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Cuban Americans

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Cuban Americans

Location of Cuba
Total population
2,363,532 [1]
0.7% of the U.S. population (2018)
Regions with significant populations
Predominantly in Florida: Miami/Fort Lauderdale Area, Tampa and Orlando; California, Texas, New Jersey, New York and Chicago. Growing populations in Washington, Louisville,[2] North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
Languages
Spanish (Cuban Spanish) • English • Cubonics
Religion
Predominantly:
Roman Catholicism
Minority:
Protestantism, Santería, Ifá, Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Cubans, Spaniards, Hispanics, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Afro-Cubans, Cuban Jews, Chinese Cubans
Part of a series on
Hispanic and
Latino Americans
National origin groups
History
Americans by ancestry
Political movements
Organizations
Culture
Languages
Ethnic groups
Lists

Cuban Americans (Spanish: cubanoestadounidenses[3] or Spanish: cubanoamericanos[4]) are Americans who trace their ancestry to Cuba. The word may refer to someone born in the U.S. of Cuban descent or to someone who has emigrated to the U.S. from Cuba. Cuban Americans are the third largest Hispanic American group in the United States.

Many communities throughout the United States have significant Cuban American populations.[5] Florida (1.53 million in 2017) has the highest concentration of Cuban Americans in the U.S.,[6][7] standing out in part because of its proximity to Cuba, followed by California (110,702), New Jersey (99,987), Texas (86,183) and New York (78,478).

South Florida is followed by New York City, Tampa, Union County and North Hudson, New Jersey areas, particularly Union City, Elizabeth and West New York.[5] With a population of 141,250, the New York metropolitan area's Cuban community is the largest outside Florida. Nearly 70% of all Cuban Americans live in Florida.[7]

Immigration

Main articles: Cuban immigration to the United States and Cuban migration to Miami

Early migrations

Before the Louisiana Purchase and the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, Spanish Florida, and when divided during British occupation, East Florida and West Florida, including what is now Florida and the Gulf Coast west to the Mississippi River were provinces of the Captaincy General of Cuba (Captain General being the Spanish title equivalent to the British colonial Governor). Consequently, Cuban immigration to the U.S. has a long history, beginning in the Spanish colonial period in 1565 when St. Augustine, Florida was established by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and hundreds of Spanish-Cuban soldiers and their families moved from Cuba to St. Augustine to establish a new life.

Thousands of Cuban settlers also immigrated to Louisiana between 1778 and 1802 and Texas during the period of Spanish rule.[citation needed] Since 1820, the Cuban presence was more than 1,000 people. In 1870 the number of Cuban immigrants increased to almost 12,000, of which about 4,500 resided in New York City, about 3,000 in New Orleans and 2,000 in Key West. The causes of these movements were both economic and political, which intensified after 1860, when political factors played the predominant role in emigration, as a result of deteriorating relations with the Spanish metropolis.

The year 1869 marked the beginning of one of the most significant periods of emigration from Cuba to the United States, again centered on Key West. The exodus of hundreds of workers and businessmen was linked to the manufacture of tobacco. The reasons are many: the introduction of more modern techniques of elaboration of snuff, the most direct access to its main market, the United States, the uncertainty about the future of the island, which had suffered years of economic, political and social unrest during the beginning of the Ten Years' War against Spanish rule. It was an exodus of skilled workers, precisely the class in the island that had succeeded in establishing a free labor sector amid a slave economy.

The manufacture of snuff by the Cuban labor force, became the most important source of income for Key West between 1869 and 1900.

Tampa was added to such efforts, with a strong migration of Cubans, which went from 720 inhabitants in 1880 to 5,532 in 1890. However, the second half of the 1890s marked the decline of the Cuban immigrant population, as an important part of it returned to the island to fight for independence. The War accentuated Cuban immigrant integration into American society, whose numbers were significant: more than 12,000 people.[8]

Statue of Jose Martí at the Circulo Cubano (Cuban Club), Ybor City

Key West and Tampa, Florida

In the mid- to late 19th century, several cigar manufacturers moved their operations to Key West to get away from growing laboral and political problems.[9] Many Cuban cigar workers followed. The Cuban government had even established a grammar school in Key West to help preserve Cuban culture. There, children learned folk songs and patriotic hymns such as "La Bayamesa", the Cuban national anthem.

In 1885, Vicente Martinez Ybor moved his cigar operations from Key West to the town of Tampa, Florida to escape labor strife. Ybor City was designed as a modified company town, and it quickly attracted thousands of Cuban workers from Key West and Cuba. West Tampa, another new cigar manufacturing community, was founded nearby in 1892 and also grew quickly. Between these communities, the Tampa Bay area's Cuban population grew from almost nothing to the largest in Florida in just over a decade, and the city as a whole grew from a village of approximately 1000 residents in 1885 to over 16,000 by 1900.

