Dublin: Difference between revisions
rm "urban" area of 921km2 -- this is the area of the old County Dublin, or the Dublin Region |
|||
Line 361: | Line 361: | ||
* [http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/08/27/travel/20100905DUBLIN.html Sampling Dublin’s Theater Scene] – slideshow by ''[[The New York Times]]'' |
* [http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/08/27/travel/20100905DUBLIN.html Sampling Dublin’s Theater Scene] – slideshow by ''[[The New York Times]]'' |
||
* [http://www.hidden-dublin.com Alternative Dublin Guide] Dublin Guide |
* [http://www.hidden-dublin.com Alternative Dublin Guide] Dublin Guide |
||
*[http://www.arts.vic.gov.au/About_Us/Major_Projects_and_Initiatives/City_of_Literature Melbourne UNESCO City of Literature official site] |
|||
{{County Dublin}} |
{{County Dublin}} |
||
{{IrishCities}} |
{{IrishCities}} |
Revision as of 14:29, 29 July 2011
Dublin
Baile Átha Cliath | |
---|---|
Clockwise from top: Samuel Beckett Bridge, Trinity College, Custom House, Dublin Castle, O'Connell Bridge, and Convention Centre Dublin. Clockwise from top: Samuel Beckett Bridge, Trinity College, Custom House, Dublin Castle, O'Connell Bridge, and Convention Centre Dublin. | |
Motto(s): | |
Country | Ireland |
Province | Leinster |
Government | |
• Type | City Council |
• Headquarters | Dublin City Hall |
• Lord Mayor | Andrew Montague |
• Dáil Éireann | Dublin Central Dublin North Central Dublin North East Dublin North West Dublin South Central Dublin South East |
• European Parliament | Dublin constituency |
Area | |
• City | 114.99 km2 (44.40 sq mi) |
Population | |
• City | 525,383 |
• Density | 4,398/km2 (11,390/sq mi) |
• Urban | 1,045,769 |
• Metro | 1,801,040 |
• Demonym | Dubliner Dub |
• Ethnicity (2006 Census) | Ethnic groups |
Time zone | UTC0 (WET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (IST) |
Postal districts | D1-18, 20, 22, 24, D6W |
Area code | 01 |
Website | www.dublincity.ie |
Dublin (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈdʌblɪn/; locally /ˈdʊblən/ or /ˈdʊbələn/; Irish: Baile Átha Cliath, pronounced [blʲaˈklʲiə] or Áth Cliath, [aː klʲiə]) is the capital and largest city of Ireland.[2] The English name is derived from the Irish name Dubh Linn, meaning "black pool". It is a primate city with a population of over 1.2 million, containing over a quarter of the country's population.[3] Dublin is situated near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey, and at the centre of the Dublin Region.
Originally founded as a Viking settlement, it evolved into the Kingdom of Dublin and became the island's primary city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century, and for a brief period was the second largest city within the British Empire and the fifth largest in Europe. After the Act of Union in 1801, Dublin entered a period of stagnation, but remained the economic centre for most of the island. Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, the new parliament, the Oireachtas, was located in Leinster House. Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State and later of the Republic of Ireland.
Similar to the other cities of Cork, Limerick, Galway, and Waterford, Dublin is administered separately from its respective county and has its own city council. The city is currently ranked 29th in the Global Financial Centres Index and is listed by the GaWC as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha, placing Dublin among the top 30 cities in the world.[4][5] It is a historical and contemporary cultural centre for the country, as well as a modern centre of education, the arts, administration, economy and industry.
Etymology
The name Dublin is derived from the Irish name Dubh Linn, meaning "black pool". The common name for the city in modern Irish is Baile Átha Cliath, meaning "town of the hurdled ford". Áth Cliath is a place name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey in the vicinity of Father Mathew Bridge (Church Street).[6] Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery which is believed to have been situated in the area of Aungier Street currently occupied by Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Christ_Church_Cathedral_%28Dublin%29.jpg/220px-Christ_Church_Cathedral_%28Dublin%29.jpg)
The settlement or site was also called Áth Cliath Cualann in the Prose Dindsenchas[7][8] and was a major point on the Slighe-Cualann, or highway that passed from Meath to the state of Cuala in southern County Dublin.
