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{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}
{{redirect|Lucid dreams|the Franz Ferdinand single|Lucid Dreams}}
{{Otheruses1|the French city|Lyon}}
{{wrapper}}
|{{French commune
|native_name= Ville de Lyon
|common_name= Lyon
|image_flag= Flag of Lyon.png
|image_flag_size= 115px
|image_coat_of_arms= Blason_Lyon.png
|image_coat_of_arms_size= 115px
|flag_legend= City flag
|Coat_of_arms_legend= City coat of arms
|city_motto= ''Avant, avant, Lion le melhor.''<br />([[Franco-Provençal language|Arpitan]]: Forward, forward, Lyon the best)
|image = [[Image:Panorama Lyon, France.jpg|300px]]
|caption = Lyon as seen from ''Fourvière''
|image_map = France_jms.png
|x = 185
|y = 154
|time zone = CET <small>(GMT +1)</small>
|lat_long = {{coord|45|46|1|N|4|50|3|E|type:city}}
|region= [[Rhône-Alpes]]
|departement= [[Rhône (department)|Rhône]] (69)
|mayor= [[Gérard Collomb]]
|party = [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
|term = 2008-2014
|subdivisions_entry = [[Subdivision|<span style="color:black;">Subdivisions</span>]]
|area_km2= 47.95
|subdivisions= 9 arrondissements
|date-population= 2006
|population=472,305
|population-ranking=[[List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants (1999 census)|3rd in France]]
|date-density= 2009
|density_km2= 10000|urban_area_km2= 954|urban_area_date= 1999
|urban_pop=1,452,952
|urban_pop_date= 2007
|metro_area_km2= 3306|metro_area_date= 1999
|metro_area_pop=1,783,400
|metro_area_pop_date= 2007
|intercom-details2= [[Urban Community of Lyon|Urban Community <br />of Lyon]]
|}}
|-
|{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS = Historic Site of Lyons
| Image =
| State Party = {{FRA}}
| Type = Cultural
| Criteria = ii, iv
| ID = 872
| Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
| Year = 1998
| Session = 22nd
| Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/872
}}
|}
'''Lyon''', also known as '''Lyons''' in English, is a city in east-central [[France]]. Its name is pronounced {{Audio-IPA|Fr-Lyon.ogg|[ljɔ̃]}} in [[French language|French]] and [[Franco-Provençal language|Arpitan]], and {{IPAlink-en|liˈɒn}} or {{IPAlink-en|laiənz}} in [[English language|English]]. Lyon is the second-largest French urban area, the first being [[Paris]] and the third [[Marseille]]. It is a major centre of business, situated between Paris and Marseille, and has a reputation as the French capital of [[gastronomy]] and having a significant role in the [[History of film|history of cinema]]. The local professional [[association football|football]] team, [[Olympique Lyonnais]], has increased the profile of Lyon internationally through participation in [[UEFA European Football Championship|European football championships]]. The residents of the city are called ''Lyonnais''.


Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the second-largest [[metropolitan area]] in France after that of [[Paris]], with a population estimated to be 1,783,400 in 2007. Its "urban region" (''Région Urbaine de Lyon''), represents half of the [[Rhône-Alpes]] ''[[Regions of France|région]]'' population with three million inhabitants<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regionurbainedelyon.fr/ |title=The RUL website (French) |publisher=Regionurbainedelyon.fr |date= |accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>. Lyon is also a major industrial center specialized in [[Chemical industry|chemical]], pharmaceutical, and [[Biotechnology|biotech]] industries. There is also a significant software industry with a particular focus on video games.
A '''lucid dream''' is a [[dream]] in which the person is aware that they are dreaming while the dream is in progress, also known as a '''conscious dream'''. When the dreamer is lucid, they can actively participate in and often manipulate the imaginary experiences in the dream environment. Lucid dreams can be extremely real and vivid depending on a person's level of [[self-awareness]] during the lucid dream.<ref>[http://www.lucidity.com/LucidDreamingFAQ2.html Lucid Dreaming FAQ] LaBerge, S. & Lly paralizedevitan, L. (2004). Version 2.3</ref>


Lyon is the ''[[Prefectures in France|préfecture]]'' (capital) of the [[Rhône (department)|Rhône]] ''[[Departments of France|département]]'', and also the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[Rhône-Alpes]] ''[[Regions of France|région]]''. The city is known for its historical and architectural landmarks and is a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
A lucid dream can begin in one of two ways. A '''dream-initiated lucid dream''' (DILD) starts as a normal dream, and the dreamer eventually concludes that they are dreaming, while a '''wake-initiated lucid dream''' (WILD) occurs when the dreamer goes from a normal [[awake|waking state]] directly into a dream state with no apparent lapse in consciousness. Lucid dreaming has been researched scientifically, and its existence is well established.<ref>
{{cite journal
| quotes = The occurrence of lucid dreaming (dreaming while being conscious that one is dreaming) has been verified for four selected subjects who signaled that they knew they were dreaming. The signals consisted of particular dream actions having observable concomitants and were performed in accordance with a pre-sleep agreement.
| author = Watanabe Tsuneo
| year = 2003
| month = March
| title = Lucid Dreaming: Its Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions
| journal = Journal of International Society of Life Information Science
| location = Japan
| volume = 21
| issue = 1
| pages = 159–162
}}</ref><ref name="laberge-experiments1">
{{cite book
|url=http://www.lucidity.com/SleepAndCognition.html Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep
|first=Stephen
|last=LaBerge
|editor=Bootzen, R. R., Kihlstrom, J.F. & Schacter, D.L., (Eds.)
|title=Sleep and Cognition
|location=Washington, D.C.
|publisher=American Psychological Association
|year=1990
|pages=109 &ndash; 126
}}</ref>
Scientists such as [[Allan Hobson]], with his [[neurophysiology|neurophysiological]] approach to dream research, have helped to push the understanding of lucid dreaming into a less speculative realm.


Lyon was historically known as the ''silk capital of the world''. It also hosts the international headquarters of [[Interpol]] and [[Euronews]].
==Scientific history==
The first book on lucid dreams to recognize their scientific potential was [[Celia Green]]'s 1968 study ''Lucid Dreams''.<ref>Green, C., Lucid Dreams, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1968.</ref> Reviewing the past literature, as well as new data from subjects of her own, Green analyzed the main characteristics of such dreams and concluded that they were a category of experience quite distinct from ordinary dreams. She predicted that they would turn out to be associated with [[rapid eye movement sleep]] (REM sleep). Green was also the first to link lucid dreams to the phenomenon of [[false awakenings]].


==History==
Philosopher [[Norman Malcolm]]'s 1959 text ''Dreaming''<ref>Malcolm, N., Dreaming, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959.</ref> had argued against the possibility of checking the accuracy of dream reports. However, the realization that eye movements performed in dreams affected the dreamer's physical eyes provided a way to prove that actions agreed upon during waking life could be recalled and performed once lucid in a dream. The first evidence of this type was produced in the late 1970s by British [[parapsychologist]] [[Keith Hearne]]. A volunteer named Alan Worsley used eye movement to signal the onset of lucidity, which were recorded by a [[polysomnograph]] machine.
:''Main article for early history: [[Lugdunum]]''. {{further|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon|Ecclesiastical history of Lyon]]}}


[[Image:Plancus-Statue.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Lucius Munatius Plancus]], founder of Lyon]]
Hearne's results were not widely distributed. The first peer-reviewed article was published some years later by [[Stephen LaBerge]] at [[Stanford University]], who had independently developed a similar technique as part of his doctoral dissertation.<ref> Laberge, S. (1980). Lucid dreaming: An exploratory study of consciousness during sleep. (Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, 1980), (University Microfilms No. 80-24, 691)</ref> During the 1980s, further scientific evidence to confirm the existence of lucid dreaming was produced as lucid dreamers were able to demonstrate to researchers that they were consciously aware of being in a dream state (again, primarily using eye movement signals).<ref>LaBerge, Stephen (1990). in Bootzen, R. R., Kihlstrom, J.F. & Schacter, D.L., (Eds.): Lucid Dreaming: Psychophysiological Studies of Consciousness during REM Sleep Sleep and Cognition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, pp. 109 – 126.</ref> Additionally, techniques were developed which have been experimentally proven to enhance the likelihood of achieving this state.<ref>LaBerge, Stephen; Levitan, Lynne (1995). "Validity Established of DreamLight Cues for Eliciting Lucid Dreaming". Dreaming 5 (3). International Association for the Study of Dreams.</ref> Research on techniques and effects of lucid dreaming continues at a number of universities and other centers, including LaBerge's Lucidity Institute.
Lyon was founded on the [[Fourvière]] hill as a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] colony in 43 BCE by [[Lucius Munatius Plancus|Munatius Plancus]], a lieutenant of [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]], on the site of a Gaulish hill-fort settlement called Lug[o]dunon, from the [[Celtic mythology|Celtic]] god [[Lugus]] ('Light', cognate with [[Irish language|Old Irish]] ''[[Lugh]]'', Modern Irish ''Lú'') and ''dúnon'' (hill-fort). Lyon was first named Lugdunum meaning the "hill of lights" or "the hill of crows". Lug was equated by the Romans to [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]].


[[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]] recognized that Lugdunum's position on the natural highway from northern to south-eastern France made it a natural communications hub, and he made Lyon the starting point of the principal [[Roman roads|Roman road]]s throughout [[Gaul]]. It then became the capital of Gaul, partly thanks to its convenient location at the convergence of two navigable rivers, and quickly became the main city of Gaul. Two emperors were born in this city: [[Claudius]] and [[Caracalla]]. Today, the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon|archbishop of Lyon]] is still referred to as "[[Primate (religion)|le primat des Gaules]]" and the city often referred to as the "capitale des Gaules".
==Research and clinical applications==
===Neurobiological model===
[[Neuroscientist]] [[Allan Hobson|J. Allan Hobson]] has hypothesized what might be occurring in the brain while lucid. The first step to lucid dreaming is recognizing that one is dreaming. This recognition might occur in the [[Brodmann area 46|dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]], which is one of the few areas deactivated during REM sleep and where working memory occurs. Once this area is activated and the recognition of dreaming occurs, the dreamer must be cautious to let the dream delusions continue but be conscious enough to recognize them. This process might be seen as the balance between reason and emotion. While maintaining this balance, the [[amygdala]] and [[parahippocampal cortex]] might be less intensely activated.<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Muzur A, Pace-Schott EF
| coauthors = Allan Hobson
|month=November | year=2002
| url = http://www.bostonneuropsa.org/PDF%20Files/Pace-Schott/MUZUR_ET_AL.__02.pdf
| format = PDF
| title = The prefrontal cortex in sleep
| journal = Trends Cogn Sci
| volume = 1;2(11)
| pages = 475–481
}}</ref> To continue the intensity of the dream hallucinations, it is expected the [[pons]] and the [[Parietal lobe|parieto-occipital junction]] stay active.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Hobson
|first=J. Allan
|title=The Dream Drugstore: Chemically Altered States of Consciousness
|year=2001
|publisher=MIT Press
|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts
|isbn=978-0262582209
|pages=96–98
}}</ref>


The [[Christianity|Christians]] in Lyon were persecuted for their religion under the reigns of the various Roman emperors, most notably [[Marcus Aurelius]] and [[Septimius Severus|Septimus Severus]]. Local saints from this period include saints such as [[Blandina]] (Blandine), [[Saint Pothinus|Pothinus]] (Pothin) , and [[Epipodius and Alexander|Epipodius]] (Épipode), among others.
===Treatment for nightmares===
It has been suggested that people who suffer from [[nightmare]]s could benefit from the ability to be aware they are dreaming. A pilot study was performed in 2006 that showed that lucid dreaming treatment was successful in reducing nightmare frequency. This treatment consisted of exposure to the idea, mastery of the technique, and lucidity exercises. It was not clear what aspects of the treatment were responsible for the success of overcoming nightmares, though the treatment as a whole was successful.<ref>
{{cite journal
| url = http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=PPS2006075006389
| quotes = Conclusions: LDT seems effective in reducing nightmare frequency, although the primary therapeutic component (i.e. exposure, mastery, or lucidity) remains unclear
| author = Spoormaker,-Victor-I; van-den-Bout,-Jan
| year = 2006
| month = October
| title = Lucid Dreaming Treatment for Nightmares: A Pilot Study
| journal = Psychotherapy-and-Psychosomatics.
| volume = 75
| issue = 6
| pages = 389–394
| doi = 10.1159/000095446
}}</ref>


