Jump to content

Economy of South Asia

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Economy of South Asia
Statistics
Population2 billion[1][2]
GDP
GDP growth
5.9% (2024 est.)[4]
GDP per capita
  • $2,650 (nominal; 2024)[3]
  • $9,470 (PPP; 2024)[3]
7.2% (2022)[3]
Unemployment7% (2022)[3]
Public finances
78.8% of GDP (2023 est.)[3]
Most numbers are from the International Monetary Fund. IMF South Asia Datasets
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
Development of GDP per capita of economies in South Asia

The economy of South Asia comprises 2 billion people (25% of the world population) living in eight countries (though Afghanistan is sometimes excluded).[5][6] The Indian subcontinent was historically one of the richest regions in the world, comprising 25% of world GDP as recently as 1700,[7][8] but experienced significant de-industrialisation and a doubling of extreme poverty during the colonial era of the late 18th to mid-20th century.[9] In the post-colonial era, South Asia has grown significantly, with India advancing because of economic liberalisation from the 1980s onwards,[10] and extreme poverty now below 15% in the region.[11] South Asia has been the fastest-growing region of the world since 2014.[12]

Despite projected growth rates of about 6.0-6.1 percent for 2024-2025, South Asia continues to face significant economic challenges. A notable slowdown in private investment, especially in key sectors such as manufacturing and services, poses a major concern. Additionally, persistent employment issues, particularly low female workforce participation, highlight broader socio-economic disparities. The region is also critically vulnerable to climate-related impacts, including flooding and heatwaves, which significantly affect the agricultural sector—a fundamental component of local economies. This environmental susceptibility strains the already limited capacity of the public sector to adapt, increasing dependence on resilience initiatives from local businesses, farmers, and vulnerable communities.[13]: xv 

History

[edit]
Main article: Economic history of the Indian subcontinent

Ancient and medieval era

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Economic history of India.[edit]

Around 500 BC, the Mahajanapadas minted punch-marked silver coins.[citation needed] The period was marked by intensive trade activity and urban development.[citation needed] By 300 BC, the Maurya Empire had united most of the Indian subcontinent except Tamilakam, which was ruled by the Three Crowned Kings.[14]The resulting political unity and military security allowed for a common economic system and enhanced trade and commerce, with increased agricultural productivity.[citation needed]

The Maurya Empire was followed by classical and early medieval kingdoms, including the Cholas, Pandyas, Cheras, Guptas, Western Gangas, Harsha, Palas, Rashtrakutas and Hoysalas. The Indian subcontinent, due to its large population, had the largest economy of any region in the world for most of the interval between the 1st and 18th centuries.[15][16][17][18] Angus Maddison estimates that from 1-1000 AD India constituted roughly 30% of the world's Population and GDP.[16]

India experienced per-capita GDP growth in the high medieval era, coinciding with the Delhi Sultanate.[citation needed] By the late 17th century, most of the Indian subcontinent had been reunited under the Mughal Empire, which for a time Maddison estimates became the largest economy and manufacturing power in the world, producing about a quarter of global GDP, before fragmenting and being conquered over the next century.[19] Bengal Subah, the empire's wealthiest province, had an advanced, productive agriculture, textile manufacturing and shipbuilding, in a period of proto-industrialization.[20][21]

By the 18th century, the Mysoreans had embarked on an ambitious economic development program that established the Kingdom of Mysore as a major economic power.[citation needed] Sivramkrishna analyzing agricultural surveys conducted in Mysore by Francis Buchanan in 1800–1801, arrived at estimates, using "subsistence basket", that aggregated millet income could be almost five times subsistence level.[22] The Maratha Empire also managed an effective administration and tax collection policy throughout the core areas under its control and extracted chauth from vassal states.[23]

Colonial era

[edit]
See also: Economy of India under Company rule
This section is an excerpt from Economy of India under the British Raj.[edit]
The role and scale of British imperial policy during the British Raj (1858 to 1947) on India's relative decline in global GDP remains a topic of debate among economists, historians, and politicians. Some commentators argue that the effect of British rule was negative, and that Britain engaged in a policy of deindustrialisation in India for the benefit of British exporters, which left Indians relatively poorer than before British rule. Others argue that Britain's impact on India was either broadly neutral or positive, and that India's declining share of global GDP was due to other factors, such as new mass production technologies or internal ethnic conflict.

Contemporary era

[edit]

Post-colonial era

[edit]
A 1959 map showing how most of Asia was communist (in red), with Pakistan (blue) being more aligned with capitalist powers than India.[24] The resulting Cold War dynamics impacted South Asian geoeconomics in the late 20th century.[25]

In the aftermath of in the late 1940s and the Indian subcontinent's independence from British rule, Pakistan chose to have a more capitalistic economy and aligned itself more closely with the United States, while India went with a more closed economy dubbed as the "License Raj" and eventually aligned more closely with the Soviet Union. Rising economic inequality and misrule by West Pakistan towards East Pakistan contributed to the 1971 independence of Bangladesh, however. Both India and Pakistan then went through a period of economic liberalisation in the 1980s and '90s, which resulted in India going from having around half of Pakistan's GDP per capita in 1990 to surpassing Pakistan by the 2010s.[26] Bangladesh, which had started off substantially poorer than both India and Pakistan at the time of its independence, has grown substantially, and has also surpassed Pakistan's GDP per capita.[27]

Recent decades

[edit]

India is the largest economy in the region (US$4.11 trillion) and makes up almost 80% of the South Asian economy; it is the world's 5th largest economy in nominal terms and the world's 3rd largest economy by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates (US$14.26 trillion).[28] India is the member of G-20 major economies and BRICS from the region. It is the fastest-growing major economy in the world and one of the world's fastest registering a growth of 7.2% in FY 2022-23.[29]

India is followed by Bangladesh, which has a GDP of ($446 billion).

a. It is one of the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world, and is also listed among the Next Eleven countries. It is also one of the fastest-growing middle-income countries. It has the world's 33rd largest GDP in nominal terms and is the 27th largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates (476015 trillion). Bangladesh's economic growth was 6.4% in 2022.[30] Pakistan has an economy of ($40 billion nominal GDP.[31] Next is Sri Lanka, which has the 2nd highest GDP per capita and the 4th largest economy in the region.

Certain parts of South Asia are significantly wealthier than others; the four Indian states of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Karnataka are projected to account for almost 50% of India's GDP by 2030, while the five South Indian states comprising 20% of India's population are expected to contribute 35% of India's GDP by 2030.[32]

The major stock exchanges in the region are Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) with market Capitalization of $3.8 trillion (8th largest in the world), National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) with market capitalization of $3.27 trillion (9th largest in the world), Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE), Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE), and Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) with market capitalization of $72 billion. Economic data is sourced from the International Monetary Fund, current as of April 2017, and is given in US dollars.[33]

India is home to the Indian Premier League, which is the second-most valued sports league in the world on a per-match basis.[34]

National economies

[edit]

Tables

[edit]

English Belt (Anglosphere): United States of America (USA), United Kingdom (England), Canada, Australia and New Zealand

India (Indian Union) is a "Union-cum-Country", Pakistan (Pakistani Union) is also a "Union-cum-Country". Bangladesh (East Bengal) is a "State-cum-Country", Nepal is also a "State-cum-Country", Sri Lanka is also a "State-cum-Country".

Maharashtra is a "State-only", not a "State-cum-Country", Tamil Nadu is also a "State-only", not a "State-cum-Country", West Bengal is also a "State-only", not a "State-cum-Country".

