Alliance 90/The Greens
Alliance '90/The Greens Bündnis 90/Die Grünen | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Chairperson | Simone Peter and Cem Özdemir |
| Founded | 1979 (The Greens) 1993 (Merger of The Greens and Alliance 90) |
| Headquarters | Platz vor dem Neuen Tor 1 10115 Berlin |
| Membership (December 2015) | 59,526 [1] |
| Ideology | Green politics[2] |
| Political position | Centre-left[3] |
| European affiliation | European Green Party |
| European Parliament group | Greens/EFA |
| International affiliation | Global Greens |
| Colours | Green |
| Bundestag | 63 / 630
|
| State Parliaments | 230 / 1,845
|
| European Parliament | 11 / 96
|
| Prime Ministers of States | 1 / 16
|
| Website | |
| http://www.gruene.de | |
| Part of a series on |
| Green politics |
|---|
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Alliance '90/The Greens, often simply Greens, (Template:Lang-de or Grüne) is a green political party in Germany, formed from the merger of the German Green Party (founded in West Germany in 1980) and Alliance 90 (founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany) in 1993.[4] Its leaders are Simone Peter and Cem Özdemir. In the 2013 federal elections, the party came fourth with 8.4% of the votes and 63 out of 630 seats in the Bundestag.
Former names and variants in the states
The party used to be called The Greens since its foundation in 1980 until its unification with Alliance '90 in 1993.
Grüne Liste Umweltschutz (green list for environmental protection) were the names of some branches in Lower Saxony and other states in the Federal Republic of Germany. These groups were founded in 1977 and took part in several elections. Most of them merged with The Greens in 1980.
The West Berlin state branch of The Greens was founded as Alternative Liste, or precisely, Alternative Liste für Demokratie und Umweltschutz (AL; alternative list for democracy and environmental protection) in 1978 and became the official West Berlin branch of The Greens in 1980. In 1993 it renamed to Alliance '90/The Greens Berlin after the merger with East Berlin's Greens and Alliance '90.
The Hamburg state branch of the Green Party was called Grün-Alternative Liste Hamburg (GAL; green-alternative list) from its foundation in 1982 until 2012. In 1984 it became the official Hamburg branch of The Greens.
History
12–13 January 1980: Foundation congress
In the 1970s, environmentalists and peace activists politically organised amongst thousands of action groups. The political party The Greens (Template:Lang-de) was founded January 13, 1980 in Karlsruhe to give this movement political and parliamentary representation. Opposition to pollution, use of nuclear power, NATO military action, and certain aspects of industrialised society were principal campaign issues. The Greens originated from civil initiatives, new social movements of the protests of 1968, but also from the conservative spectrum. Important figures in the first years were – among others – Petra Kelly, Gert Bastian, Lukas Beckmann, Rudolf Bahro, Joseph Beuys, Antje Vollmer, Joschka Fischer, Herbert Gruhl, August Haußleiter[5] and Baldur Springmann.
It was at this congress, that the Greens lay their ideological foundations, proclaiming the famous Four Pillars of the Green Party:
1980s: Parliamentary representation on the federal level
In 1982, the conservative factions of the Greens broke away to form the Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP). Those who remained in the Green party were more strongly pacifist and against restrictions on immigration and reproductive rights, while supporting the legalisation of cannabis use, placing a higher priority on working for LGBT rights, and tending to advocate what they described as "anti-authoritarian" concepts of education and child-rearing. They also tended to identify more closely with a culture of protest and civil disobedience, frequently clashing with police at demonstrations against nuclear weapons, nuclear energy, and the construction of a new runway (Startbahn West) at Frankfurt airport. Those who left the party at the time might have felt similarly about some of these issues, but did not identify with the forms of protest that Green party members took part in.[citation needed]
After some success at state-level elections, the party won 27 seats with 5.7% of the vote in the Bundestag, the lower house of the German parliament, in the 1983 federal election. Among the important political issues at the time was the deployment of Pershing II IRBMs and nuclear-tipped cruise missiles by the U.S. and NATO on West German soil, generating strong opposition in the general population that found an outlet in mass demonstrations. The newly formed party was able to draw on this popular movement to recruit support. Partly due to the impact of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, and to growing awareness of the threat of air pollution and acid rain to German forests ("Waldsterben"), the Greens increased their share of the vote to 8.3% in the 1987 federal election. Around this time, Joschka Fischer emerged as the unofficial leader of the party, which he remained until resigning all leadership posts following the 2005 federal election.