Both Ybor City and West Tampa were instrumental in Cuba's eventual independence.[10] Inspired by revolutionaries such as Jose Martí, who visited Florida several times, Tampa-area Cubans and their sympathetic neighbors donated money, equipment, and sometimes their lives to the cause of Cuba Libre.[11] After the Spanish–American War, some Cubans returned to their native land, but many chose to stay in the U.S. due to the physical and economic devastation caused by years of fighting on the island.[12]

Other early waves (1900–1959)

Several other small waves of Cuban emigration to the U.S. occurred in the early 20th century (1900–1959). Most settled in Florida and the northeast U.S. The majority of an estimated 100,000 Cubans arriving in that time period usually came for economic reasons (the Great Depression of 1929, volatile sugar prices and migrant farm labor contracts),[citation needed] but included anti-Batista refugees fleeing the military dictatorship, which had pro-U.S. diplomatic ties. During the '20s and '30s, emigration from Cuba to U.S. territory, basically comprised workers looking for jobs, mainly in New York and New Jersey. They were classified as labor migrants and workers, much like other immigrants in the area at that time. Thus migrated more than 40,149 in the first decade, encouraged by U.S. immigration facilities at the time and more than 43,400 by the end of the 30s.[citation needed]

Subsequently, the flow of Cubans to the United States fluctuated, due to both the domestic situation in the 40s and 50s in Cuba, and U.S. immigration policies, plus intermittent anti-immigrant sentiment. Cuban Migration in those years included, in addition to workers, a small mass of the population who could afford to leave the country and live abroad. The U.S. was considered a favored destination by the Cuban bourgeoisie and the middle classes of society, to send their children to school, take vacations and bring some of their capital to establish small and medium-sized businesses.[citation needed]

The Cuban population officially registered in the United States for 1958 was around 125,000 people including descendants. Of these, more than 50,000 remained in the United States after the revolution of 1959.[8]

Post-1959 revolution (1959–present)

Main article: Cuban exile

After the Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro in 1959, a Cuban exodus began as the new government allied itself with the Soviet Union and began to introduce communism. The first Cubans to come to America after the revolution were those affiliated with former dictator Fulgencio Batista, next were Cuba's professionals. Most Cuban Americans that arrived in the United States initially came from Cuba's educated upper and middle classes centered in Cuba's capital Havana. This middle class arose in the period after the Platt Amendment when Cuba became one of the most successful countries in Latin America. Between December 1960 and October 1962 more than 14,000 Cuban children arrived alone in the U.S. Their parents were afraid that their children were going to be sent to some Soviet bloc countries to be educated [citation needed] and they decided to send them to the States as soon as possible.[citation needed]

This program was called Operation Peter Pan (Operacion Pedro Pan). When the children arrived in Miami they were met by representatives of Catholic Charities and they were sent to live with relatives if they had any or were sent to foster homes, orphanages or boarding schools until their parents could leave Cuba. From 1965 to 1973, there was another wave of immigration known as the Freedom Flights. In order to provide aid to recently arrived Cuban immigrants, the United States Congress passed the Cuban Adjustment Act in 1966. The Cuban Refugee Program provided more than $1.3 billion of direct financial assistance. They also were eligible for public assistance, Medicare, free English courses, scholarships and low-interest college loans.[citation needed]

Some banks pioneered loans for exiles who did not have collateral or credit but received help in getting a business loan. These loans enabled many Cuban Americans to secure funds and start up their own businesses. With their Cuban-owned businesses and low cost of living, Miami, Florida and Union City, New Jersey (dubbed Havana on the Hudson)[13][14] were the preferred destinations for many immigrants and soon became the main centers for Cuban-American culture. According to author Lisandro Perez, Miami was not particularly attractive to Cubans prior to the 1960s.[15]

It was not until the exodus of the Cuban exiles in 1959 that Miami started to become a preferred destination. Westchester within Miami-Dade County, was the area most densely populated by Cubans and Cuban Americans in the United States, followed by Hialeah in second.[16]

Communities like Miami, Tampa and Union City, which Cuban Americans have made their home, have experienced a profound cultural impact as a result, as seen in such aspects of their local culture as cuisine, fashion, music, entertainment and cigar-making.[17][18]

1980s

Another large wave (an estimated 125,000 people) of Cuban immigration occurred in the early 1980s with the Mariel boatlifts. Most of the "Marielitos" were people wanting to escape from economic stagnation.

