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Image:Corazon Aquino 1992.jpg| [[Corazon Aquino]], the 11th President
Image:Corazon Aquino 1992.jpg| [[Corazon Aquino]], the 11th President
Image:Ramos Pentagon.jpg| [[Fidel Ramos]], the 12th President
Image:Ramos Pentagon.jpg| [[Fidel Ramos]], the 12th President
Image:Joseph Estrada 1998.jpg| [[Joseph Estrada]], the 13th President
Image:Josephestradapentagon.jpg| [[Joseph Estrada]], the 13th President
Image:Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Davos.jpg| [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]], the 14th President
Image:Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Davos.jpg| [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]], the 14th President
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The President of the Philippines is the head of state and government of the Republic of the Philippines. The President of the Philippines in Filipino is referred to as Ang Pangulo or Pangulo ("Presidente," informally). The executive power is vested in the President of the Philippines.

The incumbent President is Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.

Qualifications

Under Article 7, Section 2 of the Philippine Constitution, in order to serve as President, one must be at least 40 years of age, a registered voter, able to read and write, a Filipino citizen by birth, and a resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years prior to election.[1]

Oath

Under Article 7, Section 5 of the Philippine Constitution, before the president enters on the execution of his/her office, the President shall take the following oath or affirmation[1] :

I do solemnly swear [or affirm] that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God.

[In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted]

Powers

File:Flag President of Philippines.png
The former standard of the president.

Under Article 7, Section 1 of the Philippine Constitution, the president heads the Executive branch of the government, which includes the Cabinet and all executive departments. The executive power, as such, is vested on the President alone.[1]

Section 18 of the Philippine Constitution, the president is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. As Commander-in-Chief, the President can call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. In case of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it, he or she may, for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof under martial law.[1]

Section 19 gives the president power to grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures, after conviction by final judgment, except when the President is under impeachment.[1]

Section 20 provides the president to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.[1]

The president exercises general supervision over local government units.

The president appoints, with consent of the Commission on Appointments, members of the Constitutional Commission, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, or officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and other officers whose appointments are vested in the President in 1987 Constitution.

The members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president, based on a list prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council. These appointments do not need the consent of the Commission on Appointments.

Official title

The official title of the president is the "President of the Philippines." [1] The honorific for the President of the Philippines is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency", adopted from the title of the Governor-General of the Philippines during Spanish and American occupation.[citation needed] The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines", used under Japanese occupation of the Philippines distinguished the government of then-President José P. Laurel from the Commonwealth government in exile under President Manuel L. Quezon.[2] The restoration of the Commonwealth in 1945 and the subsequent independence of the Philippines title "President of the Philippines" sanctioned in the 1935 constitution.[3] The 1973 constitution, though generally referring to the president as "President of the Philippines" did, in Article XVII, Section 12, once use the term, "President of the Republic."[4] President Ferdinand E. Marcos proclaimed martial law in his Proclamation No. 1081 consistently used the term "President of the Philippines."[5]

State of the Nation Address

Main article: State of the Nation Address (Philippines)

The State of the Nation Address (abbreviated SONA) is an annual event in the Republic of the Philippines, in which the President of the Philippines reports on the status of the nation, normally to the resumption of a joint session of the Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate). This is a duty of the President as stated in Article VII, Section 23 of the 1987 Constitution[1] :

The President shall address Congress at the opening of its regular session. He/She may also appear anytime.

Succession

At the start of the term

1st President Emilio Aguinaldo and 2nd President Manuel L. Quezon

Under Article 7, Section 7 of the Philippine Constitution, In case the president-elect fails to qualify, the Vice President-elect shall act as President until the President-elect shall have qualified.[1]

If at the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the Vice President-elect shall become President.[1]

Where no President and Vice President shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the President of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, shall act as President until a President or a Vice President shall have been chosen and qualified.[1]

During the term

Article 7, Sections 8 and 11 of the Philippine Constitution provide rules of succession to the presidency. In case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the President, the Vice President will become the President to serve the unexpired term. In case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of both the President and Vice President; the President of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, shall then act as President until the President or Vice-President shall have been elected and qualified.

