User:Chindit Singh/sandbox

Nishaan-e-mard-e Momin ba too moyam,

Choon marg aayad, tabassum bar lab-e-ost

(You ask me for the signs of a man of faith?

When death comes to him,

He has a smile on his lips.)

Shauq-e-tool-o-peych is zulmat qade mein hai agar,

Bengalee ke baat sun aur Bengalan key baal deykh

(If you like to add legnth to a story, put a twist in its tail,

Hear a Bengali talk (endlessly) and gaze upon his woman's long hair.)

Voh waqt bhee dekhya tareekh kee gharion nay,

Lamhon nay khataa kee thee,

Sadiyon nay sazaa payee

(The ages of history have recorded times,

Where for an error made in a few seconds,

Centuries had to pay the price.)

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Jawahir Singh Kapur

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Delhi

History of Delhi

India Gate

Rashtrapati Bhavan

Connaught Place

Rajpath

Janpath

South Delhi

Central Delhi

References

The Sikh Revolutionary and Durbar Wars, sometimes called the Great Durbar War, were a series of conflicts between the Sukherchakia Raj and several kingdoms in India under the British East India Company. They encompass the Misl Unification War against the various Misls and from 1805 onwards the Lahore-Patiala War, Afghan-Sikh Wars, First Anglo-Afghan War, First Durbar War, Second Durbar War, Third Durbar War and Lahore Durbar Mutiny of 1856.First Afghan-Sikh War (Abdali)

• Gangetic Campaign of the Sikhs
• Rajputana Campaign of the Sikhs
• Third Hill States-Sikh War
• Fourth Hill States-Sikh War
• Second Anglo-Maratha War
• First Misl Unification War
• Second Afghan-Sikh War (Timur Shah)
• Katoch-Sikh War
• Dogra-Sikh War
• Nepal-Sikh War
• Second Misl Unification War
• First Baloch-Sikh War
• Burmese-Sikh War
• Second Baloch-Sikh War
• Third Afghan-Sikh War (Zaman Shah)
• Muslim Rebellion of 1830
• Fourth Afghan-Sikh War (Nalwa)
• Standoff in the Khyber Pass
• Fifth Hill States-Sikh War
• Fifth Afghan-Sikh War (Basawan)
• Maqpon-Sikh War
• Tatar-Sikh War
• Sino-Sikh War
• Panchayati Revolution
• First Anglo-Sikh War
• Second Anglo-Sikh War
• Parakramabahu VIII of Kotte----Shivnabh Parakramabahu VIII of Kotte
• Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri----Sultan Hamid Karun of Misar
• Afonso I of Kongo
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Channi64+Pandit Keshav Das etc)

My father died at ninety, a few minuites after he had his last sip of Scotch. My mother followed him eight years later when she was ninety-four. Her last request, made in a feeble, barely audible voice, was 'Viskee'. It was given to her. She threw it up and spoke no more.

Events in Sikh history:

1850-1880

1. First Sikh Dark Ages
2. First Deravaad Ansi Sikhs Gulabdasi Sect Nirankaris Brahmo Samaj in Punjab Sitala Mata Mahants Taksalism
3. First Isaivaad
4. First Nashavaad
5. Revolt of 1857
6. Punjab Education Policy
7. Sikh Jagirs
8. Sikh Trade Routes
9. Second Opium War
10. Kuka Movement
11. Sikh Settlement outside Punjab
12. Punjab Rural Insurrection

1880-1947

1. Singh Sabha Movement (Amritsar, Lahore, Bhasaur)
2. Punjab Canal Colonies
3. Tirah Campaign
4. Arya Samaj in Punjab
5. Christianity in Punjab
6. World War I
7. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
8. Third Anglo-Afghan War
9. Pagdi Sambhal Jatta Movement
10. Non-Cooperation Movement
11. Akali Movement
12. Nankana Sahib Massacre
13. Babbar Akali Movement
14. New Delhi Development Project
15. Civil Disobedience Movement
16. World War II
17. Sikhistan Independence War
18. 1947 Indo-Pakistan War