Fidel Castro sent some 20,000 criminals directly from Cuban prisons, as well as mentally ill persons from Cuban mental institutions, with the alleged double purpose of cleaning up Cuban society and poisoning the USA. Those people were labeled "unadmissible" by the US government, and with time, through many negotiations, have been returned to Cuba.[citation needed]

Mid-1990s to 2000s

Since the mid-1990s, after the implementation of the "Wet feet, dry feet" policy immigration patterns changed. Many Cuban immigrants departed from the southern and western coasts of Cuba and arrived at the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico; many landed on Isla Mujeres. From there Cuban immigrants traveled to the Texas-Mexico border and found asylum. Many of the Cubans who did not have family in Miami settled in Houston; this has caused Houston's Cuban-American community to increase in size. The term "dusty foot" refers to Cubans emigrating to the U.S. through Mexico. In 2005 the Department of Homeland Security had abandoned the approach of detaining every dry foot Cuban who crosses through Texas and began a policy allowing most Cubans to obtain immediate parole.[19]

Jorge Ferragut, a Cuban immigrant who founded Casa Cuba, an agency that assists Cuban immigrants arriving in Texas, said in a 2008 article that many Cuban immigrants of the first decade of the 21st century left due to economic instead of political issues.[20] By October 2008 Mexico and Cuba created an agreement to prevent immigration of Cubans through Mexico.[21][22]

In recent years,[when?] Puerto Rico has become a major drop-off point for Cubans trying to reach the United States illegally. As a U.S. Commonwealth, Puerto Rico is seen as a stepping stone for Cubans trying to get to the continental U.S., though Puerto Rico itself is home to a number of Cubans.[23]

Immigration policy

Before the 1980s, all refugees from Cuba were welcomed into the United States as political refugees. This changed in the 1990s so that only Cubans who reach U.S. soil are granted refuge under the "wet foot, dry foot policy". While representing a tightening of U.S. immigration policy, the wet foot, dry foot policy still affords Cubans a privileged position relative to other immigrants to the U.S. This privileged position is the source of a certain friction between Cuban Americans and other Latino citizens and residents in the United States, adding to the tension caused by the divergent foreign policy interests pursued by conservative Cuban Americans. Cuban immigration also continues with an allotted number of Cubans (20,000 per year) provided legal U.S. visas.[citation needed]

According to a U.S. Census 1970 report, Cuban Americans as well as Latinos lived in all fifty states. But as later Census reports demonstrated, the majority of Cuban immigrants settled in south Florida. A new trend in the late 1990s showed that fewer immigrants arrived from Cuba than previously. While U.S.-born Cuban Americans moved out of their enclaves, other nationalities settled there.[24]

In late 1999, U.S. news media focused on the case of Elián González, the six-year-old Cuban boy caught in a custody battle between his relatives in Miami and his father in Cuba. The boy's mother died trying to bring him to the United States. On April 22, 2000, immigration enforcement agents took Elián González into custody. González was returned to Cuba to live with his father.

On January 12, 2017, President Barack Obama announced the immediate cessation of the wet feet, dry feet policy.[25] The Cuban government agreed to accept the return of Cuban nationals.[26] Beginning with the United States–Cuban Thaw in 2014, anticipation of the end of the policy had led to increased numbers of Cuban immigrants.[27]

Demographics

In the census in 2000 there were 1,241,685 Cuban Americans, and in the 2010 census there were 1,785,547 (both native and foreign born), and represented 3.5% of all Hispanics, and 0.58% of the US population. Of the 1,241,685 Cuban Americans, 983,147 were born abroad in Cuba and 628,331 were U.S born. Of the 1.6 million, 415,212 were not U.S citizens.[28] In the 2013 ACS, there were 2,013,155 Cuban Americans. The 2010 US Census shows that 85% report of Cubans that immigrated to the US from Cuba identify as being white.[29] The most recent 2012 Cuban census has the island population at 64.12% white, 26.62% mulatto, 9.26% black, and 0.1% asian.[30]

Ancestry

Further information: Cuban people

The ancestry of Cuban Americans is primarily from Spaniards and Black Africans,[31] as well as more distant ancestry from among the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean and those of Florida. During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, there were waves of Spanish immigration to Cuba (Castilians, Basques, Canarians, Catalans, Andalusians, Asturians and Galicians). Canarians immigrated to many countries along the Caribbean from Louisiana to Venezuela. But Cuba was the Latin American culture most influenced by the emigration of Canary Islanders (they developed the production of sugar in Cuba), and Cuban Spanish is closest to that of the Canary Islands. Canary Islanders were viewed by other Spanish-Cubans as superstitious but also hard-working. Some of Haiti's white population (French) migrated to Cuba after the Haitian War of Independence in the early 18th century. Also, minor but significant ethnic influx is derived from diverse peoples from Middle East places such as Lebanon and Palestine.

There was also a significant influx of Jews, especially between the World Wars, from many countries, including Sephardi Jews from Turkey and Ashkenazi Jews from Poland, Germany and Russia. Other Europeans that have contributed slightly include Italians, Germans, Swedes and Hungarians. Many Chinese also settled Cuba as contract laborers and they formerly boast the largest Chinatown in Western Hemisphere as most Chinese Cubans left for Florida.

