List of African-American United States representatives
Joseph Rainey (left) and Shirley Chisholm (right) are, respectively, the first African American and the first African-American woman to serve in the United States House of Representatives.
The United States House of Representatives has had 144 elected African-American members, of whom 138 have been Representatives from U.S. states and 6 have been Delegates from U.S. territories and the District of Columbia.[1] The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral United States Congress, which is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau defines African Americans as citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.[2] The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa. During the founding of the federal government, African Americans were consigned to a status of second-class citizenship or enslaved.[3] No African American served in federal elective office before the ratification in 1870 of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Joseph Rainey was the first African-American representative to be seated in the U.S. House. He served South Carolina's 1st congressional district beginning in 1870 during the Reconstruction Era following the American Civil War. The first African-American woman to serve as a representative was Shirley Chisholm from New York's 12th congressional district in 1969 during the Civil Rights Movement. Many African-American members of the House of Representatives serve majority-minority districts.[4] These congressional districts are gerrymandered, limit serious challenges to their re-election, and limit their abilities to represent a larger, more diverse constituency.[4] Overall, 27 of the 50 U.S. states, plus the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia, have elected an African American to represent them in the U.S. House of Representatives, with Delaware being the most recent to elect their first in 2016; out of these, 16 states, plus the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia, have elected an African American woman to represent them in the U.S. House. There currently are 45 African-American Representatives and two African-American Delegates in the United States House of Representatives.
First generation of African-American House members, 1870–1887
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Party
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Second generation of African-American House members, 1889–1901
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Party
Third generation of African-American House members, 1929–1970
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Parties
Fourth generation of African-American House members, 1971–present
(Note: Representatives are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Parties
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House Delegates (non-voting members)
(Note: Delegates are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.)
- Political Parties
Democratic Republican Independent
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African Americans elected to the House of Representatives, but not seated
- Political Party
| Representative–elect | Congressional District | Took office | Left office | Party | Congress | Former slave | Ref. | Note | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | John Willis Menard (1838–1893) |
Louisiana's 2nd | Denied seat | Republican | 41st (1869–1871) |
No | [149] | [note 119] | ||
| style="background: Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color;" width=16px | | P. B. S. Pinchback (1837–1921) |
Louisiana's at-large | Denied seat | Republican | 43rd (1873–1875) |
No | [151] | [note 120] | ||
See also
Federal government
- African Americans in the United States Congress
- List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries
State and local government
- African-American officeholders in the United States, 1789–1866
- List of African-American U.S. state firsts
- List of first African-American mayors
Notes
- ^ Lost office during reelection. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Benjamin Whittemore. First African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives and the first to serve in Congress from South Carolina.[5]
- ^ Retired from office. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the House of Representatives denial to seat Samuel F. Gove.[6][6] First African American to serve in Congress from Georgia.
- ^ Unseated in 1873 by a contested election that involved Christopher C. Bowen, the previous seat holder. The seat remained vacant until March 1873.[7]
- ^ Resigned from office.[8] Elected in November 1874 to the South Carolina House of Representatives.[8]
- ^ Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Alabama.
- ^ Unseated in 1873 and 1876 due to contested elections that involved Silas L. Niblack and Jesse Finley, respectively. First African American to serve in Congress from Florida.
- ^ Retired from office.
- ^ Lost office during reelection. Seated in Congress after contested election that involved James Chalmers in 1882. First African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi. Youngest member of the 43rd United States Congress at age 26.
- ^ Retired from office. Former Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina.
- ^ Lost office during reelection.
- ^ Lost office during reelection.
- ^ Lost office during re-nomination. First African American to serve in Congress from North Carolina.
- ^ Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Louisiana.
- ^ Lost reelection and retired from office in final term. Seated in Congress after contested election that involved George Tillman in 1882. Elected in 1884 to fill vacancy caused by death of Edmund Mackey.
- ^ Lost office during reelection.[19]
- ^ Lost office during reelection. Brother-in-law of George Henry White.
- ^ Lost office during reelection. Seated in Congress after the contested election that involved Edward Venable in September 1890. First African American to serve in Congress from Virginia.
- ^ Lost office during reelection. Seated in Congress after contested election that involved William Elliott in September 1890.
