Interleukin
Interleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted signaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes, hence the -leukin) as a means of communication (inter-). The name is something of a relic though (the term was coined by Dr. Paetkau, University of Victoria); it has since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of bodily cells. The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency.
List
A list of interleukins:
| Name | Source [1] | Target receptors[1] | Target cells[1] | Function[1] |
| IL-1 | macrophages, B cells, monocytes [2], dendritic cells [2] | CD121a, CD121b | T helper cells | co-stimulation [2] |
| B cells | maturation & proliferation [2] | |||
| Nk cells | acrtivation[2] | |||
| macrophages, endothelium, other | inflammation[2], small amounts induce acute phase reaction, large amounts induce fever | |||
| IL-2 | TH1-cells | CD122/CD25, CD132 | activated[2] T cells and B cells, NK cells, macrophages, oligodendrocytes | stimulates growth and differentiation of T cell response. Can be used in immunotherapy to treat cancer or suppressed for transplant patients. |
| IL-3 | activated T helper cells[2], mast cells, NK cells, endothelium, eosinophils | CD123, CDw131 | hematopoietic stem cells | growth and differentiation [2] to e.g. erythrocytes, granulocytes |
| mast cells | growth and histamine release[2] | |||
| IL-4 | TH2-cells, just activated naive CD4+ cell, memory CD4+ cells, mast cells, macrophages | CD124, CD132 | activated B cells | proliferation and differentiation, IgG1 and IgE synthesis[2]. Important role in allergic response (IgE) |
| T cells | proliferation[2] | |||
| endothelium | ||||
| IL-5 | TH2-cells, mast cells, eosinophils | CD125, CDw131 | eosinophils | production |
| B cells | differentiation, IgA production | |||
| IL-6 | macrophages, TH2-cells, B cells, astrocytes, endothelium | CD126, CD130 | activated B cells | differentiation into plasma cells |
| plasma cells | antibody secretion | |||
| hematopoietic stem cells | differentiation | |||
| T cells, others | induces acute phase reaction, hematopoiesis, differentiation, inflammation | |||
| IL-7 | bone marrow stromal cells and thymus stromal cells | CD127, CD132 | pre/pro-B cell, pre/pro-T cell, NK cells | involved in B, T, and NK cell survival, development, and homeostasis, ↑proinflammatory cytokines |
| IL-8 | macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells | CD128 | neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes | Neutrophil chemotaxis |
| IL-9 | Th2-cells, specifically by CD4+ helper cells | CD132 | T cells, B cells | Potentiates IgM, IgG, IgE, stimulates mast cells |
| IL-10 | monocytes, TH2-cells, CD8+ T cells, mast cells, macrophages, B cell subset | CD210 | macrophages | cytokine production[2] |
| B cells | activation [2] | |||
| mast cells | ||||
| Th1 cells | inhibits Th1 cytokine production (IFN-γ, TNF-β, IL-2) | |||
| Th2 cells | Stimulation | |||
| IL-11 | bone marrow stroma | bone marrow stroma | acute phase protein production, osteoclast formation | |
| IL-12 | dendritic cells, B cells, T cells, macrophages | CD212 | activated [2] T cells, | differentiation into Cytotoxic T cells with IL-2[2], ↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α, ↓ IL-10 |
| NK cells | ↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α | |||
| IL-13 | activated TH2-cells, mast cells, NK cells | TH2-cells, B cells, macrophages | Stimulates growth and differentiation of B-Cells (IgE), inhibits TH1-cells and the production of macrophage inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1, IL-6), ↓ IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 | |
| IL-14 | T cells and certain malignant B cells | activated B cells | controls the growth and proliferation of B cells, inhibits Ig secretion | |
| IL-15 | mononuclear phagocytes (and some other cells), especially macrophages following infection by virus(es) | CD132 | T cells, activated B cells | Induces production of Natural Killer Cells |
| IL-16 | lymphocytes, epithelial cells, eosinophils, CD8+ T cells | CD4+ T cells | CD4+ chemoattractant | |
| IL-17 | subsets of T cells | epithelium, endothelium, other | osteoclastogenesis, angiogenesis, ↑ inflammatory cytokines | |
| IL-18 | macrophages | Th1 cells, NK cells | Induces production of IFNγ, ↑ NK cell activity | |
| IL-19 | - | |||
| IL-20 | - | regulates proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes | ||
| IL-21 | - | |||
| IL-22 | - | Activates STAT1 and STAT3 and increases production of acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A, Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and haptoglobin in hepatoma cell lines | ||
| IL-23 | - | Increases angiogenesis but reduces CD8 T-cell infiltration | ||
| IL-24 | - | Plays important roles in tumor suppression, wound healing and psoriasis by influencing cell survival. | ||
| IL-25 | - | Induces the production IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, which stimulate eosinophil expansion | ||
| IL-26 | - | Enhances secretion of IL-10 and IL-8 and cell surface expression of CD54 on epithelial cells | ||
| IL-27 | - | Regulates the activity of B lymphocyte and T lymphocytes | ||
| IL-28 | - | Plays a role in immune defense against viruses | ||
| IL-29 | - | Plays a role in host defenses against microbes | ||
| IL-30 | - | Forms one chain of IL-27 | ||
| IL-31 | - | May play a role in inflammation of the skin | ||
| IL-32 | - | Induces monocytes and macrophages to secrete TNF-α, IL-8 and CXCL2 | ||
| IL-33 | - | Induces helper T cells to produce type 2 cytokine | ||
| IL-35 | regulatory T cells | Suppression of T helper cell activation |
References
- ^ a b c d Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Immunology. Paperback: 384 pages. Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; (July 1, 2007). Language: English. ISBN-10: 0781795435. ISBN-13: 978-0781795432. Page 68
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC419/Tutorials/cytokines.html Cytokine tutorial] The University of Arizona