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The speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House, and is simultaneously the body's presiding officer, the de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head.[1] Speakers also perform various administrative and procedural functions, all in addition to representing their own congressional district. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Neither does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates. Additionally, the speaker is second in the presidential line of succession, after the vice president and ahead of the president pro tempore of the Senate.[2]

The House elects a new speaker by roll call vote when it first convenes after a general election for its two-year term, or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. A majority of votes cast (as opposed to a majority of the full membership of the House) is necessary to elect a speaker.[1] If no candidate receives a majority vote, then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected.[3] The Constitution does not require the speaker to be an incumbent member of the House, although every speaker thus far has been.[4]

Altogether, 55 individuals, from 23 states, have served as speaker of the House. The office is currently held by Kevin McCarthy following the outcome of the 2023 speaker election conducted at the start of the 118th Congress.

List of speakers[edit]

The House has elected a speaker 128 times since 1789:[3] at the start of each of the 118 congresses, plus on 10 occasions when a vacancy arose during a Congress via death or resignation. Of the 55 people who have served as speaker of the House over the past 235 years, 32 served multiple terms, and seven of them served nonconsecutive terms: Frederick Muhlenberg, Henry Clay, John W. Taylor, Thomas Brackett Reed, Joseph W. Martin Jr., Sam Rayburn, and Nancy Pelosi. Altogether, there have been 64 occasions on which a new speaker took office. Every speaker of the House has been a member of a political party or faction; the number affiliated with each is:

  Democratic – 22;[a]   Republican – 17;   Democratic-Republican – 6;[b]   Jacksonian – 3;[a]   Whig – 3;   Federalist – 2;   Pro-Administration – 2;[c]   National Republican – 1;[b]   American – 1;   Anti-Administration – 1.[c]


List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives
Congress Term Portrait Name Party District[d]
1st April 1, 1789
–
March 4, 1791 		Frederick Muhlenberg Pro-Administration Pennsylvania at-large
2nd October 24, 1791
–
March 4, 1793 		Jonathan Trumbull Jr. Pro-Administration Connecticut at-large
3rd December 2, 1793[e]
–
March 4, 1795 		Frederick Muhlenberg Anti-Administration Pennsylvania at-large
4th December 7, 1795
–
March 4, 1797 		Jonathan Dayton Federalist New Jersey at-large