The Congress shall, by law, provide who shall serve as President in case of death, permanent disability, or resignation of the Acting President. He shall serve until the President or the Vice President shall have been elected and qualified, and be subject to the same restrictions of powers and disqualifications as the Acting President.

The line of presidential succession as specified by Article 7, Section 10 of the Philippine Constitution are the Vice President, Senate President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

The current Presidential line of succession is:

# Name Position
1 Manuel L. de Castro, Jr. Vice President
2 Juan Ponce Enrile Senate President
3 Prospero C. Nograles Speaker of the House

Contrary to popular belief, the Constitution doesn't name the Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court in the line of succession.

If the offices of both the President and the Vice President become vacant at the same time, Congress shall enact a law calling for special election. However, if the presidential election is 18 months away, no special election shall be called.

Privileges of office

Official residence

Main article: Malacañang Palace

Malacañan Palace, often known as Malacañang Palace, is the official residence of the President of the Philippines. The president is entitled to have an official residence as required under Article 7, Section 6 of the Philippine Constitution.[1] The palace is located along the north bank of the Pasig River in Manila. It is called Palasyo ng Malakanyang in Filipino, first it is called as "may lakan dyan" then years have past filipino are tired saying the word it shorten the word and became Malacañang at present and Malacañan Palace when referred to as the official residence of the President of the Philippines, and simply Malacañang when referred to as the office of the president, as well as in everyday parlance and in the media. Malacañang Palace is depicted on the verso (back) side of the present-day 20-peso bill.

Salary

Article XVIII Section 17 of the 1987 constitution provides that until the Congress provides otherwise the President shall receive an annual salary of three hundred thousand pesos. On August 21, 1989, Republic Act No. 6758 directed the Department of Budget and Managements (DBM) to establish and administer a unified Compensation and Position Classification System along lines specified in that Act.[6] On 14 March 2007, President Arroyo issued Executive Order No. 611 Department of Budget and Management (DBM) is hereby directed to implement a ten percent (10%) increase over the basic monthly salaries of civilian government personnel whose positions are covered by the Compensation and Position Classification System as of June 30, 2007, including the salaries of the President, Vice-President, Senators and members of the House of Representatives, but to take effect only after the expiration of the respective terms of office of the incumbent officials pursuant to Section 10 of Article VI and Section 6 of Article VII of the 1987 Constitution.[7][1]

Air Transport

A Puma carrying President Corazon C. Aquino at Subic Bay Naval Base

The 250th (Presidential) Airlift Wing of the Philippine Air Force has the mandate of providing safe and efficient air transport for the President of the Philippines and the First Family. On occasion, the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government, visiting heads of state, and other state guests.

The fleet includes: 1 Fokker F28, which is primarily used for the President's domestic trips, 4 Bell 412 helicopters, 3 Sikorsky S-76 helicopters, 2 Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma helicopters, 1 Sikorsky S-70-5 Black Hawk, a number of Bell UH-1N Hueys, as well as Fokker F-27 Friendships. For trips outside of the Philippines, the Air Force employs a Bombardier Learjet 60 or charters appropriate aircraft from Philippine Airlines. Prior to 1962, the Air Force chartered aircraft from Pan American World Airways as the international services of Philippine Airlines were suspended. For short-haul flights, Boeing 737s were initially used and have since been replaced by the Airbus A320. For medium- to long-haul flights, Boeing 747-400s were initially used; their roles are now being fulfilled by the Airbus A340-300. The aircraft with the callsign PR 001 is a special plane operated by Philippine Airlines to transport the President of the Philippines.