1947-1997

1. Partition Resettlement Program
2. Punjabi Suba Movement
3. Disbandment of P.E.P.S.U.
4. Green Revolution in Punjab, India
5. Shiromani Akali Dal Split
6. 1962 Sino-Indian War
7. 1965 Indo-Pakistan War
8. 1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election
9. Naxalite Movement in Punjab, India
10. Batala Conference
11. Anandpur Sahib Resolution
12. The Emergency (India)
13. Save Democracy Protests
14. Sikh-Nirankari Clashes
15. Dharam-Yudh Morcha
16. Operation Blue Star
17. Sikh Mutiny of 1984
18. Assassination of Indira Gandhi
19. 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots
20. Sikh Exodus of 1984
21. Khalistan Liberation War
22. 1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election
23. Police Rule in Punjab

Second Sikh Dark Ages

1. 1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election
2. Sikh Exodus of the 21st Century
3. Diasporization of Khalistan
4. Second Nashavaad
5. Second Isaivaad
6. Second Deravaad Akhand Kirtani Jatha Nirankaris Namdharis RSSB Ram Rahim Hinduism
7. Punjabi Music Industry
8. Second Punjab Rural Insurrection
9. 2015 Guru Granth Sahib desecration controversy
10. 2015 Sarbat Khalsa
11. 2020-2021 Indian farmers' protest
12. Amritpal Singh Saga

Sujan Singh traced his ancestry through his father Inder Singh right up to Baba Sangat Singh who in the seige of Chamkaur , had worn Guru Gobind Singh's clothes and let himself be captured and executed so that his Guru could escape . The martyrdom of Sangat Singh has always been a matter of pride for members of the family . Sujan Singh and his kinsmen were traders .

Jawahar Singh Kapur

Son of Bhai Anna Singh Kapur of Gurjanwala. Ancestors were Granthis in the Darbar Sahib.

After finishing school, he entered service in the accounts department of the North Western Railway in 1876, and making steady progress rose to be the superintendent in the Manager’s office in 1903. In 1882, he attended law classes of the University of the Panjab, but did not continue to complete the course. In 1886, he applied for the position of a Granthi at the Harimandar at Amritsar, but his candidature was rejected owing to his earlier religious affiliations. He has 18 works in 43 publications in 2 languages and 89 library holdings to his credit. The main proponents of the Singh Sabha were educated, energetic men of the middle class including Gurmukh Singh Chandhur, Dit Singh, and Jawahar Singh Kapur. Gurmukh Singh Chandhur (1849-98) was employed as a cook in the palace kitchen of the raja of Kapurthala. He was given a stipend by the raja and after completing his studies became the first professor of Punjabi at the Oriental College (1885). He was the author of many books in Punjabi including a History of India. Dit Singh (18531901) was a Mazhabi of Patiala. He was amongst those most eager to welcome Dayanand and later his most vigorous critic. Jawahar Singh Kapur (1859-1901), a Khatri Sikh, was employed as a clerk in the north¬ western railway.

Jawahar Singh Kapur addressed meetings in Amritsar telling his Sikh audiences that the Arya Samaj had its institutions to teach Sanskrit and the Vedas, the Muslims had made provision for the teaching of the Koran at Aligarh, but the Sikhs had no institution for the study of Gurmukhi and the Grahth. Tribune, August 15, 1890. The two Singh Sabhas joined hands to create the Khalsa College. An Englishman, Dr. S. C. Oman, was appointed principal. The chief justice of the Punjab High Court, W. H. Rattigan, became president of the college establishment committee, which was controlled by the vicepresident, Sir Attar Singh of Bhadaur, and the secretary, Jawahar Singh Kapur.

The Establishment of the Singh Sabha Lahore, in 1879 A.D. The Singh Sabha of Amritsar was emulated by a new organisation, The Lahore Singh Sabha, which held its first meeting on November 2,1879. Its prominent members were Jawahar Singh Kapur, Thakur Singh Sandhanwalia, Prince Bikram Singh of Kapurthala, Professor Gurmukh Singh and Giani Ditt Singh. The Lahore Sabha was even more democratic than the Amritsar Sabha and accepted members of all castes including untouchables.

