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List of state leaders in 1916

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This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1916.

Africa

Dervish state (unrecognized state) –
- Monarch - Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Leader of the Dervish State (1896–1920)
Ethiopia –
- Monarch -
  1. Iyasu V, Emperor-designate of Ethiopia (1913–1916)
  2. Zewditu, Empress of Ethiopia (1916–1930)
- Regent - Ras Tafari Makonnen, Regent of Ethiopia (1916–1930)
- Chief Minister - Habte Giyorgis Dinagde, Chief Minister of Ethiopia (1909–1927)
Liberia –
- President - Daniel Edward Howard, President of Liberia (1912–1920)
South Africa –
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - Sydney Buxton, Viscount Buxton, Governor-General of South Africa (1914–1920)
- Prime Minister - Louis Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa (1910–1919)

Asia

Afghanistan –
- Monarch - Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1901–1919)
Asir –
- Monarch - Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, Emir of Asir (1909–1923)
Bukhara –
- Monarch - Mohammed Alim Khan, Emir of Bukhara (1911–1920)
China –
- Empire of China –
  - superseded by the Beiyang Government on 22 March 1916
  - Emperor - Yuan Shikai, Emperor of China (1915–1916)
  - Prime Minister - Lou Tseng-Tsiang, Prime Minister of China (1915–1916)
- Beiyang Government –
  - reestablished on 22 March 1916
  - President -
    1. Yuan Shikai, President of China (1916)
    2. Li Yuanhong, President of China (1916–1917)
  - Premier -
    1. Xu Shichang, Premier of State Council of China (1916)
    2. Duan Qirui, Acting Premier of State Council of China (1916–1917)
- Mongolia –
  - Monarch - Bogd Khan, Khan of the Bogd Khanate (1911–1919)
  - Prime Minister - Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren, Prime Minister of Mongolia (1912–1919)
- Tibet (unrecognized, de facto independent country)
  - Monarch - Thubten Gyatso, Dalai Lama (1879–1933)
Hejaz (unrecognized state) –
- Monarch - Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz (1908–1924)^[1]
Jabal Shammar –
- Monarch - Saud bin Abdulaziz, Emir of Jabal Shammar (1910–1920)
Japan –
- Monarch - Yoshihito, Emperor of Japan (1912–1926)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Ōkuma Shigenobu, Prime Minister of Japan (1914–1916)
  2. Terauchi Masatake, Prime Minister of Japan (1916–1918)
Khiva –
- Monarch - Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur, Khan of Khiva (1910–1918)
Muscat and Oman –
- Monarch - Taimur bin Feisal, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (1913–1932)
Nejd and Hasa –
- Monarch - Ibn Saud, Emir of Nejd and Hasa (1902–1953)^[2]
Nepal –
- Monarch - Tribhuvan, King of Nepal (1911–1950)
- Prime Minister - Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, Maharaja of Lamjung and Kaski, Prime Minister of Nepal (1901–1929)
Ottoman Empire –
- Monarch - Mehmed V, Emperor of the Ottomans (1909–1918)
- Head of Government - Said Halim Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1913–1917)
Persia –
- Monarch - Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia (1909–1925)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma, Prime Minister of Persia (1915–1916)
  2. Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni, Prime Minister of Persia (1916)
  3. Hassan Vosugh al-Dowleh, Prime Minister of Persia (1916–1917)
Rajpipla State - Vijaysinhji (1915-1948)
Siam –
- Monarch - Vajiravudh, King of Siam (1910–1925)

Australia and Oceania

Australia –
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor-General - Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson, Governor-General of Australia (1914–1920)
- Prime Minister - Billy Hughes, Prime Minister of Australia (1915–1923)
New Zealand –
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor - Arthur Foljambe, Earl of Liverpool, Governor of New Zealand^[3] (1912–1920)
- Prime Minister - William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1912–1925)