- ^ Lost office during reelection. Seated in Congress after contested election that involved William Elliott in June 1896. Distant relative of Jim Clyburn.
- ^ Retired from office. Brother-in-law of Henry P. Cheatham. The last African American to serve in Congress from a Southern state till 1973.
- ^ Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Illinois and the first to serve from outside the southern states.
- ^ Retired from office. First African American to be elected to Congress as a Democrat.
- ^ Died while in office.
- ^ Lost office during renomination. Excluded from membership in the 90th United States Congress in February 1967. Reelected to fill vacancy caused by exclusion from membership, but did not take oath of office. First African American to serve in Congress from New York.[28]
- ^ Censured, resigned and jailed for three years for mail fraud. First African American to serve in Congress from Michigan.
- ^ Lost office during renomination. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Earl Chudoff. First African American to serve in Congress from Pennsylvania.
- ^ Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from California.
- ^ Resigned after being accused of sexual harassment. First African-American to become Dean of the United States House of Representatives.
- ^ Retired from office. First African-American woman to serve in Congress and the first African-American woman to run as a presidential candidate in 1972.
- ^ Retired from office. His son, Lacy Clay, succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from Missouri.
- ^ Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Ohio.
- ^ Died while in office. Elected to Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Daniel Ronan. His wife, Cardiss Collins, filled the vacancy caused by his death.
- ^ Resigned from office.
- ^ Died while in office.
- ^ Retired to run unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor of Maryland. First African American to serve in Congress from Maryland.
- ^ Retired from Congress.
- ^ Retired to run unsuccessfully for Attorney General of California.
- ^ Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Texas.
- ^ Resigned to become the United States Ambassador to the United Nations.
- ^ Retired from office. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of her husband, George W. Collins.
- ^ Retired from office. His son, Harold Ford Jr. succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from Tennessee.
- ^ Died while in office.
- ^ Resigned to become President of the United Negro College Fund.
- ^ Died while in office.
- ^ Lost office during renomination.
- ^ Retired from office. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Charles Diggs.
- ^ Retired from office.
- ^ Lost office during renomination.
- ^ Resigned to become Mayor of Chicago.
- ^ Lost office during renomination. Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Adam Benjamin Jr.. First African American to serve in Congress from Indiana.
- ^ Retired from office.
- ^ Retired from office.
- ^ Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate seat in Missouri.
- ^ Lost office during renomination. Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Harold Washington.
- ^ Lost office during renomination. Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Joseph Addabbo.
- ^ Resigned to become the United States Secretary of Agriculture.
- ^ Resigned to become a pastor at the Allen African Methodist Episcopal Church.
- ^ Resigned to become Executive Director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
- ^ Died while in office. His son, Donald Payne Jr., succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from New Jersey.
- ^ Lost office during renomination. Elected to office to fill vacancy caused by death of Mickey Leland.
- ^ Lost office during renomination.
- ^ Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Connecticut.
- ^ Lost office during reelection. Sentenced to 13 years for bribery after a corruption investigation.
- ^ Lost office during renomination. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of William H. Gray.
- ^ Retired from office. Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Walter B. Jones Sr..
- ^ Lost office during renomination. Later convicted of fraud and tax evasion.
- ^ Distant relative of George W. Murray.
- ^ Retired from office. Youngest member of the 103rd United States Congress at age 30.
- ^ Lost office during renomination.
- ^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 107th United States Congress.
- ^ Lost office during renomination for the 2003 and 2007 terms.
- ^ Retired from office. Her son, Kendrick Meek, succeeded her in office.
- ^ Resigned after being convicted on 12 counts of sexual assault, obstruction of justice and solicitation of child pornography and being sentenced to five years in prison.
- ^ Resigned due to scandals involving accepting and demanding bribes while mayor of Compton. Tucker was sentenced to 27 months in prison for extortion and tax evasion.
- ^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 109th United States Congress. Resigned to become Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency.
- ^ Resigned following loss of renomination.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mike Espy.
- ^ Resigned following loss of renomination and convictions for racketeering, fraud, and money laundering.
- ^ Retired from office. First African American to serve in Congress from Oklahoma. Served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th through 107th Congresses.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mel Reynolds. Resigned, citing mental and physical health problems, but acknowledging that he was under two separate investigations by the House Ethics Committee and the FBI. Jackson pleaded guilty on February 20, 2013 to one count of wire and mail fraud. He was sentenced to 30 months in federal prison.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Walter Tucker. Died while in office.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Kweisi Mfume. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 108th United States Congress.