India's South India: India's Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala

Hindu Belt: India (Indian Union) and Nepal

Bengali Belt: Bangladesh (East Bengal), West Bengal and Tripura

Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) Belt: Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh

Islamic Belt: Bangladesh (East Bengal), Pakistan (Pakistani Union), Afghanistan and Maldives

Punjabi Belt: Pakistan's Punjab (West Punjab) and India's Punjab (East Punjab)

Buddhist Belt: Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka and Bhutan

Continents, Unions, Countries, Belts, Regions, States and Cities by Nominal GDP Per Capita (2023–2024) and Nominal GDP (2023-2024)

Rank Union/Belt/Region/State/City Real Economy (Nominal
GDP Per Capita) 		Nominal Economy
(Nominal GDP) 		Population
(2021) 		Language
1 United States of America's New York (NY) $1,00,000 (720%) $2.3 Trillion 2.3 crore English
2 United States of America (USA) $84,800 (610%) $28 Trillion (25%) 33 crore (4%) English
3 English Belt (Anglosphere) $77,400 (560%) $36 Trillion (33%) 46.5 crore (6%) English
4 Europe's Germany $55,200 $4.7 Trillion 8.5 crore German
5 United Kingdom (England) $53,700 $3.6 Trillion 6.7 crore English
6 Europe's France $47,700 $3.2 Trillion 6.7 crore French
7 Europe (European Union) $44,400 (320%) $20 Trillion (18%) 45 crore (5.5%) English
8 Japan $33,000 $4.3 Trillion 13 crore Japanese
9 Saudi Arabia $30,500 $1.1 Trillion 3.6 crore Arabic
10 India's Delhi (National Capital Territory) $14,000 (520%) $294 Billion 2.1 crore Hindi
11 World $13,900 (100%) $110 Trillion (100%) 790 crore (100%) English
12 China $13,400 (96%) $19 Trillion (17%) 141 crore (18%) Chinese
13 Russia $12,600 $1.9 Trillion 15 crore Russian
14 Maharashtra's Mumbai (Bombay) $12,300 (450%) $320 Billion 2.6 crore Marathi
15 Non-English Belt (Non-Anglosphere) $9,900 (71%) $74 Trillion (67%) 743.5 crore (94%) English
16 Tamil Nadu's Chennai (Madras) $9,000 $100 Billion 1.1 crore Tamil
17 Asia $8,900 (64%) $43 Trillion (39%) 480 crore (60%) English
18 Karnataka's Bengaluru (Bangalore) $8,300 $100 Billion 1.2 crore Kannada
19 Telangana's Hyderabad $8,000 $80 Billion 1 crore Telugu
20 Bangladesh's Dhaka (Dacca) $7,800 $180 Billion 2.3 crore Bengali
21 Arabic Belt (Arabia) $7,400 $3.5 Trillion 47 crore Arabic
22 West Bengal's Kolkata (Calcutta) $6,800 $110 Billion 1.6 crore Bengali
23 India's Gujarat $4,900 $320 Billion 6.5 crore Gujarati
24 India's Haryana $4,600 $140 Billion 3 crore Hindi
25 India's Karnataka $4,500 $320 Billion 7 crore Kannada
26 India's Telangana $4,500 $180 Billion 4 crore Telugu
27 India's Dravidian Belt $4,200 (155%) $1.2 Trillion (30%) 28.5 crore (20%) English
28 India's Tamil Nadu $4,200 $360 Billion 8.5 crore Tamil
29 India's Kerala $4,200 $150 Billion 3.5 crore Malayalam
30 India's Maharashtra $4,000 (145%) $520 Billion (13%) 13 crore (9%) Marathi
31 Sindh's Karachi $3,900 $90 Billion 2.3 crore Sindhi
32 India's Non-Hindustani (Non Hindi-Urdu) Belt $3,600 (130%) $2.6 Trillion (67%) 71.5 crore (51%) English
33 India's Andhra Pradesh $3,200 $180 Billion 5.5 crore Telugu
34 Sri Lanka $3,100 $70 Billion 2.2 crore Sinhala
35 Africa $3,000 $3 Trillion 100 crore English
36 India's Punjab (East Punjab) $3,000 $90 Billion 3 crore Punjabi
37 India (Indian Union) $2,700 (100%) $3.9 Trillion (100%) 141 crore (100%) English
38 Bangladesh (East Bengal) $2,700 $460 Billion 17 crore Bengali
39 Bengali Belt (Bengal) $2,500 $710 Billion 27.5 crore Bengali
40 India's Rajasthan $2,500 $200 Billion 8 crore Hindi
41 India's West Bengal $2,400 $240 Billion 10 crore Bengali
42 India's Odisha $2,300 $110 Billion 4.7 crore Odia
43 India's Madhya Pradesh $2,100 $180 Billion 8.5 crore Hindi
44 India's Assam $2,000 $70 Billion 3.5 crore Assamese
45 India's Chhattisgarh $2,000 $60 Billion 3 crore Hindi
46 Punjabi Belt (Punjab) $1,900 $290 Billion 15 crore Punjabi
47 India's Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) Belt $1,800 (66%) $1.3 Trillion (33%) 69.5 crore (49%) Hindi
48 Pakistan's Punjab (West Punjab) $1,600 $200 Billion 12 crore Punjabi
49 Pakistan's Sindh $1,600 $100 Billion 6 crore Sindhi
50 Pakistan (Pakistani Union) $1,400 $350 Billion 24 crore Urdu
51 Myanmar $1,400 $80 Billion 5.5 crore Burmese
52 Nepal $1,300 $40 Billion 3 crore Nepali
53 India's Uttar Pradesh $1,200 $310 Billion 24 crore Hindi
54 India's Jharkhand $1,200 $50 Billion 4 crore Hindi
55 India's Bihar $840 $110 Billion 13 crore Hindi
56 Afghanistan $370 $15 Billion 4 crore Pashtun

[35]

Country
[36][37][38] 		GDP Inflation

(2022)[39]

HDI
Nominal GDP
(in millions) (2022) (%Share)[40] 		GDP per capita

(2022)[41]

GDP (PPP)
(in millions) (2022) (%Share) 		GDP (PPP) per capita (2022) GDP growth

(2022)[42]

HDI (Rank)

(2022)[43]

Inequality-adjusted HDI (Rank) (2022)[44]
 Afghanistan[45] $20,136 (2020) $611 (2020) $80,912 (2020) $2,456 (2020) -2.4% (2020) 5.6% (2020) Increase0.462(182nd) (low) Increase0.300(154th)(low)
 Bangladesh $460,751 (10.41%) $2,734 $1,345,646 (8.97%) $7,985 7.2% 6.1% Increase0.670(129th) (medium) Increase0.470(112th) (low)
 Bhutan $2,707 (0.06%) $3,562 $9,937 (0.07%) $13,077 4.0% 7.7% Increase0.681(125th) (medium) Increase0.465(114th) (low)
 India $3,468,566 (78.35%) $2,466 $11,665,490 (77.74%) $8,293 6.8% 6.9% Increase0.644(134th) (medium) Increase0.444(118th) (low)
 Maldives $5,900 (0.13%) $15,097 $12,071 (0.08%) $30,888 8.7% 4.3% Increase0.762(87th) (high) Increase0.597(86th) (medium)
   Nepal $39,028 (0.88%) $1,293 $141,161 (0.94%) $4,677 4.2% 6.3% Increase0.601(146th) (medium) Increase0.424(121st) (low)
 Pakistan $376,493 (8.50%) $1,658 $1,512,476 (10.08%) $6,662 6.0% 12.10% Increase0.540(164th) (low) Increase0.360(134th) (low)
 Sri Lanka $73,739 (1.67%) $3,293 $318,690 (2.12%) $14,230 -8.7% 48.2% Increase0.780(78th) (high) Increase0.630(75th) (medium)
South Asia[46] $4,427,184 (100%) $2,385 $15,005,471 (100%) $8,085 6.4% 8.1% Increase0.641 (medium) -

