hit businesses.
- He would request that tax payments be deferred beyond April 15 without penalty for those affected, which he said could add $200 billion in temporary liquidity to the economy.
- He would ask Congress to provide payroll tax relief to those affected.[313]
On March 15, the Federal Reserve cut their target interest rate again to a range of 0% to 0.25% and announced a $700 billion quantitative easing program similar to the one initiated during the financial crisis of 2007–08.[314] Despite the moves, stock index futures plunged, triggering trading limits to prevent panic selling.[315] The Dow Jones Industrial Average lost nearly 13% the next day, the third-largest one-day decline in the 124-year history of the index.[316] That day, the CBOE Volatility Index closed at the highest level since its inception in 1990.[317]
On March 17, the Federal Reserve announced a program to buy as much as a trillion dollars in corporate commercial paper to ensure credit continued flowing in the economy. The measure was backed by $10 billion in Treasury funds.[318] At this point, the federal government neared agreement on a stimulus proposal including direct cash payments to Americans.[319] Trump said his administration was working with Congress to provide rapid relief to affected industries. He remarked that the relief would ensure the American economy would "emerge from the strongest economy on earth". In addition, Trump announced that the Small Business Administration would be providing disaster loans which could provide impacted businesses with up to $2 million.[320]
On March 18, Trump announced that the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) would be suspending all kinds of foreclosures and evictions until the end of April.[321]
The week of March 19, the Federal Housing Finance Agency ordered federally-guaranteed loan providers to grant forbearance of up to 12 months on mortgage payments from people who lost income due to the pandemic. It encouraged the same for non-federal loans, and included a pass-through provision for landlords to grant forbearance to renters who lost income.[322]
On March 20, Trump announced that the Department of Education will not be enforcing standardized testing for 2020. Trump had also instructed to waive all federally held student loans for the next sixty days, which could be extended if needed.[323] Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin announced that the deadline for several federal filings including income tax returns and payments would be extended to July 15, 2020.[324]
On March 22, Trump announced that he had directed FEMA to build four large medical stations with 1,000 beds for New York, eight large medical stations with 2,000 beds for California, and three large medical stations and four small medical stations with 1,000 beds for the State of Washington.[325]
On March 23, the Federal Reserve announced large-scale expansion of quantitative easing, with no specific upper limit, and reactivation of the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility. This injects newly created money into a variety of financial markets including corporate bonds, exchange-traded funds, small business loans, mortgage-backed securities, student loans, auto loans, and credit card loans. The Fed also lowered its repurchase agreement interest rate from 0.1% to 0%.[326] On the same day, Trump postponed the October 1, 2020, deadline for Americans on commercial airlines to carry Real ID-compliant documents.[327]
On April 3, President Trump announced that the federal government will use funds from the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) to pay hospitals for treatment of uninsured patients infected with the coronavirus.[328]
Communication
President Trump
 | It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Communications of Donald Trump during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. (Discuss) (April 2020) |
From January to mid-March 2020, President Trump was publicly optimistic, downplaying the threat posed by the coronavirus to the United States.[17] He initially said he had no worries about the coronavirus becoming a pandemic,[329] stating multiple times that the situation was "under control", and giving assurances that the country was already overcoming the outbreak.[17] In his first comment on the coronavirus in a major address, Trump noted in his February 4 State of the Union that his administration was working together with the Chinese government on the outbreak in China; he also pledged that his "administration will take all necessary steps to safeguard our citizens from this threat".[330][331] On February 26, he said of the virus: "It's going to disappear. One day it's like a miracle, it will disappear. And from our shores, you know, it could get worse before it gets better. Could maybe go away. We'll see what happens. Nobody really knows."[332] Also on that day, speaking of the number of infected people in the country at the time, he predicted "the 15 within a couple of days is going to be down to close to zero—that's a pretty good job we've done."[333]
On February 28, Trump said that "we are doing everything in our power to keep the infection and those carrying the infection from entering the country. We have no choice." He also accused Democrats of attempting to politicize the outbreak, drawing parallels with his recent impeachment by the House of Representatives by calling the response "their new hoax".[334] In other remarks, he expressed a focus on the number of U.S. cases; commenting about cruise ship Grand Princess, he stated his preference that infected passengers not disembark as he did not want "to have the [U.S. case] numbers double because of one ship".[335] He cited the relatively low number of confirmed cases in the initial stages of the outbreak, as proof of success of his travel restriction on China.[335] In late February he judged the country as "very, very ready for this, for anything",[336] while in mid-March he rated his administration's response a score of 10/10.[337]
On March 11, 2020, President Trump delivered an Oval Office address on national television, just hours after the WHO declared the outbreak as a global pandemic. It was the second such address to the country of his presidency, the first being in January 2019, addressing illegal immigration. In his speech, Trump said his administration was "marshaling the full power of the federal government and the private sector to protect the American people". He announced that the United States was "suspending all travel from Europe to the United States for the next 30 days", except travel from the United Kingdom, and including "the tremendous amount of trade and cargo" (post-speech, Trump said trade was still approved, and administration officials clarified that "American citizens or legal permanent residents or their families" were not affected). Trump also listed several economic policy proposals designed to provide tax relief for workers, aid small businesses, and fight the spread of the virus. Trump declared that insurance companies "have agreed to waive all co-payments for coronavirus treatments". (After the speech, America's Health Insurance Plans clarified the waivers were only for tests, not for treatments, but by March 10 treatment was also covered.)[338] Trump praised his administration's response to the "foreign" virus while stating that "a large number of new clusters in the United States were seeded by travelers from Europe." He closed the speech by calling for less partisanship during the pandemic and praising Americans' response to adversity.[339][340] After the WHO announced a 3.4% mortality rate for the cases on March 13,[341] Trump remarked on Fox News's Hannity that this was a "false number" and the true figure was under 1%.[342] On March 13, Trump declared the coronavirus to be a national emergency, freeing up $50 billion in federal funds to fight the outbreak.[343]
On March 16, Trump said for the first time that the coronavirus was "not under control", and the situation was "bad" with months of impending disruption to daily lives, and a recession possible.[344] Also on March 16, President Trump and the Coronavirus Task Force released new recommendations based on CDC guidelines for Americans, titled "15 Days to Slow the Spread". These recommendations included physical distancing and hygienic instructions, as well as directions to the states in dealing with school closures, nursing homes, and common public venues.[345][346] On March 17, "I felt it was a pandemic long before it was called a pandemic."[347] He also said America will achieve total victory against the "invisible enemy", and called Americans to sacrifice together.[321]
On March 16, Trump began referring to "the Chinese virus" and was criticized for potentially creating a stigma. Trump disagreed with the criticism, saying "it comes from China" and that "China tried to say at one point—maybe they stopped—that it was caused by American soldiers. That can't happen."[348][349] Trump stopped using the term on March 23, citing the possibility of "nasty language" towards Asian-Americans.[350] On March 26, President Trump spoke on the phone with China's President Xi Jinping, and they pledged to cooperate in fighting against the pandemic. It signaled a fresh détente between the two countries after weeks of rising tensions.[351] On the same day, after a video call summit with the other G20 leaders, Trump said the United States was working with international allies to stop the spread of the coronavirus and to increase rapid information and data sharing.[352]
.jpg)
After learning about a French clinical study which showed a 70% cure rate in 20 patients versus 12.5% in the control group,[353] Trump promoted the drugs chloroquine (also known as chloroquine phosphate)[354] and hydroxychloroquine as potential treatments "by prescription" for COVID-19 on March 19. He noted the drugs showed "tremendous promise" and said he was working together with Governor Cuomo to begin quickly studying and treating coronavirus patients with the drugs in New York. He also remarked on their long-term usage as medicines in the United States saying, "the nice part is, it's been around for a long time, so we know that if it—if things don't go as planned, it's not going to kill anybody."[355][255] Fatal overdoses of these drugs have occurred, and potential side effects are also known.[356] Also during the briefing, Trump claimed chloroquine had already been "approved very, very quickly" by the FDA as a treatment for COVID-19 (leading the FDA to clarify that it had not yet approved any COVID-19 treatments[357] but was now allowing chloroquine under compassionate use guidelines).[358][359]
Within days of this briefing, a shortage occurred for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the United States, while panic-buying occurred overseas in Africa and South Asia.[360][361] In the state of Arizona, a man died, with his wife in critical condition, after they ingested fish bowl cleaner, which contained chloroquine phosphate. The couple believed the chemical cleaner could prevent them from contracting COVID-19, although the chloroquine phosphate in fish bowl cleaners is not the same formulation found in the medicines chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine.[362] After the incident, the woman said the couple "saw his press conference ... Trump kept saying it was basically pretty much a cure."[363]
On March 22, Trump indicated a desire to scale back physical distancing measures: "We cannot let the cure be worse than the problem itself." A day later, he argued that economic problems arising from physical distancing measures will cause "suicides by the thousands" and "probably more death" than coronavirus itself. He declared that the United States would "soon, be open for business", in a matter of weeks.[364][365] On March 24, Trump expressed a target of lifting restrictions "if it's good" by April 12, the Easter holiday, for "packed churches all over our country".[366] A survey of prominent economists by the University of Chicago indicated abandoning an economic lock-down prematurely would do more economic damage than maintaining it.[367] Law and economics scholars have argued that the lockdown is justified based on a cost-benefit analysis.[368][369] On March 29, Trump extended the federal government's guidance through April 30.[370]
To counter allegations surrounding the country's slow responses to COVID-19, Trump began to repeatedly emphasize the country's adoption of restrictions on travel from China as an early example of its actions. During the March 25 briefing, Trump said "if I didn't do it, you'd have thousands and thousands of people died—who would've died—that are now living and happy". He claimed on April 1 that the United States had taken action "far earlier than anyone would have thought and way ahead of anybody else"; at least 11 countries had already imposed travel restrictions on China before the United States announced its restrictions on January 31 (one day after the WHO declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern), but they did not take affect until February 2 (by then, at least 46 countries and territories had implemented a travel restriction on China).
On March 28, Trump raised the possibility of placing a two-week enforceable quarantine on New York, New Jersey, and "certain parts of Connecticut" to prevent travel from those places to Florida.[371] The federal quarantine power is limited to preventing people reasonably believed to be infected with a communicable disease from entering the country or crossing state lines.[372] Later that day, following criticism from the three governors, Trump withdrew the quarantine proposal. Instead, the CDC issued a travel advisory advising residents of the three states to "refrain from non-essential domestic travel for 14 days effective immediately".[373] On March 30, Trump said the total number of Americans who would die during the epidemic could be 100,000 or more, following a statement from Fauci that 100,000 to 200,000 Americans could die of the virus.[374]
During the April 13 briefing, Trump screened a compilation of news footage, containing a montage (taken from the March 26 episode of Hannity) of other media outlets featuring guests who downplayed the coronavirus threat, and audio of The New York Times reporter Maggie Haberman saying the travel restriction was "probably effective, because it did actually take a pretty aggressive measure against the spread of the virus". However, the compilation contained few references to events in February, and the Haberman audio was abridged to remove a sentence that followed, admitting that the travel restriction was "one of the last things that [Trump] did for several weeks". When asked by a CBS News reporter about his lack of action in February, Trump replied "We had zero cases. I'm supposed to close down the greatest economy in the history of the world—and we don't have one case confirmed in the United States?"[375][376][377][378] Despite having said in a previous briefing that he preferred to have mitigation measures be controlled by individual states because it was compatible with the Constitution, Trump claimed at the April 13 briefing he had the "ultimate authority" to order the end of restrictions, saying "The president of the United States has the authority to do what the president has the authority to do, which is very powerful. The president of the United States calls the shots."[379] However, on April 16 he assured governors "you are going to call your own shots" about relaxing restrictions.[380]
On April 15, Trump cited government data showing the U.S. was "past the peak" of the epidemic and was "in a very strong position to finalize guidelines for states on reopening the country". He announced a temporary halt on funding to the WHO over its handling of the coronavirus outbreak, and alleged Chinese favoritism, pending a review.[381] The next day, April 16, the administration unveiled new federal guidelines for a three-phased approach to restoring normal commerce and services, but only for places with strong testing and seeing a decrease in COVID-19 cases.[382]
On April 17, Trump gave a public call to "LIBERATE MICHIGAN", "LIBERATE VIRGINIA" and "LIBERATE MINNESOTA", after protests occurred against stay-at-home orders issued by the Democratic governors of these states. Later that day, a reporter asked whether he thought those states should end their stay-at-home orders. He replied, "No, but elements of what they've done are too much." When Trump was asked if he was worried that protester gatherings would inadvertently spread the coronavirus, he replied that the protesters "seem to be very responsible people".[383] A day earlier, Trump commented: "They seem to be protesters that like me and respect this opinion, and my opinion is the same as just about all of the governors. They all want to open. Nobody wants to stay shut, but they want to open safely. So do I."[384]
Administration officials
.jpg)
During the early stages of the outbreak, government officials gave mixed assessments of the seriousness and scale of the outbreak. CDC Director Robert Redfield said in late January that "the immediate risk to the American public is low," then in late February said it would be "prudent to assume this pathogen will be with us for some time to come". Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi appeared on television encouraging people to visit the Chinatown neighborhood of her San Francisco district.[385] While federal economic policy chief Larry Kudlow declared the coronavirus containment "pretty close to airtight". Dr. Nancy Messonnier (head of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases) and Anthony Fauci (head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) warned of the impending community spread of the virus in the United States, with Messonnier stating: "Disruption to everyday life might be severe." Around this point, Stephen Hahn, the head of the FDA, warned of national medical supplies being disrupted due to the outbreak. In early March, the U.S. Surgeon General, Vice Admiral Jerome Adams, declared that "this is likely going to get worse before it gets better."[386]
In February 2020, the CDC was notifying the press it expected the infections to spread, and urged local governments, businesses, and schools to develop plans for the outbreak. Among the suggested preparations were canceling mass gatherings, switching to teleworking, and planning for continued business operations in the face of increased absenteeism or disrupted supply chains.[387] CDC officials warned that widespread transmission may force large numbers of people to seek hospitalization and other healthcare, which may overload healthcare systems.[23]
A March 14 article on NBC said CDC officials wanted to recommend everyone over 60 remain inside their homes whenever possible but was instructed by the Trump administration to not say that.[388]
Public health officials stressed that local governments would need assistance from the federal government if there were school and business closures.[211] On March 23, Surgeon General Jerome Adams made several media appearances, in which he endorsed physical distancing measures and warned the country: "This week, it's going to get bad ... we really, really need everyone to stay at home [...] Every single second counts. And right now, there are not enough people out there who are taking this seriously."[389] On March 31, the CDC released several projections of the end of the epidemic. Under the best case scenario, more Americans will die of coronavirus than in the Vietnam War and Korean War combined.[390][391] On April 5, Anthony Fauci said as many as 50% of coronavirus carriers may be asymptomatic.[392]
U.S. military response
After mid-March 2020, the federal government made a major move to use the U.S. military to add health care capacity to impacted areas. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), under existing statutory authority that comes from authorizations and powers of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), is leasing a large number of buildings nationwide such as hotels, college dormitories, and larger open buildings to immediately convert them into hospital facilities. To assist USACE and FEMA efforts, the United States Army are dispatching medical soldiers to set up field hospitals in cities widely affected by the pandemic. Some of these facilities will have ICU capability for patients of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, while others will serve non-coronavirus patients to allow established hospitals to concentrate on the pandemic. A public briefing of the plan was given by Army General Todd Semonite on March 20, 2020. USACE will handle leasing and engineering, with contracts for rapid facility modification and setup issued to local contractors. The plan envisions that the operation of the facilities and the provision of medical staff would be entirely handled by the various U.S. states rather than the Federal government.[27] One of the early and largest buildings to be converted is the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center in New York City, which was quickly being transformed into a 2,000-bed care facility on March 23, 2020.[393]