U.S. states with largest Cuban-American populations

State or territory Cuban-American
population (2010 Census)[32][33]		 Percentage[note 1][7] Most recent estimate
(2017)[34]		 Percentage
(2017)
 Alabama 4,064 0.1 4,541 0.1
 Alaska 927 0.1 813 0.0
 Arizona 10,692 0.2 14,561 0.2
 Arkansas 1,493 0.1 2,589 0.1
 California 88,607 0.2 110,702 0.3
 Colorado 6,253 0.1 15,867 0.3
 Connecticut 9,490 0.3 14,843 0.4
 Delaware 1,443 0.2 1,796 0.2
 District of Columbia 1,789 0.3 2,830 0.4
 Florida 1,213,438 6.5 1,528,046 7.3
Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia 25,048 0.3 35,321 0.3
 Hawaii 1,544 0.1 2,353 0.2
 Idaho 825 0.1 1,167 0.1
 Illinois 22,541 0.2 23,900 0.2
 Indiana 4,042 0.1 5,794 0.1
 Iowa 1,226 0.0 3,776 0.1
 Kansas 2,723 0.1 3,463 0.1
 Kentucky 16,824 0.2 26,323 0.4
 Louisiana 10,330 0.2 15,155 0.3
 Maine 783 0.1 932 0.0
 Maryland 10,366 0.2 15,571 0.3
 Massachusetts 11,306 0.2 18,517 0.3
 Michigan 9,922 0.1 10,969 0.1
 Minnesota 3,661 0.1 4,747 0.1
 Mississippi 2,063 0.1 3,209 0.1
 Missouri 4,979 0.1 6,871 0.1
 Montana 421 0.0 827 0.0
 Nebraska 2,152 0.1 5,205 0.3
 Nevada 21,459 0.8 33,421 1.1
 New Hampshire 1,349 0.1 2,109 0.2
 New Jersey 83,362 0.9 99,987 1.1
 New Mexico 4,298 0.2 4,401 0.2
 New York 70,803 0.4 78,478 0.4
 North Carolina 18,079 0.2 26,520 0.3
 North Dakota 260 0.0 284 0.0
 Ohio 7,523 0.1 8,028 0.1
 Oklahoma 2,755 0.1 3,198 0.1
 Oregon 4,923 0.1 8,870 0.2
 Pennsylvania 17,930 0.1 28,329 0.2
 Rhode Island 1,640 0.2 2,103 0.2
 South Carolina 5,955 0.1 10,259 0.2
 South Dakota 265 0.0 442 0.0
 Tennessee 7,773 0.1 11,564 0.2
 Texas 46,541 0.2 86,183 0.3
 Utah 1,963 0.1 2,660 0.1
 Vermont 510 0.1 308 0.0
 Virginia 15,229 0.2 20,836 0.3
 Washington 6,744 0.1 11,335 0.2
 West Virginia 764 0.0 1,409 0.1
 Wisconsin 3,696 0.1 4,578 0.1
 Wyoming 275 0.0 310 0.0
USA 1,785,547 0.6 2,315,863 0.7

US metropolitan areas with largest Cuban populations

The largest populations of Cubans are situated in the following metropolitan areas (Source: Census 2010):[7]

  1. Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL MSA – 982,758
  2. New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA-CT MSA – 135,391
  3. Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA – 81,542
  4. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA MSA – 49,702
  5. Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA – 36,724
  6. Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI MSA – 20,633
  7. Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA – 20,569
  8. Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX MSA – 19,130
  9. Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA – 17,648
  10. Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA – 14,527

U.S. communities with high percentages of people of Cuban ancestry

Cubans in the US, 2016 census

The top 25 US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Cuban ancestry are (the top 22 of which are in Miami-Dade County):

  1. Hialeah, Florida 77%
  2. Westchester, Florida 74%
  3. Coral Terrace, Florida 63.2%
  4. West Miami, Florida 65.6%
  5. University Park, Florida 67.4%
  6. Olympia Heights, Florida 75.6%
  7. Tamiami, Florida 67%
  8. Hialeah Gardens, Florida 70%
  9. Medley, Florida 70.7%
  10. Sweetwater, Florida 59%
  11. Palm Springs North, Florida 61.2%
  12. Miami Lakes, Florida 56.1%
  13. Kendale Lakes, Florida 53.4%
  14. Fontainebleau, Florida 53.4%
  15. Miami, Florida 34%
  16. Miami Springs, Florida 31.83%
  17. Richmond West, Florida 29.30%
  18. Coral Gables, Florida 28.72%
  19. Virginia Gardens, Florida 26.11%
  20. South Miami Heights, Florida 25.70%
  21. Kendall, Florida 21.31%
  22. Miami Beach, Florida 20.51%
  23. Ybor City, Florida 20.28%
  24. West Tampa, Florida 20.23%
  25. Surfside, Florida 20.15%

U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba

For total 101 communities, see the reference given. Top 20 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba are (all of which are located within the Miami Florida area):[35]