The subsequent Scandinavian settlement was on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey, to the east of Christchurch, in an area now known as Wood Quay. The Dubh Linn was a lake used by the Scandinavians to moor their ships and was connected to the Liffey by the Poddle. These lakes were covered during the early 18th century, and as the city expanded they were largely forgotten about. The Dubh Linn was situated where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle. Táin Bó Cuailgne also known as The Cattle Raid of Cooley refers to Dublind rissa ratter Áth Cliath, meaning Dublin, which is called Ath Cliath.
In most Irish dialects, Dubh is correctly pronounced as duv or duf (though in Ulster Irish it is usually pronounced duu). The city's original pronunciation is preserved in Old English as Difelin, Old Norse as Dyflin, modern Icelandic as Dyflinn and modern Manx as Divlyn. Historically, in the Gaelic script, bh was written with a dot over the b, rendering Duḃ Linn or Duḃlinn. Those without a knowledge of Irish omitted the dot and spelled the name as Dublin.
History
The writings of the Greek astronomer and cartographer Ptolemy provide perhaps the earliest reference to human habitation in the area now known as Dublin. In around AD 140 he referred to a settlement he called [Eblana Civitas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). The settlement 'Dubh Linn' dates perhaps as far back as the 1st century BC and later a monastery was built there, though the town was established in about 841[9] by the Norse. The modern city retains the Anglicised Irish name of the former and the original Irish name of the latter.
Dublin was ruled by the Norse for most of the time between 841 and 999, when it was sacked by Brian Boru, the King of Cashel.[10] Although Dublin still had a Norse king after the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, Norse influence waned under a growing Celtic supremacy until the Norman invasion of Ireland which was launched from Wales in 1169–1172.[10] The last high king (Ard Rí) of Dublin also had local city administration via its Corporation from the Middle Ages. This represented the city's guild-based oligarchy until it was reformed in the 1840s on increasingly democratic lines. In 1348, the city was hit by the Black Death,[11] a lethal plague that ravaged Europe in the mid-14th century.[12]
From the 17th century the city expanded rapidly, helped by the Wide Streets Commission. The population grew from about 10,000 in 1600 to over 50,000 in 1700, and this in spite of another plague epidemic in 1649–51.[13] Georgian Dublin was, for a short time, the second city of the British Empire after London and the fifth largest European city. Much of Dublin's most notable architecture dates from this time. In 1759, the founding of the Guinness brewery at St. James's Gate resulted in a considerable economic impact for the city. For much of the time since its foundation, the Guinness brewery was the largest employer in the city but Catholics were confined to the lower echelons of employment at Guinness and only entered management level in the 1960s. After Irish independence the Guinness Corporate headquarters were moved to London in the 1930s to avoid Irish taxation and a rival brewery to Dublin was opened in London at Park Royal to supply the UK. In 1742 Handel's "Messiah" was performed for the first time in New Musick Hall in Fishamble Street with 26 boys and five men from the combined choirs of St.Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals participating.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg/220px-General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg)
After the Act of Union, 1800, the seat of government moved to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in London. Dublin entered a period of decline, but remained the centre of administration and a transport hub for much of Ireland. Dublin played no major role in the Industrial Revolution. Ireland had no significant sources of coal, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of ship manufacture, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland.[10] Belfast developed faster than Dublin during this period on a mixture of international trade, factory-based linen cloth production and shipbuilding.[14]
The Easter Rising of 1916, the War of Independence (Anglo-Irish War), and Irish Civil War resulted in a significant amount of physical destruction in the city centre. The Government of the Irish Free State rebuilt the city centre and located the new Oireachtas (Parliament) in Leinster House. Since the beginning of Anglo-Norman rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541), Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800), island as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), and the Irish Republic (1919–1922).[15] From 1922, following the partition of Ireland, it became the capital of the Irish Free State (1922–1949) and now is the capital of the Republic of Ireland. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the Garden of Remembrance.