The great Christian bishop of Lyon in the 2nd century was the Easterner [[Irenaeus]].
Australian psychologist Milan Colic has explored the application of principles from [[narrative therapy]] with clients' lucid dreams, to reduce the impact not only of nightmares during sleep, but also depression, self-mutilation, and other problems in waking life. Colic found that clients' preferred direction for their lives, as identified during therapeutic conversations, could lessen the distressing content of dreams, while understandings about life—and even characters—from lucid dreams could be invoked in "real" life with marked therapeutic benefits.<ref>Colic, M. (2007). 'Kanna's lucid dreams and the use of narrative practices to explore their meaning.' ''The International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work'' (4): 19-26.</ref>
[[Image:Seige of lyon.jpg|thumb|Lyon under siege (1793)]]


[[Burgundians|Burgundian]] refugees from the destruction of [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] by [[Huns]] in 437 were resettled by the military commander of the west, [[Flavius Aetius|Aëtius]], at Lugdunum, which was formally the capital of the new Burgundian kingdom by 461.
===Perception of time ===
The rate that time passes while lucid dreaming has been shown to be about the same as while waking. However, a 1995 study in Germany indicated lucid dreaming can also have varied time spans, in which the dreamer can control the length. The study took place during sleep and upon awakening, and required the participants to record their dreams in a log and how long the dreams lasted. In 1985, LaBerge performed a pilot study where lucid dreamers counted out ten seconds while dreaming, signaling the end of counting with a pre-arranged eye signal measured with electrooculogram recording.<ref name="laberge-experiments2">{{cite journal
| author = LaBerge, S.
| year = 2000
| url = http://www.lucidity.com/slbbs/index.html
| title = Lucid dreaming: Evidence and methodology
| journal = Behavioral and Brain Sciences
| volume = 23
| issue = 6
| pages = 962–3
| doi = 10.1017/S0140525X00574020 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->
}}</ref> LaBerge's results were confirmed by German researchers in 2004. The German study, by D. Erlacher and M. Schredl, also studied motor activity and found that deep knee bends took 44% longer to perform while lucid dreaming.<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Erlacher, D.
| coauthors = Schredl, M.
| year = 2004
| url = http://daniel.erlacher.de/index.php/Time_required_for_motor_activity_in_lucid_dreams
| title = Required time for motor activities in lucid dreams
| journal = Perceptual and Motor Skills
| volume = 99
| pages = 1239–1242
| doi = 10.2466/PMS.99.7.1239-1242 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->
}}</ref>


In 843, by the [[Treaty of Verdun]], Lyon, with the country beyond the [[Saône]], went to [[Lothair I]], and later became a part of the [[Kingdom of Arles]]. Lyon only came under French control in the fourteenth century.
===Near-death and out-of-body experiences===
In a study of fourteen lucid dreamers performed in 1991, people who perform wake-initiated lucid dreams (WILD) reported experiences consistent with aspects of out-of-body experiences such as floating above their beds and the feeling of leaving their bodies.<ref name="ldobe">{{cite journal
| author = Lynne Levitan
| coauthors = Stephen LaBerge
| year = 1991
| url = http://www.lucidity.com/NL32.OBEandLD.html
| title = Other Worlds: Out-of-Body Experiences and Lucid Dreams
| journal = Nightlight
| volume = 3
| issue = 2-3
| publisher = The Lucidity Institute
}}</ref> Due to the [[Phenomenology (psychology)|phenomenological]] overlap between lucid dreams, [[near death experiences]], and [[out-of-body experience]]s, researchers say they believe a protocol could be developed to induce a lucid dream similar to a near-death experience in the laboratory.<ref>{{cite journal
| quotes = A large phenomenological overlap among lucid dreams, out-of-body experiences, and near-death experiences suggests the possibility of developing a methodology of replicating components of the near-death experience using newly developed methods of inducing lucid dreams. Reports on the literature of both spontaneous and induced near-death-experience-like episodes during lucid dreams suggest a possible protocol.
| author = Green, J. Timothy
| year = 1995
| title = Lucid dreams as one method of replicating components of the near-death experience in a laboratory setting.
| journal = Journal-of-Near-Death-Studies
| volume = 14
| pages = 49-
}}</ref>


[[Fernand Braudel]] remarked, ''Historians of Lyon are not sufficiently aware of the bi-polarity between Paris and Lyon, which is a constant structure in French development'' ''from the late Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution'' (Braudel 1984 p. 327). The fairs in Lyon, the invention of Italian merchants, made it the economic [[Counting house|countinghouse]] of France in the late 15th century. When international banking moved to [[Genoa]], then [[Amsterdam]], Lyon simply became the banking centre of France; its new Bourse (treasury), built in 1749, still resembled a public bazaar where accounts were settled in the open air. During the [[Renaissance]], the city developed with the [[silk]] trade, especially with [[Italy]]; the Italian influence on Lyon's architecture can still be seen. Thanks to the silk trade, Lyon became an important industrial town during the 19th century.
==Cultural history==
Even though it has only come to the attention of the general public in the last few decades, lucid dreaming is not a modern discovery. A letter written by [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine of Hippo]] in 415 AD refers to lucid dreaming.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102159.htm Letter from St. Augustine of Hippo] </ref> In the eighth century, [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]]s and [[Bonpo]] were practicing a form of [[Dream Yoga]] held to maintain full waking consciousness while in the dream state.<ref>(March 2005). [http://www.lucidity.com/DreamYoga.html The Best Sleep Posture for Lucid Dreaming: A Revised Experiment Testing a Method of Tibetan Dream Yoga]. The Lucidity Institute.</ref> This system is extensively discussed and explained in the book ''Dream Yoga and the Practice of Natural Light''.<ref>''[http://www.nydzogchen.com/dream.html Dream Yoga and the Practice of Natural Light]'', 2nd edition, Snowlion Publications; authored by Chogyal [[Namkhai Norbu]], an eminent Tibetan Lama, and his student [[Michael Katz]], a Psychologist and lucid dream trainer.</ref> One of the important messages of the book is the distinction between the [[Dzogchen]] meditation of ''Awareness'' and ''Dream Yoga''. The Dzogchen ''Awareness'' meditation has also been referred to by the terms ''Rigpa Awareness'', ''Contemplation'', and ''Presence''. ''Awareness'' during the sleep and dream states is associated with the Dzogchen ''practice of natural light''. This practice only achieves lucid dreams as a secondary effect—in contrast to ''Dream yoga'' which is aimed primarily at lucid dreaming. According to Buddhist teachers, the experience of lucidity helps us to understand the unreality of phenomena, which would otherwise be overwhelming during dream or the death experience.


[[Image:Lyon la Saone et fourviere.JPG|thumb|left|Lyon in the 18th century]]
An early recorded lucid dreamer was the philosopher and physician [[Thomas Browne|Sir Thomas Browne]] (1605&ndash;1682). Browne was fascinated by the world of dreams and stated of his own ability to lucid dream in his ''[[Religio Medici]]'': "...&nbsp;yet in one dream I can compose a whole Comedy, behold the action, apprehend the jests and laugh my self awake at the conceits thereof;"<ref>[[Religio Medici]], part 2:11. Text available at http://penelope.uchicago.edu/relmed/relmed.html</ref> similarly, [[Samuel Pepys]] in his diary entry for [http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1665/08/15/ 15 August 1665] records a dream "that I had my Lady Castlemayne in my armes and was admitted to use all the dalliance I desired with her, and then dreamt that this could not be awake, but that it was only a dream". [[Hervey de Saint-Denys|Marquis d'Hervey de Saint-Denys]] was probably the first person to argue that it is possible for anyone to learn to dream consciously. In 1867, he published his book ''Les Reves et les Moyens de Les Diriger; Observations Pratiques'' (''Dreams and How to Guide them; Practical Observations''), in which he documented more than twenty years of his own research into dreams.


Lyon was a scene of mass violence against [[Huguenot]]s in the [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre|St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre]]s in 1572.
The term ''lucid dreaming'' was coined by [[Netherlands|Dutch]] author and [[psychiatrist]] [[Frederik van Eeden]] in his 1913 article "A Study of Dreams".<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Frederik van Eeden
| year = 1913
| url = http://www.lucidity.com/vanEeden.html
| title = A study of Dreams
| journal = Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research
| volume = 26
}}</ref> This paper was highly anecdotal and not embraced by the scientific community. Some consider this a misnomer because it means much more than just "clear or vivid" dreaming.<ref>
{{cite journal
|url=http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/si91ld.html
|title=Lucid Dreaming: Awake in Your Sleep?
|first=Susan|last=Blackmore|authorlink=Susan Blackmore
|journal=Skeptical Inquirer
|year=1991
|volume=15
|pages=362 &ndash; 370
}}</ref> The alternative term ''conscious dreaming'' avoids this confusion. However, the term ''lucid'' was used by van Eeden in its sense of "having insight", as in the phrase ''a lucid interval'' applied to someone in temporary remission from a [[psychosis]], rather than as a reference to the perceptual quality of the experience which may or may not be clear and vivid.


During the [[French Revolution]], Lyon uprose against the [[National Convention]] and supported the [[Girondist|Girondins]]. In 1793, the city was under siege for over two months, assaulted by the Revolutionary armies, before eventually surrending. More than 2,000 people were executed and several buildings were destroyed, especially around the ''Place Bellecour''. A decade later, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] himself ordered the reconstruction of all the buildings demolished during this period.
In the 1950s, the [[Senoi]] hunter-gatherers of [[Malaysia]] were reported to make extensive use of lucid dreaming to ensure mental health, although later studies refuted these claims.<ref>[[G. William Domhoff]] (2003). [http://dreamresearch.net/Library/senoi.html Senoi Dream Theory: Myth, Scientific Method, and the Dreamwork Movement]. Retrieved July 10, 2006.</ref>


The silk workers of Lyon, known as ''[[canut]]s'', staged [[canut revolts|two major uprisings]]: in 1831 and 1834. The 1831 uprising saw one of the first recorded uses of the [[Anarchist symbolism|black flag]] as an emblem of protest. The world's first funicular railway was built between Lyon and La Croix-Rousse in 1862.
The anthropologic studies in 1968 by [[Carlos Castaneda]], for what later became the new age novel, ''The Teachings of Don Juan'', reveals that ancient Mexican natives knew and encouraged lucid dreaming.
[[Image:Lyon river view c1860.jpg|thumb|Lyon in 1860]]
[[Image:Colline-de-la-croix-rousse-.jpg|thumb|The [[Saône|Saône River]] in Lyon as seen from ''Pont La Feuillée'']]
[[Image:Lyon, ville de modernite.JPG|thumb|Lyon's ''[[Gare de Lyon-Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]]'' district]]


Lyon was a centre for the occupying [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces and also a stronghold of [[French Resistance|resistance]] during [[World War II]], and the city is now home to a resistance museum. ''(See also [[Klaus Barbie]].)'' The ''[[traboule]]s'', or secret passages, through the houses enabled the local people to escape [[Gestapo]] raids.
==Induction methods==
Many people report having experienced a lucid dream during their lives, often in childhood. Children seem to have lucid dreams more easily than adults. Over time, several techniques have been developed to achieve a lucid dreaming state intentionally. The following are common factors that influence lucid dreaming and techniques that people use to help achieve a lucid dream:


===Dream recall===
==Geography==
Dream recall is simply the ability to remember dreams. Good dream recall is often described as the first step towards lucid dreaming. Better recall increases awareness of dreams in general; with limited dream recall, any lucid dreams one has can be forgotten entirely. To improve dream recall, some people keep a [[dream journal]], writing down any dreams remembered the moment one awakes. An audio recorder can also be very helpful.<ref name="techniques">{{cite web | title = Dream Recall Techniques: Remember more Dreams
| last = Webb
| first = Craig
| url = http://www.dreams.ca/recall.htm
| format = html
| year = 1995
| publisher = The DREAMS Foundation
}}</ref> It is important to record the dreams as quickly as possible as there is a strong tendency to forget what one has dreamt.<ref name="recall">{{cite journal
| author = Stephen LaBerge
| year = 1989
| url = http://www.lucidity.com/NL11.DreamRecall.html
| title = How to Remember Your Dreams
| journal = Nightlight
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| publisher = The Lucidity Institute
}}</ref> It is suggested that for best recall, the waking dreamer should keep eyes closed while trying to remember the dream, and that one's dream journal be recorded in the present tense.<ref name="techniques"/> Describing an experience as if still in it can help the writer to recall more accurately the events of their dream. {{Fact|date=August 2007}}
Dream recall can also be improved by staying still after waking up.<ref name="recall"/> This may have something to do with [[REM atonia]] (the condition of REM sleep in which the motor neurons are not stimulated and thus the body's muscles do not move). If one purposely prevents motor neurons from firing immediately after waking from a dream, recalling the dream becomes easier. Similarly, if the dreamer changes positions in the night, they may be able to recall certain events of their dream by testing different sleeping positions. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}


Lyon's geography is dominated by the [[Rhone|Rhône]] and [[Saône]] [[river]]s that converge to the south of the historic city center forming a peninsula or "''Presqu'île''"; two large hills, one to the west and one to the north of the historic city center; and a large plain which sprawls eastward from the historic city center.
===Mnemonic induction of lucid dreams (MILD)===
The MILD technique is a common technique developed by [[Stephen LaBerge]] used to induce a lucid dream at will by setting an intention, while falling asleep, to remember to recognize that one is dreaming or to remember to look for [[dream sign]]s when one is in a dream.