- ^ Died while in office and her grandson, André Carson, filled the vacancy caused by her death.
- ^ Succeeded his father, Harold Ford Sr., in office. Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Tennessee. Youngest member of the 105th United States Congress at age 26.
- ^ Lost office during renomination. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 110th United States Congress.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Floyd H. Flake.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Ron Dellums. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 111th United States Congress.
- ^ Died while in office.
- ^ Succeeded his father, Bill Clay, in office.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Julian C. Dixon. Retired from office.
- ^ Resigned and was sentenced to four years in prison, two years supervised release, and fined $10,000, for mail fraud and money laundering.
- ^ Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of Alabama. Became a member of the Republican Party in 2012.
- ^ Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Georgia.
- ^ Succeeded his mother, Carrie P. Meek, in office. Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Florida.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Frank Ballance. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 114th United States Congress.
- ^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 112th United States Congress.
- ^ First African American to serve in Congress from Wisconsin.
- ^ First African American to serve in Congress from Minnesota and the first Muslim to serve in Congress.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Juanita Millender-McDonald. In 2012 was reprimanded due to use of Congressional office staff in 2010 House election campaign. Lost office during reelection.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of his grandmother, Julia Carson.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Albert Wynn. Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from Maryland.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Stephanie Tubbs Jones. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 113th United States Congress.
- ^ Lost office during renomination.
- ^ Serves as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 115th United States Congress.
- ^ Appointed to Senate by South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley to replace Jim DeMint. Served as Republican assistant majority whip in the 112th United States Congress. First African American to serve in both chambers of the United States Congress.
- ^ Served as Democratic senior whip in the 112th United States Congress.
- ^ Lost office during reelection.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of his father, Donald M. Payne.
- ^ Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from Nevada.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Jesse Jackson Jr.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Mel Watt.
- ^ First female African-American Republican to serve in Congress, first African American to serve in Congress from Utah and first Haitian American to serve in Congress.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Chaka Fattah.
- ^ First African American to serve in Congress from Delaware.[138]
- ^ Elected to serve in Congress after the District of Columbia was authorized to elect a Delegate by the District of Columbia Delegate Act of 1970. Retired to run unsuccessfully for Mayor of the District of Columbia. First African American to serve as a delegate for the District of Columbia. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 97th United States Congress.
- ^ Lost office during reelection. First African American to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.
- ^ Lost office during reelection.
- ^ Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of Virgin Islands. First woman elected to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of James Mann. Denied seat due to a contested election that involved Caleb S. Hunt, but was permitted to address the House while in session.[150] First African American elected to Congress, but denied seat.
- ^ Denied seat due to a contested election that involved George A. Sheridan.[152]
References
- ^ "Black Americans in Congress". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^ "The Black Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
- ^ "Time Line of African American History, 1881-1900". Library of Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
- ^ a b Terkel, Amanda (September 27, 2012). "Senate Likely To Remain Without Black Members For Years". Retrieved February 9, 2013.