Since 1997, the landscape of Dublin has changed immensely, with enormous private sector and state development of housing, transport, and business. (see also Development and Preservation in Dublin). Some well-known Dublin street corners are still named for the pub or business which used to occupy the site before closure or redevelopment.
Government
Local
Dublin City Council is a unicameral assembly of 52 members elected every five years from Local Election Areas. It is presided over by the Lord Mayor, who is elected for a yearly term and resides in Mansion House. Council meetings occur at Dublin City Hall, while most of its administrative activities are based in the Civic Offices on Wood Quay. The party, or coalition of parties, with the majority of seats adjudicates committee members, introduces policies, and appoints the Lord Mayor. The Council passes an annual budget for spending on areas such as housing, traffic management, refuse, drainage, and planning. The Dublin City Manager is responsible for implementing City Council decisions.
National
As the capital city, Dublin seats the national parliament of Ireland, the Oireachtas. It is composed of the President of Ireland, Seanad Éireann as the upper house, and Dáil Éireann as the lower house. The President resides in Áras an Uachtaráin in the Phoenix Park, while both houses of the Oireachtas meet in Leinster House, a former ducal palace on Kildare Street. It has been the home of the Irish parliament since the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. The old Irish Houses of Parliament of the Kingdom of Ireland were located in College Green.
Government Buildings house the Department of the Taoiseach, the Council Chamber, the Department of Finance and the Office of the Attorney General. It consists of a main building (completed 1911) with two wings (completed 1921). It was designed by Thomas Manley Dean and Sir Aston Webb as the Royal College of Science. The House of Commons of Southern Ireland met there in 1921. The Irish Free State government took over the two wings of the building to serve as a temporary home for some ministries, while the central building became the College of Technology until 1989.[16] Although both it and Leinster House were intended to be temporary, they became the permanent homes of parliament from then on.
Geography
Landscape
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dublin_City_North_2009.jpg/220px-Dublin_City_North_2009.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dublin_SPOT_1023.jpg/220px-Dublin_SPOT_1023.jpg)
Dublin is situated at the mouth of the River Liffey and encompasses a land area of approximately 115 km2. It is bordered by a low mountain range to the south and surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west.[17] A north-south division has traditionally existed, with the River Liffey as the divider. The Northside is generally seen as working-class, while the Southside is seen as middle to upper middle class. The divide is punctuated by examples of Dublin "sub-culture" stereotypes, with upper-middle class constituents seen as tending towards an accent and demeanour synonymous with the Southside, and working-class Dubliners seen as tending towards characteristics associated with Northside and inner-city areas. Dublin's economic divide is east-west as well as north-south. There are also social divisions evident between the coastal suburbs in the east of the city, including those on the northside, and the newer developments further to the west.[18]
Climate
Dublin, like much of northwest Europe, experiences a maritime climate with mild winters, cool summers, and a lack of temperature extremes. The average maximum January temperature is 8.3 °C (47 °F), while the average maximum July temperature is 19.6 °C (67 °F). On average, the sunniest months are May and June, while the wettest month is December with 73 mm (3 in) of rain, and the driest month is July with 43 mm (2 in). Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year.
Dublin records the least amount of rainfall in Ireland, with the average annual precipitation in the city centre being 695 mm (27 in). The main precipitation in winter is rain, however snow showers do occur between November and March. Hail is more common than snow, and is most likely during the winter and spring months. The city experiences long summer days and short winter days. Strong Atlantic winds are most common in autumn. These winds can affect Dublin, but due to its easterly location it is least affected compared to other parts of the country.