To the west is [[Fourvière]], known as "''the hill that prays''", the location for the highly decorated [[Notre-Dame de Fourvière]] [[basilica]], several [[convent]]s, the [[palace]] of the [[Archbishop]], the [[Metallic tower of Fourvière|Tour métallique]] (a highly visible TV tower, replicating the last stage of the [[Eiffel Tower]]) and a [[funicular]] (a railway on a steep hill).
One easy-to-apply method is to count yours or other people's fingers during the day, making sure it is done diligently and reaches the expected number. If this is done frequently when awake, similar behaviour continues into the dream, where by some discrepancy from reality, the dreamer will realise he or she is dreaming and the dream will become lucid.


To the north is the [[Croix-Rousse]], "''the hill that works''", traditionally home to many small silk workshops, an industry for which the city was once renowned.
Another method is to look at text (such as a digital clock, or a road sign), turn away, and then look back. If the person is dreaming, the text will change to something else. The dreamer will realise he or she is dreaming and the dream will become lucid.


The original medieval city ([[Lyon|Vieux Lyon]]) was built on the west bank of the Saône river at the foot of the [[Fourvière]] hill, west of the ''Presqu'île''. (This area, along with portions of the ''Presqu'ile'' and much of the ''Croix-Rousse'' are recognized as a [[Lyon#UNESCO World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
A key element in MILD is reviewing in memory the dream from which one has just awoken. When a point is reached in the dream at which an obvious dream sign occurred (e.g., a man with two heads walks past) individuals performing this technique depart from actual memory and instead imagine they became aware they were dreaming. Upon returning to sleep, these individuals will often find themselves back in the same or similar dreams, sometimes even encountering similar dream signs—a situation that can improve the odds they will remember their intention to question whether or not they are dreaming, and thereby achieve lucidity.


[[Place Bellecour]] is located on the peninsula (''Presqu'île'') between the rivers Rhône and Saône and is the third largest public square in France and one of the largest in [[Europe]]. Specifically, it is the largest clear square (i.e., without any patches of greenery, trees or any other kind of obstacles) in Europe.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The broad, pedestrian-only Rue de la République leads north from Place Bellecour. The 2<sup>nd</sup> arrondissement has many of the finest old residential buildings in Lyon and the area is known for its concentration of old Lyonnaise Catholic families, particularly in the Ainay part of the arrondissement.
===Wake-back-to-bed (WBTB)===
The wake-back-to-bed technique is often the easiest way to encourage a lucid dream. The method involves going to sleep tired and waking up five to six hours later. Then, focusing all thoughts on lucid dreaming, staying awake for an hour and going back to sleep while practicing the MILD method. A 60% success rate has been shown in research using this technique.<ref name="wbtb">{{cite journal
| author = Stephen LaBerge
| coauthors = Leslie Phillips, Lynne Levitan
| year = 1994
| url = http://www.lucidity.com/NL63.RU.Naps.html
| title = An Hour of Wakefulness Before Morning Naps Makes Lucidity More Likely
| journal = NightLight
| volume = 6
| issue = 3
| publisher = The Lucidity Institute
}}</ref> This is because the REM cycles get longer as the night goes on, and this technique takes advantage of the best REM cycle of the night. Because this REM cycle is longer and deeper, gaining lucidity during this time may result in a lengthier lucid dream.<ref name="wbtb"/>


East of the Rhône from the ''Presqu'île'' is a large area of flat ground upon which sits much of modern Lyon and most of the city's population.
===Wake-initiation of lucid dreams (WILD)===
Situated in this area is the urban centre of [[Gare de Lyon-Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] which clusters the former [[Crédit Lyonnais]] Tower (central France's only [[skyscraper]]), the Part-Dieu shopping centre, and one of Lyon's two major rail terminals, [[Gare de Lyon-Part-Dieu|Lyon Part-Dieu]].
The wake-initiated lucid dream "occurs when the sleeper enters REM sleep with unbroken [[self-awareness]] directly from the [[awake|waking state]]".<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Stephen LaBerge
| coauthors = Lynne Levitan
| year = 1995
| url = http://lucidity.com/DreamLight_Validity.txt
| title = Validity Established of Dreamlight Cues for Eliciting Lucid Dreaming
| journal = Dreaming
| volume = 5
| issue = 3
| pages = 159–168
| publisher = The Lucidity Institute
}}</ref> There are many techniques aimed at entering a WILD. The key to these techniques is recognizing the [[hypnagogia|hypnagogic]] stage, which is within the border of being awake and being [[sleep|asleep]]. If a person is successful in staying aware while this stage occurs, they will eventually enter the dream state while being fully aware that it is a dream.


North of this district is the relatively wealthy 6<sup>th</sup> arrondissement, which is home to the [[Parc de la Tête d'Or]], one of Europe's largest urban parks, the prestigious [[Lycée du Parc]] to the south of the park, and [[Interpol]]'s world headquarters on the park's western edge. The park contains a free zoo that has recently been upgraded.
There are key times at which this state is best entered; while success at normal bedtime after having been awake all day is very difficult, it is relatively easy after sleeping for 3–7 hours or in the afternoon during a nap. Techniques for inducing WILDs abound. Dreamers may count, envision themselves climbing or descending stairs, chant to themselves, control their breathing, count their breaths to keep their thoughts from drifting, concentrate on relaxing their body from their toes to their head, or allow images to flow through their "mind's eye" and envision themselves jumping into the image to maintain concentration and keep their mind awake, while still being calm enough to let their body sleep.


During the actual transition into the dream state, one is likely to experience [[sleep paralysis]], including rapid vibrations,<ref name="ldobe"/> a sequence of loud sounds and a feeling of twirling into another state of body awareness, "to drift off into another dimension", or the feeling like passing the interface between water into air face-front body first, or images or sceneries they are thinking of and trying to visualize gradually sharpen and become "real", which they can actually "see", instead of the fuzzy indefinable sensations one feels when trying to imagine something when wide awake.


Several buildings are being constructed in [[Part-Dieu]] such as the [[Tour Oxygène]] and other projects such as the [[Tour Incity]]
===Cycle adjustment technique (CAT)===


===Climate===
The cycle adjustment technique developed by Daniel Love, is an effective way to induce lucid dreaming. It involves adjusting one's sleep cycle to encourage awareness during the latter part of the sleep. First, the person spends one week waking up 90 minutes before normal wake time until their sleep cycle begins to adjust. After this cycle adjustment phase, the normal wake times and early wake times alternate daily. On the days with the normal wake times, the body is ready to wake up, and this increases alertness, making lucidity more likely.
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="float:left; width:50%; margin:0 auto 0 auto;"
|+ '''Climate Table'''
|-
! &nbsp; !! Jan !! Feb !! Mar !! Apr !! May !! Jun !! Jul !! Aug !! Sep !! Oct !! Nov !! Dec !!Year
|-
! Mean daily maximum temperature ([[Celsius|°C]])
| 6.2 || 8.4 || 12.4 || 15.3 || 20.0 || 23.5 || 27.0 || 26.7 || 22.3 || 16.7 || 10.2 || 7.1 || 16.3
|-
! Mean daily minimum temperature (°C)
| 0.1 || 1.2 || 3.3 || 5.6 || 9.9 || 13.1 || 15.6 || 15.3 || 11.9 || 8.4 || 3.6 || 1.5 || 7.5
|-
! Mean total rainfall (mm)
| 52.9 || 50.5 || 54.8 || 72.3 || 87.8 || 80.2 || 62.0 || 69.0 || 88.3 || 94.7 || 75.1 || 55.5 || 843.1
|-
! Mean number of rain days
| 9.4 || 9.0 || 8.8 || 9.5 || 11.3 || 8.8 || 6.8 || 7.2 || 7.7 || 10.3 || 9.2 || 9.5 || 107.5
|-
| colspan="15" style="text-align: center;" | <small>'''Source:''' [http://www.worldweather.org/062/c01054.htm worldweather.org]</small>
|}
{{-}}


===Administration===
A variation on this method is WILD-CAT. Identical in virtually all respects to the original Cycle Adjustment Technique, differing only in such that on the days in which one is allowed to sleep-in (normal wake times), the subject wakes briefly at the earlier wake time then returns immediately to sleep until the normal wake time. This allows the subject to return to sleep in the hope of inducing a Wake Initiated Lucid Dream. One advantage to WILD-CAT is that it can be combined with other WILD induction methods. The WILD-CAT variation was also developed by Daniel Love.
Lyon is the capital of the Rhône-Alpes ''[[Regions of France|région]]'', the ''[[Prefectures in France|préfecture]]'' of the Rhône ''[[Departments of France|département]]'', and the capital of 14 [[Cantons of France|cantons]], covering 1 [[Communes of France|commune]], and with a total population of 488,300 (2007).


===Arrondissements===
===Lucid Dream Supplements (LDS)===
{{main|Arrondissements of Lyon}}
The Lucid Dream Supplement (LDS) technique was developed primarily by LaBerge with others following his lead. LaBerge filed for a patent application in December 2004 <ref name=LaBerge2004>{{cite journal | author = Stephen P. LaBerge | title = SUBSTANCES THAT ENHANCE RECALL AND LUCIDITY DURING DREAMING | journal = US patent application 20040266659 | year = 2004 }}</ref> that outlined the basic technique of boosting Acetylcholine levels to promote lucid dreaming. The application included misleading details however; such as repeated references of ingesting the supplements at bedtime. It is now known that taking the right balance of supplements after several hours of sleep is far more effective{{Fact|date=December 2008}}. LaBerge did not name the method nor has he publicly discussed his research. The term LDS was coined by researcher/practitioner Scot Stride{{Fact|date=November 2008}} who worked with a small group of pioneers, including Thomas Yuschak, to optimize the LDS approach. The LDS method uses primarily non-prescription supplements that are ingested to produce favorable conditions for the brain's neurotransmitters and receptor sites during REM sleep. By increasing or balancing the levels of Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Dopamine and Norepinephrine the person can significantly influence dream vividness, memory, clarity, awareness and mood. Enhancing these mental states during REM sleep significantly increases the odds of becoming lucid. The LDS technique can be combined with other techniques (like WBTB or WILD) to complement or amplify them to produce even better results. Thomas Yuschak describes the details of the technique in his book<ref name=Yuschak2006>{{cite book | author = Thomas Yuschak | title = Advanced Lucid Dreaming | edition = 1st ed. | publisher = Lulu Enterprises | year = 2006 |isbn = 978-1-4303-0542-2 }}</ref> and is widely credited with popularizing the method. Based on anecdotal accounts from various website forums, many people who have experienced difficulties with the other techniques, for whatever reason, are using LDS as an aid in overcoming their obstacles. Some people use LDS to jump start their LD practice and then move on to one of the other traditional methods. Other people use it recreationally to experience more memorable and vivid dreams than they normally would. As well as the Lucid Dream Supplement some have reported increase in dream vividness using other vitamin supplements such as B6/B12.
[[Image:Lyon Arr.jpg|thumb|The arrondissements of Lyon.]]
[[Image:Hôtel de Ville de Lyon.jpg|thumb|Lyon's early 17th-century town hall.]]
[[Image:Lyon Place Bellecour.JPG|thumb|''Place Bellecour'', the "official" center of Lyon]]


Like [[Paris]] and [[Marseille]], Lyon is divided into a number of [[Municipal arrondissements of France|municipal arrondissements]] (sometimes translated into English as [[borough]]s), each of which is identified by a number and has its own council and town hall.
=== Lucid dream induction devices (LDID)===
Lucid dream induction is possible by the use of a physical device. A well-known dream-induction device is the NovaDreamer, designed in 1993 by an experienced lucid dreamer. The Nova Deamer being designed over 16 years ago has been replaced by a newer design called [http://www.thedreammask.com TheDreamMask - By Bruce Gelerter] The general principle works by taking advantage of the natural phenomenon of incorporating external stimuli into one's dreams. Usually a device is worn while sleeping that can detect when the sleeper enters an REM phase and triggers a tone and/or flashing lights with the goal of these stimuli being incorporated into the dreamer's dream. For example, flashing lights might be translated to a car's headlights in a dream.