The Singh Sabha leadership included GianI Dit Singh, Prof. Gurmukh Singh, Kanwar Bikram Singh, and BhaT Jawahar Singh Kapur etc. During this period the Sikh nation had to fight on another front. It was British sponsored Arya Samaj movement, which was imported to the Sikh Homeland in order to push the Sikhs to another front. The Christians and the Arya Samajists carried on plans to convert the Sikhs into Christianity and Hinduism respectively. The awakened Sikh leadership, under the banner of Singh Sabha, thwarted the designs of the Christian missionaries and the British-sponsored Arya Samaj movement and succeed in saving the Sikh religion from disappearing.

Bhai Jawahar Singh Kapoor was the Vice-President of Lahore Singh Sabha.He was Head clerk in Northern Railway.He talked with Professor Gurmukh Singh, and Giani Dit Singh, and they thought in the long run.(ref. P 233 of"Bhai Dit Singh Giani, Jivan,Rachna Te Shakhsiat", by Dr. Karnail Singh Somal).On this page the author has written about the Newspaper"Khalsa Akhbar, dated May 25,1900.This Newspaper confirms that---"Jis Kaum Wich Door Andesh Ate Diragh Vichar Wale Purakh Na Hon, oh Kaum Kade Bhi Apani Unati Nahi Kar Sakdi---

There was an agreement between the British Government and Singh Sabha organizers to constrct Gurdwaras in East-Africa.Owing to this agreement,Prof.Gurmukh Singh visited Kilindini, a place visited by Satguru Hargobind Sahib in 1632.The first Sri Guru Singh Sabha Gurdwara Sahib was opened in Kilindini literally within a few weeks of the arrival of the first shipload of indentured labourers in 1898.

The committee founded the Khalsa College and academic programme started in 1894. Jawahar Singh Kapoor and Sunder Singh Majithia were pioneers in the establishment of the Khalsa College. The Sikhs maharajas made their contribution financially. Jawahar Singh Kapoor who was an aryasmajist served as secretary of the Khalsa College Amritsar managing committee for 20 years. Meanwhile, Mohindera College was set up at Patiala by Maharaja Patiala and Randhir College at Kapurthala by the Raja of Kapurthala.

Sir Robert Egerton contributed.

His daughter, Durga Devi and Dr. Sunder Singh Puri's, marriage was the first time a traditional Sikh did an Anand Karaj, before it was only Nirankaris who performed so.

In 1886 he applied to be a Granthi in the Darbar Sahib but was not allowed due to his previous religious affiliations with the Arya Samaj.

When he was younger he was affiliated with a man named Sant Bahadur Singh of the Gulabdasi sect, and later joined the Arya Samaj, and became the President of Arya Samaj Lahore. He was the head of Arya Paropkarini Sabha from 1878-1883. He broke all ties with the Arya Samaj on 25th November 1885, when an Arya Samaji preacher named Pandit Guru Dutt spoke deregetorily about Guru Nanak Dev on the eleventh annual meeting of the Arya Samaj. The base of the Arya Samaj broke up as all Sikhs who supported it left the Arya Samaj and created the Lahore Singh Sabha to fight against the Hindu and Christian crusade against Sikhism. These included Bhai Ditt Singh, Prof. Gurumukh Singh, Kanwar Bikram Singh of Kapurthala and Sir Attar Singh of Bhadaur. Sardar Dharam Singh Garjakhvalia.

He became the Vice-President of the Lahore Singh Sabha, and pressed claims of the Punjabi language in 1882 in front of the Hunter Commission.

The foundation stone for #Khalsa College, a premier education institution for Sikhs, was laid in Amritsar by Sir James Broadwood Lyall. Prof. Gurmukh Singh was instrumental in its establishment. The Khalsa College Establishment Committee was set up in 1890 to build the institution, including Sir Attar Singh, Gurdial Singh Maan of Nabha, Diwan Gurmukh Singh of Patiala, Bhai Kahn Singh, Professor Gurmukh Singh, and Sardar Jawahir Singh. Many individuals and princely states donated to establish the institution.⁠⁠ Maharaja Rajendra Singh of Patiala, Maharaja Hira Singh of Nabha, Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala and Sir Sunder Singh Majithia.

He inaugarated Lansdowne Bridge at Sakkhar in 1889.

He wrote multiple books, two of them very famous- named Ifalds-I-Hind or the Poverty of India and Dharam Vichar which were reviewed well by British newspapers like the Homeland Mail.