Until 1987, the Greens comprised a faction involved in pedophile activism, the SchwuP short for Arbeitsgemeinschaft "Schwule, Päderasten und Transsexuelle" (approx. working group "Gays, Pederasts and Transsexuals"). This faction campaigned for repealing § 176 of the German penal code, dealing with child sexual abuse. This group was controversial within the party itself, and was seen as partly responsible for the poor election result of 1985.[6] This controversy re-surfaced in 2013 in the context of the pedophilia activism of Daniel Cohn-Bendit, and chairwoman Claudia Roth stated she welcomed an independent scientific investigation on the extent of influence pedophile activists had on the party in the mid 1980s.[7][8] In November 2014 the political scientist Franz Walter presented the final report about his research on a press conference.[9]
1990s: German reunification, fall out of parliament
In the 1990 federal elections, taking place post-reunified Germany, the Greens in the West did not pass the 5% limit required to win seats in the Bundestag. It was only due to a temporary modification of German election law, applying the five-percent "hurdle" separately in East and West Germany, that the Greens acquired any parliamentary seats at all. This happened because in the new states of Germany, the Greens, in a joint effort with Alliance 90, a heterogenous grouping of civil rights activists, were able to gain more than 5% of the vote. Some critics attribute this poor performance to the reluctance of the campaign to cater to the prevalent mood of nationalism, instead focusing on subjects such as global warming. A campaign poster at the time proudly stated, "Everyone is talking about Germany; we're talking about the weather!", paraphrasing a popular slogan of Deutsche Bundesbahn, the German national railway. After the 1994 federal election, however, the merged party returned to the Bundestag, and the Greens received 7.3% of the vote nationwide and 49 seats.
1998–2002: Greens as governing party, first term
In the 1998 federal election, despite a slight fall in their percentage of the vote (6.7%), the Greens retained 47 seats and joined the federal government for the first time in 'Red-Green' coalition government with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Joschka Fischer became Vice-Chancellor of Germany and foreign minister in the new government, which had two other Green ministers (Andrea Fischer, later Renate Künast, and Jürgen Trittin). Almost immediately the party was plunged into a crisis by the question of German participation in the NATO actions in Kosovo. Numerous anti-war party members resigned their party membership when the first post-war deployment of German troops in a military conflict abroad occurred under a Red-Green government, and the party began to experience a long string of defeats in local and state-level elections. Disappointment with the Green participation in government increased when anti-nuclear power activists realised that shutting down the nation's nuclear power stations would not happen as quickly as they wished, and numerous pro-business SPD members of the federal cabinet opposed the environmentalist agenda of the Greens, calling for tacit compromises.
In 2001, the party experienced a further crisis as some Green Members of Parliament refused to back the government's plan of sending military personnel to help with the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. Chancellor Gerhard Schröder called a vote of confidence, tying it to his strategy on the war. Four Green MPs and one Social Democrat voted against the government, but Schröder was still able to command a majority.
On the other hand, the Greens achieved a major success as a governing party through the 2000 decision to phase out the use of nuclear energy. Minister of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Jürgen Trittin reached an agreement with energy companies on the gradual phasing out of the country's nineteen nuclear power plants and a cessation of civil usage of nuclear power by 2020. This was authorised through the Nuclear Exit Law. Based on an estimate of 32 years as the normal period of operation for a nuclear power plant, the agreement defines precisely how much energy a power plant is allowed to produce before being shut down. This law has since been overturned.