Five arrondissements were originally created in 1852, when three neighbouring communes ([[La Croix-Rousse]], [[La Guillotière]], and [[Vaise]]) were annexed by Lyon.
Another induction stimulus is vibration. A small vibrator placed on the hand, arm or ankle and triggered by REM activity, or a timer, can also serve as a cue to trigger a lucid dream.<ref>[http://sawka.com/spiritwatch/problem.htm]The Problem of Induction: A Panel Discussion</ref> Additional techniques include reality tests (as below) practiced in waking life can lead to a test taking place within a dream, leading to the realization that one is dreaming or [[meditation|meditating]]. {{Fact|date=January 2008}} [[Post-hypnotic suggestion|Hypnotic suggestion]] may help a person to achieve lucidity.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Oldis
| first =Daniel
| title = The Lucid Dream Manifesto
| publisher =
|year=1974
| location =
| pages = 52–53
| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=cv-CbDbCng8C&printsec=frontcover#PPA52,M1
| doi =
| isbn = 0-595-39539-2 }}</ref> [[Michael Katz]] referenced using simple hypnotic induction for the purpose of initiating lucid dreams in his introduction to the first edition of the book ''Dream Yoga and the Practice of Natural Light''. From the early 1980s, he went on to use this "guided nap" technique during dream yoga and lucid dream training. He conducts training internationally and maintains an archive of examples.<ref>[http://www.nydzogchen.com/library/dream9.html Dzogchen Community Of New York: Lucid Dreams of Community Members]{{Dead link|date=March 2008}} KUNDROLLING,
</ref>


Between 1867 and 1959, the 3<sup>rd</sup> arrondissement (which originally covered the whole of the Left Bank of the Rhône) was split three times, creating a new arrondissement in each case.
==Reality testing==
<!-- Please only put something here if you can
prove it with an external, reliable source. Thanks. -->


Then, in 1963, the commune of [[Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe]] was annexed to Lyon's 5<sup>th</sup> arrondissement. A year later, in 1964, the 5<sup>th</sup> was split to create Lyon's 9<sup>th</sup> – and, to date, final – arrondissement.
Reality testing (or reality checking) is a common method used by people to determine whether or not they are dreaming. It involves performing an action with results that will be different if the tester is dreaming. By practicing these tests during waking life, one may eventually decide to perform such a test while dreaming, which may fail and let the dreamer realize that they are dreaming.


Within each arrondissement, there are a number of recognisable ''quartiers'' or neighbourhoods:
Common reality tests include:
*The pinch reality check: Pinch any part of your body and if you feel no pain (or if it feels "different" or "obstructed" compared to waking life) then it is a dream.
*The nose reality check: Pinch your nose and if you are able to breathe without using your mouth, it is a dream.<ref name="lucidnet.co.uk">[http://www.lucidnet.co.uk/preparation/realitycheck.htm] Reality Check</ref>
*Try to stick your finger through the palm of your hand.<ref name="lucidnet.co.uk"/>
*Looking at one's digital watch (remembering the time), looking away, and looking back. As with text, the time will probably have changed randomly and radically at the second glance or contain strange letters and characters. (Analog watches do not usually change in dreams, while digital watches and clocks have great tendency to do so.)<ref>[http://www.lucidity.com/LucidDreamingFAQ2.html#realitytest Reality testing], Lucid Dreaming FAQ at The Lucidity Institute. (October 2006)</ref>
*Flipping a light switch. Light levels rarely change as a result of the switch flipping in dreams.<ref name="light-and-mirror">Lynne Levitan, Stephen LaBerge (Summer 1993). {{cite journal
| url = http://www.lucidity.com/NL52.LightandMirror.html
| title = The Light and Mirror Experiment
| journal = Nightlight
| volume = 5
| issue = 10
| publisher = The Lucidity Institute
}}</ref>
*Looking into a mirror; in dreams, reflections from a mirror often appear to be blurred, distorted, incorrect, or frightening.<ref name="light-and-mirror"/>
*Looking at the ground beneath one's feet or at one's hands. If one does this within a dream the difference in appearance of the ground or one's hands from the normal waking state is often enough to alert the conscious to the dream state.<ref name="hands-and-ground">H. von Moers-Messmer, "Traume mit der gleichzeitigen Erkenntnis des Traumzustandes," Archiv Fuer Psychologie 102 (1938): 291-318.</ref>
*Pick up a book and look inside. Often, the pages will be blank, or change after the second look.
*Look at your surroundings. If the placement of the buildings is different from what it ought to be, you are in a dream.
*Look at your clothing. If you are dreaming, theres a good chance that your clothing is out of the ordinary, too small or too large, or not even there.


*1<sup>st</sup> arrdt: Pentes de la Croix-Rousse, Terreaux, Martinière/St-Vincent
===Dream signs===
*2<sup>nd</sup> arrdt: Cordeliers, [[Place Bellecour|Bellecour]], Ainay, Perrache, Confluent
Another form of reality testing involves identifying one's dream signs, clues that one is dreaming. An individual may record their dreams in a dream journal and analyse the common themes to determine one's own dream signs. There are many kinds of dream signs, but they usually reflect the waking life of the person who has the dream.
*3<sup>rd</sup> arrdt: Guillotière (north), Préfecture, Part-Dieu, Villette, Dauphiné/Sans Souci, Montchat, Grange Blanche (north), Monplaisir (north)
*4<sup>th</sup> arrdt: Plateau de la Croix-Rousse, Serin
*5<sup>th</sup> arrdt: Vieux Lyon (St-Paul, St-Jean, St-Georges), St-Just, St-Irénée, [[Fourvière]], Point du Jour, Ménival, Battières, Champvert (south)
*6<sup>th</sup> arrdt: Brotteaux, Bellecombe, [[Parc de la Tête d'Or]], Cité Internationale
*7<sup>th</sup> arrdt: Guillotière (south), Jean Macé, [[Gerland, Lyon|Gerland]]
*8<sup>th</sup> arrdt: Monplaisir (south), Bachut, États-Unis, Grand Trou/Moulin à Vent, Grange Blanche (south), Laënnec, Mermoz, Monplaisir-la-Plaine
*9<sup>th</sup> arrdt: Vaise, Duchère, Rochecardon, St-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe, Gorge de Loup, Observance, Champvert (north)


==Culture==
For example, someone who is a doctor will often dream about performing duties in their field of specialization. The most common, and telling dreaming sign is that something illogical occurs in a completely natural and self-accepted manner (although the dreamer may not immediately realize this).
{{wrapper}}
|[[Image:Basilique de Fourvière from Saone (Lyon).jpg|thumb|The ''[[Notre-Dame de Fourvière]]'' Basilica, which overlooks the city]]
|-
|[[Image:Lyon stjean.JPG|thumb|The [[Lyon Cathedral|Saint-Jean Cathedral]], seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lyon|Archbishop of Lyon]]]]
|-
|[[Image:Bartholdi Fontaine des Terreaux Lyon original.jpg|thumb|[[Frédéric Bartholdi|Bartholdi]] Fountain at the Place des Terreaux]]
|-
|[[Image:Lyon Tete d or 002.jpg|thumb|A view of one of the many gardens in the ''Parc de la Tête d'Or'']]
|-
|[[Image:Louis XIV at Bellecour.JPG|thumb|Statue of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], with [[Ferris wheel]] in background, at ''Bellecour'']]
|-
|[[Image:LyonFeteDeLumiere.JPG|thumb|The "[[Fête des lumières|Fête des Lumières]]" expresses gratitude to [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]]]]
|-
|[[Image:Lyon Theatre Romain 20060826.jpg|thumb|The Roman-era Theatre on the ''Fourvière'' hill]]
|}
[[Image:Ile Barbe - Lyon.jpg|thumb|The ''Ile Barbe'' island along the [[Saône]] in Lyon's 9th ''arrondissement'']]


* Since the Middle Ages, the [[Arpitania|Arpitans]], residents of the region, speak several dialects of [[Franco-Provençal language|Arpitan language]]. The [[Lyonnais]] dialect was partly replaced by the [[French language]] as the importance of the city grew. However, it is still alive and, in addition, some "frenchified" Arpitan words can also be heard in the French of the Lyonnais, who call their little boys and girls "gones" and "fenottes" for example. {{Fact|date=August 2008}}
Dream signs can also reflect wants, fears, things the subject hates, and even finds embarrassing. They can manifest themselves in many different ways, depending on the dreamer.


* Lyon was an early centre for printing books, and nurtured a circle of 16th century poets. {{Fact|date=August 2008}}
Recognizing one's dream signs is an important technique for achieving lucid dreaming, and allowing one to become consciously aware of the dream state. The most common of the dream sign are as follows:


* The [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]] invented [[film|cinema]] in the town in 1895. The Musée Lumière is there as a testimony, hosting many of their first inventions. {{Fact|date=August 2008}}
* '''Action''' &mdash; The dreamer, another dream character, or a thing does something unusual or impossible in waking life, such as flying, jumping or running great distances, walking through walls, teleporting/changing the dream setting, or noticing photographs in a magazine or newspaper becoming three-dimensional with full movement.
* '''Powerlessness''' &mdash; There is a sensational loss of bodily strength. This can mean being unable to move entirely, simply that you are unable to run away from something you otherwise would.
* '''Context''' &mdash; The place or situation in the dream is strange and includes fictional characters or places.
* '''Form''' &mdash; The dreamer, another character, or an object changes shape, is oddly formed, or transforms. This may include the presence of unusual clothing or hair, or a third person view of the dreamer.
* '''Awareness''' &mdash; There is a peculiar thought, a strong emotion, an unusual sensation, a loss of normal logic, or an altered perception. In some cases when moving one's head from side to side, one may notice a strange stuttering or 'strobing' of the image.
* '''Clocks''' &mdash; The dreamer looks at a clock or watch, looks away, then looks back, and the time could have changed, unintelligible symbols appear on the watch face or even the watch can be gone all together.
* '''Fingers''' &mdash; The dreamer seems to have an abnormal number of fingers (e.g. more than 5 on a hand).


* December 8th each year is marked by "la [[Fête des lumières]]" (the Festival of Lights), a celebration of thanks to the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]], who purportedly saved the city from a deadly plague in the [[Middle Ages]]. During the event, the local population places candles (''lumignons'') at their windows and the city of Lyon organizes impressive large-scale light shows onto the sides of important Lyonnais monuments, such as the medieval Cathédrale St-Jean.
One can build up a habit of periodically asking oneself throughout the day if you are dreaming, and performing some of the tasks above. This habit will eventually cause checks to be performed during a dream, leading to lucidity when dream signs are remembered and recognized.


* The church of [[Francis de Sales|Saint Francis of Sales]] is famous for its large and unaltered [[Aristide Cavaillé-Coll|Cavaillé-Coll]] [[pipe organ]], attracting audiences from around the world. Lyon also features a renowned opera house.
==Prolongation==
One problem faced by people wishing to experience lucid dreams is awakening prematurely. This premature awakening can be frustrating after investing considerable time into achieving lucidity in the first place. Stephen LaBerge proposed two ways to prolong a lucid dream. The first technique involves spinning one's dream body. He proposed that when spinning, the dreamer is engaging parts of the brain that may also be involved in REM activity, helping to prolong REM sleep. The second technique is rubbing one's hands. This technique is intended to engage the dreamer's brain in producing the sensation of rubbing hands, preventing the sensation of lying in bed from creeping into awareness. LaBerge tested his hypothesis by asking 34 volunteers to either spin, rub their hands, or do nothing. Results showed 90% of dreams were prolonged by hand rubbing and 96% prolonged by spinning. Only 33% of lucid dreams were prolonged with taking no action.<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Stephen LaBerge
| year = 1995
| title = Prolonging Lucid Dreams
| url = http://www.lucidity.com/NL7.34.RU.SpinFlowRub.html
| journal = NightLight
| volume = 7
| issue = 3-4
| publisher = The Lucidity Institute
}}</ref>


* Lyon is also the French capital of "''[[Trompe-l'œil|trompe l'œil]]''"-walls, a very ancient tradition. Many are to be seen everywhere around the city. This old tradition is now expending in a contemporary expression [http://pa-muet.com/]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brefonline.com/numeroERA_affichearticle.asp?idA=3262 |title=Bottazzi fait le mur |publisher=Brefonline.Com |date= |accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> .
Once the initial barrier of lucidity is broken, the dreamer’s next obstacle is the excitement of being conscious within a dream. It is key that the dreamer immediately relaxes upon becoming lucid. There are many methods that work, but in general saturating any of the senses with stimuli from the dream is important. Vision is usually the first sense to fade away, with touch commonly being the last. If the dream starts to fade, you can grab a hold of anything close by, making sure to feel the tactile sensation. Other techniques include shouting in a loud and clear voice, “INCREASE LUCIDITY!” inside the dream. People are often reluctant to do this, but it significantly stabilizes the dream and increases its vividness. The well-known author, Carlos Castaneda, suggests that the dreamer touch their tongue to the roof of their mouth, an action that greatly increases the realness of the dream.<ref>Carlos Castaneda, "The Art of Dreaming"</ref>


* The [[Brothers of the Sacred Heart]], a Roman Catholic congregation that operates schools in Europe and North America, was founded in Lyon in 1821.
==Other associated phenomena==
===[[Rapid eye movement]] (REM)===
When a person is dreaming, the eyes move rapidly and vibrate. Scientific research has found that these eye movements correspond to the direction in which the dreamer is "looking" in his/her dreamscape; this has enabled trained lucid dreamers to communicate whilst dreaming to researchers by using eye movement signals.<ref name="laberge-experiments2">{{cite journal
| author = LaBerge, S.
| year = 2000
| url = http://www.lucidity.com/slbbs/index.html
| title = Lucid dreaming: Evidence and methodology
| journal = Behavioral and Brain Sciences
| volume = 23
| issue = 6
| pages = 962–3
| doi = 10.1017/S0140525X00574020 <!--Retrieved from CrossRef by DOI bot-->
}}</ref>


* The [[African Museum of Lyon]] is one of the oldest museums situated in Lyon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musee-africain-lyon.org/ |title=The African Museum of Lyon Website |publisher=Musee-africain-lyon.org |date= |accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
[[Image:REM.png|thumb|right|[[Rapid eye movement|REM Sleep]]. EEG highlighted by red box. Eye movements highlighted by red line.]]