According to a mid-April Newsweek report, the Joint Force Headquarters National Capital Region's Joint Task Force National Capital Region was activated on March 16, operating under multiple contingency plans, from specific pandemic response operations to White House-directed continuity plans, in support of COVID-19 response efforts in the Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Virginia region.[394]
In addition to the many popup hospitals nationwide, the Navy on March 18 prepared to deploy two hospital ships, USNS Mercy and USNS Comfort, to affected areas. The ships will take in non-coronavirus patients transferred from land-based hospitals, so those hospitals can concentrate on virus cases.[188] On March 22, Trump announced that Comfort would go to the East Coast and Mercy to the West Coast. He added the government may be using cruise ships.[325] Mercy arrived in Los Angeles on March 27,[189] and Comfort arrived in New York City on March 30.[190] On April 1, it was reported that the United States Department of Defense was working to provide 100,000 military-style nylon body bags to fulfill a request from FEMA. Only half this number was already kept in stock by the military.[395]
On March 29, citing reduction in on-shore medical capabilities and the closure of facilities at the Port of Miami to new patients, the U.S. Coast Guard required ships in the Seventh District (southeast and Atlantic territories) carrying more than fifty people to prepare to care for sick people onboard indefinitely, for vessels requesting medical evacuation to make arrangements with an on-shore hospital, and for foreign vessels to seek medical assistance from their country of registration.[396][397] Despite earlier opposition from the governor of Florida, arrangements were made allowing MS Zaandam and MS Rotterdam to dock at Port Everglades on April 2 after nearly two hundred people became ill with COVID-19 and four passengers died.[398]
On April 6 the Army announced that basic training would be postponed for new recruits. Recruits already in training would continue what the Army is calling "social-distanced-enabled training".[399]
In regards to the status of U.S. military readiness during the outbreak, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Mark Milley said on April 9 that the military was ready for any contingency and was adapting to "operating in a COVID-19 environment", further warning that it would be a "terrible, tragic mistake" for anyone attempting to take advantage of the crisis to harm the U.S. or its interests. By April 9, 1,898 service members had confirmed cases of COVID-19—1,389 Army soldiers, 367 Air Force personnel, 164 Marines, 597 Navy sailors and 381 National Guard members, less than .09% of military forces. 64 service members had been hospitalized.[400]
Economic impact
The pandemic, along with the resultant stock market crash and other impacts, has led to increased discussion of a recession in the United States.[401] The total healthcare costs of treating the epidemic could be anywhere from $34 billion to $251 billion according to analysis presented by The New York Times.[402]
Travel
| External videos | |
|---|---|
 CNBC interview with Southwest CEO Gary Kelly on March 5, YouTube video | |
| KOMO: Coronavirus Impact on Air Travel, YouTube video |
.jpg)
.png)
In mid-March, most major American and foreign airlines began cutting back on domestic and international flights as a result of the sudden drop in travel demand from the pandemic and subsequent travel bans. They have phased out routes and were making frequent schedule updates.[403][404] Cruise lines suspended all departures from the United States on March 14.[405]
The outbreak produced occasional disruptions to air traffic control with area control centers in New York and Indianapolis, and airport towers at Midway International Airport in Chicago and McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas evacuated for sterilization after at least one person who had been in each tested positive for COVID-19.[406]
On March 14, Amtrak reduced its service between Washington and Boston as the COVID-19 outbreak drastically decreased travel demand. It faced steep revenue losses during the crisis. It also asked noncritical employees "to take time off on an unpaid basis".[407] By the following week, New York's subways, usually the nation's busiest, were running mostly empty, which had the Metropolitan Transportation Authority using $1 billion from its line of credit to stay afloat.[408]
The lobbying group for the airline industry, Airlines for America (A4A), on March 16 called for a $50 billion subsidy, including $4 billion for cargo services.[409] CNBC reports that airlines are preparing for a ban on domestic flights after President Trump said on March 14 he is considering travel curbs and acting DHS Secretary Chad Wolf said all options remained on the table when asked about a possible ban, the first since September 11, 2001. United Airlines said they expected a drop of $1.5 billion in March revenue, American Airlines said they expected to decrease domestic capacity by 20% in April and 30% in May, and Delta Air Lines told employees it would cut capacity by 40%.[410]
Several of the largest mass transit operators in the U.S. have reduced service in response to lower demand caused by work from home policies and self-quarantines. The loss of fares and sales tax, a common source of operating revenue, is predicted to cause long-term effects on transit expansion and maintenance.[411] The American Public Transportation Association issued a request for $13 billion in emergency funding from the federal government to cover lost revenue and other expenses incurred by the pandemic.[412] Many localities reported an increase in bicycling as residents sought socially distant means of getting around.[413]
Financial market impacts
.jpg)
On February 27, 2020, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) dropped 1,191 points, the largest single-day point drop in the index's history at the time; some attributed the drop to anxiety about the epidemic.[414] The same day, the S&P 500 logged a 4.4% decline.[415] Since then, the record has been beaten five more times during the outbreak on March 9 (2,013), March 11 (1,465), March 12 (2,353), and finally setting the current record for most points lost in a single day by losing 2,997 points on March 16. It once again fell another 1,338 points on March 18. On March 13, the stock market rebounded for the single largest one-day point gain in the market's history by gaining 1,985 points after Trump declared a state of national emergency to free up resources to combat the virus.[416][417] The six business days it took for the S&P 500 Index to drop 10% (from February 20 to 27) "marked the quickest 10% decline from an all-time high in the index's history".[415] From January 21 to March 1, the DJIA dropped more than 3,500 points, equating to roughly a 13% decrease.[418][419]
Stock index futures declined sharply during Trump's March 11 address,[420] and the Dow Jones declined 10% the following day—the largest daily decline since Black Monday in 1987—despite the Federal Reserve also announcing it would inject $1.5 trillion into money markets.[421] By March 18, investors were shunning even assets considered safe havens during economic crises, such as government bonds and gold, moving into cash positions.[422] By March 20, the Dow Jones was below the level when President Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017, having fallen 35% from its February peak.[423] The markets rallied between March 23 and 26, with the Dow having its best three-day gain since 1931. On March 27, the Dow fell 3.5% and the S&P 500 fell 3.2%. The Nasdaq Index also fell. Boeing fell 10%, while Exxon and Disney each fell 6%.[424]
Employment effects
The number of persons filing for unemployment insurance increased from 211,000 the week ending March 7, to 281,000 for the week ending March 14, an increase of 70,000 or 33%, the largest percent increase since 1992.[425] Just part way through the following week, 15 states had reported nearly 630,000 claims.[426] On March 26, the Labor Department reported a record number of unemployment claims: 3.28 million (previously 695 thousand in October 1982).[427] For the week ending March 28, 6.6 million people filed unemployment claims.[428] More than ten million Americans lost their jobs and applied for government aid since mid-March 2020.[429] During March, women, younger and less educated workers were hardest hit by job losses, 65% of which were in the leisure and hospitality sector.[430] As another 6.6 million people filed unemployment claims for the week ending April 4, former Fed Chair Janet Yellen said the unemployment rate had already reached at least 12 or 13 percent, the worst since the Great Depression.[431] 5.2 million people filed unemployment insurance claims in the week ending April 11.[432]
Food suppliers
Meatpacking plants in South Dakota, Iowa, Kentucky, and other agrarian areas are at risk of closure as the need for social distancing in the food production plants is emerging.[433] A Columbus Junction, Iowa plant has been closed since April 6, 2020.[433]
Restaurant industry
The U.S. restaurant industry was projected to have $899 billion in sales for 2020 by the National Restaurant Association, the main trade association for the industry in the United States.[434] The industry as a whole as of February 2020 employed more than fifteen million people, representing ten percent of the workforce directly.[434] It indirectly employed close to another 10% when dependent businesses such as food producers, trucking, and delivery services were factored in.[434]
On March 15, Ohio Governor Mike DeWine and Ohio Health Department director Amy Acton ordered the closure of all bars and restaurants, saying the government "encouraged restaurants to offer carryout or delivery service, but they would not be allowed to have people congregating in the businesses."[435] The next day, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, and Maryland followed suit.[436]
Groups of restaurateurs in New York City and Cincinnati called on governments to provide help to the nation's small and independent restaurants.[437][434] On March 19 the New York group called for state governments to issue orders for rent abatements, suspension of sales and payroll taxes, and a full shutdown so business interruption insurance coverage would be triggered.[438] On March 20 the Cincinnati group called on the federal government to provide a $225 billion bailout to the restaurant industry.[434]
Several restaurant chains altered their operating procedures to prevent the spread of the virus, including removing seating, restricting the use of condiments, and switching to mobile payment systems. Many restaurants opted to close their dining rooms and instead switch to solely take-out food service to comply with physical distancing recommendations.[439]
According to the National Restaurant Association 60% of restaurant owners did not think the relief programs would be enough to keep employees on payroll. Restaurants reported $30 billion losses in March.[440]
Retail
.jpg)
A number of retailers, particularly grocery stores, reduced their opening hours to allow additional time to restock and deep-clean their stores.[441] Major stores such as Walmart, Apple, Nike, Albertson's, and Trader Joe's also shortened their hours.[442][443] Some grocery store chains, including Stop & Shop and Dollar General, devoted a portion of their operating hours to serve only senior citizens.[444][445] Many grocery stores and pharmacies began installing plexiglass sneeze guards at register areas to protect cashiers and pharmacists, and adding markers six feet apart at checkout lines to encourage customers to maintain physical distance.[446] To prevent hoarding, many supermarkets and retailers placed limits on certain products such as toilet paper, hand sanitizer, over-the-counter medication, and cleaning supplies.[447] However, the Food Marketing Institute announced that its supply chain was not strained and all products would be available in the future.[447] Major retail chains started hiring tens of thousands of employees to keep up with demand, including Walmart (150,000), CVS Pharmacy (50,000), Dollar General (50,000), and 7-Eleven (20,000).[448] Sheetz convenience stores began offering free meals to children in need at select stores in Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia.[449] A daily senior shopping hour, checkout line distancing markers, hand washing and sanitizer for employees, disinfecting wipes for customers to use on carts, and a ban on reusable bags became mandatory in Massachusetts on March 25.[450] Many stores began limiting the number of people inside at a time, to increase the typical distance between customers, resulting in outdoor lines with people spaced six feet apart.[451]
Shipping facilities
Since consumers were increasingly relying on online retailers, Amazon planned to hire another 100,000 warehouse and delivery workers and raise wages $2 per hour through April. They also reported shortages of certain household staples.[452]
A March 21 article in the Chicago Tribune reported that employees at UPS, FedEx, and XPO often have been pressured not to take time off, even with symptoms such as fever and cough consistent with coronavirus. Public health authorities say the risk is relatively low to customers receiving packages, in part because coronavirus does not live for very long on cardboard, but it most certainly is a danger for employees on crowded conveyor belts.[453]
At its warehouses, Amazon has stopped exit screenings, as well as group meetings at the beginning of shifts, and has staggered shift times and break times. The company also announced it would provide up to two weeks of pay to all employees diagnosed with coronavirus or placed into quarantine, but presumably not for employees who merely have symptoms of fever and cough.[454] Amazon workers complained paid medical leave was difficult to obtain because of limited access to cornoavirus testing, and some petitioned the company to extend paid leave to elderly and medically vulnerable workers without a positive test.[455] As small numbers of workers have tested positive for cornoavirus, various Amazon warehouses have closed for sanitization, including one in Kentucky for several days.[455] Amazon workers at the Staten Island warehouse and some Instacart workers nationwide separately announced strikes for March 30, demanding access to personal protective equipment, better sick pay, hazard pay for Instacart orders, and a longer closure of the Staten Island warehouse for cleaning.[456]
Production of emergency supplies
In response to shortages, some alcoholic beverage facilities started manufacturing and distributing alcohol-based hand sanitizer.[457] General Motors opened its manufacturing, logistics, and purchasing infrastructure for use by Ventec, a manufacturer of medical ventilators.[458] As medical mask manufacturers hired hundreds of new workers and increased output,[459] in response to urgent requests from hospital workers, volunteers with home sewing machines started producing thousands of non-medical masks that can be sterilized and re-used. Fabric was bought privately or donated by Joann Fabrics.[460] The CDC recommended the use of homemade masks (preferably in combination with a full-face splash shield) only as a "last resort" when no other respiratory protective technologies were available, including reused professional masks.[461] Bauer Hockey began manufacturing face shields for medical applications on March 26.[462]
Some U.S. officials and commentators criticized the outsourcing of critical materials—like the production of essential medical supplies—to China.[463][464]
International aid
Chinese billionaire Jack Ma has donated coronavirus test kits and face masks to the United States.[465]
Surge in medical personnel
Several states and non-profit groups started recruiting retired medical personnel to increase staffing in hospitals and at temporary facilities.[466][467] Some jurisdictions granted emergency medical licenses to inactive doctors and incoming resident and interns, and expanded the tasks nurses were allowed to do.[468]
Other financial effects
.jpg)
In February 2020, the American companies Apple Inc. and Microsoft began lowering expectations for revenue because of supply chain disruptions in China caused by the virus.[469] In a February 27 note to clients, Goldman Sachs said it expects no earnings growth for U.S. companies in 2020 as a result of the virus, at a time when the consensus forecast of Wall Street expected "earnings to climb 7%".[470] On March 20, 2020 as part of an SEC filing, AT&T cancelled all stock buyback plans included a plan to repurchase stock worth $4 billion during the second quarter. The reasons AT&T gave for the cancellation was to invest the money into its networks and in taking care of its employees during the pandemic.[471]
In response to the economic damage caused by the pandemic, some economists have advocated for financial support from the government for individual Americans and for banks and businesses.[472][473] Others have objected to government intervention on the grounds that it would alter the role of the Federal Reserve and enshrine moral hazard as a defining market principle.[474]
Several officials have faced allegations of insider trading, citing sales of their stock portfolios that coincided with private briefings. Senate Intelligence Committee chairman Richard Burr sold up to $1.7 million of stocks while making public statements of reassurances of the government's level of coronavirus preparedness. Georgia senator Kelly Loeffler sold tens of millions of dollars worth of stocks after a closed briefing on the coronavirus.[475] Senator Dianne Feinstein, a member of the Senate intelligence committee, sold between $1.5m and $6m in stock of Allogene Therapeutics, a biotechnology company. U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi's husband purchased $3.3 million dollars worth of technology stocks expected to surge during a lockdown.[476]
Telemedicine
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a sharp increase in the use of telemedical services in the United States, specifically for COVID-19 screening and triage.[477][478] As of March 29, 2020[update], three companies are offering free telemedical screenings for COVID-19 in the United States: K Health (routed through an AI chatbot), Ro (routed through an AI chatbot), and GoodRx (offered through its HeyDoctor platform).[479][478][480]
Removing economic lockdowns
On March 24, Trump expressed a target of lifting restrictions "if it's good" by April 12, the Easter holiday, for "packed churches all over our country".[366] However, a survey of prominent economists by the University of Chicago indicated abandoning an economic lock-down prematurely would do more economic damage than maintaining it.[367] The New York Times reported on March 24 that: "There is, however, a widespread consensus among economists and public health experts that lifting the restrictions would impose huge costs in additional lives lost to the virus—and deliver little lasting benefit to the economy."[481] On March 29, Trump extended the federal physical distancing recommendations until the end of April.[482]
People going back to work cannot be considered immune, even if antibody tests show they were sick and recovered, because (a) it is unknown if recovery creates any immunity, and (b) most people which the test identifies as having antibodies are false positives, and actually do not have antibodies.[483] Examples are given of a test in Santa Clara County, California, which tested 3,320 people and found 100 of them appeared to have antibodies, of which 50 were estimated to be false positives, leaving an estimate of 50 truly with antibodies;[484] and an example from National Public Radio where, among people who appear to have antibodies, 90% actually do not have antibodies.[483]
With imperfect antibody tests, people going back to work need to be treated as if they are both infectious and infectible. Ohio Governor Mike DeWine says that employers must redesign workplaces to keep workers six feet apart, or let them work from home.[485] Connecticut requires employers who are open to keep workers six feet apart, deliver products to customers at curbside or by delivery when possible, protect workers with barriers such as plexiglas, prohibit sharing equipment or desks and if possible have employees eat and take breaks alone in their cars or at their workstations.[486] Legal advice is to stagger worker hours to avoid crowding, discourage sharing equipment or desks, and that workers with symptoms or exposed to someone with symptoms should stay away from the workplace.[487]
Criticism of proposed remedies
In late March 2020, Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz stated his belief that Congress was not ready to send out checks to individuals now or in the future. He suggests the U.S. economy was is in poor shape, with overall growth for March 2020 expected to be less than 2%. The main problem, in his opinion, is the inability for people to return to work and inadequate welfare programs.[488]
Social impacts
To minimize the spread of infection, public health officials and political figures have initiated steps to isolate infected patients, impose quarantines, and recommend or require physical distancing during group activities, including the closing of schools, retail stores, workplaces, sports events, and leisure activities such as dining and movies.