2002–2005: Greens as governing party, second term
Despite the crises of the preceding electoral period, in the 2002 federal election, the Greens increased their total to 55 seats (in a smaller parliament) and 8.6%. This was partly due to the perception that the internal debate over the war in Afghanistan had been more honest and open than in other parties, and one of the MPs who had voted against the Afghanistan deployment, Hans-Christian Ströbele, was directly elected to the Bundestag as a district representative for the Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg - Prenzlauer Berg East constituency in Berlin, becoming the first Green to ever gain a first-past-the-post seat in Germany. The Greens benefited from increased inroads among traditionally left-wing demographics which had benefited from Green-initiated legislation in the 1998-2002 term, such as environmentalists (Renewable Energies Act) and LGBT groups (Registered Partnership Law). Perhaps most important for determining the success of both the Greens and the SPD was the increasing threat of war in Iraq, which was highly unpopular with the German public, and helped gather votes for the parties which had taken a stand against participation in this war. Despite losses for the SPD, the Red-Green coalition government commanded a very slight majority in the Bundestag and was renewed, with Joschka Fischer as foreign minister, Renate Künast as minister for consumer protection, nutrition and agriculture, and Jürgen Trittin as minister for the environment.
One internal issue in 2002 was the failed attempt to settle a long-standing discussion about the question of whether members of parliament should be allowed to become members of the party executive. Two party conventions declined to change the party statute. The necessary majority of two thirds was missed by a small margin. As a result, former party chairpersons Fritz Kuhn and Claudia Roth (who had been elected to parliament that year) were no longer able to continue in their executive function and were replaced by former party secretary general Reinhard Bütikofer and former Bundestag member Angelika Beer. The party then held a member referendum on this question in the spring of 2003 which changed the party statute. Now members of parliament may be elected for two of the six seats of the party executive, as long as they are not ministers or caucus leaders. 57% of all party members voted in the member referendum, with 67% voting in favor of the change. The referendum was only the second in the history of Alliance 90/The Greens, the first having been held about the merger of the Greens and Alliance 90. In 2004, after Angelika Beer was elected to the European parliament, Claudia Roth was elected to replace her as party chair.
The only party convention in 2003 was planned for November 2003, but about 20% of the local organisations forced the federal party to hold a special party convention in Cottbus early to discuss the party position regarding Agenda 2010, a major reform of the German welfare programmes planned by Chancellor Schröder.
The November 2003 party convention was held in Dresden and decided the election platform for the 2004 European Parliament elections. The German Green list for these elections was headed by Rebecca Harms (then leader of the Green party in Lower Saxony) and Daniel Cohn-Bendit, previously Member of the European Parliament for the The Greens of France. The November 2003 convention is also noteworthy because it was the first convention of a German political party ever to use an electronic voting system.
The Greens gained a record 13 of Germany's 99 seats in these elections, mainly due to the perceived competence of Green ministers in the federal government and the unpopularity of the Social Democratic Party.
In early 2005, the Greens were the target of the German Visa Affair 2005, instigated in the media by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). At the end of April 2005, they celebrated the decommissioning of the Obrigheim nuclear power station. They also continue to support a bill for an Anti-Discrimination Law (de: Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz) in the Bundestag.
In May 2005, the only remaining state-level red-green coalition government lost the vote in the North Rhine-Westphalia state election, leaving only the federal government with participation of the Greens (apart from local governments). In the early 2005 federal election the party incurred very small losses and achieved 8.1% of the vote and 51 seats. However, due to larger losses of the SPD, the previous coalition no longer had a majority in the Bundestag.
2005–present: Greens back in opposition
For almost two years after the federal election in 2005, the Greens were not part of any government at the state or federal level. In June 2007, the Greens in Bremen entered into a coalition with the Social Democratic Party (SPD) following the 2007 Bremen state election.