5th

May 15, 1797
–
March 4, 1799
6th December 2, 1799[e]
–
March 4, 1801 		Theodore Sedgwick Federalist Massachusetts 1
7th December 7, 1801
–
March 4, 1803 		Nathaniel Macon Democratic-
Republican 		North Carolina 5
8th October 17, 1803
–
March 4, 1805 		North Carolina 6
9th December 2, 1805[e]
–
March 4, 1807
10th October 26, 1807
–
March 4, 1809 		Joseph Bradley Varnum Democratic-
Republican 		Massachusetts 4
11th May 22, 1809[e]
–
March 4, 1811
12th November 4, 1811
–
March 4, 1813 		Henry Clay Democratic-
Republican 		Kentucky 5
13th May 24, 1813
–
January 19, 1814[f] 		Kentucky 2
13th[g] January 19, 1814
–
March 4, 1815 		Langdon Cheves Democratic-
Republican 		South Carolina 1
14th December 4, 1815
–
March 4, 1817 		Henry Clay Democratic-
Republican 		Kentucky 2
15th December 1, 1817
–
March 4, 1819
16th December 6, 1819
–
October 28, 1820[f]
16th[g] November 15, 1820[e]
–
March 4, 1821 		John W. Taylor Democratic-
Republican 		New York 11
17th December 4, 1821[e]
–
March 4, 1823 		Philip P. Barbour Democratic-
Republican 		Virginia 11
18th December 1, 1823
–
March 6, 1825[f] 		Henry Clay Democratic-
Republican 		Kentucky 3
19th December 5, 1825[e]
–
March 4, 1827 		John W. Taylor National Republican (Pro-Adams) New York 17
20th December 3, 1827
–
March 4, 1829 		Andrew Stevenson Jacksonian Virginia 9
21st December 7, 1829
–
March 4, 1831
22nd December 5, 1831
–
March 4, 1833
23rd December 2, 1833
–
June 2, 1834[f] 		Virginia 11
23rd[g] June 2, 1834[e]
–
March 4, 1835 		John Bell Jacksonian Tennessee 7
24th December 7, 1835
–
March 4, 1837 		James K. Polk Jacksonian Tennessee 9
25th September 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1839 		Democratic
26th December 16, 1839[e]
–
March 4, 1841 		Robert M. T. Hunter Whig Virginia 9
27th May 31, 1841
–
March 4, 1843 		John White Whig Kentucky 9
28th December 4, 1843
–
March 4, 1845 		John Winston Jones Democratic Virginia 6
29th December 1, 1845
–
March 4, 1847 		John Wesley Davis Democratic Indiana 6
30th December 6, 1847[e]
–
March 4, 1849 		Robert Charles Winthrop Whig Massachusetts 1
31st December 22, 1849[e]
–
March 4, 1851 		Howell Cobb Democratic Georgia 6
32nd December 1, 1851
–
March 4, 1853 		Linn Boyd Democratic Kentucky 1
33rd December 5, 1853
–
March 4, 1855
34th February 2, 1856[e]
–
March 4, 1857 		Nathaniel P. Banks American Massachusetts 7
35th December 7, 1857
–
March 4, 1859 		James Lawrence Orr Democratic South Carolina 5
36th February 1, 1860[e]
–
March 4, 1861 		William Pennington Republican New Jersey 5
37th July 4, 1861
–
March 4, 1863 		Galusha A. Grow Republican Pennsylvania 14
38th December 7, 1863
–
March 4, 1865 		Schuyler Colfax Republican Indiana 9
39th December 4, 1865
–
March 4, 1867
40th March 4, 1867
–
March 3, 1869[f]
40th[g] March 3–4, 1869 Theodore M. Pomeroy Republican New York 24
41st March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1871 		James G. Blaine Republican Maine 3
42nd March 4, 1871
–
March 4, 1873
43rd March 4, 1873
–
March 4, 1875
44th December 6, 1875
–
August 19, 1876[h] 		Michael C. Kerr Democratic Indiana 3
44th[g] December 4, 1876
–
March 4, 1877 		Samuel J. Randall Democratic Pennsylvania 3
45th October 15, 1877
–
March 4, 1879
46th March 18, 1879
–
March 4, 1881
47th December 5, 1881
–
March 4, 1883 		J. Warren Keifer Republican Ohio 8
48th December 3, 1883
–
March 4, 1885 		John G. Carlisle Democratic Kentucky 6
49th December 7, 1885
–
March 4, 1887
50th December 5, 1887
–
March 4, 1889
51st December 2, 1889
–
March 4, 1891 		Thomas Brackett Reed Republican Maine 1
52nd December 8, 1891
–
March 4, 1893 		Charles Frederick Crisp Democratic Georgia 3
53rd August 7, 1893
–
March 4, 1895
54th December 2, 1895
–
March 4, 1897 		Thomas Brackett Reed Republican Maine 1
55th March 15, 1897
–
March 4, 1899
56th December 4, 1899
–
March 4, 1901 		David B. Henderson Republican Iowa 3
57th December 2, 1901
–
March 4, 1903
58th November 9, 1903
–
March 4, 1905 		Joseph Gurney Cannon Republican Illinois 18
59th December 4, 1905
–
March 4, 1907
60th December 2, 1907
–
March 4, 1909
61st March 15, 1909
–
March 4, 1911
62nd April 4, 1911
–
March 4, 1913 		Champ Clark Democratic Missouri 9
63rd April 7, 1913
–
March 4, 1915
64th December 6, 1915
–
March 4, 1917
65th April 2, 1917
–
March 4, 1919
66th May 19, 1919
–
March 4, 1921 		Frederick H. Gillett Republican Massachusetts 2
67th April 11, 1921
–
March 4, 1923
68th December 5, 1923[e]
–
March 4, 1925
69th December 7, 1925
–
March 4, 1927 		Nicholas Longworth Republican Ohio 1
70th December 5, 1927
–
March 4, 1929
71st April 15, 1929
–
March 4, 1931
72nd December 7, 1931
–
March 4, 1933 		John Nance Garner Democratic Texas 15
73rd March 9, 1933
–
August 19, 1934[h] 		Henry Thomas Rainey Democratic Illinois 20
74th January 3, 1935
–
June 4, 1936[h] 		Jo Byrns Democratic Tennessee 5
74th[g] June 4, 1936
–
January 3, 1937 		William B. Bankhead Democratic Alabama 7