The Amritsar Singh Sabha attacked Bhai Jawahar Singh Kapur and Bhai Ditt Singh for being Gulabdasis in the past.

He was also an editor on the Khalsa Akhbar.

Among them were Dit Singh, Jawahir. Singh and Maya Singh. What the Samaj managed to achieve in barely fifteen-months on several fronts including a new ideology, organization and membership, the Amritsar Sabha had failed to attain in six years. Its leadership was mostly made up of men who had no background in anglo-vernacular education and the intricacies of'print culture'.

A monthly journal, Sudhiirak, was also launched by Gurrnukh Singh in 1886. Behind the continuous expansion of the Lahore Sabha in the 1880s stood three men: Jawahir Singh, Giani Dit Singh and Attar Singh of Bhadaur.

But already by 1886 Jawahir Singh was a Secretary of the Lahore Sabha and Dit Singh a speaker on its public platforms. It is possible that the two at the same time maintained contact with the Arya Samaj as well. But it seems more likely that they had left the Samaj by 1886, much before the virulent attack by Pandit Lekh Ram and Lala Guru Datta on Sikhism at the anniversary celebrations of the Lahore Arya Samaj in 1888.

He was apart of the new Punjabi elites

new elites. His biographical details distinctly represent many of the features that I have associated with an evolue class: the high ritual standing of an upper caste; a bureaucratic job, anglo-vernacular education, familarity and use of 'print culture' and an active promotion of new voluntary associations. Bhagat Lak:shman Singh called him 'the most learned Sikh of his time' .55 Born in 1859 at Amritsar to a family of granthis at the Golden Temple, hardly anything is known about his early upbringing, except that as a disciple of a Gulabdasi preacher Jawahir Singh travelled extensively when still very young with his religious preceptor. 56 At the age of seventeen, he joined the accounts department of the Sind-Punjab and Delhi Railway Company at Lahore. Administering railroad offices was to become a life-long vocation and in his later years Jawahir Singh rose to be a superintendant of the North-West Railways. 57

There was nothing in the ten principles of the Samaj, based on monotheism, omnipresence of God and a universal morality preaching love, justice and truth, that in any way conflicted with Sikhism, least of all with its Sanatan strand. While the Samaj was still in its infancy and needing to overcome several obstacles, particularly a growing opposition from the Hindu orthodoxy, Jawahir Singh took up in 1878 the position of Samaj secretary. It is remarkable that he came to occupy this high post when he was only nineteen years of age and continued to serve in it for the next five years.

In answer to a question by Mr. Stokes, a commission member; 'Would [he] exclude men of low caste ?', J awahir Singh answered 'yes'. When further pressed and asked if he would exclude them altogether, the Sabha's nominee, fmding himself cornered, somewhat revised his position and responded: Not altogether. They [the Sabha] would leave it to the Government to decide. By men of low caste I mean men of the lower middle class, and below that I mean the people whose manners and habits might not be suitable. A man of low social status might be able to pass a purely intellectual test, but might not be desirable otherwise; while in a system of patronage you can secure men of almost equal ability and education and also men of influence. 59 Two points merit attention from this brief statement. First, Jawahir Singh and the Sabha were not keen on competition from the lower castes or lower order, for posts in the highest echelons of the colonial administration. In fact they feared the masses.

On hearing this, Jawahir Singh stood up and resolutely informed his audience: 'In case you are interested in knowing the true state of Sikh religion, undertake a visit to the countryside. There you will fmd how Sikh traditions are going amiss. Our first responsibilty ought to be the reform and correction of folk Sikhism.'73

Singh Sabha Movement

The Amritsar Singh Sabha (Punjabi: ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਭਾ), popularly known as Sanatan Singh Sabha (Punjabi: ਸਨਾਤਨ ਸਿੰਘ ਸਭਾ), was founded in 1873, "It was essentially original and Sanatan ('eternal'). The Sanatan Sikh (a term and formulation coined by Harjot Oberoi) were the traditional Sikhs who were eventually marginalised.