Lockdowns
In extreme instances, a number of cities and states have imposed lockdown measures which limit where people can travel, work and shop away from their homes:
- California. The Governor has ordered everyone to stay at home except to get food, care for a relative or friend, obtain health care, or go to an "essential job". People working in critical infrastructure sectors may continue to go to their jobs, but should try to keep at least six feet apart from anyone else. Indoor restaurants, bars and nightclubs, entertainment venues, gyms and fitness studios are closed, although some restaurants can still provide take-out meals. Gas stations, pharmacies, grocery stores, convenience stores, banks and laundry services remain open.[179]
- New York. Non-essential businesses must shut down their in-office personnel functions, with the exception of financial institutions, retailers, pharmacies, hospitals, news media, manufacturing plants and transportation companies, among others. Casinos, gyms, theaters, shopping malls, amusement parks and bowling alleys are to be closed. "Non-essential gatherings" of any size and for any reason are temporarily banned, and in public, people must keep at least six feet away from each other. Residents 70 and older and people with compromised immune systems or underlying illnesses must remain indoors (unless exercising outside), wear a mask in the company of others and prescreen visitors by taking their temperature.[179]
Similar restrictions to varying degree have been imposed in Illinois, Texas, Nevada, New Jersey and Florida, including the shutting down of hotels.[489] As of April 2[update], about 297 million people, or about 90% of the population, are under some form of lockdown in the United States.[490] Several states also set up police checkpoints at their borders.[491] After implementing social distancing and stay-at-home orders, many states have been able to sustain an effective transmission rate ("Rt") of less than one, meaning the disease is in remission in those areas.[492]
| State | Date enacted |
|---|---|
| Alabama | April 4, 2020 |
| Alaska | March 28, 2020 |
| Arizona | March 31, 2020 |
| California | March 19, 2020 |
| Colorado | March 26, 2020 |
| Connecticut | March 23, 2020 |
| Delaware | March 24, 2020 |
| Florida | April 2, 2020 |
| Hawaii | March 25, 2020 |
| Idaho | March 25, 2020 |
| Illinois | March 21, 2020 |
| Indiana | March 24, 2020 |
| Kansas | March 30, 2020 |
| Kentucky[i] | March 26, 2020 |
| Louisiana | March 23, 2020 |
| Maine | April 2, 2020 |
| Maryland | March 30, 2020 |
| Massachusetts[i] | March 24, 2020 |
| Michigan | March 24, 2020 |
| Minnesota | March 27, 2020 |
| Mississippi | April 3, 2020 |
| Missouri[494] | April 6, 2020 |
| Montana | March 28, 2020 |
| Nevada | April 2, 2020 |
| New Hampshire[495] | March 27, 2020 |
| New Jersey | March 21, 2020 |
| New Mexico | March 24, 2020 |
| New York | March 22, 2020 |
| North Carolina | March 30, 2020 |
| Ohio | March 23, 2020 |
| Oregon | March 23, 2020 |
| Pennsylvania | April 2, 2020 |
| Rhode Island | March 28, 2020 |
| South Carolina | April 7, 2020 |
| Tennessee | March 31, 2020 |
| Texas | April 2, 2020 |
| Vermont | March 25, 2020 |
| Virginia | March 30, 2020 |
| Washington | March 23, 2020 |
| Washington, D.C. | April 1, 2020 |
| West Virginia | March 24, 2020 |
| Wisconsin | March 25, 2020 |
Educational impacts
As of April 10, 2020[update], at least 124,000 public and private schools had closed nationwide, affecting at least 55.1 million students, with most schools in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and all five inhabited territories closed statewide.[496] Of these, 21 states and three territories closed school buildings for the remainder of the school year.[496] As schools shift education to online learning, there are concerns about student access to necessary technology, absenteeism, and accommodations for special needs students.[497] School systems also looked to adjust grading scales and graduation requirements to mitigate the disruption caused by the unprecedented closures.[498]
To ensure poor students continued to receive lunches while schools were closed, many states and school districts arranged for "grab-and-go" lunch bags or used school bus routes to deliver meals to children.[499] To provide legal authority for such efforts, the U.S. Department of Agriculture waived several school lunch program requirements.[500]
A large number of higher educational institutions canceled classes and closed dormitories in response to the outbreak, including all members of the Ivy League,[501] and many other public and private universities across the country.[502] Many universities also expanded the use of pass/fail grading for the Spring 2020 semester.[503]
Due to the disruption to the academic year caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Department of Education approved a waiver process, allowing states to opt-out of standardized testing required under the Every Student Succeeds Act.[504] In addition, the College Board eliminated traditional face-to-face Advanced Placement exams in favor of an online exam that can be taken at home.[505] The College Board also cancelled SAT testing in March and May in response to the pandemic.[506] Similarly, April ACT exams were rescheduled for June 2020.[507]
The Department of Education also authorized limited student loan relief, allowing borrowers to suspend payments for at least two months without accruing interest.[504]
Prison impacts
As COVID-19 was spreading to several prisons in the U.S., some states and local jurisdictions began to release prisoners considered vulnerable to the virus.[508] To reduce transmission, the Federal Bureau of Prisons started a near-lockdown for all prisoners on April 1, for at least 14 days.[509]
Xenophobia and racism
There have been incidents of xenophobia and racism against Chinese Americans and other Asian Americans.[510][511][512] The U.S. Federal Protective Service and the FBI's New York office have reported that members of white supremacist groups are encouraging one another, if they contract the virus, to spread it to Jews, "nonwhite" people, and police officers through personal interactions and bodily fluids like saliva.[513][514]
Racial disparities
ProPublica conducted an analysis of the racial composition of COVID-19 cases in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin dating through the morning of April 3. They noted that African Americans comprised nearly half of the county's cases and 22 of the county's 27 deaths.[515]
Similar trends have been seen in regions with sizable African American populations, especially in Deep South states such as Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana (which reported on April 6 that 70% of its reported deaths had involved African Americans), and areas such as Michigan (33% of cases and 41% of deaths as of April 6), and the city of Chicago (1,824 of its 4,680 confirmed cases and 72% of deaths as of April 5).[516][517] It has been acknowledged that African Americans were more likely to have poor living conditions (including dense urban environments and poverty), employment instability, chronic comorbidities influenced by these conditions, and little to no health insurance coverage—factors which can all exacerbate its impact.[518][519][520]
The CDC has not yet released national data on coronavirus cases based on race; following calls by Democratic lawmakers and the Congressional Black Caucus, the CDC told The Hill it planned to release data on racial composition of cases.[521][522]
Event cancellations
Technology conferences such as Apple Inc.'s Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC),[524] E3 2020,[525] Facebook F8, Google I/O and Cloud Next,[526] and Microsoft's MVP Summit[527][528] have been either cancelled or have replaced in-person events with internet streaming events.
On February 21, Verizon pulled out of an RSA conference, along with AT&T and IBM.[529] On February 29, the American Physical Society cancelled its annual March Meeting, scheduled for March 2–6 in Denver, Colorado, even though many of the more than 11,000 physicist participants had already arrived and participated in the day's pre-conference events.[530] On March 6, the annual South by Southwest (SXSW) conference in Austin, Texas, was cancelled after the city government declared a "local disaster" and ordered conferences to shut down for the first time in 34 years.[531] The cancellation was not covered by insurance.[532] In 2019, 73,716 people attended the conferences and festivals, directly spending $200 million and ultimately boosting the local economy by $356 million, or four percent of the annual revenue of the region's hospitality and tourism economic sectors.[533]
After the cancellations of the Ultra Music Festival in Miami and SXSW in Austin, speculation began to grow about the Coachella festival set to begin on April 10 in the desert in Indio, California.[534] The annual festival, which has attracted some 125,000 people over two consecutive weekends, is insured only in the event of a force majeure cancellation such as one ordered by local or state government officials. Estimates on an insurance payout range from $150 million to $200 million.[535]
Media
Publishing
The scale of the COVID-19 outbreak has prompted several major publishers to temporarily disable their paywalls on related articles, including Bloomberg News, The Atlantic, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Seattle Times.[536][537]
The pandemic is predicted to have a dire effect on local newspapers, many of which were already severely struggling beforehand.[537] Several alt weekly newspapers in affected metropolitan areas, including The Stranger in Seattle and Austin Chronicle, have announced layoffs and funding drives due to lost revenue. Advertisements concerning public events and venues accounted for a majority of revenue for alt-weekly newspapers, which was disrupted by the cancellation of large public gatherings.[537][538] Online advertisements also dropped to avoid running ads next to coronavirus coverage,[539] and physical mass distribution of non-subscription newspapers became less profitable as many establishments closed and pedestrian traffic on sidewalks and transit stations greatly diminished.
Film
Most U.S. cinema chains, where allowed to continue operating, reduced the seating capacity of each show time by half to minimize the risk of spreading the virus between patrons.[540] Audience limits, as well as mandatory and voluntary closure of cinemas in some areas, led to a total North American box office sales the lowest since October 1998.[541] On March 16, numerous theater chains temporarily closed their locations nationwide.[542] A number of Hollywood film companies have suspended production and delayed the release of some films.[543][544]
Television
A large number of television programs began to suspend production in mid-March due to the pandemic.[545][546]
News programs and most talk shows have largely remained on-air, but with changes to their production to incorporate coverage of the pandemic, and adhere to CDC guidelines on physical distancing and the encouragement of remote work.[547][548][549] Most late-night talk shows and news comedy programs began returning to air in late-March, adopting formats that see their hosts presenting the program from their homes rather than in a studio, and featuring celebrity interviews and/or music performances conducted via videoconferencing.[550][551][552][553][554]
Quarantine and remote work efforts, as well as interest in updates on the pandemic, have resulted in a larger potential audience for television broadcasters—especially for news programs and news channels. Nielsen estimated that by March 11 television usage had increased by 22% week-over-week. It was expected that streaming services would see an increase in usage, while potential economic downturns associated with the pandemic could accelerate the market trend of cord cutting.[555][556][557]
The Hollywood Reporter observed gains in average viewership for some programs between March 9 and April 2, with the top increases including The Blacklist (31.2% gain in average audience since March 9), 20/20 (30.8%), America's Funniest Home Videos (27.2%), 60 Minutes (26.7% above average without NFL lead-outs, and the largest gain in the key demographic), and Shark Tank (24%).[558] These effects have also been seen on syndicated programs,[559] and the Big Three networks' daytime soap operas.[560] WarnerMedia reported that HBO Now saw a spike in usage, and the most viewed titles included documentary Ebola: The Doctors' Story and the 2011 film Contagion for their resonance with the pandemic.[561]
Sports
The 2020 BNP Paribas Open tennis tournament at Indian Wells was postponed on March 8, 2020, marking the first major U.S. sports cancellation attributed to the outbreak.[562][563]
In compliance with restrictions on large gatherings, the Columbus Blue Jackets (NHL), Golden State Warriors (NBA), and San Jose Sharks (NHL) announced their intent to play home games behind closed doors, with no spectators and only essential staff present.[564][565][566][567] These proposals were soon rendered moot, when suspension of games for various time periods were announced by almost all professional sports leagues in the United States on March 11 onward, including the NBA (which had a player announced as having tested positive),[568] NHL,[569] Major League Baseball,[570] and Major League Soccer.[571][572] College athletics competitions were similarly cancelled by schools, conferences and the NCAA—which cancelled all remaining championships for the academic year on March 12. This also resulted in the first-ever cancellation of the NCAA's popular "March Madness" men's basketball tournament (which had been scheduled to begin the following week) in its 81-year history.[568][573][574]
Religious services
Amidst the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, many churches, mosques, synagogues and temples have suspended religious services to avoid spreading the disease.[575] Many religious organizations continued to do charitable work (e.g. deliver food) during the pandemic.
Despite the pandemic, many American religious organizations continue to operate their food pantries. Churches offered bags filled with meat and toilet paper rolls for needy families.[576] Many mosques have closed for prayers but continue to run their food bank.[577][578][579] The National Cathedral of the United States, which belongs to the Episcopal Church, donated more than five thousand N95 surgical masks to hospitals of Washington D.C., which were in shortage during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[580] Other churches, such as the Church of the Highlands, an evangelical Christian megachurch, have offered free COVID-19 tests in their parking lots.[581]
Many churches have suspended in-person worship services, moving worship to radio, television and online services, while others have offered drive-in services.[582] Some state orders against large gatherings, such as in Ohio and New York, specifically exempt religious organizations.[583] Colorado Springs Fellowship Church insists it has a constitutional right to defy a state closure order.[584] Evangelical college Liberty University of Lynchburg, Virginia, moved its classes online but called its 5,000 back to campus despite Governor Ralph Northam's (D) order to close all non-essential businesses.[585] Rev. Rodney Howard-Browne of the River at Tampa Bay Church in Florida was arrested and fined on March 30 for violating coronavirus-related bans on large gatherings. He had encouraged crowds as large as five hundred over the weekend and argued that churches should get exemptions as essential services.[586]
By March 20, every Roman Catholic diocese in the United States had suspended the public celebration of Mass and dispensed with the obligation to attend Mass on the Lord's Day, as had the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the United States also suspended public Divine Liturgies.[587][588][589][590][591]
On March 13, 2020, Bishop Elaine JW Stanovsky of the Pacific Northwest Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church issued a statement that would be updated no later than the start of Holy Week, which directed "the local churches of any size and other ministries in the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington to suspend in-person worship and other gatherings of more than 10 people for the next two weeks."[592] Many parts of the Methodist Churches, which uphold Sunday Sabbatarian teaching, have transitioned their church services online; ninety percent of the parishes within the Pacific Northwest Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church, for example, are now offering worship via internet livestream.[592] In the state of Kansas, the Democratic governor, Laura Kelly responded to a prime source of spread of the disease by banning religious services attended by more than 10 people. The Republican-dominated Legislative Coordinating Council, gave itself the power to overturn her orders and did so on a party-line, 5–2 vote, supported by the Republican Attorney General. On April 11, convening on an expedited basis, the Kansas Supreme Court reinstated her orders.[593]
Starting from March 13, mosques in America began to suspend Friday congregational prayers.[594] The Islamic Society of North America and Islamic Medical Association of North America had both recommended the suspension of services.[575][594] The Islamic Cultural Center of New York shut all activities at its building, and instead offered its classes via the internet.[595]
Although most churches aired Palm Sunday worship via broadcast media or gathered together for drive-in services, some congregations gathered for Holy Week services under the religious exemptions allowed in many areas, while a minority defied the ban on mass gatherings in other areas.[596][597][598][599][600]
The Sikh Center of New York prepared more than 30,000 home-cooked meals for Americans in self-isolation amid the novel coronavirus outbreak. The Sikh community was approached by New York's Mayor office for food packages that were handed out to several distributing federal agencies in the area.[601][602]
Opioid crisis impact
In April 2020, Politico reported that the federal government's top addiction and mental health experts began to warn that the coronavirus pandemic could derail the progress the country has made addressing the opioid crisis because such efforts have been "sidelined" by the government's response to COVID-19. The director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Nora Volkow, said, "I think we're going to see deaths climb again. We can't afford to focus solely on Covid."[603]
In January, the Trump administration announced that opioid overdose deaths in 2018 were down four percent from the previous year. This was the first drop in the statistic in nearly thirty years.[603] According to Portland ABC affiliate station KATU, "The coronavirus has been a crushing blow for the addiction recovery community, specifically, when it comes to social distancing, advocates say."[604]
Elections
The pandemic prompted calls from voting rights groups and some Democratic Party leaders to expand mail-in voting so citizens don't have to decide between exercising the right to vote versus the risk of COVID-19. Republican leaders generally opposed the change, though Republican governors in Nebraska and New Hampshire adopted it. Some states were unable to agree on changes and a lawsuit in Texas resulting in a ruling (which is under appeal) that would allow any voter to mail in a ballot.[605] Responding to Democratic proposals for nation-wide mail-in voting as part of a coronavirus relief law, President Trump said "you'd never have a Republican elected in this country again" despite evidence the change would not favor any particular group.[606] Trump called mail-in voting "corrupt" and said voters should be required to show up in person, even though as reporters pointed out he had himself voted by mail in the last Florida primary.[607] Though vote fraud is slightly higher than in-person voter fraud, for both instances are rare, and mail-in voting can be made more secure by disallowing third parties to collect ballots and providing free drop-off locations or prepaid postage.[608] Some jurisdictions led by both Democrats and Republicans (the states of Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Utah, and Hawaii; and some counties in California) already have mail-in-only elections.
April 7 elections in Wisconsin were impacted by the pandemic. Many polling locations were consolidated, resulting in hours-long lines. County clerks were overwhelmed by a shift from about 20-30% mail-in ballots to about 70%, and some voters had problems receiving and returning ballots in time. Despite the problems, turnout was 34%, comparable to similar previous primaries.[609]
The 2020 Democratic National Convention was postponed until August.