Economy (2023-2024) of India (Indian Union) and its Neighboring Countries

Rank Country/Union/Region/State/City Real Economy (Nominal
GDP Per Capita) 		Nominal Economy
(Nominal GDP) 		Population
(2021) 		Language Language Family
1 China's Hong Kong $54,600 $410 Billion 75 lakh Chinese Sino-Tibetan
2 China's Beijing $30,000 $660 Billion 2.2 crore Chinese Sino-Tibetan
3 China's Shanghai $26,200 $710 Billion 2.7 crore Chinese Sino-Tibetan
4 China $13,400 $19 Trillion 141 crore Chinese Sino-Tibetan
5 Maharashtra's Mumbai (Bombay) $12,300 (450%) $320 Billion 2.6 crore Marathi Indo-European
6 Tamil Nadu's Chennai (Madras) $9,000 $100 Billion 1.1 crore Tamil Dravidian
7 Karnataka's Bengaluru (Bangalore) $8,300 $100 Billion 1.2 crore Kannada Dravidian
8 Telangana's Hyderabad $8,000 $80 Billion 1 crore Telugu Dravidian
9 Bangladesh's Dhaka (Dacca) $7,800 $180 Billion 2.3 crore Bengali Indo-European
10 India's Delhi (National Capital Territory) $7,100 $150 Billion 2.1 crore Hindi (Hindustani) Indo-European
11 West Bengal's Kolkata (Calcutta) $6,800 $110 Billion 1.6 crore Bengali Indo-European
12 India's Gujarat $4,900 $320 Billion 6.5 crore Gujarati Indo-European
13 India's Haryana $4,600 $140 Billion 3 crore Hindi (Hindustani) Indo-European
14 India's Karnataka $4,500 $320 Billion 7 crore Kannada Dravidian
15 India's Telangana $4,500 $180 Billion 4 crore Telugu Dravidian
16 India's South India $4,200 (155%) $1.2 Trillion (30%) 28.5 crore (20%) English Indo-European
17 India's Tamil Nadu $4,200 $360 Billion 8.5 crore Tamil Dravidian
18 India's Kerala $4,200 $150 Billion 3.5 crore Malayalam Dravidian
19 India's Maharashtra $4,000 (145%) $520 Billion (13%) 13 crore (9%) Marathi Indo-European
20 Sindh's Karachi $3,900 $90 Billion 2.3 crore Sindhi Indo-European
21 India's Uttarakhand $3,300 $40 Billion 1.2 crore Hindi (Hindustani) Indo-European
22 India's Andhra Pradesh $3,200 $180 Billion 5.5 crore Telugu Dravidian
23 Sri Lanka $3,100 $70 Billion 2.2 crore Sinhala Indo-European
24 India's Punjab (East Punjab) $3,000 $90 Billion 3 crore Punjabi Indo-European
25 India (Indian Union) $2,700 (100%) $3.9 Trillion (100%) 141 crore (100%) English Indo-European
26 Bangladesh (East Bengal or East Pakistan) $2,700 $460 Billion 17 crore Bengali Indo-European
27 India's Rajasthan $2,500 $200 Billion 8 crore Hindi (Hindustani) Indo-European
28 India's North India $2,400 (90%) $2.7 Trillion (70%) 112.5 crore (80%) English Indo-European
29 India's West Bengal $2,400 $240 Billion 10 crore Bengali Indo-European
30 India's Odisha $2,300 $110 Billion 4.7 crore Odia Indo-European
31 India's Madhya Pradesh $2,100 $180 Billion 8.5 crore Hindi (Hindustani) Indo-European
32 India's Assam $2,000 $70 Billion 3.5 crore Assamese Indo-European
33 India's Chhattisgarh $2,000 $60 Billion 3 crore Hindi (Hindustani) Indo-European
34 India's Jammu & Kashmir $2,000 $30 Billion 1.5 crore Urdu (Hindustani) Indo-European
35 Pakistan's Punjab (West Punjab) $1,600 $200 Billion 12 crore Punjabi Indo-European
36 Pakistan's Sindh $1,600 $100 Billion 6 crore Sindhi Indo-European
37 Pakistan (Pakistani Union or West Pakistan) $1,400 $350 Billion 24 crore Urdu (Hindustani) Indo-European
38 Myanmar (Burma) $1,400 $80 Billion 5.5 crore Burmese Sino-Tibetan
39 Nepal $1,300 $40 Billion 3 crore Nepali Indo-European
40 India's Uttar Pradesh $1,200 $310 Billion 24 crore Hindi (Hindustani) Indo-European
41 India's Jharkhand $1,200 $50 Billion 4 crore Hindi (Hindustani) Indo-European
42 Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Afghan Pradesh) $870 $35 Billion 4 crore Pashtun Indo-European
43 India's Bihar $840 $110 Billion 13 crore Hindi (Hindustani) Indo-European
44 Afghanistan $370 $15 Billion 4 crore Pashtun Indo-European


Poverty

[edit]
See also: Poverty in India, Poverty in Pakistan, and Poverty in Bangladesh

Poverty rates vary greatly throughout the region, with a majority of Afghanistan relying on humanitarian aid,[47] and 40% of Sri Lankans slipping into poverty due to the economic crisis that started in 2019.[48]

Country

[49][50][51]

Population below poverty line (at $1.9/day) Global Hunger Index (2021)[52] Population under-nourished (2015)[53] Life expectancy (2019)[54] (global rank) Global wealth report (2019)[55][56][57]
World Bank[58] (year) 2022 Multidimensional Poverty Index Report (MPI source year)[59] Population in Extreme poverty (2022)[60] CIA Factbook (2015)[61] Total national wealth in billion USD (global rank) Wealth per adult in USD Median wealth per adult in USD (global rank)
 Afghanistan 54.5% (2016) 55.91% (2015–16) 18% 36% 28.3 (103rd) 26.8% 63.2 (160th) 25 (116th) 1,463 640 (156th)
 Bangladesh 24.3% (2016) 24.64% (2019) 4% 31.5% 19.1 (76th) 16.4% 74.3 (82nd) 697 (44th) 6,643 2,787 (117th)
 Bhutan 8.2% (2017) 37.34% (2010) 4% 12% No data No data 73.1 (99th) No Data No Data No Data
 India 21.9% (2011) 14.9% (2019–21) 0.9% 29.8% 27.5 (101st) 15.2% 70.8 (117th) 12,614 (7th) 14,569 3,042 (115th)
 Maldives 8.2% (2016) 0.77% (2016–17) 4% 16% No data 5.2% 79.6 (33rd) 7 (142nd) 23,297 8,555 (74th)
   Nepal 25.2% (2010) 17.50% (2019) 8% 25.2% 19.1 (76th) 7.8% 70.9 (116th) 68 (94th) 3,870 1,510 (136th)
 Pakistan 24.3% (2015) 38.33% (2017–18) 5% 12.4% 24.7 (94th) 22% 69.3 (144th) 465 (49th) 4,096 1,766 (128th)
 Sri Lanka 4.1% (2016) 2.92% (2016) 5% 8.9% 16 (65th) 22% 76.9 (54th) 297 (60th) 20,628 8,283 (77th)

