Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party
| 中国共产党中央委员会宣传部 | |
 | |
| Abbreviation | Zhongxuanbu (中宣部) |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1921 |
| Type | Department directly reporting to the Central Committee |
| Headquarters | 5 Chang'an Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing |
| Location |
|
| Coordinates | 39°55′26″N 116°23′55″E / 39.92389°N 116.39861°E |
Head | Huang Kunming |
Executive deputy head | Wang Xiaohui |
Deputy heads | Nie Chenxi*, Jiang Jianguo*, Xu Lin*, Shen Haixiong*, Sun Zhijun, Tuo Zhen, Sun Zhijun |
Secretary-General | Guan Jinghui |
Parent organization | Central Committee of the Communist Party of China |
| *Maintains full minister-level rank | |
| CPC Central Publicity Department (common abbreviation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 中共中央宣传部 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中共中央宣傳部 | ||||||
| |||||||
.svg) |
|---|
State representative
Executive organ Military organ
Supervisory organ |
 China portal |
_cap_insignia.svg){kind=small}
.png){kind=small}
The Publicity Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, or CCPPD, is an internal division of the Communist Party of China in charge of ideology-related work, as well as its information dissemination system.[1] The department is one of many entities that enforces media censorship and control in the People's Republic of China.
It was founded in May 1924, and was suspended during the Cultural Revolution, until it was restored in October 1977.[2] It is an important organ in China's propaganda system, and its inner operations are highly secretive.[1][3]
Name
The CCPPD has several Chinese names with various different English translations, it is officially the Zhōngguó Gòngchăndǎng Zhōngyāng Wěiyuánhuì Xuānchuánbù "Chinese Communist Party Central Committee Propaganda Department" or Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Xuānchuánbù "Chinese Communist Party Central Propaganda Department" or "Central Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China", colloquially abbreviated as the Zhōnggòng Xuānchuánbù "Chinese Communist Party Propaganda Department" or "Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China", or simply Zhōng xuānbù 中宣部.
The term xuanchuan (宣传 "propaganda; publicity") can have either a neutral connotation in official government contexts or a pejorative connotation in informal contexts.[4] Some xuanchuan collocations usually refer to "propaganda" (e.g., xuānchuánzhàn 宣传战 "propaganda war"), others to "publicity" (xuānchuán méijiè 宣传媒介 "mass media; means of publicity"), and still others are ambiguous (xuānchuányuán 宣传员 "propagandist; publicist").[5]
The Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Xuānchuán Bù changed its official English name from "Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China" to "Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China".[6] As China’s involvement in world affairs grew in the 1990s, the CCP became sensitive to the negative connotations of the English translation propaganda for xuanchuan.[7] Official replacement translations include publicity, information, and political communication[8] When Ding Guan'gen traveled abroad on official visits, he was known as the Minister of Information.[9]
Function
The Publicity Department has a "direct leadership (lingdao - 领导)" role in the media control system, working with other organizations like the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television and the General Administration of Press and Publication.[10] Its scope is to control licensing of media outlets, and to give instructions to the media on what is and what is not to be said, especially about certain "delicate" issues, like Taiwan, Tibet, etc., that can affect state security, or the rule of the Communist Party.[3] Its central offices are located in an unmarked building near the Zhongnanhai at 5 West Chang'an Avenue, although the department has offices throughout the country at the provincial, municipal, and county level.[3]
The editors-in-chief of China's major media outlets must attend the department's central office weekly to receive instructions on which stories should be emphasized, downplayed, or not reported at all.[3] These instructions are not normally known to the public, but are communicated to media workers at the weekly meeting or via secret bulletins.[3] However, since the rise of social networking tools, Publicity Department instructions have been leaked to the internet. Examples include "All websites need to use bright red color to promote a celebratory atmosphere [of the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic]" and "negative reports... not exceed 30 per cent".[3]
Such directives are considered imperative, and are enforced by disciplines within the Party, as all media in China are required to be loyal to the Party, and are to serve as propaganda organs for the Party in principle. Operational and reporting freedom has significantly increased in the Chinese media in the recent decade. However, open defiance against the Publicity Department directives is rare, as dissenting media organizations risk severe punishment, including restructuring or closure. In 2000, a system of warnings was introduced for individual journalists, whereby repeat offenses can lead to dismissal.[3] Chinese journalists disclosing Publicity Department directives to foreign media may be charged with "divulging state secrets."