History

Formation and Support

The Amritsar Singh Sabha was supported by Sujan Singh Bedi, the head of the Una Bedis, Sir Khem Singh Bedi, head of the Kallar Bedis, Sodhi Ram Narain Singh, the head of the Anandpur Sodhis, two Takhts- Anandpur Sahib and Patna Sahib, Baba Ujagar Singh Bhalla, head of the Rawalpindi Bhallas, Satguru Hari Singh, head of the Kukas, Akali Giana Singh and Akali Javand Singh, heads of the Nihang order, Mahant Narain Singh, Giani Hazara Singh, Giani Gian Singh, Giani Sardul Singh of the Nirmalas, Raja Thakur Singh Sandhawalia of Raja Sansi, Kanwar Bikram Singh of Faridkot, Kanwar Bikrama Singh of Kapurthala and Avtar Singh Vahiria of Thoha Khalsa.

Despite being named as the Amritsar Singh Sabha, the followers were mainly of West Punjab. They had their first meeting on the 1st of October 1873, although none of them provided structure despite their money and status. The Christian Missionaries had started gaining a footing in Punjab, when four Sikh students converted to the religion in Kapurthala, they had called in their first meeting wherein Udasis, Nirmalas, Granthis and Gianis attended at the Majithia Bunga, near the Akal Takht.

Their main ideology was to purify Sikh conduct in the villages, and they started it through making speeches and establishing Gurudwaras around Punjab. They did produce literature, but in an unorganized and limited manner, the main two being Baba Sumer Singh of Patna, Giani Gian Singh and Avatar Singh Vahiria who wrote the Khalsa Dharam Shastra. Giani Gian Singh was the first author who wrote the Sri Gurupurab Prakash in 1883. Then Raja Bikram Singh of Faridkot commissioned Giani Badan Singh Sekhavan to create an exegesis on the Guru Granth Sahib- known as the Faridkot Tika. The Rawalpindi Singh Sabha, a sister organization, was also created and was very successful.

Conflict with the Lahore Singh Sabha

The Amritsar Singh Sabha had started at the same time as the Arya Samaj Lahore had gained a footing in Punjab. They both had good relations, and many common Sikhs had supported and became the base of the Arya Samaj. Although in 1886, one Pandit Guru Dutt had made deregatory remarks against Guru Nanak, within a year men like Gurmukh Singh, Ditt Singh, Jawahar Singh Kapur and Maya Singh left the Arya Samaj at once and formed the Lahore Singh Sabha, to fight against the Arya Samaj's crusade against Sikhism. Within a year the Lahore Singh Sabha's organization was more impressive than what the former was able to do in six years. They used their Anglo-Vernacular education, print culture and media like newspapers to spread their modernized version of Sikhism. Originally the two sides were on good terms with each other, Sir Khem Singh Bedi was invited for the first session and Raja Thakur Singh Sandhawalia for the second. The Sri Guru Singh Sabha General had the two branches of the Amritsar and Lahore Singh Sabhas.

The schism first occurred when Baba Nihal Singh wrote the Khurshid Khalsa against the Lahore Singh Sabha, and was supported by all scholars of the Amritsar Singh Sabha. To start their 'cold war', the Lahore Singh Sabha created the Khalsa Diwan, Lahore and the Amritsar Singh Sabha created the Khalsa Diwan, Amritsar. The British were Machiavellian in their tactics and did not openly support either side, although tilted towards the Amritsar Singh Sabha during its begginging- with the Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, attending a meeting in April 1885. The Amritsar Singh Sabha and Lahore Singh Sabha continued their academic battles, fighting each other in their books and media. Bhai Harsha Singh of the Amritsar Singh Sabha started the newspaper Vidyarak to combat against the Khalsa Akhbar and Khalsa Gazette. The Lieutenant Governor of Punjab and Raja Bikram Singh of Faridkot were the two main patrons for the Khalsa Diwan, Amritsar.

The Amritsar Singh Sabha was also a movement for the Khatri elite of West Punjab, the religion that was followed by the elites of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Whereas the Lahore Singh Sabha was a movement for the middle class, the socially downtrodden Mazhabis and the hardy Jatt stock of Sikhs. The leaders of the Amritsar Singh Sabha was composed of the old elites, whereas the Lahore Singh Sabha were the new elites. The final straw of the Amritsar Singh Sabha was the division created in the Khalsa Diwan, Amritsar- they separated the Khalsa Diwan, Amritsar into two parts- Mahan Khand for the aristocracy and Saman Khand for the common people. Sir Khem Singh Bedi led the former and Bhai Man Singh, manager of the Darbar Sahib, led the former.