In April 2008, following the 2008 Hamburg state election, the Green-Alternative List (GAL) in Hamburg entered into a coalition with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU),[10] the first such state-level coalition in Germany. Although the GAL had to agree to the deepening of the Elbe River, the construction of a new coal-fired power station and two road projects they had opposed, they also received some significant concessions from the CDU. These included reforming state schools by increasing the number of primary school educational stages, the restoration of trams as public transportation in the city-state, and more pedestrian-friendly real estate development. On 29 November 2010, the coalition collapsed, resulting in an election that was won by SPD.
Following the Saarland state election of August 2009, The Greens held the balance of power after a close election where no two-party coalitions could create a stable majority government. After negotiations, the Saarland Greens rejected the option of a left-wing 'red-red-green' coalition with the SPD and The Left (Die Linke) in order to form a centre-right state government with the CDU and Free Democratic Party (FDP), a historical first time that a Jamaica coalition has formed in German politics.
In June 2010, in the first state election following the victory of the CDU/CSU and FDP in the 2009 federal election, the "black-yellow" CDU-FDP coalition in North Rhine-Westphalia under Jürgen Rüttgers lost its majority. The Greens and the SPD came one seat short of a governing majority, but after multiple negotiations about coalitions of SPD and Greens with either the FDP or The Left, the SPD and Greens decided to form a minority government,[11] which was possible because under the constitution of North Rhine-Westphalia a plurality of seats is sufficient to elect a minister-president.[12] So a red-green government in a state where it was defeated under Peer Steinbrück in 2005 came into office again on June 14, 2010 with the election of Hannelore Kraft as minister-president (Cabinet Kraft I).
The Greens founded the first international chapter of a German political party in the U.S. on April 13, 2008 at the Goethe-Institut in Washington D.C. Its main goal is "to provide a platform for politically active and green-oriented German citizens, in and beyond Washington D.C., to discuss and actively participate in German Green politics. [...] to foster professional and personal exchange, channeling the outcomes towards the political discourse in Germany."[13]
In March 2011 (two weeks after the Fukushima nuclear disaster had begun), the Greens made large gains in Rhineland-Palatinate and in Baden-Württemberg. In Baden-Württemberg they became the senior partner in a governing coalition for the first time. Winfried Kretschmann is now the first Green to serve as Minister-President of a German State (Cabinet Kretschmann I and II). Polling data from August 2011 indicated that one in five Germans supported the Greens.[14] From 4 October 2011 to 4 September 2016, the party was represented in all state parliaments.
Like the Social Democrats, the Greens backed Chancellor Angela Merkel on most bailout votes in the German parliament during her second term, saying their pro-European stances overrode party politics.[15] Shortly before the elections, the party plummeted to a four-year low in the polls, undermining efforts by Peer Steinbrück’s Social Democrats to unseat Merkel.[16]
Election results
Federal Parliament (Bundestag)
| Election year | # of constituency votes |
% of constituency votes |
# of party list votes |
% of party list vote |
# of overall seats won | +/- |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 732,619 | 1.0 | 569,589 | 1.5 | 0 / 497
|
|