Climate data for Merrion Square, Dublin (1961–1990 averages) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
8.1 (46.6) |
10.1 (50.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.6 (67.3) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.5 (38.3) |
3.5 (38.3) |
4.4 (39.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
12.9 (55.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
11.0 (51.8) |
8.8 (47.8) |
5.5 (41.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 69 (2.7) |
51 (2.0) |
52 (2.0) |
49 (1.9) |
54 (2.1) |
51 (2.0) |
43 (1.7) |
64 (2.5) |
62 (2.4) |
65 (2.6) |
62 (2.4) |
73 (2.9) |
695 (27.4) |
Source: Met Éireann |
Places of interest
Landmarks
Dublin has many landmarks and monuments dating back hundreds of years. One of the oldest is Dublin Castle, which was first founded as a major defensive work on the orders of King John of England in 1204, shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, when it was commanded that a castle be built with strong walls and good ditches for the defence of the city, the administration of justice, and the protection of the King’s treasure.[19] Largely complete by 1230, the castle was of typical Norman courtyard design, with a central square without a keep, bounded on all sides by tall defensive walls and protected at each corner by a circular tower. Sited to the south-east of Norman Dublin, the castle formed one corner of the outer perimeter of the city, using the River Poddle as a natural means of defence.
One of Dublin's newest monuments is the Spire of Dublin, or officially titled "Monument of Light".[20] It is a 121.2 metres (398 ft) conical spire made of stainless steel and is located on O'Connell Street. It replaces Nelson's Pillar and is intended to mark Dublin's place in the 21st century. The spire was designed by Ian Ritchie Architects,[21] who sought an "Elegant and dynamic simplicity bridging art and technology". During the day it maintains its steel look, but at dusk the monument appears to merge into the sky. The base of the monument is lit and the top is illuminated to provide a beacon in the night sky across the city. The Ha'penny Bridge; an old iron footbridge over the River Liffey is one of the most photographed sights in Dublin and is considered to be one of Dublin's most iconic landmarks.[citation needed]
Other popular landmarks and monuments include the Mansion House, the Anna Livia monument, the Molly Malone statue, Christ Church Cathedral, St Patrick's Cathedral, Saint Francis Xavier Church on Upper Gardiner Street near Mountjoy Square, The Custom House, and Áras an Uachtaráin. The Poolbeg Towers are also iconic features of Dublin and are visible in many spots around the city.
Parks
Dublin has more green spaces per square kilometre than any other European capital city, with 97% of city residents living within 300 meters of a park area. The city council provides 2.96 hectares (7.3 acres) of public green space per 1,000 people and 255 playing fields. The council also plants approximately 5,000 trees annually and manages over 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres) of parks.[22]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/St_Stephen%27s_Green.jpg/220px-St_Stephen%27s_Green.jpg)
There are many park areas around the city, including the Phoenix Park, Herbert Park and St Stephen's Green. The Phoenix Park is 2–4 km west of the city centre, north of the River Liffey. Its 16 km perimeter wall encloses 707 hectares (1,750 acres) one of the largest walled city parks in Europe.[23][24] It includes large areas of grassland and tree-lined avenues, and since the 17th century has been home to a herd of wild Fallow deer. The residence of the President of Ireland (Áras an Uachtaráin), which was built in 1754, is located in the park. The park is also home to Dublin Zoo, the official residence of the United States Ambassador, and Ashtown Castle. Music concerts have also been performed in the park by many singers and musicians.
St Stephen's Green is adjacent to one of Dublin's main shopping streets, Grafton Street, and to a shopping centre named for it, while on its surrounding streets are the offices of a number of public bodies and the city terminus of one of Dublin's Luas tram lines. St Anne's Park is a public park and recreational facility, shared between Raheny and Clontarf, both suburbs on the North Side of Dublin. The park, the second largest municipal park in Dublin, is part of a former 2 km² (500 acre) estate assembled by members of the Guinness family, beginning with Benjamin Lee Guinness in 1835 (the largest municipal park is nearby (North) Bull Island, also shared between Clontarf and Raheny).