75th January 5, 1937
–
January 3, 1939
76th January 3, 1939
–
September 15, 1940[h]
76th[g] September 16, 1940
–
January 3, 1941 		Sam Rayburn Democratic Texas 4
77th January 3, 1941
–
January 3, 1943
78th January 6, 1943
–
January 3, 1945
79th January 3, 1945
–
January 3, 1947
80th January 3, 1947
–
January 3, 1949 		Joseph W. Martin Jr. Republican Massachusetts 14
81st January 3, 1949
–
January 3, 1951 		Sam Rayburn Democratic Texas 4
82nd January 3, 1951
–
January 3, 1953
83rd January 3, 1953
–
January 3, 1955 		Joseph W. Martin Jr. Republican Massachusetts 14
84th January 3, 1955
–
January 3, 1957 		Sam Rayburn Democratic Texas 4
85th January 3, 1957
–
January 3, 1959
86th January 7, 1959
–
January 3, 1961
87th January 3, 1961
–
November 16, 1961[h]
87th[g] January 10, 1962
–
January 3, 1963 		John W. McCormack Democratic Massachusetts 12
88th January 9, 1963
–
January 3, 1965 		Massachusetts 9
89th January 4, 1965
–
January 3, 1967
90th January 10, 1967
–
January 3, 1969
91st January 3, 1969
–
January 3, 1971
92nd January 21, 1971
–
January 3, 1973 		Carl Albert Democratic Oklahoma 3
93rd January 3, 1973
–
January 3, 1975
94th January 14, 1975
–
January 3, 1977
95th January 4, 1977
–
January 3, 1979 		Tip O'Neill Democratic Massachusetts 8
96th January 15, 1979
–
January 3, 1981
97th January 5, 1981
–
January 3, 1983
98th January 3, 1983
–
January 3, 1985
99th January 3, 1985
–
January 3, 1987
100th January 6, 1987
–
January 3, 1989 		Jim Wright Democratic Texas 12
101st January 3, 1989
–
June 6, 1989[f]
101st[g] June 6, 1989
–
January 3, 1991 		Tom Foley Democratic Washington 5
102nd January 3, 1991
–
January 3, 1993
103rd January 5, 1993
–
January 3, 1995
104th January 4, 1995
–
January 3, 1997 		Newt Gingrich Republican Georgia 6
105th January 7, 1997
–
January 3, 1999[f]
106th January 6, 1999
–
January 3, 2001 		Dennis Hastert Republican Illinois 14
107th January 3, 2001
–
January 3, 2003
108th January 7, 2003
–
January 3, 2005
109th January 3, 2005
–
January 3, 2007
110th January 4, 2007
–
January 3, 2009 		Nancy Pelosi Democratic California 8
111th January 6, 2009
–
January 3, 2011
112th January 5, 2011
–
January 3, 2013 		Official 2019 portrait of John Boehner, former Speaker of the House from 2011-2015 John Boehner Republican Ohio 8
113th January 3, 2013
–
January 3, 2015
114th January 6, 2015
–
October 29, 2015[f]
114th[g] October 29, 2015
–
January 3, 2017 		Paul Ryan Republican Wisconsin 1
115th January 3, 2017
–
January 3, 2019
116th January 3, 2019
–
January 3, 2021 		Nancy Pelosi Democratic California 12
117th January 3, 2021
–
January 3, 2023
118th January 7, 2023[e]
–
present 		Kevin McCarthy Republican California 20
References:[5][6]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b During James K. Polk's tenure as speaker the Jacksonian bloc amalgamated into the modern Democratic Party.
  2. ^ a b John Taylor served as speaker twice in the 1820s; initially he was as a member of the Democratic–Republican Party, and later, when the party began to fracture, he sided with its pro–Adams faction.
  3. ^ a b Frederick Muhlenberg served as speaker twice in the 1790s, before political factions coalesced into formal parties; initially he identified with the pro–administration faction, but later he aligned himself with the anti–administration faction.
  4. ^ The district listed is the district the speaker represented at the time they were in office, which may be different in different Congresses due to redistricting.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Multi-ballot election.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Resigned from office and from Congress.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Intra-term special election.
  8. ^ a b c d e Died in office.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Forte, David F. "Essays on Article I: Speaker of the House". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  2. ^ Relyea, Harold C. (August 5, 2005). "Continuity of Government: Current Federal Arrangements and the Future" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. pp. 2–4. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Speaker Elections Decided by Multiple Ballots". history.house.gov. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  4. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard S. (January 4, 2019). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2019" (PDF). RL30857. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  5. ^ "List of Speakers of the House". Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  6. ^ Speakers of the House of Representatives, 1789-2021. Amenia, New York: Grey House Publishing. 2021. ISBN 978-1-64265-834-7.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Federal government of the United States.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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