  1. Westchester, Florida 55.8%
  2. Hialeah, Florida 53.5%
  3. Coral Terrace, Florida 51.9%
  4. West Miami, Florida 50.5%
  5. South Westside, FL 48.3%[36]
  6. University Park, Florida 48.1%
  7. Hialeah Gardens, Florida 47.5%
  8. Medley, Florida 46.0%
  9. Tamiami, Florida 45.7%
  10. Olympia Heights, Florida 45.2%
  11. Sweetwater, Florida 45.2%
  12. Westwood Lakes, Florida 44.9%
  13. Sunset, Florida 32.7%
  14. Fountainbleau, Florida 32.3%
  15. North Westside, FL 30.4%[37]
  16. Miami, Florida 30.3%
  17. Miami Lakes, Florida 30.1%
  18. Palm Springs North, Florida 29.8%
  19. Kendale Lakes, Florida 28.9%
  20. Kendale Lakes-Lindgren Acres, FL 24.3%[38]

Culture

Assimilation

The Bay of Pigs Memorial in Little Havana, Miami

Many Cuban Americans have assimilated themselves into the American culture, which includes Cuban influences.

Cuban Americans live in all 50 states, Washington, D.C. and Puerto Rico, which received thousands of anti-Castro refugees as well in the 1960s. Since the 1980s, Cuban Americans have moved out of "Little Havana" and "Hialeah" to the suburbs of Miami, such as Kendall, as well in the more affluent Coral Gables and Miami Lakes.[citation needed] Many new South and Central Americans, along with new Cuban refugees, have replaced the Cuban Americans who have relocated elsewhere in Florida (Fort Lauderdale, Orlando, Tampa Bay and West Palm Beach) and dispersed throughout the nation.[citation needed] Nevertheless, Cubans are still heavily concentrated in Florida, which slows assimilation; according to the 2010 Census, 68% of Cuban Americans still live in Florida.

More recently,[when?] there has been substantial growth of new Cuban American communities in places like Louisville, Kentucky, the Research Triangle area of North Carolina,[39] Katy, Texas, and Downey, California; the latter city now has the second-highest percentage of Cubans and Cuban Americans in the Western United States at 1.96% of the population.[16]

Cuban Americans have been very successful in establishing businesses and developing political clout in Miami. Cuban Americans have also contributed to and participated in many areas of American life including academia, business, acting, politics, and literature.[40] [41]

In the last 15 years,[when?] due to the growth of interest around the world for genealogy, Cuban genealogy has become a major interest for Cuban Americans and a growing segment in the family research industry. This has complemented assimilation by preserving Cuban and colonial roots, while also adopting American culture and value.[42]

Religion

Cuban Americans are mostly Roman Catholic, but some Cubans practice African traditional religions (such as Santería or Ifá), which evolved from mixing the Catholic religion with the traditional African religion. Cuban Catholicism was also influenced by the Catholicism practiced by the Canarian people. However, there are many Protestant (primarily Pentecostal) with small numbers of syncretist, nonreligious or tiny communities of Jewish and Muslim Cuban Americans. The Protestant movement in Cuba started after the Spanish–American War when many Americans came to Cuba.

Language

See also: Cubonics

Similar to the 67% of other Hispanics, 69% of Cubans under 18 speak a language other than English at home. For Cubans over the age of 18, the percent speaking a language other than English at home climbs to 89%, which is higher than the 80% among other Hispanic groups.[43]

Only 12% of Cubans under the age of 18 speak English less than very well, which is much lower than the 20% among other Hispanic groups.[43]

Food and drink

See also: Cuban cuisine
A Cuban sandwich

Cuban food is varied, though rice is a staple and commonly served at lunch and dinner. Other common dishes are arroz con pollo (chicken and rice), pan con bistec (steak sandwich), platanos maduros (sweet plantains), lechon asado (pork), yuca (cassava root), flan, batido de mamey (mamey milkshake), papayas, and guava paste.

A common lunch staple is the Cuban sandwich (sometimes called a mixto sandwich), which is built on Cuban bread and was created and standardized among cigar workers who traveled between Cuba and Florida (especially Ybor City) around the turn of the 20th century.[44][45][46]

Cuban versions of pizza contains bread, which is usually soft, and cheese, toppings, and sauce, which is made with spices such as Adobo and Goya onion. Picadillo, ground beef that has been sauteed with tomato, green peppers, green olives, and garlic is another popular Cuban dish. It can be served with black beans and rice, and a side of deep-fried, ripened plantains.

Beverages

Cuban coffee is popular in the Cuban-American community. Cubans often drink cafe cubano: a small cup of coffee called a cafecito (or a colada), which is traditional espresso coffee, sweetened with sugar, with a little foam on top called espumita. It is also popular to add milk, which is called a cortadito for a small cup or a cafe con leche for a larger cup.

A common soft drink is Materva, a Cuban soda made of yerba mate. Jupiña, Ironbeer and Cawy lemon-lime are soft drinks which originated in Cuba. Since the Castro era, they are also produced in Miami. Other famous Cuban drinks include guarapo de caña.