- ^ a b "Rainey, Joseph Hayne, (1832 - 1887)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ a b c "Long, Jefferson Franklin, (1836 - 1901)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ a b "De Large, Robert Carlos, (1842 - 1874)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ a b c "Elliott, Robert Brown, (1842 - 1884)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Turner, Benjamin Sterling, (1825 - 1894)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Walls, Josiah Thomas, (1842 - 1905)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Cain, Richard Harvey, (1825 - 1887)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Lynch, John Roy, (1847 - 1939)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Ransier, Alonzo Jacob, (1834 - 1882)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Rapier, James Thomas, (1837 - 1883)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Haralson, Jeremiah, (1846 - 1916)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Hyman, John Adams, (1840 - 1891)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Nash, Charles Edmund, (1844 - 1913)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Smalls, Robert, (1839 - 1915)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ a b "O'Hara, James Edward, (1844 - 1905)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Cheatham, Henry Plummer, (1857 - 1935)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Langston, John Mercer, (1829 - 1897)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Miller, Thomas Ezekiel, (1849 - 1938)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Murray, George Washington, (1853 - 1926)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "White, George Henry, (1852 - 1918)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "De Priest, Oscar Stanton, (1871 - 1951)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Mitchell, Arthur Wergs, (1883 - 1968)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Dawson, William Levi, (1886 - 1970)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ a b "Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., (1908 - 1972)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Diggs, Charles Coles, Jr., (1922 - 1998)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Nix, Robert Nelson Cornelius, Sr., (1898 - 1987)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Hawkins, Augustus Freeman (Gus), (1907 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Conyers, John, Jr., (1929 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Chisholm, Shirley Anita, (1924 - 2005)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Clay, William Lacy, Sr., (1931 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Stokes, Louis, (1925 - 2015)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Collins, George Washington, (1925 - 1972)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Dellums, Ronald V., (1935 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Metcalfe, Ralph Harold, (1910 - 1978)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Mitchell, Parren James, (1922 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Rangel, Charles B., (1930 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Burke, Yvonne Brathwaite, (1932 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Jordan, Barbara Charline, (1936 - 1996)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Young, Andrew Jackson, Jr., (1932 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Collins, Cardiss, (1931 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Ford, Harold Eugene, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Dixon, Julian Carey, (1934 - 2000)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Gray, William Herbert, III, (1941 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Leland, George Thomas (Mickey), (1944 - 1989)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Stewart, Bennett McVey, (1912 - 1988)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Crockett, George William, Jr., (1909 - 1997)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Dymally, Mervyn Malcolm, (1926 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Savage, Gus, (1925 - 2015)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Washington, Harold, (1922 - 1987)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Hall, Katie Beatrice, (1938 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Owens, Major Robert Odell, (1936 - 2013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Towns, Edolphus, (1934 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Wheat, Alan Dupree, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Hayes, Charles Arthur, (1918 - 1997)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Waldon, Alton R., Jr., (1936 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Espy, Alphonso Michael (Mike), (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Flake, Floyd Harold, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Lewis, John R., (1940 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Mfume, Kweisi, (1948 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Payne, Donald Milford, (1934 - 2012)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Washington, Craig Anthony, (1941 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Collins, Barbara-Rose, (1939 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Franks, Gary A., (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Jefferson, William Jennings, (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Waters, Maxine, (1938 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Blackwell, Lucien Edward, (1931 - 2003)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Clayton, Eva M., (1934 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Brown, Corrine, (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Clyburn, James Enos, (1940 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Fields, Cleo, (1962 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Hastings, Alcee Lamar, (1936 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Hilliard, Earl Frederick, (1942 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Johnson, Eddie Bernice, (1935 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "McKinney, Cynthia Ann, (1955 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Meek, Carrie P., (1926 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Reynolds, Mel, (1952 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Rush, Bobby L., (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Scott, Robert Cortez, (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Tucker, Walter R., III, (1957 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Watt, Melvin L., (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Wynn, Albert Russell, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Thompson, Bennie, (1948 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Fattah, Chaka, (1956 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Jackson Lee, Sheila, (1950 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Watts, Julius Caesar, Jr. (J. C.), (1957 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Jackson, Jesse L., Jr., (1965 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Millender-McDonald, Juanita, (1938 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Cummings, Elijah Eugene, (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Carson, Julia May, (1938 - 2007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Davis, Danny K., (1941 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Ford, Harold, Jr., (1970 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Kilpatrick, Carolyn Cheeks, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Meeks, Gregory W., (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Lee, Barbara, (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Jones, Stephanie Tubbs, (1949 - 2008)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Clay, William Lacy, Jr., (1956 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Watson, Diane Edith, (1933 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Ballance, Frank W., Jr., (1942 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Davis, Artur, (1967 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Majette, Denise L., (1955 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Meek, Kendrick B., (1966 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Scott, David, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Butterfield, George Kenneth, Jr. (G.K.), (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