Public response
Opinion polling showed a significant partisan divide regarding the outbreak.[610] NPR, PBS NewsHour and Marist found in their mid-March survey that 76% of Democrats viewed COVID-19 as "a real threat", while only 40% of Republicans agreed; the previous month's figures for Democrats and Republicans were 70% and 72% respectively.[611] A mid-March poll conducted by NBC News and The Wall Street Journal found that 60% of Democrats were concerned someone in their family might contract the virus, while 40% of Republicans expressed concern. Nearly 80% of Democrats believed the worst was yet to come, whereas 40% of Republicans thought so. About 56% of Democrats believed their lives would change in a major way due to the outbreak, compared to 26% for Republicans.[612] A mid-March poll by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that 83% of Democrats had taken certain precautions against the virus, compared to 53% of Republicans. The poll found that President Trump was the least-trusted source of information about the outbreak, at 46% overall, after the news media (47%), state and local government officials (70%), WHO (77%), and CDC (85%). 88% of Republicans expressed trust in the president, 69% of Democrats expressed trust in the media.[613]
Reporting by the New York Times said many Republicans thought the pandemic would negatively affect President Trump's chances of re-election in the 2020 presidential election;[614] during the month of March 2020 when "social distancing" practices began, the governors of many states experienced sharp gains in approval ratings,[615] and Trump—who gave a nationally televised address on 11 March and began giving daily press conferences on 16 March—saw his approval rating increase from 44% to 49% in Gallup polls.[616] Gallup later noted that Trump's approval rating fell to 43% by mid-April. Also around that time, Pew Research polls indicated that 65% of Americans felt Trump was too slow in taking major steps to respond to the coronavirus outbreak.[617] An April 21 Washington Post-University of Maryland poll found a 54% approval rate for the president's handling of the pandemic, compared to 72% approval for state governors.[618]
Beginning in mid-April there were protests in several U.S. states over government-imposed business closures and restrictions on personal movement and association.[619] On April 16, Pew Research polls indicated that 32% of Americans worried state governments would take too long to re-allow public activities, while 66% feared the state restrictions would be lifted too quickly.[620]
Statistics
The CDC publishes official numbers every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, reporting several categories of cases: individual travelers, people who contracted the disease from other people within the U.S., and repatriated citizens who returned to the U.S. from crisis locations, such as Wuhan, where the disease originated, and the cruise ship Diamond Princess.[621]
However, multiple sources[622] note that statistics on confirmed coronavirus cases are misleading, since the shortage of tests[623][228][624] means the actual number of cases is much higher than the number of cases confirmed.[625][229] The number of deaths confirmed to be due to coronavirus is likely to be an undercount for the same reason.[626][627][628]
-
![Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed cases (as of April 20, 2020[update]) None confirmed <5,000 confirmed 5,000–10,000 confirmed 10,001–25,000 confirmed 25,001–250,000 confirmed >250,000 confirmed](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/COVID-19_Outbreak_Cases_in_the_United_States_%28Density%29.svg/180px-COVID-19_Outbreak_Cases_in_the_United_States_%28Density%29.svg.png)
Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed cases (as of April 20, 2020[update])None confirmed<5,000 confirmed5,000–10,000 confirmed10,001–25,000 confirmed25,001–250,000 confirmed>250,000 confirmed -
![Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed deaths (as of April 20, 2020[update]) None confirmed <100 confirmed 100–400 confirmed 401–4,000 confirmed 4,001–16,000 confirmed >16,000 confirmed](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/COVID-19_Pandemic_Deaths_in_the_United_States_%28Density%29.svg/180px-COVID-19_Pandemic_Deaths_in_the_United_States_%28Density%29.svg.png)
Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed deaths (as of April 20, 2020[update])None confirmed<100 confirmed100–400 confirmed401–4,000 confirmed4,001–16,000 confirmed>16,000 confirmed -
![Confirmed COVID-19 cases by county (as of April 18, 2020[update])](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_by_county.svg/180px-COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_by_county.svg.png)
Confirmed COVID-19 cases by county (as of April 18, 2020[update])
![Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed deaths (as of April 20, 2020[update]) None confirmed <100 confirmed 100–400 confirmed 401–4,000 confirmed 4,001–16,000 confirmed >16,000 confirmed](/wiki/File:COVID-19_Pandemic_Deaths_in_the_United_States_(Density).svg)
![Confirmed COVID-19 cases by county (as of April 18, 2020[update])](/wiki/File:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_by_county.svg)
The following numbers are based on CDC data, which is incomplete. In most U.S. locations, testing for some time was performed only on symptomatic people with a history of travel to Wuhan or with close contact to such people.[55][629][624] A quarantined nurse in California, showing symptoms of COVID-19 but without a travel history, said she was denied testing by the CDC in early March.[630] CDC testing protocols did not include non-travelling patients with no known contact with China until February 28.[631]
The original CDC-developed tests sent out on February 5 turned out to be faulty;[623] the faulty test, now corrected, produced a false positive from ordinary running water.[114] On February 29, the FDA announced that labs would be allowed to do their own in-house testing immediately, independently of CDC testing, as long as they complete an emergency use authorization (EUA) within 15 days.[623] In Washington, state regulators at one point told health care workers to stop testing previously collected samples from an existing non-COVID19 flu study.[632]
As of March 18, the CDC reported that 37,824 specimens had been tested for COVID-19, 4,484 of which were tested by CDC labs, and 33,340 by U.S. public health labs.[633] The number of deaths is also probably an undercount, as it omits some Americans who tested positive but did not have the virus listed on their death certificates, and others who died without being tested. The CDC says it will issue an official estimate of coronavirus deaths in 2021—current estimates may not be reliable.[626]
On April 21, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation estimated a total of about 60,000 deaths in the United States due to coronavirus by August.[634]
Current number of U.S. cases by state and territory
| Location[i] | Cases[ii] | Deaths[iii] | Recoveries[iv] | Hospital[v] | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 56 / 56 | 112,168,104 | 1,168,021 | — | — | ||
|
Alabama | 1,659,966 | 21,138 | 509,800 | 50,767 | [635] |
|
Alaska | 310,531 | 1,485 | 7,165 | 4,208 | [636] |
|
American Samoa | 8,326 | 34 | 3 | — | [637] |
|
Arizona | 2,611,788 | 34,545 | — | 157,969 | [638] |
|
Arkansas | 1,039,712 | 13,787 | 992,651 | 48,032 | [639] |
|
California | 14,332,727 | 107,703 | — | 664,057 | [640] |
|
Colorado | 1,884,386 | 16,062 | — | 109,315 | [641][642] |
|
Connecticut | 983,652 | 12,354 | — | 12,257 | [643] |
|
Delaware | 351,420 | 3,682 | 18,371 | 36,436 | [644] |
|
District of Columbia | 182,395 | 1,434 | 34,985 | — | [645] |
|
Florida[vi] | 8,063,346 | 95,592 | — | 78,472 | [646] |
|
Georgia | 3,293,182 | 44,201 | — | 149,236 | [647] |
|
Guam | 64,279 | 419 | 63,816 | — | [648] |
|
Hawaii | 419,655 | 2,174 | 11,958 | 14,887 | [649] |
|
Idaho | 526,118 | 5,766 | 92,573 | 19,729 | [650][651] |
|
Illinois | 4,139,537 | 42,033 | — | 239,809 | [652][653] |
|
Indiana | 2,210,538 | 28,082 | 1,881,771 | 194,280 | [654][655] |
|
Iowa | 908,936 | 10,797 | 286,309 | — | [656] |
|
Kansas | 946,564 | 10,229 | — | 20,081 | [657] |
|
Kentucky | 1,808,735 | 19,914 | 53,643 | 78,142 | [658] |
|
Louisiana | 1,683,744 | 19,727 | 429,935 | — | [659] |
|
Maine | 347,116 | 3,417 | 12,975 | 9,316 | [660] |
|
Maryland | 1,454,101 | 17,995 | — | 52,646 | [661] |
|
Massachusetts | 2,374,055 | 25,822 | 644,061 | 124,678 | [662][663] |
|
Michigan | 3,313,807 | 44,966 | 1,421,905 | — | [664] |
|
Minnesota | 1,903,408 | 15,990 | 1,529,440 | 96,724 | [665] |
|
Mississippi | 1,000,415 | 15,480 | 774,429 | 14,042 | [666][667] |
|
Missouri | 1,790,525 | 22,931 | — | — | [668] |
|
Montana | 333,758 | 3,712 | 329,725 | 14,414 | [669] |
|
Nebraska | 604,901 | 5,034 | 142,336 | 31,570 | [670] |
|
Nevada | 924,325 | 12,508 | — | — | [671] |
|
New Hampshire | 382,242 | 3,340 | 378,906 | 9,441 | [672] |
|
New Jersey | 3,316,021 | 36,902 | — | 185,627 | [673] |
|
New Mexico | 727,786 | 9,236 | 660,313 | 40,692 | [674] |
|
New York | 7,975,950 | 65,835 | 475,270 | 471,317 | [675][676][677] |
|
North Carolina | 3,501,404 | 29,059 | 3,371,565 | 194,248 | [678][679][680] |
|
North Dakota | 310,409 | 2,233 | 236,878 | 7,831 | [681] |
|
Northern Mariana Islands | 13,981 | 46 | 13,124 | 311 | [682] |
|
Ohio | 3,747,050 | 43,958 | 3,693,448 | 151,492 | [683] |
|
Oklahoma | 1,306,350 | 16,435 | 1,288,527 | 45,990 | [684] |
|
Oregon | 975,856 | 10,357 | — | 41,388 | [685][686] |
|
Pennsylvania | 3,565,644 | 53,837 | 1,843,620 | — | [687] |
|
Puerto Rico | 1,486,077 | 7,362 | 442,126 | — | [688] |
|
Rhode Island | 470,368 | 4,365 | — | 23,606 | [689] |
|
South Carolina | 1,859,979 | 20,353 | 559,814 | — | [690] |
|
South Dakota | 305,444 | 3,401 | 275,931 | 14,160 | [691] |
|
Tennessee | 2,736,444 | 30,811 | 1,996,027 | 56,696 | [692] |
|
Texas | 9,198,592 | 94,912 | 4,445,607[vii] | — | [693] |
|
US Virgin Islands | 26,148 | 133 | 26,002 | — | [694] |
|
Utah | 1,138,594 | 5,615 | 1,103,895 | 43,431 | [695][696] |
|
Vermont | 153,806 | 1,153 | 149,941 | — | [697] |
|
Virginia | 2,534,905 | 25,489 | — | 68,154 | [698] |
|
Washington | 2,056,696 | 17,043 | — | 94,784 | [699] |
|
West Virginia | 662,339 | 8,247 | 629,631 | — | [700] |
|
Wisconsin | 2,043,839 | 16,758 | 596,339 | 38,288 | [701] |
|
Wyoming | 196,232 | 2,128 | 154,312 | 1,395 | [702] |
| Updated:May 22, 2024 · History of cases: United States | ||||||
Data no longer reported Data no longer updated in the chart due to gaps in reporting | ||||||
Number of U.S. cases by date
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
The plots above are charts showing the exponential growth of COVID-19 tests in the U.S. since February 26, 2020. The plot below uses a log scale for all four y axes on one plot to show relationships between the trends. On a log scale, data that shows exponential growth will plot as a more-or-less straight line. Each major division is a factor of ten. This makes the slope of the plot the relative rate of change anywhere in the timeline, which allows comparison of one plot with the others throughout the pandemic.
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
The deaths per day from existing endemic seasonal influenza and pneumonia[703] is about 551 deaths per day, averaged over seasonal variations. The death rate from COVID-19 exceeded that on March 30, 2020.[704]
| Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
The Institute for Health Measurements and Evaluation (IHME) publishes estimates for the U.S. and for each state.[705] This model shows estimates graphically for required hospital beds, ICU beds, and ventilators; the page presents separate graphics for estimates of hospital resources, death rate and total deaths, all as a function of date. The date of peak resource requirements are a function of number of current infections, growth rate, and the population of the state. For straight lines that fit early and late portions of the data that show spread rates, see the log plot in Statistics above. The IHME models, as of April 3, 2020, predict peak hospital bed requirements for Washington on about April 2, for Michigan on about April 7, for New York on about April 8, for New Jersey on about April 11, for California on about April 13, and for Florida on about April 21.
See also
- 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic by country and territory
- Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
- Timeline of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United States
- United States House Select Committee on the Coronavirus Crisis
- United States influenza statistics by flu season
- Veracity of statements by Donald Trump
Notes
- ^ This chart only includes lab-confirmed cases and deaths. Not all states report recoveries. Data for the current day may be incomplete.
- ^ China, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, including returning Americans, entered the U.S. in the first three months since the coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan. From December 2019 to February 2020, 759,493 passengers arrived on American soil from China, 343,402 came from Italy, 418,848 from Spain, and about 1.9 million more arrived from Britain.[48]
- ^ The majority of COVID-19 cases in New York came from European travelers.[49]
- ^ This included $300 billion to help small businesses with forgivable loans up to $10 million[285] and $200 billion to support industries such as airlines, cruise companies, and hotels through loans and other measures.[286]
- ^ It was suggested that $200–500 billion would fund tax rebate checks to Americans who made between $2,500 and $75,000 in 2018 to help cover short-term costs[287][288] via one or two payments of $600 to $1,200 per adult and $500 per child.[289][290][291] A similar measure has been suggested by both Democrats and Republicans as a form of basic income.[292][293] It is currently unclear whether the rebates would be tax-free.[294]
- ^ Democrats prepared a $750 billion package as a counter-offer,[295][296] which focused on expanding unemployment benefits instead of tax rebates.[291] A compromise plan reportedly sets aside $250 billion for tax rebates and the same amount for unemployment.[285]
- ^ The revised draft included suspending federal student loan payments for six months without interest and $20 billion in school funding;[298] Democrats said the bill did not go far enough to provide healthcare and unemployment aid, and that it provided a "slush fund" for corporations.[299]
- ^ House Speaker Nancy Pelosi indicated that the House would prepare its own bill, expected to exceed $2.5 trillion, as a counter-offer.[300][301]
- ^ a b Advisory order
References
- ^ Sheikh, Knvul; Rabin, Roni Caryn (March 10, 2020). "The Coronavirus: What Scientists Have Learned So Far". The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ a b Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, et al. (March 2020). "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States". N. Engl. J. Med. 382 (10): 929–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. PMC 7092802. PMID 32004427.
- ^ a b c d "Cases in U.S." Center for Disease Control. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c Johns Hopkins CSSE. "Coronavirus COVID19 (2019-nCoV)" (ArcGIS). Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ "Saipan confirms two COVID-19 positive cases". samoanews.com. March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ Newburger, Emma (April 11, 2020). "Every US state is now under a major disaster declaration amid coronavirus pandemic". CNBC. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins". Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 Statistics By Country". Coronavirus Dashboard. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ a b "Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding the President's Coronavirus Task Force" (Press release). White House. January 29, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Aubrey, Allison (January 31, 2020). "Trump Declares Coronavirus A Public Health Emergency And Restricts Travel From China". NPR. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
'Foreign nationals other than immediate family of U.S. citizens and permanent residents who have traveled in China in the last 14 days will be denied entry into United States,' Azar said.
- ^ Lori Robertson (April 10, 2020). "Trump's Snowballing China Travel Claim". FactCheck.org. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ Smith, Darrell and Cathie Anderson (February 26, 2020). "First U.S. coronavirus case of unknown origin confirmed in Northern California, CDC says". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Whoriskey, Peter; Satija, Neena (March 16, 2020). "How U.S. coronavirus testing stalled: Flawed tests, red tape and resistance to using the millions of tests produced by the WHO". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ a b Pilkington, Ed; McCarthy, Tom (March 28, 2020). "The missing six weeks: how Trump failed the biggest test of his life". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ a b c Wang, Jessica; Huth, Lindsay; Umlauf, Taylor; Wang, Elbert; McKay, Betsy (March 22, 2020). "How the CDC's Restrictive Testing Guidelines Hid the Coronavirus Epidemic". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ reporter, Aaron Blake closeAaron BlakeSenior political; FixEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollow, writing for The. "Analysis | Timeline: Trump's efforts to downplay the coronavirus threat". Washington Post. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c Blake, Aaron (March 17, 2020). "A timeline of Trump playing down the coronavirus threat". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ a b "Coronavirus: Should Americans be worried?". BBC News. March 12, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ a b Cummings, William; Hayes, Christal; Jackson, David (March 30, 2020). "Trump says more than 1 million Americans have been tested for coronavirus". USA Today. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ a b c Robertson, Lori. "The HHS Inspector General Report". Factcheck.org. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ Jin, Beatrice (March 30, 2020). "Live tracker: How many coronavirus cases have been reported in each U.S. state?". Politico. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ "FACT CHECK: Trump Claims U.S. Testing For Coronavirus Most Per Capita—It's Not". NPR.org. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
Given the population of the U.S. (about 327 million)
- ^ a b "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Summary". CDC. March 7, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- ^ "Global Level 4 Health Advisory—Do Not Travel". travel.state.gov.
- ^ Liptak, Kevin (March 16, 2020). "White House advises public to avoid groups of more than 10, asks people to stay away from bars and restaurants". CNN. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ Ichniowski, Tom; Rubin, Debra K. (March 18, 2020). "Rep. DeFazio: FEMA Asks Army Corps to Help Build Emergency Health Facilities". Engineering News-Record. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ a b Srinivasan, Balaji S. (March 23, 2020). "Ok. It's just one clip. But it's by far the most intelligent thing I've heard any government official say in the last few months. Further increases likelihood the military will take over COVID19 response in the near future". twitter.com/usarmy. Retrieved March 24, 2020.[non-primary source needed]
- ^ a b Deb, Sopan; Cacciola, Scott; Stein, Marc (March 11, 2020). "Sports Leagues Bar Fans and Cancel Games Amid Coronavirus Outbreak". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ a b c "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States", The New England Journal of Medicine, March 5, 2020
- ^ a b Davidson, Helen (April 15, 2020). "'Crime against humanity': Trump condemned for WHO funding freeze". The Guardian. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ a b Beaumont, Peter; Borger, Julian (April 9, 2020). "WHO warned of transmission risk in January, despite Trump claims". The Guardian. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ Kessler, Glenn (April 17, 2020). "Trump's false claim that the WHO said the coronavirus was 'not communicable'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ Kuo, Lily (January 21, 2020). "China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus". The Guardian. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ a b c "China spurned CDC offer to send team to help contain coronavirus: US Health Secretary", Fox News, Jan. 28, 2020
- ^ "Trump offers to send health experts to China to help with coronavirus outbreak", The Hill, Jan. 28, 2020
- ^ Boseley, Sarah (January 30, 2020). "WHO declares coronavirus a global health emergency". The Guardian. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Kennedy, Merrit (January 30, 2020). "WHO Declares Coronavirus Outbreak A Global Health Emergency". NPR. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "US declares public health emergency from coronavirus", Boston Globe, Feb. 1, 2020
- ^ "Boeing donating 250,000 medical masks to battle coronavirus in China", KOMONews, Jan. 29, 2020
- ^ "UCC joins ecumenical effort to send medical supplies to China to combat coronavirus", United Church of Christ, Jan. 28, 2020
- ^ "The United States Announces Assistance To Combat the Novel Coronavirus", Dept. of State, Feb. 7, 2020
- ^ "Coronavirus in Iran prompts US to extend olive branch amid claim country's death toll far higher than reported", Fox News, Feb. 28, 2020
- ^ "How Iran Became a New Epicenter of the Coronavirus Outbreak", The New Yorker, Feb. 28, 2020
- ^ a b "U.S. announces aid for China, other countries impacted by coronavirus", Reuters, Feb. 7, 2020
- ^ "C.D.C. and W.H.O. Offers to Help China Have Been Ignored for Weeks", New York Times, Feb. 7, 2020
- ^ "Chinese national taken to hospital after falling ill at Yorkshire hotel", The Telegraph (UK), Jan. 30, 2020
- ^ a b "EU condemns Trump travel ban from Europe as virus spreads". Associated Press (AP). March 12, 2020.
- ^ "Disaster in motion: 3.4 million travelers poured into US as coronavirus pandemic erupted". ABC News. April 2, 2020.
- ^ "Studies Show N.Y. Outbreak Originated in Europe". The New York Times. April 8, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Donald Trump defends his European travel ban amid virus outbreak". Sky News. March 17, 2020.
- ^ "DHS Issues Supplemental Instructions for Inbound Flights with Individuals Who Have Been in China". Department of Homeland Security. March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
- ^ Colarossi, Natalie; Cranley, Ellen (March 30, 2020). "The CDC is urging residents in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut to refrain from travel because of the coronavirus". Business Insider. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
- ^ "U.S.C. Title 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE". govinfo.gov. March 18, 2020.
- ^ "13 Coronavirus myths busted by science". livescience.com. March 2020.
- ^ a b Madrigal, Robinson Meyer, Alexis C. (March 6, 2020). "Exclusive: The Strongest Evidence Yet That America Is Botching Coronavirus Testing". The Atlantic.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Norwood, Candace (April 3, 2020). "Most states have issued stay-at-home orders, but enforcement varies widely". PBS. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ a b "The 4 Key Reasons the U.S. Is So Behind on Coronavirus Testing", Atlantic Monthly, March 15, 2020
- ^ Live updates: As U.S. coronavirus cases top 1,000, mixed signs of recovery in China, South Korea, The Washington Post, Adam Taylor and Teo Armus, March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
- ^ Kates, Graham (March 19, 2020). "Confirmed coronavirus cases will jump as testing ramps up". CBS. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ Gage, John (March 24, 2020). "'Transformed the testing process': Deborah Birx says US has done more coronavirus testing in eight days than South Korea in eight weeks". Washington Examiner. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ Caspani, Maria; Trotta, Daniel (March 26, 2020). "As of Thursday, U.S. had most coronavirus cases in world". Reuters. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Chan, Christine; Shumaker, Lisa; Maler, Sandra (March 28, 2020). "Confirmed coronavirus cases in U.S. reach 100,000: Reuters tally". Reuters. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ Shumaker, Lisa (April 11, 2020). "U.S. coronavirus deaths top 20,000, highest in world exceeding Italy: Reuters tally". Reuters. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ "Additional testing capacity, adjustments at King County jails, and other COVID-19 updates from Public Health—Seattle & King County for March 20, 2020". King County. March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Xu Klein, Jodi (March 26, 2020). "Coronavirus: New York Governor Andrew Cuomo says early signs show social distancing may be working". South China Morning Post. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ Arnold, Kyle (April 6, 2020). "American Airlines axes most flights to New York area, the country's COVID-19 epicenter". Dallas Morning News. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ "New York, New Jersey area remains epicenter of outbreak". NBC News. April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ a b Miguel, Ken (February 28, 2020). "Here's a look at some of history's worst pandemics that have killed millions". ABC 7 News. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Lileks, James (March 18, 2020). "How the news media played down the pandemics of yore, from Spanish flu to Swine flu". Star Tribune. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Brown, Jeremy (March 3, 2020). "The Coronavirus Is No 1918 Pandemic". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Shrestha, Sundar S.; Swerdlow, David L.; Borse, Rebekah H.; Prabhu, Vimalanand S.; Finelli, Lyn; Atkins, Charisma Y.; Owusu-Edusei, Kwame; Bell, Beth; Mead, Paul S.; Bigger, Matthew; Brammer, Lynnette (January 1, 2011). "Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009 – April 2010)". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 52 Suppl 1: S75–82. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq012. ISSN 1537-6591. PMID 21342903.