===False awakening===
===UNESCO World Heritage Site===
The Saint-Jean and the Croix-Rousse areas, which are noted for their narrow passageways (''[[traboule]]s'') that pass through buildings and link the streets either side, were designated [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s in 1998.
In a [[false awakening]], one suddenly dreams of having been awakened. Commonly in a false awakening, the room is similar to the room in which the person fell asleep. If the person was lucid, they often believe that they are no longer dreaming and may start exiting the room and so forth. This can be a nemesis in the art of lucid dreaming, because it usually causes people to give up their awareness of being in a dream, but it can also cause someone to become lucid if the person does a reality check whenever he/she awakens. People who keep a [[dream journal]] and write down their dreams upon awakening sometimes report having to write down the same dream multiple times because of this phenomenon. It has also been known to cause bed wetting as one may dream that they have awoken to go to the lavatory, but in reality are still dreaming. The makers of induction devices such as the NovaDreamer and the REM Dreamer recommend doing a reality check every time you awake so that when a false awakening occurs you will become lucid. People using these devices have most of their lucid dreams triggered through reality checks upon awakening.<ref>[http://www.lucidity.com/NovaDreamerMan.html] NovaDreamer Operation Manual</ref>


===Sleep paralysis===
===Gastronomy===
During REM sleep the body is [[Sleep paralysis|paralyzed]] by a mechanism in the brain in order to prevent the movements which occur in the dream from causing the physical body to move. However, it is possible for this mechanism to be triggered before, during, or after normal sleep while the brain awakens. This can lead to a state where a person is lying in his or her bed and they feel paralyzed. [[Hypnagogia|Hypnagogic]] [[hallucination]] may occur in this state, especially auditory ones. Effects of sleep paralysis include heaviness or inability to move the muscles, rushing or pulsating noises, and brief hypnogogic imagery. Experiencing sleep paralysis is a necessary part of WILD, in which the dreamer essentially detaches his "dream" body from the paralyzed one.


For several centuries Lyon has been known as the French capital of [[French cuisine|gastronomy]], due, in part, to the presence of many of France's finest chefs in the city and its surroundings (e.g. [[Paul Bocuse]]). This reputation also comes from the fact that two of France's best known [[List of wine-producing regions|wine-growing regions]] are located near Lyon: the [[Beaujolais wine|Beaujolais]] to the North, and the [[Côtes du Rhône AOC|Côtes du Rhône]] to the South. Beaujolais wine is very popular in Lyon and remains the most common table wine served with local dishes.
===Out-of-body experience===
An [[out-of-body experience]] (OBE or sometimes OOBE) is an experience that typically involves a sensation of floating outside of one's body and, in some cases, perceiving one's physical [[human body|body]] from a place outside one's body ([[autoscopy]]). About one in ten people have had an out-of-body experience at some time in their lives.<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070823141057.htm First Out-of-body Experience Induced In Laboratory Setting]. ScienceDaily (August 24, 2007) </ref> Scientists are starting to learn about the phenomenon.<ref name="bbc">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4271018.stm Out-of-body or all in the mind?] BBC news (2005).</ref>


Lyon is the home of very typical and traditional restaurants: the ''[[bouchon]]s''. ''[[Bouchon]]s'' are usually convivial restaurants serving local dishes, and local wines.
Wake-induced OBEs and WILDs of an OBE induction cover such similar ground that common misinterpretation of one as the other (or even equivalence) can be hypothesized. Realistic-seeming yet physically impossible impressions of flying, time-travelling or walking through the walls of an environment matching one's bedroom are equally hallmarks of either. (As those who have experienced them will attest, neither "feels" like ordinary dreams at all.) Their induction techniques are similar, and both are easier to perform at times typical for afternoon naps and late morning REM cycles.


Lyon is famous for its morning snacks, the ''mâchons'', made up of local [[charcuterie]] and usually accompanied by [[Beaujolais wine|Beaujolais]] [[wine|red wine]]. Traditional local dishes include ''saucisson de Lyon'' (sausage), [[andouillette]], [[coq au vin]], [[quenelle|esox (pike) quenelle]], ''gras double'' ([[tripe]] cooked with [[onion]]s), ''salade lyonnaise'' (lettuce with [[bacon]], [[Crouton|croutons]] and a [[Egg (food)|poached egg]]), [[Marron glacé|marrons glacés]] and [[cardoon]] ''au gratin''.
==Rarity ==
Given the frequent bizarreness, illogic and dislocation of dreams, some researchers have questioned why dreamers are not lucid all of the time. How can our dreaming selves accept as real so many settings, images and events that in waking life, we assume, would immediately jolt us into disbelief? The answer to this has been approached in three categories of investigation. [[Depth psychology]] suggests that the [[unconscious]] “dream-work” is repressing or inhibiting critical evaluation of the dream in order to perform its [[dream#Functional hypotheses|salutary]] function. “Belief” in the dream symbols and experience is required for healing, personality integration or [[catharsis]] to take place. Lucidity can only arise if a person is relatively free of un-reconciled conflicts which form barriers.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Sparrow
| first =Gregory Scott
| title = Lucid Dreaming: Dawning of the Clear Light
| publisher =A.R.E Press
|year=1976
| location =
| pages = 52–53
| url =
| doi =
| isbn = 87604-086-5 }}</ref>


==Main sights==
[[Physiology]] suggests that “seeing is believing” to the brain during any mental state. This being said, if the brain actually believes something so much, it will actually believe that it is real. If one can make flying seem so real in a dream, then it could very well be possible in real life. Even waking [[consciousness]] is liable to accept discontinuous or illogical experience as real if presented as such to the brain.<ref>{{cite book
These are the main sights of Lyon.
| last =LaBerge
| first =Stephen
| title = Lucid Dreaming: A Concise Guide to awakening in Your Dreams and in Your Life
| publisher =Sounds True
|year=2004
| location =
| pages = 15
| url =
| doi =
| isbn = 1-59179-150-2 }}</ref> Dream consciousness is similar to that of a [[hallucinating]] awake subject. Dream or hallucinatory images triggered by the [[brain stem]] are considered to be real, even if fantastic.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Jouvet
| first =Michel
| title = The Paradox of Sleep: The Story of Dreaming
| publisher =MIT
|year=1999
| location =
| pages = 75
| url =
| doi =
| isbn = 0-262-10080-0 }}</ref> The impulse to accept the evident is so strong the dreamer will often invent a memory or story to cover up an incongruous or unrealistic event in the dream. “That man has two heads!” is usually followed not with “I must be dreaming!” but with “Yes, I read in the paper about these famous Siamese twins.”<ref>{{cite book
| last =McLeester
| first =#### Ed.
| title = Welcome to the Magic Theater: A Handbook for Exploring Dreams
| publisher =Food for Thought
|year=1976
| location =
| pages = 99
| url =
| doi =
| oclc = 76-29541 }}</ref>


===Buildings===
[[Developmental psychology]] suggests that the dream world is not bizarre at all when viewed developmentally, since we were dreaming as children before we learned all of the physical and social laws that train the mind to a “reality.” Fluid imaginative constructions may have preceded the more rigid, logical waking rules and continue on as a normative [[lifeworld]] alongside the acquired, waking life world. Dreaming and waking consciousness differ only in their respective level of expectations, the waking “I” expecting a stricter set of “reality rules” as the child matures. The experience of “waking up” normally establishes the boundary between the two lifeworlds and cues the consciousness to adapt to waking “I” expectations. At times, however, this cue is false—a [[false awakening]]. Here the waking “I” (with its level of expectations) is activated even though the experience is still hallucinatory. Incongruous images or illogical events during this type of dream can result in lucidity as the dream is being judged by waking “standards.”<ref>{{cite book
*[[Place Bellecour]]
| last =Oldis
*[[Metallic tower of Fourvière|Tour métallique de Fourvière]] (1894)
| first =Daniel
*[[Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon]]
| title = Lucid Dreams, Dreams and Sleep
*''[[Sainte Marie de La Tourette]] ''monastery (1960) designed by [[Le Corbusier]]
| publisher =USD Press
*[[Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport|Saint-Exupéry International Airport]] (formerly [[Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport|Satolas]] Airport, 1975), designed by [[Guillaume Gilbert]].
|year=1974
*[[Opéra National de Lyon]], renovated in 1993 by [[Jean Nouvel]].
| location =
*[[Lyon Airport Railway Station]] (1994) by [[Santiago Calatrava]].
| pages = 173–178, 191
*''[[Cité Internationale]]'' (1998), designed by [[Renzo Piano]].
| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=Vex2v68fVAYC&pg=PA48&dq=160303496X&sig=pC0fAyC2BsknYQ2KsuxBW3YPCy0#PPA173,M1
*''[[Lyon Cathedral|Cathédrale Saint-Jean]]''
| doi =
*Basilica of ''[[Notre-Dame de Fourvière]]''.
| isbn = 978-1-60303-496-8 }}</ref>
*Basilica of ''[[St-Martin-d'Ainay]]''.
*The church of [[St-Martin-d'Ainay]] is one of the rare surviving [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] [[basilica]]-style churches in Lyon.
*The doorway of [[Saint-Nizier (Lyon)|St. Nizier's]] (fifteenth century) was carved in the sixteenth century by Philibert Delorme.
*''La Mouche'' Cattle Market and Abbatoir (1914, 1928), designed by [[Tony Garnier (architect)|Tony Garnier]].
*The Roman ruins on the hillside near the Fourviere Basilica, and the accompanying Gallo-Roman Museum.
*The Medieval Quarter of town, with cobbled streets, shops, and dining.
*[[Tour Oxygène]]
*[[Tour Incity]]
===Parks and gardens===
* [[Parc de la Tête d'Or]]
* [[Jardin botanique de Lyon]]


==Colleges and universities==
==See also==
*[[Ecole de Commerce Europeenne de Lyon|ECE Lyon]]
*[[Astral projection]]
*[[École supérieure de chimie physique électronique de Lyon|CPE Lyon]]
*[[Dream argument]]
*[[École centrale de Lyon|École Centrale de Lyon]]
*[[Dream question]]
*[[École Catholique des Arts et Métiers|ECAM Lyon]] (École Catholique d'Arts et Métiers de Lyon)
*[[Hemi-Sync]]
*[[École de management de Lyon|EM Lyon]] (École de Management de Lyon)
*[[List of dream diaries]]
*[http://www.entpe.fr/ École Nationale des Travaux Publiques de l'Etat (ENTPE)]
*[[Pre-lucid dream]]
*[[École Normale Supérieure de Lyon]]
*''[[The Art of Dreaming]]''
*[[École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines]]
*[[École des Beaux-Arts|École Nationale des beaux-arts de Lyon]]
*[[Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon|Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon]] (located in [[Villeurbanne]])
*[[Institut d'études politiques de Lyon]]
*[http://www.isara.fr/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=40 ISARA-Lyon Institut Supérieur D'Agriculture Rhône Alpes]
*[[Institution des Chartreux]]
*[[Claude Bernard University Lyon 1|Université Claude Bernard (Lyon I)]]
*[[Lumière University Lyon 2]]
*[[Jean Moulin University Lyon 3|Université Jean Moulin (Lyon III)]]
*[[IAE Jean Moulin University Lyon 3|Institut d'Administration des Entreprises de Lyon, Université Jean Moulin (Lyon III)]]
*[[Catholic University of Lyon]]
*[[ESDES]] Business School
*Le [[Lycée du Parc]]
*[[La Martiniere Lyon]]
*[http://www.ceeso.com Centre Européen d'Enseignement Supérieur de l'Ostéopathie- (CEESO)]


===International schools in Lyon===
==Notes==
There are some international schools in Lyon, including:
{{reflist|2}}
*[[Cité Scolaire Internationale de Lyon (private school)]]
*[http://www.eife2f.com École Interculturelle de Français pour Étrangers (French language school)]
*[http://www.international-school-ombrosa.com Ombrosa (private school)]
*[http://www.islyon.org/ International School of Lyon (private school)]
*[http://www.montessori-lyon.com/ L'école Montessori de Lyon (private school)]


==Further reading==
==Sport==
Lyon is home to [[Ligue 1]] football (soccer) team [[Olympique Lyonnais]], commonly known as "Lyon" or "OL". The team has enjoyed unprecedented success recently, winning the last seven national titles and establishing themselves as France's premier football club. The captain of the side, [[Juninho Pernambucano]] is one of several Brazilians at Lyon, and he has received many awards while leading his team to unrivalled success. The team competes in the prestigious [[UEFA Champions League]] and currently plays at the impressive [[Stade de Gerland]], where the [[Danone Nation's Cup]] is held every year. The team is set to move to a [[New Olympique Lyonnais Stadium|new stadium]] in [[Décines-Charpieu]] (in the eastern suburbs) in 2010, which will hold 67,895 people. Lyon also has a [[rugby union]] team, [[Lyon OU]], currently playing in division 2, [[Rugby Pro D2]]. In addition, Lyon has a [[rugby league]] side: Lyon Villeurbanne Rhône XIII, or LVR XIII<ref>[http://www.lvr13.com/index1 Le site de Lyon Villeurbanne Rhône à XIII - LVR XIII<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=February 2009}}</ref>, play in the [[French Rugby League Championship|French rugby league championship]]. The club's current home ground is Stade Georges Lyvet in Villeurbanne. Lyon is also home to the [[Lyon Hockey Club]], an [[ice hockey]] team that competes in France's national ice hockey league. Finally, Villeurbanne also has a renowned basketball team, ASVEL, who play at the [[Astroballe]] arena in Cusset.