Decline

Through constant academic bombardment and lack of modernization, since they stuck to novels and traditional methods like poetry, Dhadi Vaars, Granths etc, whereas they could not create printing presses and newspapers fast enough despite their status. The Khalsa College started by the Lahore Singh Sabha had also influenced the youth more than any other dynamic, the Amritsar Singh Sabha could not create a Sikh institution as grand as the Lahore Singh Sabha was able to. The Amritsar Singh Sabha was also not able to provide monetary funds as they did not wish to spend too much resources, whereas Sir Attar Singh of Bhadaur had spent almost all his monetary funds to provide for the Lahore Singh Sabha.

Slowly the Amritsar Singh Sabha's academic presence declined to only three Singh Sabhas (Amritsar, Rawalpindi and Faridkot) and the Sikh elite was quick to adopt the ideology of the Lahore Singh Sabha, which had also branched into many Sabhas, around 117 of them in different villages, districts and cities in North India- although some were made all the way in Burma, Malaysia and Hong Kong.

Beliefs

They believed that marriage ceremonies in Sikhism never had a direct form of conduct, and it could vary from family to family, culture to culture. They did not believe that Sikhism and Hinduism were the same religion, contrary to popular belief, but they differentiated between the two- so much that Sir Khem Singh Bedi in his Sanskar Bagh Rehatnama banned wearing the colour Saffron for Sikhs. They believed in spirits, witchcraft, casteism, the ability of dead saints to work miracles, good and bad omens, pilgrimage and many other theories which were criticized by Sikhs, saying that the Sabha was more of a magic show. They also believed that a Sikh may find solace in the Muslim Pir- Sakhi Sarwar or the Hindu Gugga Pir.

The Amritsar Singh Sabha was a more strict form of Sikhism, although they focused on traditional styles of preaching (speech, books, poetic meter, Dhadhis), traditional Indic terminology and traditional mindsets of the Khalsa. Neither side was political, although it was suspected that the Amritsar Singh Sabha was planning to resurrect Sikh rule in Punjab from the British, although possibly not as their leaders all accepted servitude, and Khem Singh Bedi even fought for the British against Ahmad Khan Kharral in the Revolt of 1857 and the rulers of Faridkot, Raja Sansi and Kapurthala had accepted the British.

They, although, were for the electrification of the Darbar Sahib and viewed it as a boon while the Lahore Singh Sabha argued that no mosque or church in the West, not even Westminster Abbey, had been electrified at that time and that it would have been a show of extravagance rather than the humility that the Gurus preached.