| 1983 | 1,609,855 | 4.1 (#5) | 2,167,431 | 5.6 (#5) | 27 / 498
|
 27
|
| 1987 | 2,649,459 | 7.0 (#4) | 3,126,256 | 8.3 (#5) | 42 / 497
|
15
|
| 1990 | 2,589,912 | 5.6 (#5) | 2,347,407 | 5.0 (#4) | 8 / 662
|
 36
|
| Results of Alliance '90/The Greens (East) and The Greens (West) | ||||||
| 1994 | 3,037,902 | 6.5 (#4) | 3,424,315 | 7.3 (#4) | 49 / 672
|
41
|
| 1998 | 2,448,162 | 5.0 (#4) | 3,301,624 | 6.7 (#4) | 47 / 669
|
2
|
| 2002 | 2,693,794 | 5.6 (#5) | 4,108,314 | 8.6 (#4) | 55 / 603
|
8
|
| 2005 | 2,538,913 | 5.4 (#5) | 3,838,326 | 8.1 (#5) | 51 / 614
|
4
|
| 2009 | 3,974,803 | 9.2 (#5) | 4,641,197 | 10.7 (#5) | 68 / 622
|
17
|
| 2013 | 3,177,269 | 7.3 (#5) | 3,690,314 | 8.4 (#4) | 63 / 630
|
5
|
European Parliament
| Election year | # of overall votes |
% of overall vote |
# of overall seats won |
+/– |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | 893,683 | 3.2 (#5) | 0 / 81
|
|
| 1984 | 2,025,972 | 8.2 (#4) | 7 / 81
|
7
|
| 1989 | 2,382,102 | 8.4 (#3) | 8 / 81
|
1
|
| 1994 | 3,563,268 | 10.1 (#3) | 12 / 99
|
4
|
| 1999 | 1,741,494 | 6.4 (#4) | 7 / 99
|
5
|
| 2004 | 3,078,276 | 11.9 (#3) | 13 / 99
|
6
|
| 2009 | 3,193,821 | 12.1 (#3) | 14 / 99
|
1
|
| 2014 | 3,138,201 | 10.7 (#3) | 11 / 96
|
3
|
States (Länder)
| The Greens, Alliance 90 and Alliance 90/The Greens in government | ||
|---|---|---|
| Length | State/Federation | Coalition partner(s) |
| 1985–1987 | Hesse | SPD (Cabinet Börner III) |
| 1989–1990 | Berlin | Alternative List for Democracy and Environment Protection with SPD (Senate Momper) |
| 1990–1994 | Lower Saxony | SPD (Cabinet Schröder I) |
| 1990–1994 | Brandenburg | Alliance 90 with SPD and FDP (Cabinet Stolpe I) |
| 1991–1999 | Hesse | SPD (Cabinets Eichel I and II) |
| 1991–1995 | Bremen | SPD and FDP (Senate Wedemeier III) |
| 1994–1998 | Saxony-Anhalt | SPD (Cabinet Höppner I), minority government supported by PDS |
| 1995–2005 | North Rhine-Westphalia | SPD (Cabinets Rau V, Clement I and II, Steinbrück) |
| 1996–2005 | Schleswig-Holstein | SPD (Cabinets Simonis II and III) |
| 1997–2001 | Hamburg | SPD (Senate Runde) |
| 1998–2005 | Federal Government | SPD (Cabinets Schröder I and II) |
| 2001–2002 | Berlin | SPD (Senate Wowereit I), minority government supported by PDS |
| since 2007 | Bremen | SPD (Senates Böhrnsen II and III) |
| 2008–2010 | Hamburg | CDU (Senates von Beust III and Ahlhaus) |
| 2009–2012 | Saarland | CDU and FDP (Cabinets Müller III and Kramp-Karrenbauer) |
| since 2010 | North Rhine-Westphalia | SPD (Cabinets Kraft I (minority government with changing majorities) and II) |
| 2011-2016 | Baden-Württemberg | SPD (Cabinet Kretschmann) (Greens as leading party) |
| since 2011 | Rhineland-Palatinate | SPD (Cabinets Beck V and Dreyer I and II) |
| since 2012 | Schleswig-Holstein | SPD and SSW (Cabinet Albig) |
| since 2013 | Lower Saxony | SPD (Cabinet Weil) |
| since 2014 | Hesse | CDU (Cabinet Bouffier II) |
| since 2014 | Thuringia | Linke and SPD (Cabinet Ramelow) |
| since 2015 | Hamburg | SPD (Cabinet Scholz II) |
| since 2016 | Baden-Württemberg | CDU (Cabinet Kretschmann II) (Greens as leading party) |
| since 2016 | Saxony-Anhalt | CDU and SPD (Cabinet Haseloff II) |
Policy
Energy and nuclear power
From the inception of the party, they have been concerned with the immediate halt of construction or operation of all nuclear power stations. As an alternative, they promote a shift to alternative energy and a comprehensive program of energy conservation.
In 1986, large parts of Germany were covered with radioactive contamination from the Chernobyl disaster and Germans went to great lengths to deal with the contamination. Germany's anti-nuclear stance was strengthened. From the mid-1990s onwards, anti-nuclear protests were primarily directed against transports of radioactive waste in "CASTOR" containers.