India

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Economy of India.[edit]
Mumbai, the financial centre of India[62][63]


The economy of India is a developing mixed economy with a notable public sector in strategic sectors.[64] It is the world's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP); on a per capita income basis, India ranked 136th by GDP (nominal) and 125th by GDP (PPP).[65] From independence in 1947 until 1991, successive governments followed the Soviet model and promoted protectionist economic policies, with extensive Sovietization, state intervention, demand-side economics, natural resources, bureaucrat driven enterprises and economic regulation. This is characterised as dirigism, in the form of the Licence Raj.[66][67] The end of the Cold War and an acute balance of payments crisis in 1991 led to the adoption of a broad economic liberalisation in India and indicative planning.[68][69] Since the start of the 21st century, annual average GDP growth has been 6% to 7%.,[64] India has about 1,900 public sector companies,[70] Indian state has complete control and ownership of railways, highways; majority control and stake in banking,[71] insurance,[72] farming,[73] dairy, fertilizers & chemicals,[74] airports,[75] nuclear, mining, digitization, defense, steel, rare earths, water, electricity, oil and gas industries and power plants,[76] and has substantial control over digitalization, Broadband as national infrastructure, telecommunication, supercomputing, space, port and shipping industries,[77] among other industries, were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s.[78][66][67]

Nearly 70% of India's GDP is driven by domestic consumption;[79] country remains the world's fourth-largest consumer market.[80] Apart from private consumption, India's GDP is also fueled by government spending, investments, and exports.[81] In 2022, India was the world's 10th-largest importer and the 8th-largest exporter.[82] India has been a member of the World Trade Organization since 1 January 1995.[83] It ranks 63rd on the Ease of doing business index and 40th on the Global Competitiveness Index.[84][85] India has one of the world's highest number of billionaires and extreme income inequality.[86][87] Economists and social scientists often consider India a welfare state.[88][89][90][91] India is officially declared a socialist state as per the constitution.[92][93] India's overall social welfare spending stood at 8.6% of GDP in 2021-22, which is much lower than the average for OECD nations.[94][95] With 586 million workers, the Indian labour force is the world's second-largest.[96] Despite having one of the longest working hours, India has one of the lowest workforce productivity levels in the world.[97][98][99][100][101] Economists often say that due to structural economic problems, India is experiencing jobless economic growth.[102][103][104][105][106][107]

During the Great Recession, the economy faced a mild slowdown. India endorsed Keynesian policy and initiated stimulus measures (both fiscal and monetary) to boost growth and generate demand. In subsequent years, economic growth revived.[108]

In 2021–22, the foreign direct investment (FDI) in India was $82 billion. The leading sectors for FDI inflows were the Finance, Banking, Insurance and R&D.[109] India has free trade agreements with several nations and blocs, including ASEAN, SAFTA, Mercosur, South Korea, Japan, Australia, UAE, and several others which are in effect or under negotiating stage.[110][111] In recent years, independent economists and financial institutions have accused the government of manipulating various economic data, especially GDP growth rate.[112][113][114][115][116][117][118]

The service sector makes up more than 50% of GDP and remains the fastest growing sector, while the industrial sector and the agricultural sector employs a majority of the labor force.[119] The Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange are some of the world's largest stock exchanges by market capitalisation.[120] India is the world's sixth-largest manufacturer, representing 2.6% of global manufacturing output.[121] Nearly 65% of India's population is rural,[122] and contributes about 50% of India's GDP.[123] India faces high unemployment, rising income inequality, and a drop in aggregate demand.[124][125] According to the World Bank, 93% of India's population lived on less than $10 per day, and 99% lived on less than $20 per day in 2021.[126] According to a 2021 report by the Pew Research Center, India has roughly 1.2 billion lower-income individuals, 66 million middle-income individuals, 16 million upper-middle-income individuals, and barely 2 million in the high-income group.[127] As per The Economist, 78 million of India's population are considered middle class as of 2017, if defined using the cutoff of those making more than $10 per day, a standard used by the India's National Council of Applied Economic Research.[128] India's gross domestic savings rate stood at 29.3% of GDP in 2022.[129]

Bangladesh

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Economy of Bangladesh.[edit]
Motijheel C/A, the downtown of Dhaka

The economy of Bangladesh is a major developing mixed economy.[130] As the second-largest economy in South Asia,[131][132] Bangladesh's economy is the 35th largest in the world in nominal terms, and 25th largest by purchasing power parity. Bangladesh is seen by various financial institutions as one of the Next Eleven. It has been transitioning from being a frontier market into an emerging market. Bangladesh is a member of the South Asian Free Trade Area and the World Trade Organization. In fiscal year 2021–2022, Bangladesh registered a GDP growth rate of 7.2% after the global pandemic.[133] Bangladesh is one of the fastest growing economies in the world.

Industrialisation in Bangladesh received a strong impetus after the partition of India due to labour reforms and new industries.[134] Between 1947 and 1971, East Bengal generated between 70% and 50% of Pakistan's exports.[135][136] Modern Bangladesh embarked on economic reforms in the late 1970s which promoted free markets and foreign direct investment. By the 1990s, the country had a booming ready-made garments industry. As of 16 March 2024, Bangladesh has the highest number of green garment factories in the world with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification from the United States Green Building Council (USGBC), where 80 are platinum-rated, 119 are gold-rated, 10 are silver, and four are without any rating.[137] As of 6 March 2024, Bangladesh is home to 54 of the top 100 LEED Green Garment Factories globally, including 9 out of the top 10, and 18 out of the top 20.[138] As of 27 April 2024, Bangladesh has a growing pharmaceutical industry with 12 percent average annual growth rate. Bangladesh is the only nation among the 48 least-developed countries that is almost self-sufficient when it comes to medicine production as local companies meet 98 percent of the domestic demand for pharmaceuticals.[139] Remittances from the large Bangladeshi diaspora became a vital source of foreign exchange reserves.[140] Agriculture in Bangladesh is supported by government subsidies and ensures self-sufficiency in food production.[141][142] Bangladesh has pursued export-oriented industrialisation.[143][144]

Bangladesh experienced robust growth after the pandemic with macroeconomic stability, improvements in infrastructure, a growing digital economy, and growing trade flows.[145] Tax collection remains very low, with tax revenues accounting for only 7.7% of GDP.[146] Bangladesh's banking sector has a large amount of non-performing loans or loan defaults, which have caused a lot of concern.[146][147] The private sector makes up 80% of GDP.[148][149] The Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange are the two stock markets of the country.[150] Most Bangladeshi businesses are privately owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) which make up 90% of all businesses.[151]

Pakistan

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Economy of Pakistan.[edit]

The economy of Pakistan is categorized as a developing economy. It ranks as the 24th-largest based on GDP using purchasing power parity (PPP) and the 46th largest in terms of nominal GDP. With a population of 241.5 million people as of 2023, Pakistan's position at per capita income ranks 161st by GDP (nominal) and 138th by GDP (PPP) according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

In its early years, Pakistan's economy relied heavily on private industries. The nationalization of a significant portion of the sector, including financial services, manufacturing, and transportation, began in the early 1970s under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. During Zia-ul Haq's regime in the 1980s, an "Islamic" economy was adopted, outlawing economic practices forbidden in Sharīʿah and mandating traditional religious practices. The economy started privatizing again in the 1990s.

The economic growth centers in Pakistan are located along the Indus River; these include the diversified economies of Karachi and major urban centers in Punjab (such as Faisalabad, Lahore, Sialkot, Rawalpindi, and Gujranwala), alongside less developed areas in other parts of the country. Pakistan was classified as a semi-industrial economy for the first time in the late 1990s, albeit an underdeveloped country with a heavy dependence on agriculture, particularly the textile industry relying on cotton production. Primary export commodities include textiles, leather goods, sports equipment, chemicals, and carpets/rugs.