Economy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/People_on_Grafton_Street%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg/220px-People_on_Grafton_Street%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland.jpg)
The Dublin region is the economic centre of Ireland, and was at the forefront of the country's rapid economic expansion during the Celtic Tiger period. In 2009, Dublin was listed as the fourth richest city in the world by purchasing power and 10th richest by personal income.[25][26] According to Mercer's 2011 Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, Dublin is the 13th most expensive city in the European Union (down from 10th in 2010) and the 58th most expensive place to live in the world (down from 42nd in 2010).[27] As of 2005, approximately 800,000 people were employed in the Greater Dublin Area, of whom around 600,000 were employed in the services sector and 200,000 in the industrial sector.[28]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Ulster_Bank_Group_HQ%2C_George%27s_Quay_Plaza_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1743476.jpg/220px-The_Ulster_Bank_Group_HQ%2C_George%27s_Quay_Plaza_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1743476.jpg)
Many of Dublin's traditional industries, such as food processing, textile manufacturing, brewing, and distilling have gradually declined, although Guinness has been brewed at the St. James's Gate Brewery since 1759. Economic improvements in the 1990s have attracted a large number of global pharmaceutical, information and communications technology companies to the city and Greater Dublin Area. Companies such as Microsoft, Google, Amazon, eBay, PayPal, Yahoo!, Facebook and Pfizer now have European headquarters and/or operational bases in the city. Intel and Hewlett-Packard have large manufacturing plants in Leixlip, County Kildare, 15 km (9 mi) to the west.
Financial services have also become important to the city since the establishment of Dublin's International Financial Services Centre in 1987, which is globally recognised as a leading location for a range of internationally traded financial services. More than 500 operations are approved to trade in under the IFSC programme. The centre is host to half of the world's top 50 banks and to half of the top 20 insurance companies.[29] Many international firms have established major headquarters in the city, such as Citibank and Commerzbank. The Irish Stock Exchange (ISEQ), Internet Neutral Exchange (INEX) and Irish Enterprise Exchange (IEX) are also located in Dublin. The economic boom led to a sharp increase in construction, with large redevelopment projects in the Dublin Docklands and Spencer Dock. Completed projects include the Convention Centre, The O2, and the Grand Canal Theatre.
Transport
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Luas_tram_at_Sandyford_terminus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_209515.jpg/220px-Luas_tram_at_Sandyford_terminus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_209515.jpg)
Road
Dublin is the main hub of the country's road network. The M50 motorway, a semi-ring road which runs around the south, west and north of the city, connects important national primary routes in the state to the regions. As of 2008, a toll of €2 applies on the West-Link, two adjacent bridges that tower above the River Liffey near the town of Lucan. The West-Link Toll Bridge was replaced by the eFlow barrier-free tolling system in August 2008, with a three-tiered charge system based on electronic tags and car pre-registration.[30]
To complete the ring road, an eastern bypass is also proposed for the city of Dublin. The first half of this project is the Dublin Port Tunnel which opened in late 2006 and mainly caters to heavy vehicles. The plan to build the eastern bypass around Dublin has been effectively shelved by the Department of Transport as there are no funds available for the expected €1 billion project. The capital is also surrounded by an inner and outer orbital route. The inner orbital route runs roughly around the heart of the Georgian city and the outer orbital route runs largely along the natural circle formed by Dublin's two canals, the Grand Canal and the Royal Canal, as well as the North and South Circular Roads.
Dublin is served by an extensive network of nearly 200 bus routes which serve all areas of the city and suburbs. The majority of these are controlled by Dublin Bus (Bus Átha Cliath), but a number of smaller companies also operate. Fares are generally calculated on a stage system based on distance travelled. There are several different levels of fares, which apply on most services. Certain routes (particularly Xpresso) use a different fare system. The Bus Arrival Information Service is being rolled out which provides bus stops with information on the distance of busesbased on GPS positions of the buses.