- ^ Lupkin, Sydney (November 17, 2014). "Ebola in America: Timeline of the Deadly Virus". ABC News. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ a b Toosi, Nahal; Lippman, Daniel; Diamond, Dan (March 16, 2020). "Before Trump's inauguration, a warning: 'The worst influenza pandemic since 1918'". Politico. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community", Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, May 11, 2017
- ^ Reider, Rem (March 20, 2020). "Contrary to Trump's Claim, A Pandemic Was Widely Expected at Some Point". Factcheck.org. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ a b Dilanian, Ken (February 29, 2020). "U.S. intel agencies warned of a rising risk of an outbreak like coronavirus". NBC News. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ " "Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community" Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, January 29, 2019
- ^ "Experts warn world 'grossly unprepared' for future pandemics", The Guardian (UK), Sept. 18, 2019
- ^ "A World at Risk", Global Preparedness Monitoring Board, Sept. 2019
- ^ "WHO's Stern Warning: The World 'Is Not Prepared To Cope' With Pandemics", NPR, May 23, 2016
- ^ a b Josh Margolin and James Gordon Meek Intelligence report warned of coronavirus crisis as early as November: Sources; "Analysts concluded it could be a cataclysmic event," a source says. April 8, 2020, ABC News
- ^ Hoonhout, Tobias (April 9, 2020). "Pentagon Bashes Bombshell ABC Report, Denies U.S. Intel Identified Coronavirus Threat in November". National Review. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Dunleavy, Jerry (April 9, 2020). "Pentagon denies the existence of November coronavirus intelligence report warning of 'cataclysmic event'". Washington Examiner. Retrieved April 11, 2020.[unreliable source?]
- ^ "Defense Department Briefing on Coronavirus Response". C-SPAN. April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ a b "Preparing for the Next Pandemic", Wall Street Journal, April 3, 2020
- ^ Gates, Bill. "Preparing for the next epidemic: a first step", GatesNotes, Jan. 18, 2017
- ^ Kulish, Nicholas; Kliff, Sarah; Silver-Greenberg, Jessica (March 29, 2020). "The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
- ^ a b "Pandemic Influenza Plan, 2017 UPDATE" (PDF). CDC. April 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza—United States, 2017". CDC. April 21, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2020. and Technical Report and Appendices.
- ^ "Educational Materials—Nonpharmaceutical Interventions". CDC. January 28, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ Klippenstine, Ken (April 1, 2020). "The Military Knew Years Ago That a Coronavirus Was Coming". The Nation. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ a b Northern Command, US DOD (January 6, 2017). "Pandemic Influenza and Infectious Disease Response". Scribd. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ a b "Playbook for early response to high-consequence emerging infectious disease threats and biological incidents" (PDF). 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ "Scientists were close to a coronavirus vaccine years ago. Then the money dried up". NBC. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ "SARS vaccines: where are we?". Medscape. 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (July 25, 2019). "MERS-CoV vaccine is safe and induces strong immunity in Army-led first-in-human trial". Medial Xpress. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ a b "Get Your Workplace Ready for Pandemic Flu" (PDF). CDC. April 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ Bourouiba, Lydia (March 26, 2020). "Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions: Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19". JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4756. PMID 32215590.
- ^ Culver, Jordan. "6 feet enough for social distancing? MIT researcher says droplets carrying coronavirus can travel up to 27 feet". USA Today. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ "A US coronavirus outbreak is almost inevitable. Here's how you can prepare.", Live Science, Feb. 27, 2020
- ^ "These are the countries best prepared for health emergencies", World Economic Forum, Feb. 12, 2020
- ^ a b "What a Global Health Survey Found Months Before the Coronavirus Pandemic", Council on Foreign Relations, March 24, 2020
- ^ "US was more prepared for pandemic than any other country, Johns Hopkins study found", Fox News, March 24, 2020
- ^ a b Editorial Board, "World Health Coronavirus Disinformation", Wall Street Journal, April 5, 2020
- ^ "WHO's Pandemic Declaration Came Too Late, Brazil Says", 'Bloomberg, March 11, 2020
- ^ "Why the WHO waited to call the coronavirus a pandemic", Vox, March 11, 2020
- ^ "Coronavirus is officially a pandemic. Here's why that matters.", National Geographic, March 11, 2020
- ^ "NYC's pandemic preparations that started—and stopped", New York Post, April 7, 2020
- ^ "They were supposed to build stages for Coachella. Now they're building coronavirus triage tents", Los Angeles Times, March 30, 2020
- ^ "California to Use Hotels and Motels to Shelter Homeless During Pandemic", SFist, March 16, 2020
- ^ "Field hospitals built around the globe as coronavirus pandemic spreads", ABC News, April 4, 2020
- ^ "Connecticut National Guard Sets Up Temporary Hospitals Amid Coronavirus Pandemic", NBC, April 1, 2020
- ^ a b c d "Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation", National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
- ^ a b "How Trump let the U.S. fall behind the curve on coronavirus threat". news.yahoo.com.
- ^ Sanger, David E.; Lipton, Eric; Sullivan, Eileen; Crowley, Michael (March 19, 2020). "Before Virus Outbreak, a Cascade of Warnings Went Unheeded". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ White House Economists Warned in 2019 a Pandemic Could Devastate America March 31, 2020 New York Times
- ^ "Simulation exercise puts global pandemic readiness to the test", World Health Organization, Dec. 3, 2018
- ^ Dan Diamond and Nahal Toosi, Trump team failed to follow NSC's pandemic playbook; The 69-page document, finished in 2016, provided a step by step list of priorities—which were then ignored by the administration. March 25, 2020 Politico.com
- ^ Andrew Kaczynski and Em Steck Top administration officials said last year threat of pandemic kept them up at night CNN April 3, 2020
- ^ a b Kessler, Glenn; Kelly, Meg (March 20, 2020). "Was the White House office for global pandemics eliminated?". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ a b Riechmann, Deb (March 14, 2020). "Trump disbanded NSC pandemic unit that experts had praised". Associated Press. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Bethania Palma, Did Experts and Officials Warn in 2018 US Couldn't Respond Effectively to a Pandemic? Such individuals have made repeated warnings about U.S. readiness in the event of a pandemic. 1 April 2020 Snopes
- ^ Robertson, Lori; McDonald, Jessica; Farley, Robert (March 3, 2020). "Democrats' Misleading Coronavirus Claims". Factcheck.org. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ Jacobs, Jennifer; Dlouhy, Jennifer A. (April 30, 2019). "Trump Homeland Security Adviser to Leave Soon, Sources Say". Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ Jacobs, Jennifer (January 20, 2020). "White House Homeland Security Aide Likely to Be Reassigned". Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ a b c Taylor, Marisa (March 26, 2020). "Exclusive: U.S. slashed CDC staff inside China prior to coronavirus outbreak". Reuters. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ Taylor, Marisa (March 23, 2020). "Exclusive: U.S. axed CDC expert job in China months before virus outbreak". Reuters. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Trump administration ended coronavirus detection program March 2, 2020 LATimes.com
- ^ Charles Schmidt (April 3, 2020). "Why the Coronavirus Slipped Past Disease Detectives; Groups of scientists tasked with identifying pandemic-prone microbes were stretched too far and thin". Scientific American. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ a b Swaine, Jon. "Federal government spent millions to ramp up mask readiness, but that isn't helping now". Washington Post.
- ^ a b c Kulish, Nicholas; Kliff, Sarah; Silver-Greenberg, Jessica (March 29, 2020). "The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed" – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ a b Sebastian Rotella; Patricia Callahan; Tim Golden (March 30, 2020). "Taxpayers Paid Millions to Design a Low-Cost Ventilator for a Pandemic. Instead, the Company Is Selling Versions of It Overseas". ProPublica.org.
- ^ "FEMA Hadn't Ordered Ventilators. Manufacturers Forged Ahead Anyway". NPR.org.
- ^ Lakoff, Andrew. "Coronavirus: Strategic National Stockpile was ready, but not for this". The Conversation.
- ^ a b Dean Obeidallah Trump administration sent protective medical gear to China while he minimized the virus threat to US CNN March 30, 2020
- ^ James LaPorta and Spencer Ackerman Army Warned in Early February That Coronavirus Could Kill 150,000 Americans April 3, 2020 The Daily Beast
- ^ Suzanne Smalley Senator says White House turned down emergency coronavirus funding in early February March 27, 2020 news.yahoo.com
- ^ Akpan, Nsikan (March 3, 2020). "U.S. has only a fraction of the medical supplies it needs to combat coronavirus". National Geographic. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Michael Biesecker US 'wasted' months before preparing for coronavirus pandemic April 6, 2020 APNews.com
- ^ "Trump administration didn't order ventilators or masks until mid-March". Vox. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ "Pence task force freezes coronavirus aid amid backlash". Politico.
- ^ "Key Medical Supplies Exported From U.S. to Foreign Buyers". Theintercept.com. April 1, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ "3M Says White House's Request to Stop Exporting Masks Would Reduce U.S. Supplies". Time. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ a b U.S. races to stock up on dialysis supplies as kidney failure ravages virus patients
- ^ An Overlooked, Possibly Fatal Coronavirus Crisis: A Dire Need for Kidney Dialysis
- ^ Doctors At Hard-Hit Hospitals Say They're Facing Shortage Of Dialysis Equipment
- ^ Alissa Wilkinson Report: The Trump administration didn't order ventilators or masks until mid-March Vox.com April 5, 2020
- ^ Abutaleb, Yasmeen; Dawsey, Josh; Nakashima, Ellen; Miller, Greg (April 4, 2020). "The U.S. was beset by denial and dysfunction as the coronavirus raged". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Harris, Shane; Miller, Greg; Dawsey, Josh; Nakashima, Ellen (March 20, 2020). "U.S. intelligence reports from January and February warned about a likely pandemic". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ "Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding the President's Coronavirus Task Force". The White House.
- ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-2019)". U.S. Department of State. March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Shear, Michael; Weiland, Noah; Rogers, Katie (February 26, 2020). "Trump Names Mike Pence to Lead Coronavirus Response". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
- ^ Devan Cole (March 22, 2020). "Illinois governor says 'it's a wild west' for medical supplies because of Trump's response to states' requests". CNN. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ Trump wants to defeat coronavirus—and make sure he gets credit By NANCY COOK, Politico, March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020
- ^ "Mad about coronavirus cancellations? Here's why mitigating the curve matters", The Plain Dealer, March 12, 2020
- ^ Kennedy, Merrit (January 30, 2020). "WHO Declares Coronavirus Outbreak A Global Health Emergency". NPR. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Marisa Taylor Exclusive: U.S. axed CDC expert job in China months before virus outbreak March 22, 2020 Reuters.com
- ^ Noack, Rick; Wagner, John; Beachum, Lateshia; Horton, Alex; Miriam Berger; Brittany Shammas; Eva Dou; Felicia Sonmez; Meryl Kornfield; Candace Buckner; Michael Brice-Saddler; Sindya N. Bhanoo; Teo Armus (April 1, 2020). "As U.S. death toll surpasses 4,600, Fauci says the real turning point in coronavirus mitigation won't happen until there's a vaccine". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c Jackson, David. "Trump administration declares coronavirus emergency, orders first quarantine in 50 years". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
- ^ a b Moritsugu, Ken; Miller, Zeke (January 31, 2020). "US bars foreigners coming from China for now over virus fear". Associated Press. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Koenig, David; Bussewitz, Cathy; Pisani, Joseph (January 31, 2020). "Delta, American and United suspend flights between US, China". Associated Press. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ a b Pham, Sherisse; Wang, Serenitie (February 3, 2020). "First major Chinese airliner suspends flights to the United States over coronavirus outbreak". CNN. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
- ^ "WHO says countries should keep borders open, trade & people moving despite coronavirus". Reuters. January 31, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ a b "The Facts on Trump's Travel Restrictions", Factcheck, March 6, 2020
- ^ Mole, Beth (February 21, 2020). "CDC didn't want 14 coronavirus patients flown to US—it was overruled". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 in China". CDC. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 in Europe". CDC. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 in Iran". CDC. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 in Malaysia—Warning—Level 3, Avoid Nonessential Travel—Travel Health Notices | Travelers' Health | CDC". wwwnc.cdc.gov. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 in South Korea". CDC. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ Tate, Curtis. "State Department warns Americans to reconsider traveling abroad due to coronavirus". USA Today. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ Wong, Edward (March 19, 2020). "As Pandemic Grows, U.S. Warns Americans Not to Travel Abroad". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Global Level 4 Health Advisory—Do Not Travel". United States Department of State. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Suspension of Routine Visa Services", Dept. of State, March 20, 2020
- ^ "Fact Sheet: DHS Notice of Arrival Restrictions on China, Iran and Certain Countries of Europe". Department of Homeland Security. March 17, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ Sands, Geneva (March 5, 2020). "DHS denies 241 people entry at US ports and airports over coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
- ^ Panetta, Alexander (March 5, 2020). "U.S. refuses entry to more than 100 people from Canada as a result of coronavirus measures". CBC News. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
- ^ "Health officials shift tone on coronavirus, say elderly and sick at risk", Politico, March 8, 2020
- ^ a b c d "A Guide to State Coronavirus Lockdowns", The Wall Street Journal, March 21, 2020
- ^ Sheikh, Knvul (March 16, 2020). "No More Than 10 People in One Place, Trump Said. But Why?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ "Inside the White House during '15 Days to Slow the Spread'". Politico. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ "How 15 Days Became 45: Trump Extends Guidelines To Slow Coronavirus". NPR.org. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ Booth, William (March 17, 2020). "A chilling scientific paper helped upend U.S. and U.K. coronavirus strategies". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Blake, Aaron (March 30, 2020). "Trump moves the coronavirus goal posts, pre-spinning 100,000 deaths as 'a very good job'". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Jewell, Britta L.; Jewell, Nicholas P. (April 14, 2020). "Opinion | The Huge Cost of Waiting to Contain the Pandemic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ "National Guard to deploy against coronavirus in NY, California, Washington". ABC News. March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ "Chicago will start renting more than 1,000 of its empty hotel rooms to house coronavirus patients or those awaiting test results", Business Insider, March 23, 2020
- ^ a b "Hospital Ships, Other DOD Assets Prepare for Coronavirus Response". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ a b Correll, Diana Stancy (March 27, 2020). "USNS Mercy arrives in Los Angeles to support Covid-19 response". Navy Times. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ a b "Crowds Greet USNS Comfort in NYC Monday; Ship to Help Hospitals With Non-Coronavirus Patients". Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus Live Updates: Trump Says a Quarantine 'Will Not Be Necessary'". The New York Times. March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Wan, William; Dawsey, Josh; Parker, Ashley; Achenbach, Joel (April 2, 2020). "Experts and Trump's advisers doubt White House's 240,000 coronavirus deaths estimate". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Durkin, Erin (April 2, 2020). "New York City urges all residents to wear face coverings in public". Politico. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "Face masks could provide coronavirus protection. But there's a 'but'". Los Angeles Times. April 2, 2020.
- ^ "Gov. Polis: Wear face coverings when going out of your home". April 3, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus update: Gov. Tom Wolf asks Pennsylvanians to wear masks outdoors". WHYY-TV. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "Health Dept. encourages Rhode Islanders to wear cloth masks in public". WPRI-TV. Nexstar Media Group. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "CDC recommends people wear cloth masks in public—but Trump says he won't". NBC News. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "CDC recommends wearing face masks during coronavirus pandemic". Los Angeles Times. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban (March 4, 2020). "Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)—Statistics and Research". Our World in Data – via ourworldindata.org.