Pakistan is presently undergoing economic liberalization, including the privatization of all government corporations, aimed at attracting foreign investment and reducing budget deficits. However, the country continues to grapple with challenges such as a rapidly growing population, high illiteracy, political instability, a hostile neighborhood, and heavy foreign debt.

Afghanistan

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Economy of Afghanistan.[edit]
Kabul, the economic capital of Afghanistan

The economy of Afghanistan is listed as the 124th largest in the world in terms of nominal gross domestic product (GDP), and 102nd largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). With a population of around 41 million people, Afghanistan's GDP (nominal) stands at $14.58 billion as of 2021, amounting to a GDP per capita of $363.7 (according to a World Bank report). Its annual exports exceed $2 billion, with agricultural, mineral and textile products accounting for 94% of total exports. The nation's total external debt is $1.4 billion as of 2022.

The Afghan economy continues to improve due to the influx of expats, establishment of more trade routes with neighboring and regional countries, and expansion of the nation's agriculture, energy and mining sectors. The billions of dollars in assistance that came from expats and the international community saw this increase when there was more political reliability after NATO became involved in Afghanistan.

Despite holding over one trillion dollars in proven untapped mineral deposits, Afghanistan remains one of the least developed countries in the world. Its unemployment rate is over 23% and about half of its population lives below the poverty line. The main factor behind this has been the continuous war in the country, which deterred business investors and left much of the population fighting among each other instead of catching up with the rest of the world. Afghanistan has long sought foreign investment in order to improve its economy. The population of Afghanistan increased by more than 50% between 2001 and 2014, while its GDP grew eightfold. After the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Taliban's return to power in 2021, the Biden administration decided to confiscate or withhold $9.5 billion worth of assets from the Afghanistan Central Bank to stop the Taliban from accessing it.

The official currency of Afghanistan is the afghani (AFN), which has an exchange rate of around 70 afghanis to 1 United States dollar. The country has a central bank called Da Afghanistan Bank (DAB). A number of local banks also operate in the country, including the Afghanistan International Bank, Azizi Bank, New Kabul Bank and Pashtany Bank.

Bhutan

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Economy of Bhutan.[edit]
Thimphu is the largest economic centre of Bhutan.

The economy of Bhutan is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than 60% of the population. Agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult. Bhutan is among the richest by gross domestic product (nominal) per capita in South Asia, at $3,491 as of 2022, but it still places 153rd, and among the poorest in the world. The total gross domestic product is only $2,653 million, and 178th according to IMF.

Bhutan's economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and dependence on India's financial assistance. Most production in the industrial sector is of the cottage industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labour. Model education, social, and environment programs are underway with support from multilateral development organisations.

Each economic program takes into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions. For example, the government, in its cautious expansion of the tourist sector, encourages visits by upscale, environmentally conscientious tourists. Detailed controls and uncertain policies in areas such as industrial licensing, trade, labour, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment. Hydropower exports to India have boosted Bhutan's overall growth, even though GDP fell in 2008 as a result of a slowdown in India, its predominant export market.

Since 1961, the government of Bhutan has guided the economy through five-year plans in order to promote economic development.[152]

On 8 December 2023, Bhutan graduated from the UN's list of least developed countries (LDCs), making it only the 7th country to do so and the first in 3 years.[153][154]

Maldives

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Economy of the Maldives.[edit]

In ancient times, Maldives were renowned for cowries, coir rope, dried tuna fish (Maldive fish), ambergris (maavaharu) and coco de mer (tavakkaashi). Local and foreign trading ships used to load these products in the Maldives and bring them abroad.

Nowadays, the mixed economy of Maldives is based on the principal activities of tourism, fishing and shipping. This results from the Maldives' strategic geographic positioning near crucial sea routes essential for China's energy provisions. Consequently, China has persistently utilized its economic resources to enhance its sway over the Maldivian government.

Tourism is the largest industry in the Maldives, accounting for 28% of GDP and more than 60% of the Maldives' foreign exchange receipts. It powered the current GDP per capita to expand 265% in the 1980s and a further 115% in the 1990s. Over 90% of government tax revenue flows in from import duties and tourism-related taxes.

Fishing is the second leading sector in the Maldives. The economic reform program by the government in 1989 lifted import quotas and opened some exports to the private sector. Subsequently, it has liberalized regulations to allow more foreign investment.

Agriculture and manufacturing play a minor role in the economy, constrained by the limited availability of cultivable land and shortage of domestic labour. Most staple foods are imported.

Industry in the Maldives consists mainly of garment production, boat building, and handicrafts. It accounts for around 18% of GDP. Maldivian authorities are concerned about the impact of erosion and possible global warming in the low-lying country.

Among the 1,190 islands in the Maldives, only 198 are inhabited. The population is scattered throughout the country, and the greatest concentration is on the capital island, Malé. Limitations on potable water and arable land, plus the added difficulty of congestion are some of the problems faced by households in Malé.

Development of the infrastructure in the Maldives is mainly dependent on the tourism industry and its complementary tertiary sectors, transport, distribution, real estate, construction, and government. Taxes on the tourist industry have been plowed into infrastructure and it is used to improve technology in the agricultural sector.

Nepal

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Economy of Nepal.[edit]

The economy of Nepal is a developing category and is largely dependent on agriculture and remittances. Until the mid-20th century Nepal was an isolated pre-industrial society, which entered the modern era in 1951 without schools, hospitals, roads, telecommunications, electric power, industry, or civil service. The country has, however, made progress toward sustainable economic growth since the 1950s. The country was opened to economic liberalization, leading to economic growth and improvement in living standards when compared to the past. The biggest challenges faced by the country in achieving higher economic development are the frequent changes in political leadership, as well as corruption. Nepal has consistently been ranked as one of the poorest countries in the world.

Nepal has used a series of five-year plans in an attempt to make progress in economic development. It completed its ninth economic development plan in 2002; its currency has been made convertible, and 17 state enterprises have been privatised. Foreign aid to Nepal accounts for more than half of the development budget. Government priorities over the years have been result in the development of transportation and communication facilities, agriculture, and industry. Since 1975, improved government administration and rural development efforts have been emphasised.

Agriculture remains Nepal's principal economic activity, employing about 65% of the population and providing 31.7% of GDP. Only about 20% of the total area is cultivable; another 40.7% is forested (i.e., covered by shrubs, pastureland and forest); most of the rest is mountainous. Fruits and vegetables (apples, pears, tomatoes, various salad greens, peach, nectarine, potatoes), as well as rice and wheat are the main food crops. The lowland Terai region produces an agricultural surplus, part of which supplies the food-deficient hill areas.

GDP is heavily dependent on remittances (9.1%) of foreign workers. Subsequently, economic development in social services and infrastructure in Nepal has not made dramatic progress. A countrywide primary education system is under development, and Tribhuvan University has several campuses. Although eradication efforts continue, malaria had been controlled in the fertile but previously uninhabitable Terai region in the south. Kathmandu is linked to India and nearby hill regions by road and an expanding highway network. The capital was almost out of fuel and supplies, due to a crippling general strike in southern Nepal on 17 February 2008.