After the Chernobyl disaster, the Greens became more radicalised and resisted compromise on the nuclear issue. During the 1990s, a re-orientation towards a moderate program occurred, with concern about global warming and ozone depletion taking a more prominent role. During the federal red-green government (1998–2005) many people became disappointed with what they saw as excessive compromise on key Greens policies.
Energy policy is still the most important cross-cutting issue in climate and economic policies. Implementation of Green Policy would see electricity generation from 100 percent renewable sources as early as 2040. The development of renewable energy and combined heat and power is also a great opportunity for technical and economic innovation. Solar industry and environmental technologies are already a significant part of key industries providing jobs which need to be developed and promoted vigorously. In addition, a priority of green energy policy is increasing the thermal insulation and energy efficiency of homes, the phaseout of all nuclear energy generation with possible high-efficiency gas-fired power plants operational during the transition phase.
Environment and climate policy
The central idea of green politics is sustainable development. The concept of environmental protection is the cornerstone of Alliance 90/The Greens policy. In particular, the economic, energy and transport policy claims are in close interaction with environmental considerations. The Greens acknowledge the natural environment as a high priority and animal protection should be enshrined as a national objective in constitutional law. An effective environmental policy would be based on a common environmental code, with the urgent integration of a climate change bill. During the red-green coalition (1998–2005) a policy of agricultural change was launched labeled as a paradigm shift in agricultural policy towards a more ecological friendly agriculture, which needs to continue.
Climate change is at the center of all policy considerations. This includes environmental policy and safety and social aspects. The plans of the Alliance 90/The Greens provide a climate change bill laying down binding reductions to greenhouse gas emissions in Germany by 2020 restricting emissions to minus 40 percent compared to 1990.
Transport
A similarly high priority is given to transport policy. The switch from a traveling allowance to a mobility allowance, which is paid regardless of income to all employees, replacing company car privileges. The truck toll will act as a climate protection instrument internalizing the external costs of transport. Railway should be promoted in order to achieve the desired environmental objectives and the comprehensive care of customers. The railway infrastructure is to remain permanently in the public sector, allowing a reduction in expenditure on road construction infrastructure. The Greens want to control privileges on kerosene and for international flights, introduce an air ticket levy. Restrict speeds nationwide on the highways to 120 km/h and country roads to 80 km/h. The Greens want to create a market incentive and research program of €500 million annually to ensure that by 2020 there are at least two million electric cars on German roads.
Electorate
The Infratest Dimap political research company has suggested the Green voter demographic includes those on higher incomes (e.g. above €2000/month) and the party's support is less among households with lower incomes. The same polling research also concluded that the Greens received fewer votes from the unemployed and general working population, with business people favouring the party as well as the centre-right liberal Free Democratic Party. According to Infratest Dimap the Greens received more voters from the age group 34-42 than any other age group and that the young were generally more supportive of the party than the old. (Source: Intrafest Dimap political research company for the ARD.[18])
The Greens have a higher voter demographic in urban areas than rural areas, except for a small number of rural areas with pressing local environmental concerns, such as strip mining or radioactive waste deposits. The cities of Bonn, Cologne, Stuttgart, Berlin, Hamburg, Frankfurt and Munich have among the highest per cent Green voters in the country. The smaller towns of Freiburg im Breisgau, Tübingen, Konstanz, Oldenburg, Darmstadt, Heidelberg and Göttingen, have a strong share of Green votes, with Freiburg, Darmstadt, Tübingen and Konstanz even having Green mayors. The party has a lower level of support in the states of the former German Democratic Republic (East Germany). However, in 2011, the Greens are represented in the parliament of all German states.
See also
- Green Party faction (Bundestag)
- List of political parties in Germany
- Green party
- Green Youth (Germany)
- List of German Green Party politicians
References
- ^ "Die Grünen haben erstmals in ihrer Geschichte mehr Parteimitglieder als die FDP". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
- ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram. "Parties and Elections in Europe". parties-and-elections.eu. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
- ^ Senem Aydin-Düzgit (2012). Constructions of European Identity: Debates and Discourses on Turkey and the EU. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-230-34838-7.