Europe

Albania –
- Prime Minister -
  1. Essad Pasha Toptani, Prime Minister of Albania (1914–1916)
  2. vacant, Prime Minister of Albania (1916–1918)
Andorra –
- Monarchs -
  - French Co-Prince - Raymond Poincaré, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1913–1920)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Charles Romeu (1887–1933)
  - Episcopal Co-Prince - Juan Benlloch i Vivó, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1907–1919)
    - Co-Prince's Representative - Joseph de Riba (1915–1933)
- First Syndic - Pere Font, First Syndic of Andorra (1915–1917)
Austria-Hungary –
- Monarch -
  1. Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848-1916)
  2. Charles, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1916–1918)
- Heads of Government -
  - Cisleithania (Austria) -
    1. Karl von Stürgkh, Minister-President of Austria (1911–1916)
    2. Ernest von Koerber, Minister-President of Austria (1916)
    3. Heinrich Clam-Martinic, Minister-President of Austria (1916–1917)
  - Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (Hungary) - István Tisza, Prime Minister of Hungary (1913–1917)
Belgium –
- Monarch - Albert I, King of the Belgians (1909–1934)
- Prime Minister - Count Charles de Broqueville, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1911–1918)
Bulgaria –
- Monarch - Ferdinand I, Tsar of the Bulgarians (1887–1918)^[4]
- Premier - Vasil Radoslavov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1913–1918)
Denmark –
- Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
- Prime Minister - Carl Theodor Zahle, Prime Minister of Denmark (1913–1920)
France –
- President - Raymond Poincaré, President of France (1913–1920)
- Prime Minister - Aristide Briand, President of the Council of Ministers of France (1915–1917)
Germany –
- Monarch - Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1888–1918)
- Head of Government - Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, Chancellor of Germany (1909–1917)
Greece –
- Monarch - Constantine I, King of the Hellenes (1913–1917)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Stefanos Skouloudis, Prime Minister of Greece (1915–1916)
  2. Alexandros Zaimis, Prime Minister of Greece (1916)
  3. Nikolaos Kalogeropoulos, Prime Minister of Greece (1916)
  4. Spyridon Lambros, Prime Minister of Greece (1916–1917)
Holy See –
- Monarch - Pope Benedict XV, Pope (1914–1922)
- Secretary of State - Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, Cardinal Secretary of State (1914–1930)
Italy –
- Monarch - Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Antonio Salandra, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1914–1916)
  2. Paolo Boselli, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1916–1917)
Liechtenstein –
- Monarch - Johann II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1859–1929)
- Administrator - Leopold Freiherr von Imhof, Land Administrator of Liechtenstein (1914–1918)
Luxembourg –
- Monarch - Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1912–1919)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Hubert Loutsch, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1915–1916)
  2. Victor Thorn, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1916–1917)
Monaco –
- Monarch - Albert I, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1889–1922)
- Head of Government - Émile Flach, Acting Minister of State of Monaco (1911–1917)
Montenegro –
- Monarch - Nicholas I, King of Montenegro (1860–1918)^[5]
- Prime Minister -
  1. Milo Matanović, Prime Minister of Montenegro (1915–1916)
  2. Lazar Mijušković, Prime Minister of Montenegro (1916)
  3. Andrija Radović, Prime Minister of Montenegro (1916–1917)
Netherlands –
- Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)^[6]
- Prime Minister - Pieter Cort van der Linden, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands (1913–1918)
Norway –
- Monarch - Haakon VII, King of Norway (1905–1957)^[6]
- Prime Minister - Gunnar Knudsen, Prime Minister of Norway (1913–1920)
Portugal –
- President - Bernardino Machado, President of Portugal (1915–1917)
- Head of Government -
  1. Afonso Costa, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1915–1916)
  2. António José de Almeida, President of the Ministry of Portugal (1916–1917)
Romania –
- Monarch - Ferdinand I, King of the Romanians (1914–1927)
- Premier - Ion I. C. Brătianu, President of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1914–1918)
Russian Empire
- Emperor - Nicholas II, Emperor of All Russia (1894–1917)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Ivan Goremykin, Prime Minister of Russia (1914–1916)
  2. Boris Stürmer, Prime Minister of Russia (1916)
  3. Alexander Trepov, Prime Minister of Russia (1916–1917)
San Marino –
- Captains Regent -
  1. Alfredo Reffi and Luigi Lonfernini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1915–1916)
  2. Onofrio Fattori and Ciro Francini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1916)
  3. Gustavo Babboni and Giovanni Arzilli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1916–1917)
Serbia –
- Monarch - Peter I, King of Serbia (1903–1918)^[7]
- Regent - Crown Prince Alexander, Regent of Serbia (1914–1918)
- Prime Minister - Nikola Pašić, President of the Ministerial Council of Serbia (1912–1918)
Spain –
- Monarch - Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886–1931)
- Prime Minister - Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones, President of the Council of Ministers of Spain (1915–1917)
Sweden –
- Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
- Prime Minister - Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Prime Minister of Sweden (1914–1917)
Switzerland –
- Federal Council:^[8]
  Eduard Müller (1895–1919), Ludwig Forrer (1902-1917), Arthur Hoffmann (1911–1917), Giuseppe Motta (1911–1940), Camille Decoppet (1912–1919, President), Edmund Schulthess (1912–1935), Felix Calonder (1913–1920)
United Kingdom –
- Monarch - George V, King of the United Kingdom (1910–1936)
- Prime Minister -
  1. H. H. Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1908–1916)
  2. David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1916–1922)