Rail
The Dublin Suburban Rail network is a system of five rail lines serving mainly commuters in the Greater Dublin Area, though some trains go even further to commuter towns such as Drogheda and Dundalk. One of these is an electrified line that runs along Dublin Bay and is known as the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) line. A two-line light rail/tram network called the Luas opened in 2004 and has proved popular in the areas it serves. Five new luas lines are planned, the last of which will be opened in 2014, with the two existing lines set to be joined up by 2012.[31]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Dublin_Bikes.jpg/220px-Dublin_Bikes.jpg)
There are plans to begin building work on the Dublin Metro (subway / underground) system set out in the Irish government's 2005 Transport 21 plan within the next few years. Although not confirmed, it is believed that the metro will be fully segregated from all traffic which will mean it will not disrupt traffic when in operation, unlike an on-street Luas tram or the DART. The Metro North will bring rail access to areas and institutions currently lacking it, such as the Mater Hospital, Drumcondra (Croke Park, inter-city and suburban rail stop), Dublin City University, Ballymun, Swords and Dublin Airport. The Metro West will serve the large suburbs of Tallaght, Clondalkin and Blanchardstown.
Other
Dublin Bikes is a public bicycle rental scheme which has been operated in the city of Dublin since 2009. The scheme uses 450 French-made[32] unisex bicycles with a silver colour.[33] Dublin was the 17th city to begin using this scheme (predecessors include Copenhagen, Lyon, and Paris), though Dublin City Council suggested the Dublin launch was better.[33][34] The scheme is sponsored by JCDecaux.[35]
A car sharing scheme commenced service during summer 2010. Several bases are planned around the city, Pleasants Street, off Camden Street, is the first in operation. The service is managed with the support of the council by Mendes GoCar based in Cloughjordan.[36]
Education
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Trinity_College.jpg/220px-Trinity_College.jpg)
Dublin is the primary centre of education in Ireland, with three universities and many other higher education institutions. There are 20 third-level institutes in the city. Dublin will be European Capital of Science in 2012.[37][38] The University of Dublin is the oldest university in Ireland dating from the 16th century, and is located in the city centre. Its sole constituent college, Trinity College, was established by Royal Charter in 1592 under Elizabeth I and was closed to Roman Catholics until Catholic Emancipation. The Catholic hierarchy then banned Roman Catholics from attending it until 1970. It is situated in the city centre, on College Green, and has 15,000 students.
The National University of Ireland (NUI) has its seat in Dublin, which is also the location of the associated constituent university of University College Dublin (UCD), the largest university in Ireland with over 22,000 students. UCD's main campus at Belfield is located about 5 km south east of the city centre. The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) is a medical school which is a recognised college of the NUI, it is situated at St. Stephen's Green in the city centre. The National University of Ireland, Maynooth, another constituent university of the NUI, is in neighbouring Co. Kildare, about 25 km (16 mi) from the city centre. The Institute of European Affairs is also in Dublin.
Dublin City University (DCU) specialises in business, engineering, and science courses, particularly with relevance to industry. It has around 10,000 students, and is located about 7 km north of the city. Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) is a modern technical college and is the country's largest non-university third-level institution. It specialises in technical subjects but also offers many arts and humanities courses. It is soon to be relocated to a new campus at Grangegorman. Two suburbs of Dublin, Tallaght and Blanchardstown have Institutes of Technology: Institute of Technology, Tallaght, and Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown. Portobello College has its degrees conferred through the University of Wales.[39] Dublin Business School (DBS) is Ireland's largest private third level institution with over 9,000 students. The college is located on Aungier Street. The Dun Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology (IADT) support training and research in art, design, business, psychology and media technology. The National College of Art and Design (NCAD) supports training and research in art, design and media. The National College of Ireland (NCI) is also based in Dublin. The Economic and Social Research Institute, a social science research institute, is based on Sir John Rogerson's Quay, Dublin 2.
The Irish public administration and management training centre has its base in Dublin, the Institute of Public Administration provides a range of undergraduate and post graduate awards via the National University of Ireland and in some instances, Queen's University Belfast. There are also smaller specialised colleges, including Griffith College Dublin, The Gaiety School of Acting and the New Media Technology College.