==Transport==
*[[Roger Waggoner]]{{Cite book|title=Lucid Dreaming Gateway to the Inner Self|year=2008|isbn=978-1-930491-14-4}}
===Air===
* {{cite book|title=The Conscious Exploration of Dreaming|year=2000|isbn=1-58500-539-8|first=Janice|last=Brooks|coauthors=Vogelsong, Jay}}
The [[Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport|Saint-Exupéry International Airport]] is located {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the east of Lyon, and serves as a base for regional and international flights. It is also directly connected to the [[TGV]] network with its own station [[Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry]]. Aéroport de Lyon-Bron is a smaller local airport to the east of the city center.
*[[Carlos Castaneda|Castaneda, Carlos]]. ''The Art of Dreaming''. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.
The Other Lyon's Airport called [[Lyon Bron]] is reservated for the affairs.
* {{cite book|title=[http://www.amazon.com/dp/141344668X]Wrestling With Ghosts: A Personal and Scientific Account of Sleep Paralysis--and Lucid Dreaming|year=2004|isbn=978-1413446685|first=Jorge|last=Conesa-Sevilla|authorlink=sleep paralysis}}
* {{cite book|title=Sleep Paralysis Signaling (SPS) As A Natural Cueing Method for the Generation and Maintenance of Lucid Dreaming. Presented at The 83rd Annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association, May 1-4, 2003, in Vancouver, BC, Canada. |year=2003|first=Jorge|last=Conesa-Sevilla|authorlink=sleep paralysis|unused_data=|isbn}}
* {{cite book|title=[http://www.sleepandhypnosis.org/article.asp?ID=125&issue=16]Isolated Sleep Paralysis and Lucid Dreaming: Ten-year longitudinal case study and related dream frequencies, types, and categories. Sleep and Hypnosis, 4, (4), 132-143. |year=2002|isbn=|first=Jorge|last=Conesa-Sevilla|authorlink=sleep paralysis}}
* {{cite book|title=Dreams and How to Guide Them|year=1982|isbn=0-7156-1584-X|first=Hervey|last=de Saint-Denys|authorlink=Hervey de Saint-Denys}}
* {{cite book|title=Conscious Mind, Sleeping Brain|year=1988|isbn=0-306-42849-0|authorlink=Jayne Gackenbach|first=Jayne|last=Gackenbach|coauthors=Laberge, Stephen}}
* {{cite book|title=Creative Dreaming|year=1974|isbn=0-671-21903-0|first=Patricia L.|last=Garfield}}
* {{cite book|title=The Lucid Dreamer|year=1994|isbn=0-671-87248-6|first=Malcom|last=Godwin}}
* {{cite book|title=Lucid Dreams|year=1968|isbn=0-900076-00-3|first=Celia|last=Green|authorlink=Celia Green}}
* {{cite book|title=Lucid Dreaming: The Paradox of Consciousness During Sleep|year=1994|isbn=0-415-11239-7|first=Celia|last=Green|coauthors=McCreery, Charles}}
* {{cite book|title=Lucid Dreaming|year=1985|isbn=0-87477-342-3|first=Stephen|last=LaBerge|authorlink=Stephen LaBerge}}
* {{cite book|title=Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming|year=1991|isbn=0-345-37410-X|first=Stephen|last=LaBerge}}
* {{cite book|title=Lucid Dreaming for Beginners: Simple Techniques for Creating Interactive Dreams|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7387-0887-4|first=Mark|last=McElroy}}
* {{cite book|title=Tibetan Yogas Of Dream And Sleep|year=1998|isbn=1-55939-101-4|authorlink=Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche|first=Tenzin|last=Wangyal Rinpoche}}
* {{Cite book|chapter=The Lucid Dream|title=The Head Trip: Adventures on the Wheel of Consciousness|year=2007|isbn=978-0679314080|first=Jeff|last=Warren}}
* {{cite book|title=Advanced Lucid Dreaming - The Power of Supplements|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4303-0542-2|first=Thomas|last=Yuschak}}


==External links==
===Rail===
Lyon is connected to the north ([[Lille]], [[Paris]], [[Brussels]]) and the south ([[Marseille]], [[Montpellier]]) by the [[TGV]]. It was the first city to be connected to Paris by the [[TGV]] in 1981.
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Lyon has two major railway stations: '''[[Gare de Lyon-Part-Dieu|Lyon Part-Dieu]]''', which was built to accommodate the [[TGV]] and has become the principal railway station for extra-regional trains; and '''[[Gare de Lyon-Perrache|Lyon Perrache]]''', which is an older station that now primarily serves regional rail services. In practice, many trains, including TGVs, serve both stations. Smaller railway stations include ''Gorge de Loup'', ''Vaise'', ''[[Vénissieux]]'', and ''St-Paul''.
<!-- Alternatively, try submitting the link to the DMOZ category linked to below -->
<!-- ============================================================================= -->
{{Wikibooks|Lucid Dreaming}}
*{{wikia|lucid|Lucid dreaming}}
*{{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Psychology/Dreams/Lucid_Dreams/|Lucid Dreams}}
{{SleepSeries2}}


===Road===
[[Category:Dreaming]]
[[Image:Lyon Autoroutes.svg|thumb|Network of highways around Lyon]]
[[Category:Lucid dreams]]
The City is at the heart of a dense road network and is located at the meeting point of several highways: [[A6 autoroute (France)|A6]] (to [[Paris]]), [[A7 autoroute|A7]] (to [[Marseille]]), [[A42 autoroute|A42]] (to [[Geneva|Geneve]]), [[A43 autoroute|A43]] (to [[Grenoble]]). The city is now bypassed by the [[A46 autoroute|A46]].
[[Category:New Age practices]]

===Intercity coach===
Lyon is served by the [[Eurolines]] intercity coach organisation. Its Lyon terminal is located at the city's ''Perrache'' railway station, which serves as an intermodal transportation hub that also includes tramways, local and regional trains and busses, the terminus of metro line A, the bicycle service Vélo'v, taxis, and high-speed TGV trains.

===Public transport===
[[Image:Vélo'v station.jpg|thumb|Public bicycle service ''Vélo'v'']]
{{Further|[[Lyon Metro]] and [[Tramways in Lyon]]}}
[[Image:Tram Lyon Billy.jpg|thumb|Lyon's [[tram]]way]]
The [[Transports en commun lyonnais|TCL]] (French: ''Transports en Commun Lyonnais''), Lyon's public transport system, consisting of metros, buses and trams, serves 62 communes of the Lyon agglomeration. The metro system has 4 lines, 39 stations and runs with a frequency of up to a metro every 2 minutes. The bus system consists of normal [[bus]]es, [[trolleybus]]es and coaches for areas outside the centre, but which operate on the same ticketing scheme. There are three [[tram]] lines since December 2006: T1 from ''Montrochet'' in the south to ''IUT-Feyssine'' in the north, Tram T2 from ''Perrache'' railway station in the southwest to [[Saint-Priest]] in the southeast, and Tram T3 from [[Gare de Lyon-Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] to [[Meyzieu]]. There is also two [[Funiculars of Lyon|funicular lines]].

The public transit system is complemented by ''[[Vélo'v]]'', a bicycle network providing a low cost and convenient bicycle hire service where bicycles can be hired and dropped off at any of 340 stations throughout the city. Borrowing a bicycle for less than 30 minutes is free.

==People from Lyon==
*[[Jean Moulin]]
*[[Irenaeus]]
*[[Clovis Cornillac]]
*[[Jean-Baptiste Say]]
*[[Auguste and Louis Lumière]]
*[[Abbé Pierre]]
* [[Katsuni]]
* [[Jerome Kerviel]]
* [[Jean Baptiste Maunier]]

==Movies in Lyon==

* 1895 : 14 vues Lumière filmées à Lyon entre 1895 et 1900 par Auguste et Louis Lumière.
* 1946 ; Un revenant de Christian-Jaque, avec Louis Jouvet, Gaby Morlay, François Périer, Marguerite Moreno, Ludmila Tcherina, Louis Seigner.
* 1953 : Thérèse Raquin, réalisé par Marcel Carné, avec Simone Signoret, Raf Vallone et Jacques Duby.
* 1956 : Un condamné à mort s'est échappé de Robert Bresson
* 1966 : Le Voyage du père de Denys de la Patellière.
* 1969 : L'Armée des ombres de Jean-Pierre Melville
* 1974 : L'Horloger de Saint-Paul, de Bertrand Tavernier.
* 1974 : Verdict, d'André Cayatte.
* 1980 : Une semaine de vacances, de Bertrand Tavernier.
* 1981 : Le Voyage à Lyon de Claudia von Aleman.
* 1985 : Parole de flic, de José Pinheiro avec Alain Delon.
* 1993 : Un crime, de Jacques Deray.
* 1994 : Lucie Aubrac, de Claude Berri.
* 1996 : Les Voleurs, d'André Téchiné.
* 1998 : Le Gone du Chaâba, de Christophe Ruggia, d'après le roman d'Azouz Begag.
* 2000 : Lyon police spéciale, de Bertrand Arthuys.
* 2000 : Tout va bien, on s'en va, de Claude Mouriéras.
* 2000 : Une affaire de goût, de Bernard Rapp.
* 2002 : Inventaire filmé des rues de la Croix-Rousse à Lyon, de Gérard Courant
* 2002 : Quand tu descendras du ciel de Éric Guirado.
* 2003 : Le Coût de la vie, de Philippe Le Guay.
* 2004 : Vaada, de Satish Kaushik, film de Bollywood.
* 2005 : Destination Fourvière, de Gérard Courant.
* 2007 : Après Lui, de Gaël Morel.
* 2007 : Détrompez-vous
* 2007 : J'veux pas que tu t'en ailles, de Bernard Jeanjean.
* 2007 : La fille coupée en deux, de Claude Chabrol.
* 2008 : Les Liens du sang, de Jacques Maillot.