- ^ "Cleaver, Emanuel, II, (1944 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Green, Al, (1947 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Moore, Gwendolynne S. (Gwen), (1951 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Clarke, Yvette Diane, (1964 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Ellison, Keith, (1963 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Johnson, Hank, (1954 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Richardson, Laura, (1962 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Carson, André, (1974 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Edwards, Donna F., (1958 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Fudge, Marcia L., (1952 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Bass, Karen, (1953 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Clarke, Hansen, (1957 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Richmond, Cedric, (1973 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Scott, Tim, (1965 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Sewell, Terri, (1965 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "West, Allen, (1961 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Wilson, Frederica, (1942 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Payne, Donald, Jr., (1958 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Beatty, Joyce, (1950 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Horsford, Steven, (1973 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Jeffries, Hakeem, (1970 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Veasey, Marc, (1971 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
- ^ "Kelly, Robin L., (1956 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ "Adams, Alma, (1946 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
- ^ "Hurd, William Ballard, (1977 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
- ^ "Lawrence, Brenda L., (1954 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
- ^ "Love, Ludmya Bourdeau (Mia), (1975 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
- ^ "Watson Coleman, Bonnie, (1945 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
- ^ "Evans, Dwight, (1954 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
- ^ "Blunt Rochester, Lisa, (1962 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
- ^ Byrne, Tom (November 9, 2016). "Blunt Rochester Scores History-making Win in Delaware's U.S. House Race". Delaware Public Media. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
- ^ "Brown, Anthony Gregory, (1961 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
- ^ "Demings, Valdez Butler, (1957 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
- ^ "Lawson, Alfred Jr., (1948 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
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- ^ "Plaskett, Stacey M., (1966 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
- ^ Office of the Historian. "John Willis Menard of Louisiana became the first African American to address the U.S. House, February 27, 1869". Historical Highlights, History, Art & Archives. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 226–228. ISBN 9785880686292.
- ^ Office of the Historian. "'Crafting an Identity,' Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood". Black Americans in Congress. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
- ^ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 226–228. ISBN 9785880686292.
Further reading
- Christopher, Maurine (1971). America's Black Congressmen. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. ISBN 9780690085853.
- Clay, William L. (1992). Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1991. Amistad Press. ISBN 1-56743-000-7.
- Dray, Philip (2008). Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-56370-8.
- Foner, Eric (1996). Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction. LSU Press. ISBN 9780807120828.
- Freedman, Eric; Jones, Stephen A. (2008). African Americans In Congress: A Documentary History. CQ Press. ISBN 9780872893856.
- Gill, LaVerne McCain (1997). African American Women in Congress: Forming and Transforming History. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813523538.
- Hahn, Steven (2005). A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017658.
- Haskins, James (1999). Distinguished African American Political and Governmental Leaders. Oryx Press. ISBN 9781573561266.
- Lynch, Matthew (2012). Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313397929.
- Middleton, Stephen (2002). Black Congressmen During Reconstruction: A Documentary Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313322815.
- Rabinowitz, Howard N., ed. (1982). Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252009723.
- Walton, Jr., Hanes; Puckett, Sherman C.; Deskins, Jr., Donald R. (2012). The African American Electorate: A Statistical History. Congressional Quarterly Press. ISBN 9780872895089.
- Wasniewski, Matthew, ed. (2008). Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007. United States Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160801945. The website, Black Americans in Congress maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, serves as an ongoing supplement to the book. To download a free copy of the entire publication or a specific portion of the publication, see H. Doc. 108-224 - Black Americans in Congress 1870 - 2007. Made available by the United States Government Printing Office (GPO).
External links
- African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870–2012 A 66-page history produced by the Congressional Research Service, a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress.
- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 - Present Perform search of desired Representative or Delegate by last name, first name, position, state, party, by year or congress.
- C-SPAN videos that discuss the history of African Americans in Congress:
- Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007 A C-SPAN video with Matthew Wasniewski, historian of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenter. He discusses the history of African Americans in Congress from 1870 to 2007. The video is 164 minutes in length.
- African Americans in Congress in the 19th Century A C-SPAN video with Matthew Wasniewski and Farar Elliott, historian and curator respectively of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenters. They discuss the history of African Americans in Congress during the nineteenth century. The video is 28:54 minutes in length.
- African Americans in Congress in the 20th Century A C-SPAN video with Ron Dellums, the former representative of the United States House of Representatives from California's 9th congressional district, and Matthew Wasniewski and Farar Elliott, historian and curator respectively of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenters. They discuss the history of African Americans in Congress during the twentieth century. The video is 43:59 minutes in length.
- Black Americans in Congress Maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. The website serves as an ongoing supplement to the book, Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007.
- Major African American Office Holders Since 1641 Includes a listing for the United States Senate. Maintained by Blackpast.org.