Demographics
The City of Dublin is the area administered by Dublin City Council, but the term "Dublin" normally refers to the contiguous urban area which includes parts of the adjacent local authority areas of Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin. Together, the four areas form the traditional County Dublin. This area is sometimes known as the Dublin Region. The population of the administrative area controlled by the City Council was 505,739 in the 2006 census, while the population of the urban area was 1,045,769. The County Dublin population was 1,186,159, and that of the Greater Dublin Area 1,661,185. The city's population is expanding rapidly, and it is estimated by the CSO that it will reach 2.1 million by 2020.[40]
Since the late 1990s, Dublin has experienced a significant level of net immigration, with the greatest numbers coming from the European Union, especially the United Kingdom, Poland and Lithuania.[41] There is also a considerable number from outside Europe, particularly China and Nigeria. Dublin is home to a greater proportion of new arrivals than any other parts of the country. 60% of Ireland's Asian population lives in Dublin even though less than 40% of the overall population live in the Greater Dublin Area.[42] By 2006, the percentage of foreign-born population had increased to 14.5% for the state and 17.3% in Dublin.[43]
Culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg)
The arts
Dublin has a world famous literary history, having produced many prominent literary figures, including Nobel laureates William Butler Yeats, George Bernard Shaw and Samuel Beckett. Other influential writers and playwrights include Oscar Wilde, Jonathan Swift and the creator of Dracula, Bram Stoker. It is arguably most famous as the location of the greatest works of James Joyce, including Ulysses, which is set in Dublin and full of topical detail. Dubliners is a collection of short stories by Joyce about incidents and typical characters of the city during the early 20th century. Other renowned writers include J. M. Synge, Seán O'Casey, Brendan Behan, Maeve Binchy, and Roddy Doyle. Ireland's biggest libraries and literary museums are found in Dublin, including the National Print Museum of Ireland and National Library of Ireland. In July 2010, Dublin was named as a UNESCO City of Literature, joining Edinburgh, Melbourne and Iowa City with the permanent title.[44]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/220px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg)
There are several theatres within the city centre, and various world famous actors have emerged from the Dublin theatrical scene, including Noel Purcell, Sir Michael Gambon, Brendan Gleeson, Stephen Rea, Colin Farrell, Colm Meaney and Gabriel Byrne. The best known theatres include the Gaiety, Abbey, Olympia, Gate, and Grand Canal. The Gaiety specialises in musical and operatic productions, and is popular for opening its doors after the evening theatre production to host a variety of live music, dancing, and films. The Abbey was founded in 1904 by a group that included Yeats with the aim of promoting indigenous literary talent. It went on to provide a breakthrough for some of the city's most famous writers, such as Synge, Yeats himself and George Bernard Shaw. The Gate was founded in 1928 to promote European and American Avant Garde works. The Grand Canal Theatre is a new 2,111 capacity theatre which opened in March 2010 in the Grand Canal Dock.
Apart from being the focus of the country's literature and theatre, Dublin is also the focal point for much of Irish Art and the Irish artistic scene. The Book of Kells, a world-famous manuscript produced by Celtic Monks in AD 800 and an example of Insular art, is on display in Trinity College. The Chester Beatty Library houses the famous collection of manuscripts, miniature paintings, prints, drawings, rare books and decorative arts assembled by American mining millionaire (and honorary Irish citizen) Sir Alfred Chester Beatty (1875–1968). The collections date from 2700 BC onwards and are drawn from Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. Work by local artists is often put on public display around St. Stephen's Green, the main public park in the city centre. In addition large art galleries are found across the city, including the Irish Museum of Modern Art, the National Gallery, the Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery, The City Arts Centre, The Douglas Hyde Gallery, The Project Arts Centre and The Royal Hibernian Academy. Three branches of the National Museum of Ireland are located in Dublin: Archaeology in Kildare Street, Decorative Arts and History in Collins Barracks and Natural History in Merrion Street.[45] Dublin is home to the National College of Art and Design, which dates from 1746, and Dublin Institute of Design, founded in 1991.