One important way the Publicity Department ensures that the media system remains well controlled is by ensuring that the boundaries of acceptable reporting are kept "deliberately fuzzy" in an effort to ensure that "news workers self-censor to a critical degree."[11]
Role in monitoring media personnel
According to a report from the U.S. government-backed Freedom House, the Central Publicity Department is the most important institution for monitoring media personnel and controlling the content of print and visual media.[12]
The Central Publicity Department was reported as playing a key role in monitoring editors and journalists through a national registration system. In 2003, the CPD, along with the GAPP and the SARFT, required Chinese journalists to attend nearly 50 hours of training on Marxism, the role of CCP leadership in the media, copyright law, libel law, national security law, regulations governing news content, and journalistic ethics prior to renewing press identification passes in 2003.[12] The report states that media personnel are required to participate in "ideological training sessions", where they are evaluated for their "loyalty to the party." Further "political indoctrination" courses are said to occur at meetings and training retreats to study party political ideology, and the role of the media in "thought work" (sīxiǎng gōngzuò 思想工作).[12]
It has been noted the CPD's monitoring system largely applies to news regarding politics and current affairs. 90 percent of China's newspapers consists of light stories regarding sport and entertainment, which are rarely regulated.[3]
Structure
A 1977 directive on the re-establishment of the Central Publicity Department reveals the structure and organization of the "extremely secretive" body, according to Anne-Marie Brady.[1] The directive states that the Department will be set up with one Director and several deputies, and the organizational structure will be set up with one office and five bureaus. The office is in charge of political, secretarial and administrative work, and the five bureaus are: the Bureau of Theory, Bureau of Propaganda and Education, Bureau of Arts and Culture, Bureau of News, and Bureau of Publishing. The directive states that the staff will be fixed at around 200 personnel, selected from propaganda apparatchiks across the country in consultation with the Central Organization Department.[1]
The leadership of the Publicity Department is selected with guidance from General Secretary Hu Jintao and the Politburo Standing Committee member responsible for the media, Li Changchun, while local branches of the Publicity Department work with lower levels of the party-state hierarchy to transmit content priorities to the media.[12]
New departments and offices were set up in 2004 to deal with the growing demands of information control in the modern era. One, the Bureau of Public Opinion, is in charge of commissioning public opinion surveys and other relevant research.[1]
Heads of the Department
- Li Da (1921–1922) as propaganda chief of the CPC Central Bureau
- Cai Hesen (1922–1923) as propaganda chief of the 2nd Central Executive Committee
- Luo Zhanglong (May 1924 – January 1925) as propaganda chief of the 3rd Central Executive Committee
- Peng Shuzhi (February 1925 - March 1927) as director of propaganda
- Cai Hesen (April 1927 – October 1927) as acting propaganda chief of the 5th Politburo
- Luo Qiyuan (November 1927 – June 1928)
- Cai Hesen (July 1928 – October 1928)
- Li Lisan (November 1928 – December 1930), as first head of the Central Propaganda Department
- Shen Zemin (January 1931 – April 1931)
- Zhang Wentian (April 1931 – December 1934)
- Wu Liangping (January 1935 – July 1937)
- Zhang Wentian (July 1937 – December 1942)
- Lu Dingyi (January 1943 – December 1952), as head of the "Central Propaganda Commission" from 1943 to 1945
- Xi Zhongxun (January 1953 – July 1954)
- Lu Dingyi (July 1954 – May 1966)
- Tao Zhu (May 1966 – January 1967)
- Wang Li (January 1967 – January 1968)
- Interregnum: The Propaganda Department was disbanded during the Cultural Revolution and it was replaced by units under the Cultural Revolution Group, the Gang of Four and Kang Sheng.
- Kang Sheng (November 1970 – December 1975), as head of the Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group
- Yao Wenyuan (January 1976 – October 1976)
- Geng Biao (October 1976 – October 1977) as head of the Central Propaganda Group
- Zhang Pinghua (October 1977 – December 1978)
- Hu Yaobang (December 25, 1978 – March 12, 1980)
- Wang Renzhong (March 12, 1980 – April 1982)
- Deng Liqun (April 1982 – August 1985)
- Zhu Houze (August 1985 – February 1987)
- Wang Renzhi (February 1987 – December 1992)
- Ding Guangen (December 1992 – October 2002)
- Liu Yunshan (October 2002 – November 2012)
- Liu Qibao (November 2012 – October 2017)
- Huang Kunming (October 2017 – present)
See also
- Zhang Zhixin
- Internet in China
- Propaganda in the People's Republic of China
- Media in the People's Republic of China
- Thought reform in the People's Republic of China
References
- ^ a b c d e Brady, Anne-Marie (2008). Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 13, 20. ISBN 978-0-7425-4057-6. OCLC 968245349.
- ^ "中共中央宣传部主要职能". Archived from the original on 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Schiller, Bill (September 27, 2009). "Beijing's 'aim is to make people docile'". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
- ^ Edney, Kingsley (2014). The Globalization of Chinese Propaganda. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 22, 195. doi:10.1057/9781137382153. ISBN 978-1-349-47990-0.
- ^ Translations from John DeFrancis, ed. (2003), ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press, p. 1087.
- ^ Shambaugh, David (January 2007). "China's Propaganda System: Institutions, Processes and Efficacy". The China Journal. 57 (57): 25–58. doi:10.1086/tcj.57.20066240. ISSN 1324-9347. JSTOR 20066240.
- ^ Mackinnon, Stephen R. (January 1997). "Toward a History of the Chinese Press in the Republican Period". Modern China. 23 (1): 3–32. doi:10.1177/009770049702300101. ISSN 0097-7004. JSTOR 189462.
- ^ Brady (2008), p 73.
- ^ Chen, Jianfu; Li, Yuwen; Otto, Jan Michiel (2002-05-29). Implementation of Law in the People's Republic of China. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 287. ISBN 978-90-411-1834-9. OCLC 49853349.
- ^ Brady (2008), p 17.
- ^ Hassid, Jonathan (June 2008). "Controlling the Chinese Media: An Uncertain Business". Asian Survey. 48 (3): 414–430. doi:10.1525/as.2008.48.3.414. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 10.1525/as.2008.48.3.414.
- ^ a b c d Esarey, Ashley (February 2006). "Speak No Evil: Mass Media Control in Contemporary China" (PDF). Freedom House. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
External links
- (in Chinese) Website of the Publicity Department
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