Presidential Security Group

Main article: Presidential Security Group

The Presidential Security Group, known officially as the PSG, is the lead agency tasked in providing security for the President of the Philippines, Vice President of the Philippines, and their immediate families. They also provide protective service for visiting heads of states and diplomats.

Unlike the other groups around the world who protect political figures, the PSG is not required by command to protect presidential candidates. However, former president's and their immediate families received VIP Protection service from the PSG.

History

Main article: List of Presidents of the Philippines
Home provinces of the presidents.

The Philippines has had a total of fourteen presidents. Despite the differences in constitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous. For instance, the current president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, is considered the 14th president.[8] While the Philippines consider Emilio Aguinaldo to be the first president, the First Republic fell under the United States following the Philippine-American War. Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first president by the United States and the first to win an election.

The Philippines had two presidents at one point during World War II heading two governments. One was Quezon heading the Commonwealth government-in-exile (considered de jure) and the other was J. P. Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored republic (considered de facto). Laurel was instructed to remain in Manila by President Manuel Quezon. Laurel was not recognized as a Philippine president formally until the Macapagal administration. The recognition coincided with the movement of the Philippine Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. However, it must be borne in mind that in the roster of presidents, it is inaccurate to consider Laurel the successor of Osmeña or vice versa; Laurel's republic was formally rejected after World War II and none of its statutes or actions were considered legal or binding. The inclusion of Laurel causes some problems in determining the order of presidents. Quezon, Osmeña, and Roxas, for example, were three of a continuous constitutional line; Laurel was the only President of the Second Republic. Thus, Laurel has no predecessor and successor, while Osmeña was Quezon's successor and Roxas was Osmeña's successor.

After the presidency

Many presidents held significant positions after leaving the presidency. Jose P. Laurel, who was president during the Japanese occupation, served as Senator from 1951-1953 and 1954-1957. He was also the chairman of the Economic Mission to the United States (1954) and the founder of the Lyceum of the Philippines[9]. Sergio Osmeña became member of the the council of state under the administrations of Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay and Garcia. He was also a member of the National Security Council in the Garcia administration[10]. Elpidio Quirino became member of the council of state under President Ramon Magsaysay[11]. Carlos P. Garcia was a delegate, later elected, president of the Constitutional Convention on July 11, 1971[12]. Diosdado Macapagal was also a delegate and then succeeded Carlos P. Garcia as president of the 1971 Consittutional Convention. He also lectured in universities and member of the council of state under Presidents Aquino and Ramos. Corazon Aquino was a member of the national security council under the Ramos, Estrada and Arroyo administrations. She is also a member of the council of state under President Arroyo. Fidel Ramos founded the Ramos Peace and Development Foundation. He was a member a senior advisor and member of the National Security Council under President Estrada. He is a member of the Council of State and an Ambassador–at–large under President Arroyo.


As of 2009 there are three living former Presidents:

Among other honors, former Presidents and their immediate family are entitled to no less than three soldiers as guard detail entitled[13].

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
  2. ^ The 1943 Constitution
  3. ^ The 1935 Constitution
  4. ^ The 1973 Constitution
  5. ^ PROCLAMATION No. 1081 (September 21, 1972), PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES, Lawphil.net.
  6. ^ Compensation and Position Classification Act of 1989 (August 21, 1989), Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.
  7. ^ EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 611, AUTHORIZING COMPENSATION ADJUSTMENTS TO GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL (July 1, 2007), Lawphil.net.
  8. ^ The Philippine Presidents, The official website of the Government of the Philippines.
  9. ^ Jose P. Laurel, The Philippine Presidency Project.
  10. ^ Sergio Osmeña, The Philippine Presidency Project.
  11. ^ Elpidio Quirino, The Philippine Presidency Project.
  12. ^ Carlos P. Garcia, The Philippine Presidency Project.
  13. ^ The Manila Times Internet Edition | TOP STORIES > Pullout of Erap security a ‘mistake’
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