First Khalistan Liberation War

First Khalistan Liberation War
Part of Partition of India
Location Punjab, Delhi, Jammu, Bikaner, North West Frontier Province
Belligerents
Pakistan Bahawalpur State Pataudi State Loharu State Tonk State Khairpur State Feudal Pathan states in the FATA region Supported By Great Britain	India Jammu and Kashmir Mandi State Chamba State Alwar State Various other princely states across India Supported By Great Britain	Shiromani Akali Dal Shiromani Budha Dal Patiala State Kapurthala State Nabha State Faridkot State Jind State Kalsia State Nalagarh State Bilaspur State Bikaner State
Commanders and leaders
Jinnah Feroze Khan Noon Nasir Ahmed Sir Francis Mudie Iftikhar Hussain Khan Evan Meredith Jenkins Bertrand Glancy General Nawab Sir Sadiq Muhammad Khan V Abbasi	Nehru Sardar Patel Mohan Singh Mohinder Singh Chopra
Units involved
123rd Indian Infantry Brigade 1st Battalion, 15th Punjab Regiment 1,900 8th Battalion, 10th Baluch Regiment 2,300 3rd Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment 1,400 2nd Battalion, 1st Punjab Regiment 1,000 Muslim League National Guard 170,000 Bahawalpur State Forces 1,950 Bahawalpur State Police 3,000 Punjab Police 45,000 Various unorganized Muslim groups, tribes and gangs 6,000,000 Supported By Punjab Boundary Force 50,000 Punjab Frontier Guards 12,000 Punjab Defence Force 3,000	123rd Indian Infantry Brigade 4th Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry 1,800 1st Battalion, 17th Dogra Regiment 1,400 8th Battalion, 6th Rajputana Rifles 1,100 1st Battalion, 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles 900 3rd Battalion, 9th Jat Regiment 1,200 3rd Battalion, 9th Gurkha Rifles 2,600 Punjab Police 30,000 Desh Sevak Sena 10,000 Desh Istri Sena 15,000 National Volunteer Corps 2,000 Students' Home Guards 800 Supported By Punjab Boundary Force 50,000 Punjab Frontier Guards 12,000 Punjab Defence Force 3,000 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 66,000 Vishva Hindu Parishad 29,000 Hindu Mahasabha 33,000 Hindu-Sikh Milap Dal 200 Other Hindu tribes, Meos, Gurjars, Jats 30,000	Akal Regiment Akal Sena 300,000 Akal Fauj 220,000 Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee Fauzi Guard 950 Nalwa Regiment 1,900 Ajit Fauj 700 Shaheedi Dal 40,000 Sher-I-Punjab Dal 3,000 Dashmesh Sena 1,000 Shiromani Budha Dal 14,000 Tarna Dal 900 Bidhi Chand Dal 3,150 Other Sikh jathas, gangs and mobs 2,085,000 Patiala State Forces 3,000 Patiala State Police 9,000 Paramjit Infantry 1,000 Kapurthala State Police 4,000 Faridkot State Forces 1,000 Faridkot State Police 4,000 Nabha State Forces 500 Nabha State Police 700 Jind State Forces 400 Jind State Police 700 Supported By Ganga Risala 1,700 Bikaner State Police 7,000
Strength
Total (including supporting groups): 6,291,550 Total (not including supporting groups): 6,226,550	Total (including supporting groups): 290,000 Total (not including supporting groups): 66,800	Total (including supporting groups): 2,702,900 Total (not including supporting groups): 2,694,200

Rajdev Singh

Rajdev Singh
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
In office 1989-1991
Preceded by	Balwant Singh Ramoowalia
Succeeded by	Gurcharan Singh Dadhahoor
Constituency	Sangrur, Punjab
Personal details
Born	(1951-10-11) 11 October 1951 Patiala, Punjab , India
Political party	Shiromani Akali Dal (Master Tara Singh) till 1978 United Shiromani Akali Dal in 1989 Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) till 2015 Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Aam Aadmi Party (2016-2018) Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali) (11.01.2019-30.04.2019) Bhartiya Lok Sewa Dal (30.04.2019)

Rajdev Singh is an Indian politician and belonged to Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali).He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Sangrur in Punjab on the ticket of Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann) He is known to be the most, or one of the most, skilled politicians in Punjab- going to no lengths to fulfill his aspirations for Sikhism and Punjab.

Early life

He was born in Dhanaula, Barnala, in the erstwhile Patiala and East Punjab States Union, a 'B state' ruled by monarchy of the great lineage of Patiala; at that time Maharaja Yadavindra Singh of Patiala. He was hand picked by Master Tara Singh and was educated alongside being taught politics by veteran Akali leaders. He then, at a young age, was selected by Sant Fateh Singh to head the Sikh Student Federation’s Punjab Division, which he did from 1968-1970, though he did not leave Master Tara Singh's ideology or person.

Political career

From 1970-1978 he worked with the Shiromani Akali Dal alongside old Akali names like Parkash Singh Badal, Gurcharan Singh Tohra, Surjit Singh Barnala and others. He started his legal training during this time and after the Sikh-Nirankari clashes he left the party, and joined a less party-based politics, involving social measures to curtail political favor.

He joined Sikh fundamentalist Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale's camp and gained his favor. He was present with Bhindranwale and his small army of Sikh guards during the day of Operation Blue Star, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale reportedly told him to leave and help young Sikhs to have legal aid, and help his father Joginder Singh Bhindranwale. After Operation Blue Star he spent time as a lawyer.

Rajdev Singh contested the 1989 parliamentary elections from Sangrur as a candidate of the United Akali Dal, the party headed by Baba Joginder Singh Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale's father. He won and took oath as an MP along with some others elected from his party. During Panthic politics' largest win in elections since the dawn of electoral politics in India, he was the de-facto leader of it as Simranjit Singh Mann refused to join the Parliament.