A popular drink of Cuban origin is the Cuba Libre, a mix of Cuban rum and cola, usually Coca-Cola and mojitos.

Politics

Until the early 2010s, Cuban Americans historically tended to be more Republican than Democratic, thanks to the anti-communist foreign policy platform of the Republican Party since the 1950s. The failed Bay of Pigs invasion left many Cubans distrustful of the Democratic Party, blaming John F. Kennedy for his handling of the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion.[47] Cuban exiles began an alliance with the Republican Party of Florida. In Florida, Cuban-American congressmen have tended to be Republican, beginning with Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Joe Garcia, a Democrat, is an exception). The presence of Cubans in the Republican Party was highlighted by the 2016 presidential race, which featured U.S. Senators Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio as prominent candidates, both of whom are of Cuban descent. But in New Jersey, another state with many Cuban Americans, Cuban-American congressmen have tended to be Democrats, for example Representative Albio Sires and Senator Bob Menendez. Ronald Reagan is particularly popular in the Cuban-American community for standing up to Soviet communism and Fidel Castro's so-called "exportation of revolution" to Central America and Africa (there is a street in Miami named for Reagan),[48][49][50] and George W. Bush received 75 and 78 percent (in 2000 and 2004 respectively) of the Cuban-American vote. The Cuban-American lobby has also lobbied both parties on causes important to Cuban Americans.

In recent years, the Cuban-American vote has become more contested between the parties. In the 2008 United States presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 47% of the Cuban-American vote in Florida.[51] According to Bendixen's exit polls, 84% of Miami-Dade Cuban-American voters 65 or older backed John McCain, while 55% of those 29 or younger backed Obama.[52] In 2012, Barack Obama received 49 percent of the Cuban-American vote in Florida, compared to 47 percent for Mitt Romney according to Edison Research exits polls.[53] By spring 2014, this trend increased among Cuban American voters having a preference for Democratic Party candidates increased particularly for younger voters aged 18–49, increasing to some 56% for the younger voter demographic, versus Cuban-American voters over 50 years of age having a 39% preference for Democratic candidates.[54] As in the 2012 United States presidential election, Mitt Romney got more support than Barack Obama.[citation needed] The 2016 United States presidential election saw Donald Trump garner about the same level support within the community, garnering 50–54 percent of the Floridian Cuban-American vote, as opposed to 41–48 percent for Hillary Clinton, as some Cuban Americans were dissatisfied with Obama's Cuba policy, which restored foreign relations with the Cuban government.[55][56]

Socioeconomics

The median household income for U.S.-born Cuban Americans is $57,000, higher than the overall U.S. median household income of $52,000.[57]

However, the median annual personal earnings for foreign born Cuban Americans is $25,000, which is lower than that of US population at $30,000.[57]

Education

Among U.S.-born Cuban Americans, 36% have a college degree or higher, compared to 30% for the overall U.S. population. Of foreign-born Cuban Americans, 27% have a college degree. This is higher than the U.S. Hispanic population (14%) but lower than that of the overall U.S. population.[57]

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Notable Cuban Americans

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Cuban Americans.

In the United States Congress

Seven Cuban Americans currently serve in the United States Congress. There have been seven Cuban-American US representatives elected from Florida, two from New Jersey, and one each from Texas, Ohio and West Virginia.

  • *Ted Cruz, U.S Senator from Texas (2013–present)
    *Ted Cruz, U.S Senator from Texas (2013–present)
  • *Bob Menendez, U.S Senator from New Jersey (2006–present)
    *Bob Menendez, U.S Senator from New Jersey (2006–present)
  • *Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Congresswoman from Florida's 27th Congressional District (1989–2019)
    *Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Congresswoman from Florida's 27th Congressional District (1989–2019)
  • *Marco Rubio, U.S Senator from Florida (2011–present)
    *Marco Rubio, U.S Senator from Florida (2011–present)

Three United States Senators:

Four are United States Representatives:

Former Congressmen:

In state government

Cuban Americans have had much success at the state level. In Florida, where Cuban-American legislators hold more seats than anywhere else in the nation, pro-democracy, anti-Castro, and anti-Chavez legislation is often promoted and passed even though states cannot dictate foreign policy. Even in states where Cuban Americans are not concentrated in large numbers they have had successes especially in New Jersey, where albeit a tiny minority concentrated in Union City, Elizabeth, and Newark, they have had enormous political successes.[citation needed]

In Florida:

In New Hampshire:

In New Jersey:

  • Marlene Caride. Democrat, New Jersey
  • Carmelo Garcia, Democrat, New Jersey
  • Angelica Jimenez, Democrat, Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District (2012–Present)
  • Vincent Prieto, Democrat, Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly (2014–Present), Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District (2004–Present)

In New York:

  • Nicole Malliotakis, Republican, Staten Island, Member of the New York General Assembly from the 64th district

In Connecticut:

  • Art Linares, Republican, Westbrook, Member of the Connecticut State Senate from the 33rd district