- ^ "Coronavirus testing is starting to get better—but it has a long way to go", STAT, March 13, 2020
- ^ "Coronavirus Testing—Source Data", Our World of Data, March 20, 2020
- ^ Greenberg, Jon; Knight, Victoria (March 16, 2020). "Mostly False: Joe Biden stated on March 15, 2020 in a Democratic primary debate: "The World Health Organization offered the testing kits that they have available and to give it to us now. We refused them. We did not want to buy them."". Politifact. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Kenen, Joanne (March 8, 2020). "How testing failures allowed coronavirus to sweep the U.S." Politico. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ Lee, Timothy (March 21, 2020). "America is finally testing for coronavirus in significant volumes". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ Cohen, Jon (February 28, 2020). "The United States badly bungled coronavirus testing—but things may soon improve". Science. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
- ^ Abdalla, Jihan (February 28, 2020). "First US coronavirus case of unknown origin marks 'turning point'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ Fink, Sheri; Baker, Mike (March 10, 2020). "'It's Just Everywhere Already': How Delays in Testing Set Back the U.S. Coronavirus Response". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Achenbach, Joel; Mettler, Katie; Sun, Lena H.; Guarino, Ben (March 1, 2020). "Coronavirus may have spread undetected for weeks in Washington state, which reported first two deaths in U.S." The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: White House concedes US lacks enough test kits". BBC News. March 6, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ a b transcript. "Transcript: Chris Murphy on "Face the Nation", March 8, 2020". Face the Nation. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
- ^ Cathey, Libby. "Government coronavirus response: Trump prepared to use the 'full power' of government". ABC News. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ a b Burton, Thomas M., Armour, Stephanie and Wise, Lindsay (March 12, 2020). "U.S. Virus Testing System Is Failing, Fauci Tells Congress", Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ Kessler, Glenn (March 18, 2020). "What did Dr. Anthony Fauci say about coronavirus testing 'failing'?". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ "South Korea's Drive-Through Testing For Coronavirus Is Fast—And Free", NPR, March 13, 2020
- ^ Kuhn, Anthony (March 13, 2020). "South Korea's Drive-Through Testing For Coronavirus Is Fast—And Free". NPR. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ McCarthy, Niall (March 20, 2020). "U.S. Lags Behind Other Countries in Coronavirus Testing". Statista. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ McCann, Larry; Lai, Rebecca; McCann, Allison (March 17, 2020). "U.S. Lags in Coronavirus Testing". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Pilkington, Ed (March 13, 2020). "Why has coronavirus testing in the US been such a disaster?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "Testing in the U.S.", CDC, March 13, 2020
- ^ "Trump Administration Announces Measures To Speed Coronavirus Testing", NPR, March 13, 2020
- ^ "FDA authorizes coronavirus test that could drastically speed up screening", New York Post, March 13, 2020
- ^ Booker, Christopher (March 14, 2020). "New York launches drive-thru testing site for COVID-19". New York, NY: PBS. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Smith, Michelle (March 22, 2020). "Chaos, Inconsistency Mark Launch of Drive-Thru Virus Testing". Associated Press. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Sanders, Chris (March 13, 2020). "Google, Walmart join U.S. effort to speed up coronavirus testing". New York, NY. Reuters. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Bhattarai, Abha; Eilperin, Juliet; Parker, Ashley (March 28, 2020). "Coronavirus: Drive-thru testing sites promised by Trump administration nowhere to be seen". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Mak, Tim; Pfeiffer, Sacha; Huo, Jingnan; Benincasa, Robert; Smith, Graham; Shapiro, Joseph; Anderson, Meg (April 13, 2020). "A Month After Emergency Declaration, Trump's Promises Largely Unfulfilled". NPR. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ a b Farah Stockman, "Sick People Across the U.S. Say They Are Being Denied the Coronavirus Test", New York Times, March 12, 2020; Sheila Kaplan and Katie Thomas, "Despite Promises, Testing Delays Leave Americans 'Flying Blind', New York Times, April 6, 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ a b Myer, Robinson, and Madrigal, Alexis (April 16, 2020). "A New Statistic Reveals Why America's COVID-19 Numbers Are Flat", The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ Shinkman, Paul D. (April 6, 2020). "The Flaws in Coronavirus Case Reporting Data", US News and World Report. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ Lopez, German (April 17, 2020). "Trump's plan to reopen America can't work without a massive surge in testing". vox.com. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus vaccines: five key questions as trials begin", Nature, March 18, 2020
- ^ Bob Herman Over 100 drugs are in testing in the race to treat coronavirus March 25, 2020 Axios
- ^ "CDC launches studies to get more precise count of undetected Covid-19 cases", STAT News, April 4, 2020
- ^ a b "The CDC has begun testing blood for immunity against the coronavirus", Vox, April 5, 2020
- ^ "Social distancing can't last forever. Here's what should come next.", Vox, March 20, 2020
- ^ "Walter Reed researchers join global search for coronavirus vaccine", NBC News, March 21, 2020
- ^ "Search for Coronavirus Vaccine Becomes a Global Competition", The New York Times, March 19, 2020
- ^ "Feds Warn Merchants Against Coronavirus Treatment Claims". NPR. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "U.S. Moves to Expand Array of Drug Therapies Deployed Against Coronavirus", The Wall Street Journal, March 19, 2020
- ^ EDT, Daniel Villarreal On 4/10/20 at 12:25 AM (April 10, 2020). "Hydroxychloroquine trial gets French president's attention as 460,000 sign petition supporting treatment". Newsweek. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Richardson, Valerie (April 2, 2020). "Hydroxychloroquine rated 'most effective therapy' by doctors for coronavirus: Global survey". The Washington Times. Retrieved April 3, 2020.[unreliable source?]
- ^ a b Wise, Justin (March 30, 2020). "FDA issues emergency-use authorization for anti-malaria drugs amid coronavirus outbreak". The Hill. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Swan, Jonathan. "Inside the epic White House blowup over "game-changer" hydroxychloroquine". Axios.
- ^ a b c Khan, Amina (March 21, 2020). "Coronavirus drugs: Where we are and what we know". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "New Drugs/Drug News". Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 36 (4): 187–190, 192–194. April 2011. PMC 3086112. PMID 21572774.
- ^ Yao, X.; et al. (March 9, 2020). "In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)". Clinical Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa237. PMC 7108130. PMID 32150618.
- ^ "WHO launches global megatrial of the four most promising coronavirus treatments", Science, March 22, 2020
- ^ "Hoarding Of Malaria Drug Under Investigation As Potential COVID-19 Treatment Undermines Public Health Efforts, Doctors Say". wbur.org. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ Ebrahimji, Alisha (March 25, 2020). "Nevada governor limits use of anti-malaria drugs for coronavirus patients". CNN. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
- ^ Lapin, Tamar (March 24, 2020). "Nevada governor limits malaria drugs for coronavirus patients". New York Post. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
- ^ "Teva to send US millions of malaria pills with potential to help COVID-19", The Times of Israel, March 20, 2020
- ^ a b "Novartis to donate malaria drug in fight against coronavirus". CNBC. Reuters. March 20, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
- ^ "Novartis CEO: Malaria drug is biggest hope against coronavirus—SonntagsZeitung". Yahoo News. Reuters. March 29, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
- ^ a b "Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing". White House. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ "With No Proven Drug Therapies For COVID-19, Here's What Boston Hospitals Are Trying". wbur.org. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ Knutson, Jacob (March 15, 2020). "Fauci on coronavirus: "We'll be thankful that we're overreacting"". Axios. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Walsh, James (March 21, 2020). "Elon Musk Can't Solve This". New York. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Martin, Jonathan (March 16, 2020). "Trump to Governors on Ventilators: 'Try Getting It Yourselves'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ McGraw, Meredith (March 24, 2020). "How to update the country on coronavirus: Thank Trump first". Politico. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Miller, Zeke; Colvin, Jill; Superville, Darlene (March 28, 2020). "Trump, rejecting blame, warns governors to be 'appreciative'". Associated Press. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Forgey, Quint; Choi, Matthew (March 27, 2020). "Trump downplays need for ventilators as New York begs to differ". Politico. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ "Cuomo and Trump Spar Over Coronavirus Aid to New York". The New York Times. April 17, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ "The Ventilator Shortage That Wasn't". National Review. April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ Vazquez, Maegan (March 18, 2020). "Trump invokes Defense Production Act to expand production of hospital masks and more". CNN. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ "Remarks by President Trump and Vice President Pence in a Briefing with Nurses on COVID-19 Response". The White House. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Diamond, Dan (March 21, 2020). "Short-term thinking plagues Trump's coronavirus response". Politico. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Adamczyk, Ed (March 27, 2020). "U.S. mayors say they're running out of supplies to fight coronavirus". United Press International. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ a b Blake, Aaron (March 29, 2020). "Trump promotes conspiracy theories about mask and ventilator shortages". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020.
- ^ "Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing". The White House. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ a b Haslett, Cheyenne (March 31, 2020). "Cuomo and New York hospitals reject Trump's claim masks 'going out the back door'". ABC News. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Light, Joe; Mider, Zachary; Proper, Ellen (March 25, 2020). "Ventilator Makers Can Speed Up But Face Shortages of Parts". Bloomberg News. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Cathey, Libby (March 28, 2020). "Coronavirus government response updates: Trump signs $2T relief bill after House passage". ABC News. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ a b "Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing". The White House. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ Samuels, Brett (March 27, 2020). "Trump digs in on criticism of Democratic governors". The Hill. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Jackson, David; Collins, Michael (March 28, 2020). "Trump to Mike Pence: 'Don't call the woman in Michigan,' aka Gov. Gretchen Whitmer". USA Today. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Balmes, John R. (April 2, 2020). "Mask shortages are outrageous. The federal government needs to do better". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ Mccammon, Sarah. "Hospitals Reject Trump's Claim They Are 'Really Thrilled' With Supplies". NPR. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ Grimm, Christi. "Hospital Experiences Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a National Pulse Survey March 23–27, 2020" (PDF). Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ Emma, Caitlin; Ferris, Sarah (March 4, 2020). "Congress strikes a deal on bipartisan $8.3B coronavirus package". Politico. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- ^ "Trump signs $8.3 billion emergency package to combat coronavirus". CBS News. March 6, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
- ^ Moe, Alex; Shabad, Rebecca; Clark, Dartunorro. "House passes coronavirus aid package, sending bill to the Senate". NBC News. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ Waters, Maxine (March 18, 2020). "Waters Announces Committee Plan for Comprehensive Fiscal Stimulus and Public Policy Response to Coronavirus Pandemic". financialservices.house.gov/. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ Higgins, Eoin (March 21, 2020). "Two $1 Trillion Coins': Rashida Tlaib Proposal Calls on US Treasury to Fund Coronavirus Recovery From US Mint". Common Dreams. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ a b Mattingly, Phil (March 21, 2020). "Stimulus package could top $2 trillion as negotiators look to clear final major hurdles". CNN. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Stone, Peter (March 20, 2020). "Washington lobbyists in frenzied battle to secure billion-dollar coronavirus bailouts". The Guardian.
- ^ Hunt, Kasie; Caldwell, Leigh Ann; Tsirkin, Julie; Shabad, Rebecca (March 17, 2020). "White House eyeing $1 trillion coronavirus stimulus package". NBC News. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ Singman, Brooke (March 17, 2020). "Trump wants to send Americans checks 'immediately' in response to coronavirus, Mnuchin says". Fox News Channel. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ Breuninger, Kevin (March 19, 2020). "Trump wants direct payments of $1,000 for adults, $500 for kids in coronavirus stimulus bill, Mnuchin says". CNBC. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Re, Gregg (March 19, 2020). "McConnell's coronavirus stimulus plan would provide payments of $1,200 per person, $2,400 for couples". Fox News Channel. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ a b Bolton, Alexander (March 20, 2020). "Democrats balk at $1,200 rebate checks in stimulus plan". The Hill. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Clifford, Catherine (March 13, 2020). "Andrew Yang, AOC, Harvard professor: Free cash payments would help during coronavirus pandemic". CNBC. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ Lahut, Jake (March 16, 2020). "Tom Cotton is calling for Americans to get cash payments through the coronavirus outbreak". Business Insider. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ Konish, Lorie (March 20, 2020). "Here's how your coronavirus rescue check from the government could be taxed". CNBC. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Carney, Jordain (March 18, 2020). "McConnell takes reins of third coronavirus bill". The Hill. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ Caygle, Heather; Bresnahan, John; Ferris, Sarah (March 18, 2020). "Pelosi looks to lay down marker on next stimulus plan". Politico. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ Mill, David; Lee, Muhyung; Webb, Sean. "Coronavirus: CARES Act Vote Fails in Senate; Summary of the Tax Provisions of the Bill". National Law Review. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ "GOP's $2 Trillion Bill Adds Cash for Bailouts, States, Transit". Bloomberg L.P. March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ Bresnahan, John; Levine, Marianne (March 23, 2020). "Dems seize on 'slush fund' to oppose Republican rescue package". Politico. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ Pramuk, Jacob (March 23, 2020). "House Democrats to introduce a $2.5 trillion coronavirus stimulus plan as Senate bill stalls". CNBC. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ Re, Gregg (March 23, 2020). "Pelosi's coronavirus stimulus includes return of 'Obamaphones', other unrelated items, GOP says". Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; March 24, 2020 suggested (help) - ^ Raju, Manu; Barrett, Ted; Foran, Clare; Wilson, Kristin (March 25, 2020). "White House, Senate reach historic $2 trillion stimulus deal amid growing coronavirus fears". CNN. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Pramuk, Jacob (March 25, 2020). "Senate passes $2 trillion coronavirus stimulus package, sending it to the House". CNBC. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ Zeballos-Roig, Joseph (March 27, 2020). "Trump signs the $2 trillion coronavirus economic relief bill into law, which includes checks for Americans and business loans". Business Insider. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Niquette, Mark (March 31, 2020). "Trump Urges $2 Trillion for Infrastructure to Bolster Economy". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ Lillis, Mike (March 30, 2020). "Democrats eye major infrastructure component in next coronavirus package". The Hill. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ Bolton, Alexander (March 31, 2020). "McConnell hits brakes on next economic stimulus package". The Hill. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ Carney, Jordain (April 3, 2020). "McConnell says there will be a fourth coronavirus bill". The Hill. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ Steinhauser, Paul; Craft, Andrew (April 3, 2020). "Bernie Sanders calls for $2G monthly payments, rent freeze in next stimulus package". Fox News. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ "In an emergency move, U.S. Federal Reserve cuts interest rates to battle coronavirus". Reuters. March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
- ^ "Fed makes largest emergency cut to interest rates since the financial crisis". The Washington Post. March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
- ^ Cox, Jeff (March 3, 2020). "Fed cuts rates by half a percentage point to combat coronavirus slowdown". CNBC. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
- ^ "President Trump restricts 'all travel' from EU to US starting Friday", USA Today, March 12, 2020
- ^ Smialek, Jeanna; Irwin, Neil (March 15, 2020). "Fed Slashes Rates to Near-Zero and Unveils Sweeping Program to Aid Economy". The New York Times.
- ^ Imbert, Fred (March 15, 2020). "Stock futures drop—hit 'limit down'—even as Fed slashes rates; Dow futures off 1,000 points". CNBC.
- ^ Imbert, Fred (March 15, 2020). "Dow drops nearly 3,000 points, as coronavirus collapse continues; worst day since '87". CNBC.
- ^ Li, Yun (March 16, 2020). "Wall Street's fear gauge closes at highest level ever, surpassing even financial crisis peak". CNBC.
- ^ Smialek, Jeanna; Kelly, Kate; Eavis, Peter (March 17, 2020). "Fed Unveils Emergency Lending Programs as Companies Struggle to Raise Cash". The New York Times.
- ^ Werner, Erica; Stein, Jeff; DeBonis, Mike. "White House expresses support for immediate cash payments to Americans as part of coronavirus stimulus package". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Remarks by President Trump in Meeting with Tourism Industry Executives on COVID-19 Response". The White House. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ a b "Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing". The White House. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ "The U.S. Orders A Break On Mortgage Payments. What Does That Mean?". NPR. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ "Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing". The White House. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ Davison, Laura (March 20, 2020). "IRS Pushes Tax Date to July 15, Same as Payment Deadline". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ a b "Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing". The White House. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Cox, Jeff (March 23, 2020). "The Federal Reserve just pledged asset purchases with no limit to support markets". CNBC. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Sink, Justin (March 23, 2020). "Trump Postpones Real ID Requirements Due to Virus Concerns". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Administration says it will reimburse hospitals for treating uninsured coronavirus patients". The Hill. April 3, 2020.
- ^ Mangan, Dan (March 17, 2019). "Trump dismissed coronavirus pandemic worry in January—now claims he long warned about it". CNBC. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ "Read the full text of Trump's 2020 State of the Union". PBS. February 6, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Meredith, Sam; Tan, Weizhen; Tan, Joanna; Cheng, Evelyn (February 4, 2020). "WHO plays down media reports of coronavirus drug breakthroughs, US futures jump". CNBC. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ "Trump claimed coronavirus could 'disappear' in the United States, adding to the administration's mixed messages". Business Insider. February 28, 2020.
- ^ Abutaleb, Yasmeen; Park, Ashley; Dawsey, Josh (March 1, 2020). "Inside Trump's frantic attempts to minimize the coronavirus crisis". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Strauss, Daniel; Laughland, Oliver (February 29, 2020). "Trump calls coronavirus criticism Democrats' 'new hoax' and links it to immigration". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ a b Mason, Jeff; Holland, Steve (March 9, 2020). "Trump's focus on coronavirus numbers could backfire, health experts say". Reuters. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ "Trump declares US 'very, very ready' for coronavirus; Pence to lead response". Associated Press. March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Chalfant, Morgan (March 16, 2020). "Trump gives himself 10 out of 10 on coronavirus response". The Hill. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Wetsman, Nicole (March 10, 2020). "US insurance companies will cover costs of COVID-19 testing and treatment". The Verge. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ "'Tough Measures': Text of Trump's Address on Coronavirus". U.S. News & World Report. AP. March 11, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Hohmann, James (March 12, 2020). "Clarifications after Trump's Oval Office address are emblematic of his uneven coronavirus response". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Devlin, Hannah; Boseley, Sarah (March 13, 2020). "Coronavirus facts: is there a cure and what is the mortality rate of the virus?". The Guardian. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ Walters, Joanna; Aratani, Lauren; Beaumont, Peter (March 5, 2020). "Trump calls WHO's global death rate from coronavirus 'a false number'". The Guardian.
- ^ Liptak, Kevin (March 13, 2020). "Trump declares national emergency—and denies responsibility for coronavirus testing failures". CNN. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ Dale, Daniel (March 17, 2020). "Fact check: Trump tries to erase the memory of him downplaying the coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ "15 Days to Slow the Spread". The White House. March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ "Trump Issues Guidelines on '15 Days to Slow the Spread'". U.S. News & World Report. March 16, 2020.