After a period of political seclusion following Baba Joginder Singh’s death in 1993, Rajdev Singh reentered the political arena in 2012 by joining the party of Sukhdev Singh Dhinsa, the Shiromani Akali Dal. Though the party did not last long. He then had a brief encounter with the Rashtriya Sikh Sangat. Rajdev Singh gave them three conditions for him to join-

1. The Rashtriya Sikh Sangat should acknowledge that Sikhs are not Hindus, but have a separate identity.
2. Jarnail Singh Bhindrawale and others, who had laid their life for the Sikh cause, were “martyrs”.
3. They would work towards giving a special status to the Sikhs under the constitution.

They agreed and Rajdev Singh was put in charge of the organization in Malwa. After the Beadbi incidents of 2015, he realized that the Rashtriya Sikh Sangat would not fulfill his promises and hence he parted ways with them.

He went on to give his support to the Aam Aadmi Party candidate Harvinder Singh Phoolka, a close friend of his, who he believed would give justice to the Anti-Sikh riot victims if he became the Chief Minister of Punjab. He was not elected and later left the Aam Aadmi Party.

In January 2019, Khalsa joined the Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali) — a breakaway faction of the Shiromani Akali Dal — formed by old Akali leaders Ranjit Singh Brahmpura, Rattan Singh Ajnala and Sewa Singh Sekhwan. Khalsa was declared the candidate from Sangrur for the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, but he did not contest due to an injury. He later left and joined the Bhartiya Lok Sewa Dal

In December 2021, he was again in the news after joining the BJP with Fateh Singh Bajwa, a former Congressman. “I left the BJP almost as soon as I joined because again I was promised that the party would make the three announcements that the RSS promised me. But, I was let down again. So I left,” he said.

In June 2022, ahead of the Sangrur parliamentary by-election, Khalsa supported his bete noire, Simranjeet Singh Mann. The two had joined hands after 32 years, though he left the party shortly after, giving his legal aide to a younger Panthic leader who had been caught in the middle of a political storm, Amritpal Singh. Amritpal Singh's statements created a storm in Punjab which would only lead to him being detained under the NSA laws, after a month-long manhunt by police across North India. His youthful machismo and fiery speeches made young Sikhs reminisce about Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, leading to greater popularity. Once deciding to contest in the elections a year later, Tarsem Singh, his father, and Rajdev Singh were able to put their calm and experienced demeanors to work and calm the fiery, rebelious image of Amritpal Singh. In the entire Punjab state Amritpal Singh had won by the highest margin of 1,97120 votes.

External links

• Profile on Lok Sabha website

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Second Khalistan Liberation War

Indian Army

• BSF Border Security Force 175,000 (158 battalions. Half patrolling against kharkus)
• Punjab Police 70,000
• Police from other states sent to help 75,000
• Special Police Officers 40,000
• Intelligence Personnel 5,000 
• Home Guards 25,000
• CRPF Central Reserve Police Force 150,000 (134 battalions) 
• ITBP Indo Tibetan Border Police 30,000 
• CISF Central Industrial Security Force 90,000
• NSG National Security Guard 6,500 
• SSG Special Security Guard 10,000
• IRF Indian Reserve Force 16,500 (15 battalions)
• Assam Rifles 35,000 (31 battalions)
• Rashtriya Rifles 40,000 (36 battalions)
• Border Security Force Cats 5,000
• Fauj-E-Alam Mujahideen 3,000
• Shiv Sena (Jalota) 700
• Shiv Sena (Tangri) 550
• Hindu Suraksha Samiti 300
• Tarna Dal 1,200
• Virk Sena 200
• Vaidya Commando Force 900
• Indian Lions 90-150
• Indian National Army 100
• Zabar te Firkaprasti Virodhi Front 80
• Brigade of Red Guards 3,500
• Brigade of Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha 2,000

Total 790,380

Royal Army of Khalistan

• Babbar Khalsa 1,200
• Bhindranwala Tiger Force of Khalistan 500
• Khalistan Commando Force 750
• Khalistan Liberation Army 300
• Khalistan Liberation Force 850
• Dashmesh Regiment 200
• Unorganized 1,000

Total 4,800