- ^ Bildung, Bundeszentrale für politische. "Etappen der Parteigeschichte der GRÜNEN | Parteien in Deutschland | bpb". www.bpb.de. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
- ^ Zubrin, Robert (2012). Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism. New Atlantis Books. ISBN 978-1594034763.
- ^ Torso von SchwuP Der Spiegel 13/1985.
- ^ Roth will Pädophilie-Aufarbeitung unterstützen, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 1 May 2013.
- ^ Jan Fleischhauer, Ann-Katrin Müller and René Pfister (2013). "Shadows from the Past: Pedophile Links Haunt Green Party". Spiegel.
- ^ Leithaeuser, Johannes (11 December 2014). "Viele Entschuldigungen und ein Erklärungsversuch". Frankfurter Allgemeine. Berlin, Germany. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
- ^ de:Alliance '90/The Greens
- ^ "Krafts Machtplan: Rot-Grün plant Minderheitsregierung in NRW". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
- ^ 56, Ministerium für Inneres und Kommunales des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Referat. "Gesetze und Verordnungen - Landesrecht NRW". nrw.de. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
{{cite web}}:|last=has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Grüner Ortsverband Washington: About us Archived September 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kulish, Nicholas (2011-09-01). "Greens Gain in Germany, and the World Takes Notice". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Tony Czuczka and Patrick Donahue (September 24, 2013), [Merkel’s Cold Embrace Leaves SPD Wary of Coalition Talks] Bloomberg News.
- ^ Patrick Donahue (September 11, 2013), Germany’s Greens Slump, Dimming SPD Chances of Unseating Merkel Bloomberg News.
- ^ IAEA (2011). "Power Reactor Information System".
- ^ "Februar " 2000 " ARD DeutschlandTREND " Bundesweit " Umfragen & Analysen " Infratest dimap". Infratest-dimap.de. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
Literature about the German Green Party
- Jachnow, Joachim (2013): 'What's become of the German Greens? in: New Left Review (81 May–June 2013), London. [1]
- Frankland, E. Gene / Schoonmaker, Donald (1992): Between Protest & Power: The Green Party in Germany. Boulder, San Francisco, Oxford: Westview Press.
- Kolinsky, Eva (1989): The Greens In West Germany: Organisation and Policy Making Oxford: Berg.
- Nishida, Makoto (2005): Strömungen in den Grünen (1980-2003) : eine Analyse über informell-organisierte Gruppen innerhalb der Grünen Münster: Lit, ISBN 3-8258-9174-7, ISBN 978-3-8258-9174-9
- Raschke, Joachim (1993): Die Grünen: Wie sie wurden, was sie sind. Köln: Bund-Verlag.
- Raschke, Joachim (2001): Die Zukunft der Grünen. Frankfurt am Main / New York: Campus.
- Veen, Hans-Joachim / Hoffmann, Jürgen (1992): Die Grünen zu Beginn der neunziger Jahre. Profil und Defizite einer fast etablierten Partei. Bonn / Berlin: Bouvier.
- Wiesenthal, Helmut (2000): "Profilkrise und Funktionswandel. Bündnis 90/Die Grünen auf dem Weg zu einem neuen Selbstverständnis", in Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, B5 2000, S. 22-29.
External links
- Official Homepage of Bündnis 90/Die Grünen
- European Green Party information on Bündnis 90/Die Grünen
- "German Greens and Pax Europa" (English) The Nation article about Green foreign policy
- The Rise of the Green Party - slideshow by Der Spiegel
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
- 1979 establishments in West Germany
- Political parties established in 1979
- Green political parties in Germany
- European Green Party
- Environmentalism in Germany
- Organisations based in Berlin
- 1983 in the environment
- Global Greens member parties
- Alliance '90/The Greens
- Parties represented in the European Parliament