- ^ Rogers, Katie (March 17, 2020). "Trump Now Claims He Always Knew the Coronavirus Would Be a Pandemic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ Gstalter, Morgan (March 19, 2020). "WHO official warns against calling it 'Chinese virus', says 'there is no blame in this'". The Hill. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ Shinkman, Paul (March 17, 2020). "Trump Fires Back at Complaints He's Stigmatizing China Over Coronavirus". US News. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ "Donald Trump drops 'Chinese virus' terminology in White House briefing, calls for protecting Asian-Americans", South China Morning Post, March 24, 2020
- ^ Leigh, Karen (March 26, 2020). "Trump, Xi Vow Virus Cooperation After Weeks of Rising Tensions". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ Batrawy, Aya; Lederer, Edith M. (March 26, 2020). "World leaders vow to coordinate virus response in video call". Associated Press. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ Marlowe, Lara (March 23, 2020). "Coronavirus: France hoping unorthodox virologist can save world". The Irish Times. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ "Medicines for the Prevention of Malaria While Traveling Chloroquine (Aralen™)" (PDF). CDC.gov. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
Chloroquine (also known as chloroquine phosphate) is an antimalarial medicine.
- ^ Nisen, Max (March 19, 2020). "Trump Is Overhyping Unproven Coronavirus Drugs". The Washington Post. Bloomberg. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Vergano, Dan (March 23, 2020). "Chloroquine Is Being Touted As A Miracle Drug For Coronavirus, But There Are Reasons To Be Wary". Buzzfeed News. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ Dale, Daniel (March 20, 2020). "Fact check: Trump wrongly claims FDA 'approved' drug chloroquine to treat the coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Naftulin, Julia (March 20, 2020). "The FDA is allowing two drugs to be used for 'compassionate use' to treat the coronavirus. Here's what that means". Business Insider. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ Coppock, Kristen (March 19, 2020). "FDA Announces Two Drugs Given 'Compassionate Use' Status in Treating COVID-19". Pharmacy Times. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ Rowland, Christopher (March 23, 2020). "As Trump touts an unproven coronavirus treatment, supplies evaporate for patients who need those drugs". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Parkinson, Joe; Gauthier-Villars, David (March 23, 2020). "Trump Claim That Malaria Drugs Treat Coronavirus Sparks Warnings, Shortages". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ Gander, Kashmira (March 24, 2020). "Health Officials Warn Against Self-Medicating With Chloroquine for Coronavirus After Man Dies From Taking Fish Tank Cleaner". Newsweek. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Man dies taking fish tank cleaner as virus drug". BBC News. March 24, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Clench, Sam (March 24, 2020). "Coronavirus: Donald Trump wants to 'reopen' US economy in weeks, not months". news.com.au. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Bartz, Diane (March 25, 2020). "Trump says restrictions will lead to thousands of deaths, cites no evidence". Reuters. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ a b Liptak, Kevin; Vazquez, Maegan; Valencia, Nick; Acosta, Jim (March 25, 2020). "Trump says he wants the country 'opened up and just raring to go by Easter', despite health experts' warnings". CNN. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ a b "IGM Economic Experts Panel-Policy for the COVID-19 Crisis". igmchicago.org. March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Lockdowns Look Smart Under Cost-Benefit Analysis". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: Is the Cure "Worse Than the Problem Itself"?". SSRN. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ "Live updates: Trump says federal guidance urging social distancing will stay in place through April 30". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Haring, Bruce (March 28, 2020). "President Trump Now Considering Quarantine For NY, NJ And Connecticut". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ Parmet, Wendy E.; Sinha, Michael S. (March 18, 2020). "Covid-19—The Law and Limits of Quarantine". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (15): e28. doi:10.1056/NEJMp2004211. PMID 32187460.
- ^ "Coronavirus Live Updates: Trump Drops Idea of Quarantining New York Region". The New York Times. March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Bohn, Kevin. "Trump concedes US coronavirus death toll could be 100,000 or more". CNN. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ "Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing". The White House. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ Darcy, Oliver. "Trump rips from episode of Hannity's show for propaganda video". CNN. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Smith, David (April 14, 2020). "Wounded by media scrutiny, Trump turned a briefing into a presidential tantrum". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ "Fact check: A list of false claims from Trump's bitter coronavirus briefing". CNN. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Blake, Aaron (April 13, 2020). "Trump's propaganda-laden, off-the-rails coronavirus briefing". Washington Post.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Trump completes reversal, telling govs 'you are going to call your own shots' and distributes new guidelines". CNN. April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ "Remarks by President Trump in Press Briefing". The White House. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ "Trump unveils phased approach to reopening economy". Associated Press. April 16, 2020.
- ^ Forgey, Quint (April 17, 2020). "Trump breaks with his own guidelines to back conservative anti-quarantine protesters". Politico. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ Smith, Allan (April 16, 2020). "Tea party-style protests break out across the country against stay-at-home orders". NBC News. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ Behrmann, Savannah. "'Chinatown is not part of China': Trump's tweet at Pelosi is met with criticism online". USA TODAY. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ Goldberg, Dan (March 17, 2020). "'It's going to disappear': Trump's changing tone on coronavirus". Politico. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Winsor, Morgan; Schumaker, Erin; Nathanson, Marc. "CDC warns Americans of 'significant disruption' from coronavirus". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
- ^ Dilanian, Ken; Lee, Carol E.; De Luce, Dan; Strickler, Laura; Khimm, Suzy (March 14, 2020). "Inside the White House's bungled effort to combat the coronavirus". NBC News.
- ^ Oprysko, Caitlin; Forgey, Quint (March 23, 2020). "'Our country wasn't built to be shut down': Trump pushes back against health experts". Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Crowley, Michael; Glanz, James (March 31, 2020). "Coronavirus May Kill 100,000 to 240,000 in U.S. Despite Actions, Officials Say". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ Baker, Peter (April 1, 2020). "Trump Confronts a New Reality Before an Expected Wave of Disease and Death". The New York Times.
- ^ "Coronavirus Live Updates: Trump Again Promotes Use of Unproven Anti-Malaria Drug; Deaths in Country May Be Undercounted". The New York Times. April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
- ^ N.Y.'s Javits Center to Add 2,000 Beds to System Under Strain March 23, 2020 Bloomberg L.P.. Retrieved March 26, 2020
- ^ "Exclusive: As Washington DC Faces Coronavirus Spike, Secret Military Task Force Prepares to Secure the Capital". Newsweek. April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus Live Updates: Protective Gear In National Stockpile Nearly Depleted". HuffPost. April 1, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Chappell, Bill (April 1, 2020). "Coast Guard Tells Cruise Ships With COVID-19 Cases To Stay Away From U.S. Ports". NPR. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Marine Safety Information Bulletin 01-20, March 29, 2020
- ^ Allen, Greg (April 2, 2020). "Cruise Ships With Sick People Dock In Florida". NPR. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "U.S. Army Delays New Recruits' Basic Training Due To Coronavirus". NPR. April 6, 2020.
- ^ "'Terrible, Tragic Mistake:' Top General Warns Enemies Not to Test US Military Readiness". Military.com. April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
- ^ "It may feel like 2008 all over again, but here's how the coronavirus crisis is distinct". USA Today. March 11, 2020. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ Abelson, Reed (March 28, 2020). "Coronavirus May Add Billions to the Nation's Health Care Bill". The New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ "Airlines Cut International Flights in Response to the Pandemic", The New York Times, March 17, 2020
- ^ "Inside Delta's command center the week the coronavirus devastated the airline industry", The Washington Post, March 13, 2020
- ^ "CLIA Announces Voluntary Suspension in U.S. Cruise Operations". Cruise Line Industry Association.
- ^ Walker, Stephen. "America's Air Traffic Control System Is Suffering Crippling Shutdowns Due To COVID-19". The Drive. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ "Amtrak cuts more trains as coronavirus lessens demand", The Washington Post, March 14, 2020
- ^ "In a week, the coronavirus razed U.S. transit and rail systems", The Washington Post, March 22, 2020
- ^ Gangitano, Alex (March 16, 2020). "Airline industry calls for $50B in assistance". The Hill. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Josephs, Leslie (March 16, 2020). "Coronavirus forces airlines to consider a once unthinkable possibility—halting US flights". CNBC. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
- ^ Taylor, Kate (March 17, 2020). "No Bus Service. Crowded Trains. Transit Systems Struggle With the Virus". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Lindblom, Mike; Groover, Heidi (March 19, 2020). "Sound Transit, Metro facing big drops in funding as coronavirus downturn takes hold". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Anderson, L.V. (March 13, 2020). "Coronavirus has caused a bicycling boom in New York City". Grist. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Menton, Jessica (February 27, 2020). "Dow plunges 1,191 points, its biggest one-day point drop, as coronavirus fears escalate". USA Today. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Li, Yun. "It took stocks only six days to fall into correction, the fastest drop in history". CNBC. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ^ Winck, Ben. "Live updates: Dow rebounds sharply a day after index tanked its most since 1987 on coronavirus worries". Markets Insider. Insider. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ "Dow Jones Industrial Average". MarketWatch. MarketWatch. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
- ^ Imbert, Fred. "The Dow lost 12% in one week. Here's why and what likely happens next". CNBC—Markets. CNBC. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
- ^ "Dow Jones Industrial Average—Overview". MarketWatch. MarketWatch. Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
- ^ "Are you a robot?". Bloomberg. March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
{{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help) - ^ "U.S. stock market suffers worst crash since 1987, as Americans wake up to a new normal of life". The Washington Post.
- ^ Davies, Paul J. (March 18, 2020). "Markets Enter New Phase—Where Cash Is All That Matters". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "Stock market's gain under Trump vanishes". The New York Times. March 20, 2020.
- ^ Dow tumbles more than 700 points following a massive 3-day bounce by Fred Imbert, CNBC, March 26, 2020
- ^ "CNNBreaking News, Latest News and Videos". CNN.
- ^ "Initial claims". fred.stlousfed.org. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Cox, Jeff (March 26, 2020). "Jobless claims soar past 3 million to record". CNBC. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ Long, Heather (April 2, 2020). "Over 10 million Americans applied for unemployment benefits in March as economy collapsed". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
- ^ "A record 10 million sought US jobless aid in past 2 weeks". Associated Press. April 2, 2020.
- ^ "How the coronavirus job cuts played out by sector and demographics". Reuters. April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ Long, Heather; Van Dam, Andrew (April 9, 2020). "6.6 million Americans filed for unemployment last week, bringing the pandemic total to over 17 million". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ Long, Heather (April 16, 2020). "U.S. now has 22 million unemployed, wiping out a decade of job gains". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ a b Birch, Tommy. "Officials urge Tyson Foods to shut down plant after employees test positive for COVID-19". USA TODAY.
- ^ a b c d e Brownfield, Andy (March 20, 2020). "Cincinnati restaurants ask feds for coronavirus bailout". login.research.cincinnatilibrary.org. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Governor orders Ohio bars, restaurants to shut down". The Columbus Dispatch. March 15, 2020. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Conradis, Brandon (March 15, 2020). "Illinois, Ohio closing all bars, restaurants in response to coronavirus". thehill.com.
- ^ Somvichian-Clausen, Austa (March 20, 2020). "How NYC's restaurant industry is surviving amid coronavirus closures". TheHill. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Adams, Erika (March 19, 2020). "NYC's Top Restaurant Groups Band Together to Petition for Government Relief". Eater NY. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Tyko, Kelly (March 15, 2020). "Starbucks closing some locations and moving to a 'to go' model at other stores due to coronavirus". USA Today. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ "Restaurants describe huge shortfalls within government's coronavirus relief programs". CNBC. April 20, 2020.
- ^ Tyko, Kelly (March 14, 2020). "Stores cutting hours or closing because of coronavirus: Walmart, Apple, Nike, Albertsons, Trader Joe's, more". USA Today. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ Tyko, Kelly. "Stores cutting hours or closing because of coronavirus: Walmart, Apple, Nike, Albertsons, Trader Joe's, more". USA Today. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Latest Walmart Store Changes to Support Associates and Customers Business Wire
- ^ Tyko, Kelly (March 16, 2020). "Dollar General cuts store hours, dedicates hour to senior shoppers during coronavirus pandemic". USA Today. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ Pickell, Jack (March 16, 2020). "Stop & Shop gives customers over 60 their own shopping hours". Boston Globe. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus leads Walmart, other grocers to install plexiglass to protect employees, customers". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ a b McCrimmon, Ryan (March 15, 2020). "Trump urges no hoarding as coronavirus panic strains grocery stores". Politico. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ Sternlicht, Alexandra. "Updated: Instacart To Hire 300,000 New Shoppers, CVS And Dollar General Add 50,000 Jobs Each—Who's Hiring In Coronavirus Economy". Forbes. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ "Sheetz offering free kids meals to help during coronavirus pandemic". The Patriot-News. April 1, 2020.
- ^ "Order of the Commissioner of Public Health, March 25 2020". Retrieved March 27, 2020.
- ^ "Target, Lowe's, Home Depot to limit the number of customers inside to combat spread of COVID-19". WDRB.
- ^ Amazon to hire 100,000 more workers and give raises to current staff to deal with coronavirus demands by Annie Palmer, CNBC, March 16, 2020
- ^ 'Terrified' package delivery employees are going to work sick, Chicago Tribune (New York Times), March 21, 2020.
- ^ Read the memo Jeff Bezos sent to Amazon employees about coronavirus safety at warehouses, CNBC, updated March 22, 2020.
- ^ a b "Amazon Closes Kentucky Warehouse After Workers Test Positive". NPR. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ "Amazon, Instacart Grocery Delivery Workers Demand Coronavirus Protection And Pay". NPR. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ "Pence Tests Negative For COVID-19; 'Hundreds Of Millions' Of Face Masks in Production". NPR. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Gilboy, James. "General Motors Becomes First US Automaker Committed to Ventilator Production Ramp-Up". The Drive. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ "Honeywell will start making N95 face masks at its Smithfield, R.I., plant, adding 500 jobs". Boston Globe. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ "Mask-making projects are popping all over as crafters mobilize against coronavirus". Boston Globe. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 11, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ "New Hampshire-based hockey company Bauer joins coronavirus fight by producing face shields". Boston Globe.
- ^ "Break with China? Top Trump aide eyes an opening with coronavirus". Politico. February 26, 2020.
- ^ "Tucker Carlson: Spread of coronavirus is revealing a 'terrifying situation'". Fox News Channel. March 11, 2020.
- ^ "Chinese billionaire Jack Ma is shipping coronavirus test kits and masks to the U.S." CBS News. March 16, 2020.
- ^ "Who Are the Retired Health Care Workers the U.S. is Calling On To Help With the Coronavirus Response?". Time.
- ^ "Preparing for a surge in cases, Mass. recruits retired doctors, nurses, respiratory therapists". Boston Globe.
- ^ "Baker Asks Visitors To Self-Isolate For Two Weeks—Or Not Come at All". wbur.org.
- ^ Rash, Wayne. "Microsoft Warning Is A Harbinger Of Coronavirus Impact On Business and the Economy". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ^ Fitzgerald, Maggie. "Goldman sees zero earnings growth for US companies this year because of coronavirus". CNBC. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ^ Spangler, Todd (March 20, 2020). "AT&T Warns Coronavirus Financial Impact 'Could Be Material', Nixes $4 Billion Stock-Buyback Plan". Variety. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Golden, Ian. "Can We Stop a Coronavirus Recession?". The New York Times. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ Mankiw, Greg. "Thoughts on the Pandemic". gregmankiw.blogstpot.com. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ Petrou, Karen (March 1, 2020). "Federal Reserve should not try to fight the coronavirus". Financial Times. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ "Senator Dumped Up to $1.7 Million of Stock After Reassuring Public About Coronavirus Preparedness". ProPublica. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ^ Strauss, Daniel (April 13, 2020). "'Unfair advantage': concerns US politicians are using coronavirus briefings to make stock decisions". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ Leah Rosenbaum (March 26, 2020). "The Coronavirus Has Created A Surge Of Telemedicine Demand. GoodRx Now Lets Consumers Compare Services". Forbes. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ a b Lauren Clason (March 24, 2020). "Telehealth visits surge along with coronavirus cases". Roll Call. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Leah Rosenbaum (March 18, 2020). "Worried That You Have Coronavirus? Here's How To See A Doctor For Free in Your Home". Forbes. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Leah Rosenbaum (March 12, 2020). "Worried About Coronavirus? Now You Can Text Message A Chatbot With Questions". Forbes. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ "Shutdown Spotlights Economic Cost of Saving Lives". The New York Times. March 24, 2020.
- ^ "How 15 Days Became 45: Trump Extends Guidelines To Slow Coronavirus". NPR. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ a b Harris, Richard (April 15, 2020). "Antibody Tests For Coronavirus Can Miss The Mark". National Public Radio. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ Mallapaty, Smriti (April 17, 2020). "Antibody tests suggest that coronavirus infections vastly exceed official counts". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01095-0. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ Tobias, Andrew J.; clevel; .com (March 19, 2020). "What can I do if my workplace doesn't seem safe from coronavirus?". Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Safe Workplace Rules for Essential Employers". State of Connecticut. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Fisher Phillips: Comprehensive And Updated FAQs For Employers On The COVID-19 Coronavirus". www.fisherphillips.com. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "Nobel Prize-Winning Economist Fears Coronavirus Impacts Will Be Worse Than 1929 Fallout". WCBS News Radio. March 24, 2020.
- ^ "Illinois, New York, California, Nevada Tighten Restrictions to Fight Coronavirus", The Wall Street Journal, March 20, 2020
- ^ "About 90% of Americans have been ordered to stay at home. This map shows which cities and states are under lockdown". Business Insider. April 2, 2020.