Major towns are connected to the capital by telephone and domestic air services. The export-oriented carpet and garment industries have grown rapidly in recent years. Together, they account for approximately 70% of the country's merchandise exports. The Cost of Living Index in Nepal is comparatively lower than many countries but not the least. The quality of life has declined to a much less desirous value in recent years. In the 2021 Global Hunger Index, Nepal ranks 76th out of the 116 countries with sufficient data to calculate 2021 GHI scores. With a score of 19.1, Nepal has a level of hunger that is moderate. Nepal has the worst road infrastructure in Asia.

Sri Lanka

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Economy of Sri Lanka.[edit]
Colombo, the financial centre of Sri Lanka

The mixed economy of Sri Lanka was worth $84 billion by nominal gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019[155] and $296.959 billion by purchasing power parity (PPP).[156] The country had experienced an annual growth of 6.4 percent from 2003 to 2012, well above its regional peers. This growth was driven by the growth of non-tradable sectors, which the World Bank warned to be both unsustainable and unequitable. Growth has slowed since then. In 2019 with an income per capita of 13,620 PPP Dollars[157] or 3,852 (2019) nominal US dollars,[158][159] Sri Lanka was re-classified as a lower middle income nation with the population around 22 million (2021)[160] by the World Bank from a previous upper middle income status.[161]

Sri Lanka has met the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of halving extreme poverty and is on track to meet most of the other MDGs, outperforming other South Asian countries. Sri Lanka's poverty headcount index was 4.1% by 2016. Since the end of the three-decade-long Sri Lankan Civil War, Sri Lanka has begun focusing on long-term strategic and structural development challenges, and has financed several infrastructure projects.

High foreign debt, economic mismanagement under the governments of Gotabhaya and Mahinda Rajapaksa,[162] and lower tourism revenue led to the country defaulting on its sovereign debt in April 2022.[163] The economy contracted 7.8% in 2022, and the percentage of the population earning less than $3.65 a day doubled to around 25% of the population. On March 20, 2023, the IMF has loaned US$3 billion to the country as part of a 48-month debt relief program.[164]

International Economic Reports on South Asia

[edit]