==Other==

*[[Urban Community of Lyon]]
*[[Gallia Lugdunensis]]
*[[Olympique Lyonnais]]
*[[Lyon Dubai City]]

== Twin Towns - Sister Cities ==
Lyon is [[town twinning|twinned]] with:<ref name="Partner">{{cite web|url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1|title=''Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon'' |publisher=<small>[[copyright|©]] 2008 Mairie de Lyon</small>|accessdate=2008-10-21}}</ref>
{| cellpadding="10"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Beersheba]] in [[Israel]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Birmingham]] in [[United Kingdom]] <small>''(since 1951'')</small>
* {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Curitiba]] in [[Brazil]]
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Guangzhou]] in [[People's Republic of China|China]] <small>''(since 1988)''</small>
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]] in [[Italy]] <small>''(since 1966)'' <ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano - Città Gemellate''|publisher=<small>[[copyright|©]] 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|accessdate=2008-12-05}}</small></ref></small>
* {{flagicon|LIB}} [[Beirut]] in [[Lebanon]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[St. Louis, Missouri|Saint Louis]] in [[United States]] <small>''(since 1975'')</small>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia]] in [[United States]]
||
||
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]] in [[Germany]] <small>''(since 1960)'' <ref name="Frankfurt">{{cite web|url=http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645|title=''Frankfurt -Partner Cities''|publisher=<small>[[copyright|©]] 2008 [http://www.frankfurt.de Stadt Frankfurt am Main]|accessdate=2008-12-05}}</small></ref></small>
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Leipzig]] in [[Germany]] <small>''(since 1981)''</small>
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Yokohama]] in [[Japan]] <small>''(since 1959'') <ref name="Yokohama">{{cite web |url=http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/tourism/mame/a3000.html|title=Official Yokohama City Tourism Website: ''Sister Cities''|accessdate=2008-11-11 |publisher=<small>[[copyright|©]] Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau}}</small></ref></small>
* {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Kutaisi]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] <small>''(since 2006)''</small>
* {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]] in [[Armenia]]
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Łódź]] in [[Poland]] <small>''(since 1991)'' <ref name="_Łódź_ Tourism">''{{cite web |url=http://en.www.uml.lodz.pl/index.php?str=2029 |title=Twin Cities |accessdate=2008-10-23 |work=The City of _Łódź_ Office|publisher=<small>[[Image:Uk flag.gif|14px]] [[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|border|10px]] {{fontcolor|Green|(in [[English language|{{fontcolor|Green|English}}]] and [[Polish language|{{fontcolor|Green|Polish}}]])}} © 2007 UM_</small>}}</ref>''</small>
* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal|Montréal]] in [[Quebec|Québec]], [[Canada]] <small>''(since 1979)'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1 |title=Montreal partner city |publisher=Lyon.fr |date= |accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref></small>
* {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]] in [[Belarus]] <small>''(since 1976)'' <ref name="Minsk">{{cite web|url=http://minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/org_ps.pl?k_org=3604&mode=doc&doc=3604_2_a&lang=eng|title=''Twin towns of Minsk''|publisher=<small>[[copyright|©]] 2008 The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee|accessdate=2008-12-08}}</small></ref></small>
||
||
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Gothenburg]] in [[Sweden]]
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Pécs]] in [[Hungary]]
* {{flagicon|West Bank}} [[Jericho]] in [[West Bank]]
* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Craiova]] in [[Romania]] <small>''(since 1992)''</small>
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Varna]] in [[Bulgaria]]
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Muntinlupa City|Muntinlupa]] in [[Philippines]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]] in [[Russia]] <small>''(since 1993)'' <ref name="saint_petersburg">{{cite web |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |title=Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref></small>
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Yoshkar-Ola]] in [[Russia]]
|}

==Cultural references==
{{Trivia|date=September 2008}}
*The city figures in the play ''The Lyons Mail'' by [[Charles Reade]], which was adapted into a film in 1931.
*Lyon in the year 1656 is described by [[Samuel Chappuzeau]] in his book ''Lyon dans son lustre''.
*A historical article about a 19th century [[flood]] inspired the 1979 song "The Flood at Lyons" by the rock band [[Renaissance (band)|Renaissance]].
*In the [[Marillion]] song "Bitter Suite" from ''[[Misplaced Childhood]]'' there is a reference to Lyon. The line is: "The sky was bible black in Lyons, when I met the Magdalene."
*[[Morrissey]], former singer with [[The Smiths]], briefly mentions Lyon in the 2006 song "Christian Dior," the B-side to "In The Future When All's Well".
*Lyon is the name of a multi-player level in the real-time strategy game ''[[Company of Heroes]]''.
*In the video game [[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty]], the character [[Ocelot (Metal Gear)|Revolver Ocelot]] has gone through an arm transplant in Lyon, as revealed in one of the dialogs.

The lion is a common sight in Lyon:
<gallery perrow="5">
Image:Lyon lion door knocker.jpg | A lion door knocker in Lyon
Image:Lyon lion maison des avocats.jpg | The lion at Maison des Avocats
Image:Lyon lion Parc de la Tête d'Or.jpg | A real lion in the Parc de la Tête d'Or
Image:Lyon lions Gare Part-Dieu.jpg | Sculpture of lions at the Gare Part-Dieu
Image:Blason ville fr Lyon (Rhone).svg | The lion on the seal of Lyon
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Category:Lyon|Lyon}}
*[http://www.lyon.fr/ City of Lyon official website]
*{{Wikitravel}}
*[http://www.mairie-lyon.fr/ Lyon City Hall official website]
*[http://www.tcl.fr/site/00_plans_reseau/index.asp Lyon public transport company, including maps]
*[http://www.lyon.fr/vdl/sections/en/villes_partenaires/villes_partenaires_2/?aIndex=1 Lyon Partner cities]
*[http://www.en.lyon-france.com/ Official Tourism Office Site]
*[http://www.world66.com/europe/france/alpes/lyon/history/ A brief history of Lyon]
{{Préfectures of départements of France}}
{{Préfectures of régions of France}}
{{World Heritage Sites in France}}
[[Category:Lyon| ]]
[[Category:Communes of Rhône]]


[[af:Lyon]]
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Revision as of 17:11, 27 February 2009

For other uses, see the French city and Lyon.

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Lucid dream
Lyon as seen from Fourvière
CountryFrance
Boroughs9 arrondissements
Government
 • Mayor (2008-2014) Gérard Collomb (PS)
Population
472,305
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)

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Historic Site of Lyons
UNESCO World Heritage Site
CriteriaCultural: ii, iv
Reference872
Inscription1998 (22nd Session)

|} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English, is a city in east-central France. Its name is pronounced [ljɔ̃]ⓘ in French and Arpitan, and Template:IPAlink-en or Template:IPAlink-en in English. Lyon is the second-largest French urban area, the first being Paris and the third Marseille. It is a major centre of business, situated between Paris and Marseille, and has a reputation as the French capital of gastronomy and having a significant role in the history of cinema. The local professional football team, Olympique Lyonnais, has increased the profile of Lyon internationally through participation in European football championships. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais.

Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the second-largest metropolitan area in France after that of Paris, with a population estimated to be 1,783,400 in 2007. Its "urban region" (Région Urbaine de Lyon), represents half of the Rhône-Alpes région population with three million inhabitants[1]. Lyon is also a major industrial center specialized in chemical, pharmaceutical, and biotech industries. There is also a significant software industry with a particular focus on video games.

Lyon is the préfecture (capital) of the Rhône département, and also the capital of the Rhône-Alpes région. The city is known for its historical and architectural landmarks and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Lyon was historically known as the silk capital of the world. It also hosts the international headquarters of Interpol and Euronews.

History

Main article for early history: Lugdunum.
Further information: [[:Ecclesiastical history of Lyon]]
Lucius Munatius Plancus, founder of Lyon

Lyon was founded on the Fourvière hill as a Roman colony in 43 BCE by Munatius Plancus, a lieutenant of Caesar, on the site of a Gaulish hill-fort settlement called Lug[o]dunon, from the Celtic god Lugus ('Light', cognate with Old Irish Lugh, Modern Irish Lú) and dúnon (hill-fort). Lyon was first named Lugdunum meaning the "hill of lights" or "the hill of crows". Lug was equated by the Romans to Mercury.

Agrippa recognized that Lugdunum's position on the natural highway from northern to south-eastern France made it a natural communications hub, and he made Lyon the starting point of the principal Roman roads throughout Gaul. It then became the capital of Gaul, partly thanks to its convenient location at the convergence of two navigable rivers, and quickly became the main city of Gaul. Two emperors were born in this city: Claudius and Caracalla. Today, the archbishop of Lyon is still referred to as "le primat des Gaules" and the city often referred to as the "capitale des Gaules".

The Christians in Lyon were persecuted for their religion under the reigns of the various Roman emperors, most notably Marcus Aurelius and Septimus Severus. Local saints from this period include saints such as Blandina (Blandine), Pothinus (Pothin) , and Epipodius (Épipode), among others.

The great Christian bishop of Lyon in the 2nd century was the Easterner Irenaeus.

Lyon under siege (1793)

Burgundian refugees from the destruction of Worms by Huns in 437 were resettled by the military commander of the west, Aëtius, at Lugdunum, which was formally the capital of the new Burgundian kingdom by 461.

In 843, by the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon, with the country beyond the Saône, went to Lothair I, and later became a part of the Kingdom of Arles. Lyon only came under French control in the fourteenth century.

Fernand Braudel remarked, Historians of Lyon are not sufficiently aware of the bi-polarity between Paris and Lyon, which is a constant structure in French development from the late Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution (Braudel 1984 p. 327). The fairs in Lyon, the invention of Italian merchants, made it the economic countinghouse of France in the late 15th century. When international banking moved to Genoa, then Amsterdam, Lyon simply became the banking centre of France; its new Bourse (treasury), built in 1749, still resembled a public bazaar where accounts were settled in the open air. During the Renaissance, the city developed with the silk trade, especially with Italy; the Italian influence on Lyon's architecture can still be seen. Thanks to the silk trade, Lyon became an important industrial town during the 19th century.

Lyon in the 18th century

Lyon was a scene of mass violence against Huguenots in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacres in 1572.

During the French Revolution, Lyon uprose against the National Convention and supported the Girondins. In 1793, the city was under siege for over two months, assaulted by the Revolutionary armies, before eventually surrending. More than 2,000 people were executed and several buildings were destroyed, especially around the Place Bellecour. A decade later, Napoleon himself ordered the reconstruction of all the buildings demolished during this period.

The silk workers of Lyon, known as canuts, staged two major uprisings: in 1831 and 1834. The 1831 uprising saw one of the first recorded uses of the black flag as an emblem of protest. The world's first funicular railway was built between Lyon and La Croix-Rousse in 1862.

Lyon in 1860
The Saône River in Lyon as seen from Pont La Feuillée
File:Lyon, ville de modernite.JPG
Lyon's Part-Dieu district

Lyon was a centre for the occupying German forces and also a stronghold of resistance during World War II, and the city is now home to a resistance museum. (See also Klaus Barbie.) The traboules, or secret passages, through the houses enabled the local people to escape Gestapo raids.

Geography

Lyon's geography is dominated by the Rhône and Saône rivers that converge to the south of the historic city center forming a peninsula or "Presqu'île"; two large hills, one to the west and one to the north of the historic city center; and a large plain which sprawls eastward from the historic city center.

To the west is Fourvière, known as "the hill that prays", the location for the highly decorated Notre-Dame de Fourvière basilica, several convents, the palace of the Archbishop, the Tour métallique (a highly visible TV tower, replicating the last stage of the Eiffel Tower) and a funicular (a railway on a steep hill).

To the north is the Croix-Rousse, "the hill that works", traditionally home to many small silk workshops, an industry for which the city was once renowned.

The original medieval city (Vieux Lyon) was built on the west bank of the Saône river at the foot of the Fourvière hill, west of the Presqu'île. (This area, along with portions of the Presqu'ile and much of the Croix-Rousse are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Place Bellecour is located on the peninsula (Presqu'île) between the rivers Rhône and Saône and is the third largest public square in France and one of the largest in Europe. Specifically, it is the largest clear square (i.e., without any patches of greenery, trees or any other kind of obstacles) in Europe.[citation needed] The broad, pedestrian-only Rue de la République leads north from Place Bellecour. The 2nd arrondissement has many of the finest old residential buildings in Lyon and the area is known for its concentration of old Lyonnaise Catholic families, particularly in the Ainay part of the arrondissement.

East of the Rhône from the Presqu'île is a large area of flat ground upon which sits much of modern Lyon and most of the city's population. Situated in this area is the urban centre of Part-Dieu which clusters the former Crédit Lyonnais Tower (central France's only skyscraper), the Part-Dieu shopping centre, and one of Lyon's two major rail terminals, Lyon Part-Dieu.

North of this district is the relatively wealthy 6th arrondissement, which is home to the Parc de la Tête d'Or, one of Europe's largest urban parks, the prestigious Lycée du Parc to the south of the park, and Interpol's world headquarters on the park's western edge. The park contains a free zoo that has recently been upgraded.


Several buildings are being constructed in Part-Dieu such as the Tour Oxygène and other projects such as the Tour Incity

Climate

Climate Table
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum temperature (°C) 6.2 8.4 12.4 15.3 20.0 23.5 27.0 26.7 22.3 16.7 10.2 7.1 16.3
Mean daily minimum temperature (°C) 0.1 1.2 3.3 5.6 9.9 13.1 15.6 15.3 11.9 8.4 3.6 1.5 7.5
Mean total rainfall (mm) 52.9 50.5 54.8 72.3 87.8 80.2 62.0 69.0 88.3 94.7 75.1 55.5 843.1
Mean number of rain days 9.4 9.0 8.8 9.5 11.3 8.8 6.8 7.2 7.7 10.3 9.2 9.5 107.5
Source: worldweather.org

Administration

Lyon is the capital of the Rhône-Alpes région, the préfecture of the Rhône département, and the capital of 14 cantons, covering 1 commune, and with a total population of 488,300 (2007).