- ^ Lazo, Luz; Shaver, Katherine (April 14, 2020). "Covid-19 checkpoints targeting out-of-state residents draw complaints and legal scrutiny". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
- ^ Systrom, Kevin; Krieger, Mike; O'Rourke, Ryan; Stein, Robby; Dellaert, Frank; Lerer, Adam (April 11, 2020). "Rt Covid-19". rt.live. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) Based on Bettencourt, Luís M. A.; Ribeiro, Ruy M. (May 14, 2008). "Real Time Bayesian Estimation of the Epidemic Potential of Emerging Infectious Diseases". PLOS One. 3 (5): e2185. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2185B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002185. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2366072. PMID 18478118.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Mervosh, Sarah; Lu, Denise (March 23, 2020). "See Which States and Cities Have Told Residents to Stay at Home". The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ "Missouri governor announces statewide stay-at-home order". The Joplin Globe. April 3, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Adam Sexton. "Gov. Chris Sununu issues stay-at-home order for New Hampshire". WMUR. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ a b "Map: Coronavirus and School Closures". Education Week. Editorial Projects in Education. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ Goldstein, Daniel; Popescu, Adam; Hannah-Jones, Nikole (April 6, 2020). "As School Moves Online, Many Students Stay Logged Out". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ Sawchuk, Stephen (April 1, 2020). "Grading Students During the Coronavirus Crisis: What's the Right Call?". Education Week. Bethesda, Maryland. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ "Schools Scramble to Feed Students After Coronavirus Closures". U.S. News & World Report. Washington, D.C. Associated Press. March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "H.R. 6201 Update—USDA Issues Nationwide Child Nutrition Waivers". News. Arlington, Virginia: School Nutrition Association. March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Murray, Conor. "Online classes, travel bans: How the Ivy League is responding to the coronavirus outbreak". thedp.com. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ "Columbia, Harvard, NYU, and other major US colleges and universities that have switched to remote classes and are telling students to move out of dorms to prevent the spread of the coronavirus". Business Insider. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Burke, Lilah (March 19, 2020). "#Pass/Fail Nation". Inside Higher Education. Washington, D.C. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
- ^ a b Nadworny, Elissa (March 20, 2020). "Education Dept. Makes Changes To Standardized Tests, Student Loans Over Coronavirus". Corona Virus Daily. Washington, D.C.: NPR. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "AP Updates for Schools Impacted by Coronavirus". AP Central. New York City: The College Board. March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "SAT Coronavirus Updates". College Board. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "ACT Reschedules April 2020 International ACT Test Date to June". ACT Newsroom & Blog. March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ "US jails begin releasing prisoners amid pandemic". BBC News. March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ "Prisoners Across U.S. Will Be Confined For 14 Days To Cut Coronavirus Spread". NPR.org.
- ^ Tavernise, Sabrina; Oppel Jr, Richard A. (March 23, 2020). "Spit On, Yelled At, Attacked: Chinese-Americans Fear for Their Safety". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
- ^ "Fear of coronavirus fuels racist sentiment targeting Asians". Los Angeles Times. February 3, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ "Officials decry anti-Asian bigotry, misinformation amid coronavirus outbreak". Los Angeles Times. March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ "White supremacists encouraging their members to spread coronavirus to cops, Jews, FBI says". ABC News. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Walker, Hunter; Winter, Jana}date=March 21, 2020. "Federal law enforcement document reveals white supremacists discussed using coronavirus as a bioweapon". Yahoo News. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Early Data Shows African Americans Have Contracted and Died of Coronavirus at an Alarming Rate". ProPublica. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus wreaks havoc in US black communities". BBC News. April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ Zanolli, Lauren (April 8, 2020). "Data from US south shows African Americans hit hardest by Covid-19". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ Russel, Gordon. "Here's why these 13 Louisiana parishes have some of the highest coronavirus death rates in the U.S." NOLA.com. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ Eligon, John (April 7, 2020). "Black Americans Face Alarming Rates of Coronavirus Infection in Some States". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ Levenson, Eric. "Why black Americans are at higher risk for coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ Swanson, Ian (April 7, 2020). "Black, Latino communities suffering disproportionately from coronavirus, statistics show". TheHill. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ Moreno, J. Edward (April 8, 2020). "Congressional Black Caucus calls on CDC to report racial data". TheHill. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ Williams, Rossann (March 4, 2020). "Managing Through the Dynamics of COVID-19". Starbucks. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
- ^ Leswing, Kif (March 13, 2020). "Apple moves WWDC developers conference online due to coronavirus". CNBC. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ Machkovech, Sam (March 11, 2020). "It's official: E3 2020 has been canceled [Updated]". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
- ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (February 27, 2020). "Facebook cancels F8 developer conference due to coronavirus concerns". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
- ^ Foley, Mary Jo. "Microsoft cancels MVP Summit due to COVID-19 coronavirus fears". ZDNet. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
- ^ Statt, Nick (March 2, 2020). "Google and Microsoft just canceled two conferences ahead of their major ones". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
- ^ "Novel Coronavirus Update". RSA Conference. January 26, 2020. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
- ^ Castelvecchi, Davide (March 2, 2020). "Coronavirus fears cancel world's biggest physics meeting". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00609-0. PMID 32203350. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ Curtin, Kevin (March 6, 2020). "SXSW Cancellation Not Covered by Insurance; Communicable diseases, viruses, and pandemics not part of policy". The Austin Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
- ^ Sechler, Bob; Hawkins, Lori; Novak, Shonda (March 7, 2020). "Loss of SXSW a gut punch for some Austin businesses". Austin American-Statesman. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- ^ Jerde, Sara (March 12, 2020). "Major Publishers Take Down Paywalls for Coronavirus Coverage". Adweek. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ a b c Allsop, Jon (March 13, 2020). "How the coronavirus could hurt the news business". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Scire, Sarah (March 12, 2020). ""This time is different": In Seattle, social distancing forces The Stranger to make a coronavirus plea". Nieman Foundation for Journalism. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ "Pandemic Threatens Local Papers Even As Readers Devour Their Coverage". NPR.org.
- ^ McNary, Dave (March 13, 2020). "Movie Theaters Cut Seating Capacity Over Coronavirus". Variety. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 15, 2020). "Weekend Box Office Plunges To 22-Year Low At $55M+, Theater Closings Rise To 100+ Overnight As Coronavirus Fears Grip Nation—Sunday Final". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 17, 2020). "Coronavirus Theater Closures in U.S./Canada Hit 3K As Alamo Drafthouse & Others Go Dark: "This News ... Is Devastating"". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ Hipes, Patrick (March 16, 2020). "Coronavirus: Movies That Have Halted Or Delayed Production Amid Outbreak". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ "Here are all the movie releases that have been postponed due to coronavirus". Los Angeles Times. March 17, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ "Hollywood production has shut down. Why thousands of workers are feeling the pain". Los Angeles Times. March 17, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ Maglio, Tony; Nakamura, Reid; Maas, Jennifer; Baysinger, Tim (March 30, 2020). "All the TV Productions Suspended or Delayed Due to Coronavirus Pandemic (Updating)". TheWrap. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ Forgey, Quint. "The president's favorite morning show starts social distancing". Politico. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Steinberg, Brian (March 16, 2020). "From Big Debate to 'Today', Coronavirus Forces Quick Change for TV News". Variety. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ Steinberg, Brian (March 17, 2020). "ABC Will Suspend 'Strahan, Sara & Keke' in Favor of Coronavirus News Show". Variety. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie; Andreeva, Nellie (March 21, 2020). "'The Daily Social Distancing Show with Trevor Noah' To Air On Comedy Central During Coronavirus Pandemic". Deadline. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Petski, Denise; Petski, Denise (March 23, 2020). "'Tonight Show' Returning With Hybrid Episodes & New Guests—Update". Deadline. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Petski, Nellie; Andreeva, Denise; Petski, Denise (March 24, 2020). "'Last Week Tonight With John Oliver' & 'Real Time With Bill Maher' Set HBO Returns Amid Coronavirus Crisis". Deadline. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ "Late night returns: Stephen Colbert, Jimmy Kimmel, Seth Meyers host from home". EW.com. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 27, 2020). "'Jimmy Kimmel Live!' To Remain At 12:05 AM In First Week Back On Television Amid COVID-9 Pandemic". Deadline. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
- ^ Lee, Edmund; Koblin, John (March 17, 2020). "Glued to TV for Now, but When Programming Thins and Bills Mount ..." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Hersko, Tyler (March 18, 2020). "Analysts Warn TV Viewership Increases Won't Stop Financial Hit from Coronavirus". IndieWire. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Draper, Kevin (March 16, 2020). "When Coronavirus Turns Every Sports Channel into ESPN Classic". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ "TV Long View: The Shows With the Biggest Quarantine Viewing Gains". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ "'Wheel of Fortune,' 'Dr. Oz' Score Big Ratings Gains During Quarantines". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ Ausiello, Michael; Ausiello, Michael (March 31, 2020). "Daytime Soaps Surge: B&B, Days, GH and Y&R Experience Significant Ratings Boosts as America Quarantines". TVLine. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ Petski, Denise (March 24, 2020). "HBO Now Usage Leaps 40% Amid Coronavirus Crisis; WarnerMedia Posts Viewership Gains With Titles Like 'Ebola' & Contagion'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
- ^ Rothenberg, Ben; Clarey, Christopher (March 8, 2020). "Indian Wells Tennis Tournament Canceled Because of Coronavirus Outbreak". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ Wolken, Dan. "Opinion: Indian Wells cancellation could be turning point for sports and coronavirus". USA Today. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ "San Jose Sharks to play games without fans". Los Angeles Times. March 12, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ "NBA Suspends Season Amid Coronavirus Outbreak". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ Deb, Sopan; Cacciola, Scott; Stein, Marc (March 11, 2020). "Sports Leagues Bar Fans and Cancel Games Amid Coronavirus Outbreak". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ "As leagues and teams begin to shut door on fans because of coronavirus, will NHL follow?". Los Angeles Times. March 11, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
- ^ a b "The Day Sports Shut Down". The Wall Street Journal. March 12, 2020. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "NHL suspends regular season due to coronavirus concerns". Sportsnet. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ Toscano, Justin. "MLB delays season indefinitely after CDC announces restrictions amid coronavirus fears". North Jersey.
- ^ "CONCACAF, Liga MX take coronavirus measures". ESPN. March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ Kimball, Spencer (March 12, 2020). "Major League Soccer suspends season for 30 days amid concern over coronavirus". CNBC. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ "No shining moments: NCAA basketball tournaments are canceled for the first time". Los Angeles Times. March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus updates: NCAA cancels championship competition for all winter and spring sports". CBSSports.com. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
- ^ a b "The great shutdown 2020: What churches, mosques and temples are doing to fight the spread of coronavirus". CNN News.
- ^ Dias, Elizabeth (March 15, 2020). "A Sunday Without Church: In Crisis, a Nation Asks, 'What Is Community?'". The New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ "'We see this as our responsibility': Muslims fundraise for Americans impacted by coronavirus". Middle East Eye.
- ^ Eliza Griswold. "An Imam Leads His Congregation Through the Pandemic". The New Yorker.
The mosque was no longer hosting daily prayer, since disinfecting the carpet four times a day had proved to be an overwhelming amount of work. But it was still giving out food to those who needed it.
- ^ "Muslim communities delivering food, medication to sick and elderly during coronavirus pandemic". pennlive.com. March 20, 2020.
- ^ Gryboski, Michael (March 26, 2020). "National Cathedral donates 5,000 respirator masks to DC hospitals". The Christian Post. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Amazon Adds Jobs and Megachurch Helps with Covid-19 Testing". Religious Freedom & Business Foundation. March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ "Westerville church offering 'drive in' service". WBNS-TV. March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Jason Murdock (March 23, 2020). "U.S. CHURCHES HOLD PUBLIC SUNDAY SERVICES DESPITE CORONAVIRUS OUTBREAK: 'THIS IS DANGEROUS'". Newsweek. One of Greater Cincinnati's Largest Churches Continues Services Despite Coronavirus City Beat (Cincinnati), March 24, 2020
- ^ Colorado Springs church says it has Constitutional right to open, defying state health order By Chelsea Brentzel, KRDO, March 24, 2020
- ^ Liberty University welcomes back students despite coronavirus BY MARTY JOHNSON, The Hill, March 24, 2020
- ^ Michelle Boorstein (March 30, 2020). "Florida sheriff charges megapastor who kept church open, said closings are for 'pansies'". boston.com/The Washington Post. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
- ^ "Do we have Mass? Coronavirus closures and dispensations in US dioceses". Catholic News Agency. March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Doerfler, John Francis (March 17, 2020). "Suspension of public Masses" (PDF). Letter to Brothers and Sisters in Christ. Roman Catholic Diocese of Marquette. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Guillory, Curtis J. (March 18, 2020). "Decree—suspending liturgical services & other activities" (PDF). Letter to Sisters and Brothers in Christ. Roman Catholic Diocese of Beaumont. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Christensen, Peter F. (March 17, 2020). "Public Mass suspended" (PDF). Letter to the Catholic Faithful of the Diocese of Boise. Roman Catholic Diocese of Boise. Retrieved March 22, 2020. Zurek, Patrick (March 17, 2020). "Decree for Protocols Regarding Coronavirus-19 COVID-19". Letter to. Roman Catholic Diocese of Amarillo. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Seitz, Mark J. (March 18, 2020). "Instruction regarding Protocols in Response to the Presence of COVID-19 in the Diocese of El Paso". Letter to. Roman Catholic Diocese of El Paso. Retrieved March 22, 2020. "Coronavirus Precautions". Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Worth. March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
The circumstances current in our community are such that attendance at Mass borders on an impossibility and thus there is no obligation to attend.
- ^ a b Bloom, Linda (March 13, 2020). "Churches adapting to COVID-19 restrictions". United Methodist News Service. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
- ^ Kansas Supreme Court says executive order banning religious service of more than 10 people stands, KMBC, April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
- ^ a b "Mosques cancel Friday prayers as leaders face a dilemma of whether to close". Washington Post.
- ^ "Praying in time of COVID-19: How world's largest mosques adapted". Al Jazeera.
- ^ "New Coronavirus Limits Bring New Religious Freedom Tension". The New York Times. April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ Sherriff, Lucy (April 5, 2020). "Christian pastors hold packed services on Palm Sunday to 'fight Satan' despite exploding virus death toll". The Sun. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ Alonso, Melissa; Hackney, Deanna; Waldrop, Theresa (April 5, 2020). "Churches hold Palm Sunday services despite state bans on gatherings". Cable News Network. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ Wilson, Scott; Boorstein, Michelle; Hernández, Arelis; Rozsa, Lori (April 5, 2020). "Coronavirus creates conflict for churches, where gatherings can be dangerous but also provide solace". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ Barone, Vincent (April 5, 2020). "Defiant pastors vow to host Palm Sunday mass during coronavirus pandemic". New York Post. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: Sikh volunteers prepare over 30,000 meal packets for Americans in self-isolation". India Today. March 24, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: New York Sikhs prepare over 30,000 free meal packets for Americans in self-isolation". The New Indian Express. March 24, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
- ^ a b "Trump officials, health experts worry coronavirus will set back opioid fight". POLITICO. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ Schreiber, Evan (April 14, 2020). "Report: Health experts worry opioid fight set back by coronavirus". KATU. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ Texas Judge Set To Order State To Allow All Voters To Request Mail-In Ballots
- ^ Trump baselessly claimed that expanding voting access would lead to a Republican never being elected in America again
- ^ Trump defends his mail-in ballot after calling vote-by-mail 'corrupt'
- ^ Fact Check: Is Mail Ballot Fraud As Rampant As President Trump Says It Is?
- ^ 'In The End, The Voters Responded': Surprising Takeaways From Wisconsin's Election
- ^ Aleem, Zeeshan (March 15, 2020). "A new poll shows a startling partisan divide on the dangers of the coronavirus". Vox.
- ^ Allyn, Bobby; Sprunt, Barbara (March 17, 2020). "Poll: As Coronavirus Spreads, Fewer Americans See Pandemic As A Real Threat". NPR. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
- ^ Mark Murray (March 15, 2020). "Sixty percent believe worst is yet to come for the U.S. in coronavirus pandemic; Public attitudes about the coronavirus response are split along partisan lines in a new NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll". NBC News.
- ^ Weissmann, Jordan (March 17, 2020). "Democrats Are Being Much, Much More Careful About the Coronavirus Than Republicans". Slate (magazine).
- ^ Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan (March 12, 2020). "Trump's Re-election Chances Suddenly Look Shakier". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ "Coronavirus: Anti-Lockdown Protests Grow Across US". BBC News. April 17, 2020. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ examples of sources: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ a b c Template:Cite web
- ^ a b Template:Cite web
- ^ Quote: "Confirmed coronavirus cases in the U.S. crossed 200,000 on Thursday, but experts agree the actual number of infected people is much higher. The lack of reliable data—a persistent problem since the pandemic began—has made it impossible to determine the actual size of the outbreak, hampering the U.S. response." Source: Jeff J. Roberts, "Can the private sector provide better coronavirus data? Experts are skeptical", Fortune, April 3, 2020 . Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ a b Template:Cite news
- ^ Mark Abdelmalek, Josh Margolin, Aaron Katersky and Eden David, "Coronavirus death toll in US likely worse than numbers say", ABC News, April 7, 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ Emma Brown, Beth Reinhard and Aaron C. Davis, "Coronavirus death toll: Americans are almost certainly dying of covid-19 but being left out of the official count", Washington Post, April 5, 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite news
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
- ^ Template:Cite web
External links
- CDC: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- California CDPH Office of Public Affairs, news releases by California Department of Public Health (CDPH)
- The New York Times: Tracking Every Coronavirus Case in the U.S.: Full Interactive Maps
- Coronavirus Self-Assessment Tool from University of Southern California
- C-SPAN's coverage of the governmental and other responses to the coronavirus outbreak
- Coronavirus (COVID-19): information resource and the U.S. Government response
- Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases and historical data by Johns Hopkins University
- Coronavirus USA updates and news
- CoronaMapper
- United Nations Interfaith Response to COVID-19
Template:COVID-19 Template:2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United States Template:Portal bar
- Current events from January 2020
- 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United States
- 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic by country and territory
- 2020 coronavirus pandemic in North America
- 2020 disasters in the United States
- January 2020 events in the United States
- February 2020 events in the United States
- March 2020 events in the United States
- April 2020 events in the United States
- Medical outbreaks in the United States