In the South Asia Development Update for April 2024, the World Bank reports that South Asia is projected to sustain its position as a leading growth region among emerging markets, largely propelled by India's robust economic performance. Nonetheless, the region's dependency on the public sector for economic progress, combined with a lag in private investment and the presence of macroeconomic challenges such as high levels of debt and fiscal deficits, poses risks to its stability and growth. These factors may impede the region's capacity to effectively address climate-related issues and to make the most of the demographic dividend offered by its young population. The World Bank emphasizes the critical need for policy reforms aimed at stimulating job creation, particularly for women and in non-agricultural sectors, and for fostering private sector development to ensure continued economic growth and to leverage the demographic dividend. The update highlights that strategic responses to climate change and a focus on creating a resilient job market are indispensable for maintaining the momentum of South Asia's development trajectory.[165][166]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  2. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  4. ^ "Overview". World Bank. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  5. ^ Slater, Joanna; Masih, Niha (2020-03-19). "Home to nearly 2 billion people, South Asia could be the next coronavirus hot spot". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  6. ^ Hanif, Melanie (2010). "Indian Involvement in Afghanistan in the Context of the South Asian Security System". Journal of Strategic Security. 3 (2): 13–26. doi:10.5038/1944-0472.3.2.2. ISSN 1944-0464. JSTOR 26463127.
  7. ^ Chakravarty, Capital Account | Manas (2010-08-25). "World history by per capita GDP". mint. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  8. ^ "How the British influenced Indian culture". Dawn. 2010-06-06. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
  9. ^ Sullivan, Dylan; Hickel, Jason. "How British colonialism killed 100 million Indians in 40 years". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  10. ^ "25 years of liberalisation: A glimpse of India's growth in 14 charts". Firstpost. 2016-07-07. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  11. ^ South Asia https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/
  12. ^ "How South Asia can continue as world's fastest growing subregion - Lei Lei Song". Asian Development Bank. 2019-08-02. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  13. ^ The Office of the Chief Economist of the South Asia Region, The World Bank Group (April 2024). "South Asia Development Update".
  14. ^ R.S. Sharma (2005). India's Ancient Past. Oxford University Press. p. 206.
  15. ^ Maddison, Angus (2007). Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History. Oxford University Press. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-191-64758-1.
  16. ^ a b Maddison, Angus (2003): Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics, OECD Publishing, ISBN 9264104143, p. 261
  17. ^ Paul Bairoch (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-226-03463-8.
  18. ^ "Power of Data Visualisation".
  19. ^ "The World Economy (GDP) : Historical Statistics by Professor Angus Maddison" (PDF). World Economy. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
  20. ^ József Böröcz (10 September 2009). The European Union and Global Social Change. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 9781135255800. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  21. ^ Sanjay Subrahmanyam (1998). Money and the Market in India, 1100–1700. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780521257589.
  22. ^ Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850, Cambridge University Press, p. 45, ISBN 978-1-139-49889-0
  23. ^ S. A. A. Rizvi, p. 263 of A Cultural History of India (1975), edited by A. L. Basham
  24. ^ "India and Pakistan: A tale of two economies". Livemint.
  25. ^ "13 South Asia". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2024-09-11.
  26. ^ "India and Pakistan: A tale of two economies". Livemint.
  27. ^ "Bangladesh at 50". Brookings. Retrieved 2024-09-11.
  28. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Outlook Database, October 2018
  29. ^ Dhoot, Vikas (2023-05-31). "India's GDP expanded 6.1% in 2022-23's last quarter". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  30. ^ Ventura, Luca (2023-07-18). "Global Finance Magazine - Countries with Highest GDP Growth 2022". Global Finance Magazine. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  31. ^ "Welcome to WorldBank Group". The World Bank. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
  32. ^ "Southern states to contribute 35% of India's $7 trillion economy by 2030". The Times of India. 2023-06-09. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
  33. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  34. ^ Lavalette, Tristan. "Indian Premier League's Jaw-Dropping $6 Billion Broadcast Deal Will Have Major Ramifications In Cricket". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  35. ^ "India: GDP of major cities 2022". Statista. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  36. ^ "Field Listing :: Names". CIA. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  37. ^ "UNGEGN List of Country Names" (PDF). United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  38. ^ "List of countries, territories and currencies". Europa. 9 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  39. ^ "World Economic Outlook (October 2022) – Inflation rate, average consumer prices". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  40. ^ "World Economic Outlook – GDP current prices, in billions of dollars". International Monetary Fund. October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  41. ^ "World Economic Outlook – GDP current prices, per capita". International Monetary Fund. October 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  42. ^ "World Economic Outlook (October 2022) – Real GDP growth". International Monetary Fund.
  43. ^ Human Development Report 2023-24: Breaking the gridlock: Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  44. ^ "Download IHDI dataset". hdr.undp.org. UNDP. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  45. ^ Last update for Afghanistan from the World Economic Outlook is for 2020. Later years are unavailable.
  46. ^ Individual country percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding. Afghanistan not included in 2022 totals due to year mismatch. World Economic Outlook also does not count Afghanistan in the South Asia subtotals.
  47. ^ "Afghanistan: An entire population pushed into poverty | International Rescue Committee (IRC)". rescue.org. 9 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  48. ^ "Over 9 Million Sri Lankans Have Slipped Into Poverty Since January, Finds Study". The Wire. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  49. ^ "Field Listing :: Names". CIA. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  50. ^ "UNGEGN List of Country Names" (PDF). United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
  51. ^ "List of countries, territories and currencies". Europa. 9 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  52. ^ "Global Hunger Index Scores by 2021 GHI Rank". globalhungerindex.org. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  53. ^ "UN" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  54. ^ "GHO | by category | Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy - Data by country". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  55. ^ "Global wealth report". Credit Suisse. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  56. ^ "Global wealth report 2019" (PDF). Credit Suisse. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  57. ^ "Global wealth databook 2019" (PDF). Credit Suisse. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  58. ^ "Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  59. ^ Nations, United (2022-10-17). 2022 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) (Report). United Nations.
  60. ^ "World Poverty Clock". worldpoverty.io. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  61. ^ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  62. ^ "Information About Maharashtra, Industries, Economy, Exports of Maharashtra". India Brand Equity Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  63. ^ Sudalaimuthu, S.; Raj, S. A. (2009). Logistics Management for International Business: Text and Cases. PHI Learning. ISBN 9788120337923.
  64. ^ a b
  65. ^ "IMF DataMapper / Datasets / World Economic Outlook (October 2022) / GDP per capita, current prices / List (2022) – Analytical group: European Union, World". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 11 October 2022. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  66. ^ a b Chandrasekhar, C. P. (2012), Kyung-Sup, Chang; Fine, Ben; Weiss, Linda (eds.), "From Dirigisme to Neoliberalism: Aspects of the Political Economy of the Transition in India" (PDF), Developmental Politics in Transition: The Neoliberal Era and Beyond, International Political Economy Series, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 140–165, doi:10.1057/9781137028303_8, ISBN 978-1-137-02830-3, archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2021, retrieved 4 September 2020
  67. ^ a b Mazumdar, Surajit (2012). "Industrialization, Dirigisme and Capitalists: Indian Big Business from Independence to Liberalization". mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  68. ^ "Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief" (PDF). OECD. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  69. ^ Edward A. Gargan (15 August 1992). "India Stumbles in Rush to a Free Market Economy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  70. ^ Shirish Sankhe; Anu Madgavkar; Gautam Kumra; Jonathan Woetzel; Sven Smit; Kanmani Chockalingam (August 2020). "India's turning point" (PDF). McKinsey Global Institute. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  71. ^ D'Silva, Jeetha (1 September 2007). "India growth story is attracting talent from govt establishments". Mint. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  72. ^ Sikarwar, Deepshikha (27 July 2011). "Sovereign guarantee for all policies issued by LIC will continue". The Economic Times.
  73. ^ Nirmal, Rajalakshmi (27 July 2021). "Ending APMC monopoly: Centre bites the bullet at last". The Hindu.
  74. ^ Fernández, Lucía (27 July 2021). "Leading fertilizer companies in India as of February 2021, based on net sales". statista.
  75. ^ "New Cargo Agency To End Aai Monopoly". Business Standard. 27 July 2021.
  76. ^ "Energy Statistics 2017" (PDF). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
  77. ^ "About Us". Official webpage of the Shipping Corporation of India. Archived from the original on 6 November 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  78. ^ Staley, Sam (2006). "The Rise and Fall of Indian Socialism: Why India embraced economic reform". Reason. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  79. ^ "Final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) – India". World Bank. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  80. ^ "Household final consumption expenditure (current US$) | Data". World Bank. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  81. ^ "Is your debt dragging the economy down?". The Times of India. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  82. ^ "World Trade Statistical Review 2022" (PDF). World Trade Organization. p. 58. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  83. ^ "India – Member information". WTO. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  84. ^ "Singapore falls one spot to 4th in 2023 global competitiveness index, India ranks 40th". The Economic Times. ANI. 26 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  85. ^ "Labor force, total – India". World Bank & ILO. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  86. ^ "Wealth of India's richest 1% more than 4-times of total for 70% poorest: Oxfam". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  87. ^ Rowlatt, Justin (2 May 2016). "Indian inequality still hidden". BBC. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  88. ^ Kapur, D. and Nangia, P. (2015) ‘Social Protection in India: A Welfare State Sans Public Goods?’, India Review, 14(1), pp. 73–90. doi:10.1080/14736489.2015.1001275.