Arrondissements

Main article: Arrondissements of Lyon
File:Lyon Arr.jpg
The arrondissements of Lyon.
Lyon's early 17th-century town hall.
Place Bellecour, the "official" center of Lyon

Like Paris and Marseille, Lyon is divided into a number of municipal arrondissements (sometimes translated into English as boroughs), each of which is identified by a number and has its own council and town hall.

Five arrondissements were originally created in 1852, when three neighbouring communes (La Croix-Rousse, La Guillotière, and Vaise) were annexed by Lyon.

Between 1867 and 1959, the 3rd arrondissement (which originally covered the whole of the Left Bank of the Rhône) was split three times, creating a new arrondissement in each case.

Then, in 1963, the commune of Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe was annexed to Lyon's 5th arrondissement. A year later, in 1964, the 5th was split to create Lyon's 9th – and, to date, final – arrondissement.

Within each arrondissement, there are a number of recognisable quartiers or neighbourhoods:

  • 1st arrdt: Pentes de la Croix-Rousse, Terreaux, Martinière/St-Vincent
  • 2nd arrdt: Cordeliers, Bellecour, Ainay, Perrache, Confluent
  • 3rd arrdt: Guillotière (north), Préfecture, Part-Dieu, Villette, Dauphiné/Sans Souci, Montchat, Grange Blanche (north), Monplaisir (north)
  • 4th arrdt: Plateau de la Croix-Rousse, Serin
  • 5th arrdt: Vieux Lyon (St-Paul, St-Jean, St-Georges), St-Just, St-Irénée, Fourvière, Point du Jour, Ménival, Battières, Champvert (south)
  • 6th arrdt: Brotteaux, Bellecombe, Parc de la Tête d'Or, Cité Internationale
  • 7th arrdt: Guillotière (south), Jean Macé, Gerland
  • 8th arrdt: Monplaisir (south), Bachut, États-Unis, Grand Trou/Moulin à Vent, Grange Blanche (south), Laënnec, Mermoz, Monplaisir-la-Plaine
  • 9th arrdt: Vaise, Duchère, Rochecardon, St-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe, Gorge de Loup, Observance, Champvert (north)

Culture

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The Notre-Dame de Fourvière Basilica, which overlooks the city

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The Saint-Jean Cathedral, seat of the Archbishop of Lyon

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Bartholdi Fountain at the Place des Terreaux

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A view of one of the many gardens in the Parc de la Tête d'Or

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Statue of Louis XIV, with Ferris wheel in background, at Bellecour

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File:LyonFeteDeLumiere.JPG
The "Fête des Lumières" expresses gratitude to Mary

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The Roman-era Theatre on the Fourvière hill

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The Ile Barbe island along the Saône in Lyon's 9th arrondissement
  • Since the Middle Ages, the Arpitans, residents of the region, speak several dialects of Arpitan language. The Lyonnais dialect was partly replaced by the French language as the importance of the city grew. However, it is still alive and, in addition, some "frenchified" Arpitan words can also be heard in the French of the Lyonnais, who call their little boys and girls "gones" and "fenottes" for example. [citation needed]
  • Lyon was an early centre for printing books, and nurtured a circle of 16th century poets. [citation needed]
  • December 8th each year is marked by "la Fête des lumières" (the Festival of Lights), a celebration of thanks to the Virgin Mary, who purportedly saved the city from a deadly plague in the Middle Ages. During the event, the local population places candles (lumignons) at their windows and the city of Lyon organizes impressive large-scale light shows onto the sides of important Lyonnais monuments, such as the medieval Cathédrale St-Jean.
  • Lyon is also the French capital of "trompe l'œil"-walls, a very ancient tradition. Many are to be seen everywhere around the city. This old tradition is now expending in a contemporary expression [1][2] .
  • The Brothers of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic congregation that operates schools in Europe and North America, was founded in Lyon in 1821.

UNESCO World Heritage Site

The Saint-Jean and the Croix-Rousse areas, which are noted for their narrow passageways (traboules) that pass through buildings and link the streets either side, were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1998.

Gastronomy

For several centuries Lyon has been known as the French capital of gastronomy, due, in part, to the presence of many of France's finest chefs in the city and its surroundings (e.g. Paul Bocuse). This reputation also comes from the fact that two of France's best known wine-growing regions are located near Lyon: the Beaujolais to the North, and the Côtes du Rhône to the South. Beaujolais wine is very popular in Lyon and remains the most common table wine served with local dishes.

Lyon is the home of very typical and traditional restaurants: the bouchons. Bouchons are usually convivial restaurants serving local dishes, and local wines.

Lyon is famous for its morning snacks, the mâchons, made up of local charcuterie and usually accompanied by Beaujolais red wine. Traditional local dishes include saucisson de Lyon (sausage), andouillette, coq au vin, esox (pike) quenelle, gras double (tripe cooked with onions), salade lyonnaise (lettuce with bacon, croutons and a poached egg), marrons glacés and cardoon au gratin.

Main sights

These are the main sights of Lyon.

Buildings

Parks and gardens

Colleges and universities

International schools in Lyon

There are some international schools in Lyon, including:

Sport

Lyon is home to Ligue 1 football (soccer) team Olympique Lyonnais, commonly known as "Lyon" or "OL". The team has enjoyed unprecedented success recently, winning the last seven national titles and establishing themselves as France's premier football club. The captain of the side, Juninho Pernambucano is one of several Brazilians at Lyon, and he has received many awards while leading his team to unrivalled success. The team competes in the prestigious UEFA Champions League and currently plays at the impressive Stade de Gerland, where the Danone Nation's Cup is held every year. The team is set to move to a new stadium in Décines-Charpieu (in the eastern suburbs) in 2010, which will hold 67,895 people. Lyon also has a rugby union team, Lyon OU, currently playing in division 2, Rugby Pro D2. In addition, Lyon has a rugby league side: Lyon Villeurbanne Rhône XIII, or LVR XIII[4], play in the French rugby league championship. The club's current home ground is Stade Georges Lyvet in Villeurbanne. Lyon is also home to the Lyon Hockey Club, an ice hockey team that competes in France's national ice hockey league. Finally, Villeurbanne also has a renowned basketball team, ASVEL, who play at the Astroballe arena in Cusset.

Transport

Air

The Saint-Exupéry International Airport is located 20 km (12 mi) to the east of Lyon, and serves as a base for regional and international flights. It is also directly connected to the TGV network with its own station Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry. Aéroport de Lyon-Bron is a smaller local airport to the east of the city center. The Other Lyon's Airport called Lyon Bron is reservated for the affairs.

Rail

Lyon is connected to the north (Lille, Paris, Brussels) and the south (Marseille, Montpellier) by the TGV. It was the first city to be connected to Paris by the TGV in 1981.

Lyon has two major railway stations: Lyon Part-Dieu, which was built to accommodate the TGV and has become the principal railway station for extra-regional trains; and Lyon Perrache, which is an older station that now primarily serves regional rail services. In practice, many trains, including TGVs, serve both stations. Smaller railway stations include Gorge de Loup, Vaise, Vénissieux, and St-Paul.

Road

Network of highways around Lyon

The City is at the heart of a dense road network and is located at the meeting point of several highways: A6 (to Paris), A7 (to Marseille), A42 (to Geneve), A43 (to Grenoble). The city is now bypassed by the A46.

Intercity coach

Lyon is served by the Eurolines intercity coach organisation. Its Lyon terminal is located at the city's Perrache railway station, which serves as an intermodal transportation hub that also includes tramways, local and regional trains and busses, the terminus of metro line A, the bicycle service Vélo'v, taxis, and high-speed TGV trains.

Public transport

Public bicycle service Vélo'v
Further information: [[:Lyon Metro and Tramways in Lyon]]
Lyon's tramway

The TCL (French: Transports en Commun Lyonnais), Lyon's public transport system, consisting of metros, buses and trams, serves 62 communes of the Lyon agglomeration. The metro system has 4 lines, 39 stations and runs with a frequency of up to a metro every 2 minutes. The bus system consists of normal buses, trolleybuses and coaches for areas outside the centre, but which operate on the same ticketing scheme. There are three tram lines since December 2006: T1 from Montrochet in the south to IUT-Feyssine in the north, Tram T2 from Perrache railway station in the southwest to Saint-Priest in the southeast, and Tram T3 from Part-Dieu to Meyzieu. There is also two funicular lines.

The public transit system is complemented by Vélo'v, a bicycle network providing a low cost and convenient bicycle hire service where bicycles can be hired and dropped off at any of 340 stations throughout the city. Borrowing a bicycle for less than 30 minutes is free.

People from Lyon

Movies in Lyon

  • 1895 : 14 vues Lumière filmées à Lyon entre 1895 et 1900 par Auguste et Louis Lumière.
  • 1946 ; Un revenant de Christian-Jaque, avec Louis Jouvet, Gaby Morlay, François Périer, Marguerite Moreno, Ludmila Tcherina, Louis Seigner.
  • 1953 : Thérèse Raquin, réalisé par Marcel Carné, avec Simone Signoret, Raf Vallone et Jacques Duby.
  • 1956 : Un condamné à mort s'est échappé de Robert Bresson
  • 1966 : Le Voyage du père de Denys de la Patellière.
  • 1969 : L'Armée des ombres de Jean-Pierre Melville
  • 1974 : L'Horloger de Saint-Paul, de Bertrand Tavernier.
  • 1974 : Verdict, d'André Cayatte.
  • 1980 : Une semaine de vacances, de Bertrand Tavernier.
  • 1981 : Le Voyage à Lyon de Claudia von Aleman.
  • 1985 : Parole de flic, de José Pinheiro avec Alain Delon.
  • 1993 : Un crime, de Jacques Deray.
  • 1994 : Lucie Aubrac, de Claude Berri.
  • 1996 : Les Voleurs, d'André Téchiné.
  • 1998 : Le Gone du Chaâba, de Christophe Ruggia, d'après le roman d'Azouz Begag.
  • 2000 : Lyon police spéciale, de Bertrand Arthuys.
  • 2000 : Tout va bien, on s'en va, de Claude Mouriéras.
  • 2000 : Une affaire de goût, de Bernard Rapp.
  • 2002 : Inventaire filmé des rues de la Croix-Rousse à Lyon, de Gérard Courant
  • 2002 : Quand tu descendras du ciel de Éric Guirado.
  • 2003 : Le Coût de la vie, de Philippe Le Guay.
  • 2004 : Vaada, de Satish Kaushik, film de Bollywood.
  • 2005 : Destination Fourvière, de Gérard Courant.
  • 2007 : Après Lui, de Gaël Morel.
  • 2007 : Détrompez-vous
  • 2007 : J'veux pas que tu t'en ailles, de Bernard Jeanjean.
  • 2007 : La fille coupée en deux, de Claude Chabrol.
  • 2008 : Les Liens du sang, de Jacques Maillot.

Other

Twin Towns - Sister Cities

Lyon is twinned with:[5]

Cultural references

  • The city figures in the play The Lyons Mail by Charles Reade, which was adapted into a film in 1931.
  • Lyon in the year 1656 is described by Samuel Chappuzeau in his book Lyon dans son lustre.
  • A historical article about a 19th century flood inspired the 1979 song "The Flood at Lyons" by the rock band Renaissance.
  • In the Marillion song "Bitter Suite" from Misplaced Childhood there is a reference to Lyon. The line is: "The sky was bible black in Lyons, when I met the Magdalene."
  • Morrissey, former singer with The Smiths, briefly mentions Lyon in the 2006 song "Christian Dior," the B-side to "In The Future When All's Well".
  • Lyon is the name of a multi-player level in the real-time strategy game Company of Heroes.
  • In the video game Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, the character Revolver Ocelot has gone through an arm transplant in Lyon, as revealed in one of the dialogs.

The lion is a common sight in Lyon:

References

  1. ^ "The RUL website (French)". Regionurbainedelyon.fr. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  2. ^ "Bottazzi fait le mur". Brefonline.Com. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  3. ^ "The African Museum of Lyon Website". Musee-africain-lyon.org. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  4. ^ Le site de Lyon Villeurbanne Rhône à XIII - LVR XIII[dead link]
  5. ^ "Partner Cities of Lyon and Greater Lyon". © 2008 Mairie de Lyon. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
  6. ^ "Milano - Città Gemellate". © 2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano). Retrieved 2008-12-05.
  7. ^ "Frankfurt -Partner Cities". © 2008 Stadt Frankfurt am Main. Retrieved 2008-12-05. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  8. ^ "Official Yokohama City Tourism Website: Sister Cities". © Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
  9. ^ "Twin Cities". The City of _Łódź_ Office. File:Uk flag.gif (in English and Polish) © 2007 UM_. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  10. ^ "Montreal partner city". Lyon.fr. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
  11. ^ "Twin towns of Minsk". © 2008 The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  12. ^ "Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties". Saint Petersburg City Government. Retrieved 2008-11-23.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lyon.
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