In Nevada:

  • Moises “Mo” Denis, Democrat, Member of the Nevada Senate from the 2nd district

Eduardo Aguirre (R) served as Vice Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States in the George W. Bush administration and later named Director of Immigration and Naturalization Services under the Department of Homeland Security. In 2006, Eduardo Aguirre was named US ambassador to Spain. Cuban Americans have also served other high-profile government jobs including White House Chief of Staff John H. Sununu (R) Florida-based businessman and Cuban exile Elviro Sanchez made his multimillion-dollar fortune by investing the proceeds of his family's fruit plantations. He is one of the most low-profile philanthropists in the Southern States. Cuban Americans also serve in high-ranking judicial positions as well. Danny Boggs is currently a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and Raoul G. Cantero, III, served as a Florida Supreme Court justice until stepping down in 2008.

Notable people

Television and entertainment

Singers, songwriters and musicians

Athletes

See also

General:

Notes

  1. ^ Percentage of the state population that identifies itself as Cuban relative to the state/territory" population as a whole.

References

  1. ^ http://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=cuban%20origin&g=&table=B03001&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B03001&vintage=2018&lastDisplayedRow=17 Retrieved October 17, 2019
  2. ^ Misra, Tanvi. "The Heartland Wants More New Americans". Citylab. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
  3. ^ "Comunidad cubano-estadounidense pide la aplicación total de ley Helms-Burton".
  4. ^ "Cubanoamericano López-Cantera es el nuevo vicegobernador de Florida". ElNuevoHerald.com. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Cuban Ancestry Maps, epodunk.com, accessed March 31, 2011.
  6. ^ "Cuban-Americans: Politics, culture and shifting demographics". Journalistsresource.org. December 18, 2014. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d "Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 Census Summary File 1". factfinder.census.gov. 2010. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Cuba vs Bloqueo (In Spanish). Posted by Dr. Antonio Aja Díaz – CEMI (Centro de Estudios de la Migración Internacional- Center for the Study of International Migration), July 2000.
  9. ^ https://www.heraldtribune.com/article/LK/20020822/News/605235940/SH
  10. ^ Westfall, Loy G. (2000). Tampa Bay: Cradle of Cuban Liberty. Key West Cigar City USA. ISBN 978-0-9668948-2-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  11. ^ "Ybor City: Cigar Capital of the World-Reading 3". Nps.gov. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  12. ^ Lastra, Frank (2006). Ybor City: The Making of a Landmark Town. University of Tampa Press. ISBN 978-1-59732-003-0.
  13. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (February 5, 2006). "ON POLITICS; A Cuban Revolution, Only It's in New Jersey". The New York Times.
  14. ^ Bartlett, Kay. "Little Havana on the Hudson", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 28, 1977. Archived at Google News, accessed March 31, 2011.
  15. ^ Grenier, Guillermo J. Miami Now!: Immigration, Ethnicity, and Social Change. Archived at Google Books. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
  16. ^ a b "Ancestry Map of Cuban Communities". Epodunk.com. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
  17. ^ Martin, Lydia (August 9, 1995). "Cuban cool" The Star-Ledger, pp. 41 and 54.
  18. ^ Juri, Carmen (August 9, 1995). "Jersey's Cuban flavors" The Star-Ledger, pp. 41 and 54.
  19. ^ Russell Cobb and Paul Knight. "Immigration: Cubans Enter U.S. at Texas-Mexico Border", Houston Press, January 9, 2008.
  20. ^ "Immigration: Cubans Enter U.S. at Texas-Mexico Border." Houston Press. 3.
  21. ^ Knight, Paul. "Cuba, Mexico Look To Block The Texas Entrance To The U.S.", Houston Press, October 20, 2008.
  22. ^ Olsen, Alexandra. "Cuba: Mexico to fight illegal migration to US", Associated Press via The Monitor, October 20, 2008.
  23. ^ "Cubans using Haitian, Dominican soil to reach Puerto Rico concerns the U.S." dominicantoday.com. August 8, 2006. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
  24. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  25. ^ Obama (January 12, 2017). "Statement by the President on Cuban Immigration Policy". The White House. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
  26. ^ Whitefield, Mimi (January 12, 2017). "Obama ending 'wet foot, dry foot' Cuban immigration policy". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017.
  27. ^ Gomez, Alan (January 12, 2017). "Obama to end 'wet foot, dry foot' policy for Cubans". USA Today.
  28. ^ "United States - Selected Population Profile in the United States (Cuban)". November 26, 2011. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020.
  29. ^ Sharon R. Ennis; Merarys Ríos-Vargas; Nora G. Albert (May 2011). "The Hispanic Population: 2010" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 14 (Table 6). Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  30. ^ "Tabla II.4 Población por sexo y zona de residencia según grupos de edades y color de la piel" [Table II.4 Population by sex and area of residence according to age groups and skin colour] (PDF) (in Spanish). National Office of Statistics and Information, Republic of Cuba. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
  31. ^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  32. ^ "2010 Census". Medgar Evers College. Archived from the original on October 29, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
  33. ^ US Census Bureau: Table QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010 Archived December 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine retrieved January 22, 2012 – select state from drop-down menu
  34. ^ "U.S. Census website". Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  35. ^ "Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Cuba (population 500+)". city-data.com. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
  36. ^ "South Westside, Florida (FL 33165) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders". www.city-data.com. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  37. ^ "North Westside, Florida (FL 33178) profile". City-data.com. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  38. ^ "Kendale Lakes-Lindgren Acres, Florida (FL 33183) profile". City-data.com. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  39. ^ Matt Saldaña, "Raleigh's Cuban community: Their stories, their views on Obama's new diplomacy", Indy Week.
  40. ^ Photo, TIME. "15 Famous Cuban-Americans". Time. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
  41. ^ "Ancestry in the United States". StatisticalAtlas.com. April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  42. ^ "The Cuba Connection". Articles.Sun-Sentinel.com. January 10, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  43. ^ a b Sonya Tafoya (December 6, 2004). "Shades of Belonging" (PDF). Pew Hispanic Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
  44. ^ Andrew Huse. "Welcome to Cuban Sandwich City". Cigar City Magazine, Volume 1, Issue 2. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007.
  45. ^ Linda Stradley (2004). "History of Cuban Sandwich, Cubano Sandwich". What's Cooking America website. Archived from the original on April 21, 2005.
  46. ^ Enrique Fernandez (August 9, 2007). "Our search for a good Cuban sandwich takes a surprising turn" (PDF). The Miami Herald. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 31, 2009.
  47. ^ Benjamin G. Bishin; Casey A. Klofstad (2011). "The Political Incorporation of Cuban Americans: Why Won't Little Havana Turn Blue?" (PDF). Political Research Quarterly XX(X) 1– 14. University of Utah. doi:10.1177/1065912911414589. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  48. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/20/us/miami-s-community-of-republican-cubans-awaits-reagan-with-excitement.html
  49. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/22/us/wooing-cuban-americans-in-gop.html
  50. ^ https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2004-06-09-22-1-66888727/261682.html
  51. ^ Cave, Damien (April 21, 2009). "U.S. Overtures Find Support Among Cuban-Americans". The New York Times.
  52. ^ Casey Woods (November 6, 2008). "Presidential and Congressional Candidate Cuba Watch: Analysis of Cuban American vote". Candidatecubawatch.blogspot.com. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  53. ^ Marc Caputo (November 8, 2012). "Poll: Obama got big share of Cuban American vote, won among other Hispanics in Florida". Miamiherald.com. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  54. ^ "More U.S. Cubans Are Shifting To Democratic Party". nbcnews.com. NBC News. June 24, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
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  56. ^ https://www.usnews.com/opinion/op-ed/articles/2016-11-16/2016-highlighted-the-growing-complexity-of-the-cuban-american-vote
  57. ^ a b c López, Gustavo (September 15, 2015). "Hispanics of Cuban Origin in the United States, 2013: Statistical Profile". Pew Research Center. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  58. ^ Wehrman, Jessica. "Former Ohio State, NFL Football player joins Congress". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved January 6, 2019.