North America and the Caribbean

Canada –
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor General -
  1. Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Governor General of Canada (1911–1916)
  2. Victor Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire, Governor General of Canada (1916–1921)
- Prime Minister - Sir Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada (1911–1920)
Costa Rica –
- President - Alfredo González Flores, President of Costa Rica (1914–1917)
Cuba –
- President - Mario García Menocal, President of Cuba (1913–1921)
Dominican Republic –
- occupied by the United States on 5 May 1916
- President -
  1. Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, President of the Dominican Republic (1914–1916)
  2. Council of Secretaries of State (1916)
  3. Francisco Henríquez y Carvajal, President of the Dominican Republic (1916)
- Governor - Harry Shepard Knapp, Governor of Santo Domingo (1916–1918)
El Salvador –
- President - Carlos Meléndez, President of El Salvador (1915–1918)
Guatemala –
- President - Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President of Guatemala (1898–1920)
Haiti (under US occupation) –
- Military Commander - United States Military (1915–1934)
- President - Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave, President of Haiti (1915–1922)
Honduras –
- President - Francisco Bertrand, President of Honduras (1913–1919)
Mexico –
- President - Venustiano Carranza, First Chief of Mexico (1914–1920)
Newfoundland –
- Monarch - George V, King of the British Dominions Beyond the Seas (1910–1936)
- Governor - Sir Walter Edward Davidson, Governor of Newfoundland (1913–1917)
- Prime Minister - Sir Edward Patrick Morris, Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1909–1917)
Nicaragua –
- President - Adolfo Díaz, President of Nicaragua (1911–1917)
Panama –
- President -
  1. Belisario Porras Barahona, President of Panama (1912–1916)
  2. Ramón Maximiliano Valdés, President of Panama (1916–1918)
United States –
- President - Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States (1913–1921)

South America

Argentina –
- President -
  1. Victorino de la Plaza, President of Argentina (1914–1916)
  2. Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina (1916–1922)
Bolivia –
- President - Ismael Montes, President of Bolivia (1913–1917)
Brazil –
- President - Venceslau Brás, President of Brazil (1914–1918)
Chile –
- President - Juan Luis Sanfuentes, President of Chile (1915–1920)
Colombia –
- President - José Vicente Concha, President of Colombia (1914–1918)
Ecuador –
- President -
  1. Leónidas Plaza, President of Ecuador (1912–1916)
  2. Alfredo Baquerizo, President of Ecuador (1916–1920)
Paraguay –
- President -
  1. Eduardo Schaerer, President of Paraguay (1912–1916)
  2. Manuel Franco, President of Paraguay (1916–1919)
Peru –
- President - José Pardo y Barreda, President of Peru (1915–1919)
- Prime Minister - Enrique de la Riva-Agüero y Looz Corswaren, President of the council of ministers of Peru (1915–1917)
Uruguay –
- President - Feliciano Viera, President of Uruguay (1915–1919)
Venezuela –
- President - Victorino Márquez Bustillos, Provisional President of Venezuela (1914–1922)

References

^ Hussein bin Ali was Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and King of Hejaz from 1916.
^ Ibn Saud was Emir of Nejd and Hasa between 1902 and 1921, Sultan of Nejd between 1921 and 1927, King of Nejd between 1927 and 1932 additionally King of Hejaz between 1926 and 1932 (collectively referred to as King of Nejd and Hejaz), and King of Saudi Arabia from 1932.
^ Arthur Foljambe was titled Governor-General of New Zealand after 28 June 1917.
^ Bulgaria only became independent in 1908.
^ Montenegro was only recognized as an independence state in 1878.
^ ^a ^b In exile between 1940 and 1945.
^ Peter I was King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918 and King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 1918 to 1921.
^ The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.

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