  89. ^ Jayal, Niraja Gopal. “The Gentle Leviathan: Welfare and the Indian State.” Social Scientist, vol. 22, no. 9/12, 1994, pp. 18–26. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/3517911. Accessed 5 June 2024.
  90. ^ Aspalter, Christian, The State and the Making of the Welfare System in India (December 14, 2010). Journal of National Development, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 149-79, 2003, Available at SSRN 1725132
  91. ^ Bava, N. (1996). The Welfare State and Liberalisation in India. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 42(3), 334-346. doi:10.1177/0019556119960312
  92. ^ "Article Preamble, Section Preamble" (PDF). Constitution of the Republic of India. 26 November 1949. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2014.
  93. ^ "The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976". India Code. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  94. ^ Government's spending on Social Services increased significantly during the pandemic Archived 7 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Press Information Bureau. Government of India, Ministry of Finance 31 January 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  95. ^ "Page 377 – economic_survey_2021-2022". www.indiabudget.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  96. ^ "ILO reaffirms what we all knew: Indians are crazy about govt jobs". The Times of India. 2 April 2024.
  97. ^ Dougherty, S., R. Herd and T. Chalaux (2009), "What is holding back productivity growth in India ?: Recent microevidence", OECD Journal: Economic Studies, vol. 2009/1, doi:10.1787/eco_studies-v2009-art3-en.
  98. ^ Sapovadia, Vrajlal K., Low Productivity: India’s Bottleneck of Growth (May 21, 2019). Available at SSRN: SSRN 3391621 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.3391621
  99. ^ Bloom, Nicholas, Aprajit Mahajan, David McKenzie, and John Roberts. 2010. "Why Do Firms in Developing Countries Have Low Productivity?" American Economic Review, 100 (2): 619–23. doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.619
  100. ^ Sivadasan, Jagadeesh. "Barriers to Competition and Productivity: Evidence from India" The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, vol. 9, no. 1, 2009. doi:10.2202/1935-1682.2161
  101. ^ Goldar, B., Krishna, K.L., Aggarwal, S.C. et al. Productivity growth in India since the 1980s: the KLEMS approach. Ind. Econ. Rev. 52, 37–71 (2017). doi:10.1007/s41775-017-0002-y
  102. ^ Nicholas Vasilakos, Alkis Theonas Pitelis, Nick Horsewood & Christos Pitelis. (2023) Place-based public investment in regional infrastructure, the locational choice of firms and regional performance: the case of India. Regional Studies 57:6, pages 1055-1068. doi:10.1080/13547860.2013.827462
  103. ^ Kannan, K. P., and G. Raveendran. “Growth Sans Employment: A Quarter Century of Jobless Growth in India’s Organised Manufacturing.” Economic and Political Weekly 44, no. 10 (2009): 80–91. JSTOR 40278784.
  104. ^ Abubakar, J., Nurudeen, I. Economic Growth in India, Is It a Jobless Growth? An Empirical Examination Using Okun’s Law. Ind. J. Labour Econ. 62, 307–317 (2019). doi:10.1007/s41027-019-00165-w
  105. ^ Roy Choudhury, P., Chatterjee, B. Analyzing “jobless growth” in post-liberalisation India: a decomposition approach. Ind. J. Labour Econ. 58, 577–608 (2015). doi:10.1007/s41027-016-0037-0
  106. ^ Marwha, Amita, Jobless Growth in India's Service Sector: A Descriptive Study (February 21, 2016). Available at SSRN 2735644 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.2735644
  107. ^ Das, R. C. (2021). Sectoral Compositions of Output and Employment in India: Are We Moving Towards Jobless, Job-loss or Job-enabled Growth? Review of Market Integration, 13(2-3), 98-123. doi:10.1177/09749292221084016
  108. ^ "Govt announces stimulus package, including tax cuts". Live Mint. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
  109. ^ "FDI Statistics" (PDF). Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, MoCI, GoI. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  110. ^ "By Country/Economy – Free Trade Agreements". aric.adb.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  111. ^ "ASIA REGIONAL INTEGRATION CENTER". ASIA REGIONAL INTEGRATION CENTER. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  112. ^ Kumar, Manoj (9 May 2019). "India's incredulous data: Economists create own benchmarks". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  113. ^ Sharma, Mihir S. (13 June 2019). "GDP data under cloud: Govt should know that this is a crisis of credibility". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  114. ^ Subramanian, Arvind. "Validating India's GDP Growth Estimates" (PDF). Center for International Development at Harvard University. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  115. ^ "The Rising Discrepancies in Indian GDP Data Point to a False Growth Story, Say Experts".
  116. ^ "What is Wrong with India's GDP Numbers?".
  117. ^ "'Read with caution': Economists on faster-than-expected Q3 GDP growth". March 2024.
  118. ^ "India's GDP Mis-estimation: Likelihood, Magnitudes, Mechanisms, and Implications".
  119. ^ "India has second fastest growing services sector". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
  120. ^ "Monthly Reports – World Federation of Exchanges". WFE. Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  121. ^ "Manufacturing, value added (current US$) | Data". World Bank. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  122. ^ "Rural Population (% of Total Population)". World Bank. 1 May 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  123. ^ "India: An agricultural powerhouse of the world". Business Standard India. 1 May 2016. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  124. ^ "Unemployment Rate in India". Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  125. ^ "Digging Deeper, Is India's economy losing its way?". moneycontrol.com. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  126. ^ "Poverty and Inequality Platform". World Bank. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  127. ^ "In the pandemic, India's middle class shrinks and poverty spreads while China sees smaller changes". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 18 March 2021. The poor live on $2 or less daily, low income on $2.01-$10, middle income on $10.01-$20, upper-middle income on $20.01-$50 and high income on more than $50. All dollar figures are expressed in 2011 prices and purchasing power parity dollars, currency exchange rates adjusted for differences in the prices of goods and services across countries.
  128. ^ "India's missing middle class". The Economist. 11 January 2018. Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  129. ^ "Reserve Bank of India – Publications". Reserve Bank of India. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  130. ^ —Riaz, Ali; Rahman, Mohammad Sajjadur (2016). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh. Routledge. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-317-30876-8.
    —Thorp, John P. (1986). "Bangladesh, Bangladesh!—A Review Article". The Journal of Asian Studies. 45 (4). Cambridge University Press: 789–796. doi:10.2307/2056087. JSTOR 2056087. S2CID 159085593.
    —Siddiqi, Dina M. "Miracle Worker or Womanmachine? Tracking (Trans)National Realities in Bangladeshi Factories." Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 35, no. 21/22, Economic and Political Weekly, 2000, pp. L11–17, JSTOR 4409325.
    —Paksha Paul, B. (2010), "Does corruption foster growth in Bangladesh?", International Journal of Development Issues, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 246-262. doi:10.1108/14468951011073325
    —Chowdhury, M.S. (2007), "Overcoming entrepreneurship development constraints: the case of Bangladesh", Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 240-251. doi:10.1108/17506200710779549
    —Bashar, Omar K. M. R., and Habibullah Khan. "Liberalisation and Growth in Bangladesh: An Empirical Investigation." The Bangladesh Development Studies, vol. 32, no. 1, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, 2009, pp. 61–76, JSTOR 40795710.
    —Ahamed, Md Mostak. "Market Structure and Performance of Bangladesh Banking Industry: A Panel Data Analysis." The Bangladesh Development Studies, vol. 35, no. 3, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, 2012, pp. 1–18, JSTOR 41968823.
  131. ^ "Bangladesh ranked 41st largest economy in 2019 all over the world". The Daily Star. 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  132. ^ Sayeed Iftekhar Ahmed (2022-03-18). "Where do Bangladesh and Pakistan stand after 50 years of separation?". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  133. ^ "Bangladesh Economy, Politics and GDP Growth Summary - The Economist Intelligence Unit". country.eiu.com.
  134. ^ The Bangladesh Economy Navigating the Turning Point
  135. ^ "Bangladesh - The "Revolution" of Ayub Khan, 1958-66". countrystudies.us.
  136. ^ "Major Commodities of Pakistan: A Review". Economic Digest. 3 (3): 44–52. 1960. JSTOR 41243217.
  137. ^ "2 more factories get LEED Gold certification". The Business Standard. 2024-03-16. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  138. ^ "LEED certification: 2 more factories in Bangladesh recognised as 'green'". The Business Standard. 2024-03-06. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  139. ^ Chakma, Jagaran (2024-04-27). "Starting from nowhere, pharma sector becomes a lifesaver". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  140. ^ "Big drops in remittance, exports make reserves struggle harsher". The Business Standard. 2023-10-02. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  141. ^ "Govt focuses on food security in new action plan amid global crisis". Prothom Alo. 15 July 2022.
  142. ^ Khatun, Fahmida (13 July 2020). "Ensuring food security for all". The Daily Star (Opinion).
  143. ^ Al Mamun, K. A.; Nath *, H. K. (15 May 2005). "Export-led growth in Bangladesh: a time series analysis". Applied Economics Letters. 12 (6): 361–364. doi:10.1080/13504850500068194. S2CID 218640035.
  144. ^ Khatun, Fahmida (26 March 2021). "50 Years of Bangladesh: Accelerating export-led industrialisation". The Daily Star.
  145. ^ "Booming Bangladesh – Deutsche Bank". flow.db.com.
  146. ^ a b "Bangladesh - Market Overview". 20 July 2022.
  147. ^ "Huge defaulted loans an acute risk for Bangladesh's banking sector: IMF". The Business Standard. 30 October 2022.
  148. ^ "Public sector needs to keep pace with private sector". The Business Standard. 20 January 2022.
  149. ^ Express, The Financial. "Next-gen growth hinges on timely policies for private sector". The Financial Express.
  150. ^ "Dhaka Stock Exchange". www.dsebd.org.
  151. ^ "ICAB". www.icab.org.bd.
  152. ^ "1961 – First Five-Year Plan launched". Bhutan 2008. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  153. ^ "UN list of least developed countries | UNCTAD".
  154. ^ "How Bhutan graduated from the 'Least Developed Country' status". 12 March 2023.
  155. ^ "Annual Report 2019". cbsl.gov.lk. Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  156. ^ "GDP PPP (current international $) - Sri Lanka". worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  157. ^ "GDP perc apita PPP (current international $) - Sri Lanka". worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  158. ^ "World Bank and Sri Lanka -2019". worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  159. ^ "Enhancing competitiveness in Sri Lanka June 2016" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  160. ^ "Population, total - Sri Lanka | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  161. ^ "Sri Lanka downgraded to World Bank lower middle income country as per capita income falls". EconomyNext. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  162. ^ "Sri Lanka: Rajapaksa brothers among 13 leaders responsible for crisis". 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  163. ^ "What Can We Learn from Sri Lanka's Debt Default?". South Asia@LSE. 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  164. ^ "IMF Executive Board Completes the First Review Under the Extended Fund Facility Arrangement with Sri Lanka". IMF. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  165. ^ "South Asia Development Update April 2024 | Economic Outlook". www.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
  166. ^ World Bank. 2024. Jobs for Resilience. South Asia Development Update (April 2024). World Bank, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-2103-5. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO

Sources

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_South_Asia&oldid=1245553538"