Further reading

  • Álvarez-Borland, Isabel. Cuban-American Literature and Art: Negotiating Identities (State University of New York Press, 2009).
  • Boswell, Thomas D., and James R. Curtis. The Cuban American Experience: Culture, Images, and Perspectives (Rowman and Allanheld, 1983).
  • Buffington, Sean T. "Cuban Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 591–605. online
  • De la Garza, Rodolfo O., et al. Latino Voices: Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban Perspectives on American Politics (Westview Press, 1992).
  • De La Torre, Miguel A., La Lucha for Cuba: Religion and Politics on the Streets of Miami, (University of California Press, 2003).
  • Diaz, Carmen (2008). Siete jornadas en Miami (in Spanish) (1ra ed.). Miami, FL: Alexandria Library. ISBN 978-1-934804-26-1. Interviews with Cuban-American women in Miami about Cuban-American identity.
  • García, María Cristina. Havana USA: Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959–1994 (U of California Press, 1996).
  • González-Pando, Miguel.The Cuban Americans (Greenwood Press, 1998).
  • Herrera, Andrea O'Reilly, ed. Remembering Cuba: Legacy of a Diaspora (U of Texas Press, 2001).
  • Kami, Hideaki, “Ethnic Community, Party Politics, and the Cold War: The Political Ascendancy of Miami Cubans, 1980–2000,” Japanese Journal of American Studies (Tokyo), 23 (2012), 185–208.
  • Gustavo Pérez Firmat, Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1994. Rpt. 1996, 1999. Revised and expanded edition, 2012.
  • Portes, Alejandro and Alex Stepick. City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami (U of California Press, 1993).
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