Dublin has long been a city with a strong underground arts scene. Temple Bar was the home of many artists in the 1980s, and spaces such as the Project Arts Centre were hubs for collectives and new exhibitions. The Guardian noted that Dublin's independent and underground arts flourished during the economic recession of 2010.[46] Dublin also has many acclaimed dramatic, musical and operatic companies, including Festival Productions, Lyric Opera Productions, The Pioneers Musical & Dramatic Society, The Glasnevin Musical Society, Second Age Theatre Company, Opera Theatre Company, and Opera Ireland. Ireland is well known for its love of baroque music, which is highly acclaimed at Trinity College.[47] Perhaps the most famous Dublin theatre company is the renowned Rathmines and Rathgar Musical Society, which has been in existence since 1913. It produced full scale productions of popular musicals and operettas including Oklahoma!, Carousel, The Mikado, Guys and Dolls, The Pirates of Penzance, Me and My Girl, My Fair Lady, The Yeoman of the Guard, Gigi, Fiddler on the Roof, The Gondoliers, Anything Goes, The Merry Widow, Iolanthe, The Producers and HMS Pinafore. At present, the society is performing a tribute concert to the works of Rodgers and Hammerstein at the National Concert Hall. The society recreated their 1913 production of The Mikado in November 2010 at the National Concert Hall.
Dublin is shortlisted to be World Design Capital 2014.[48] Taoiseach Enda Kenny was quoted to say that Dublin “would be an ideal candidate to host the World Design Capital in 2014”.[49]
Entertainment
Dublin has a vibrant nightlife and is reputedly one of Europe's most youthful cities, with an estimate of 50% of citizens being younger than 25.[50][51] There are many pubs across the city centre, with the area around St. Stephen's Green and Grafton Street, especially Harcourt Street, Camden Street, Wexford Street and Leeson Street, having the most popular nightclubs and pubs.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Temple_Bar_Dublin_at_Night.jpg/220px-Temple_Bar_Dublin_at_Night.jpg)
The best known area for nightlife is Temple Bar, south of the River Liffey. To some extent, the area has become popular among tourists, including stag and hen parties from Britain.[52] It was developed as Dublin's cultural quarter and does retain this spirit as a centre for small arts productions, photographic and artists' studios, and in the form of street performers and small music venues. However, it has been criticised as overpriced, false and dirty by Lonely Planet.[53] In general, it is regarded by locals as tourist orientated with false "ye olde Irish" pretensions. The areas around Leeson Street, Harcourt Street, South William Street and Camden/George's Street are popular nightlife spots for locals.
Live music is popularly played on streets and at venues throughout Dublin in general, and the city has produced several musicians and groups of international success, including U2, Westlife, The Dubliners, The Thrills, Horslips, The Boomtown Rats, Boyzone, Ronan Keating, Thin Lizzy, Paddy Casey, Sinéad O'Connor, The Script and My Bloody Valentine. The two best known cinemas in the city centre are the Savoy Cinema and the Cineworld Cinema, both north of the Liffey. Alternative and special-interest cinema can be found in the Irish Film Institute in Temple Bar, in the Screen Cinema on d'Olier Street and in the Lighthouse Cinema in Smithfield. Large modern multiscreen cinemas are located across suburban Dublin. The O2 venue in the Dublin Docklands has played host to many world renowned performers.
Shopping
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Clerys_12-10-2006.jpg/220px-Clerys_12-10-2006.jpg)
Dublin is a popular shopping destination for both locals and tourists. The city has numerous shopping districts, including Grafton Street, Henry Street, Stephen's Green Shopping Centre, Jervis Shopping Centre, and the Ilac Shopping Centre. The most famous shops on Grafton Street include Brown Thomas and its sister shop BT2. Brown Thomas also houses several boutiques such as Hermès, Tiffany's, Chanel and Louis Vuitton. Dublin is also the location of large department stores, such as Clerys on O'Connell Street, and Arnotts on Henry Street.
A major €800m development for the city centre, known as the "Northern Quarter" is currently in doubt. It involved the construction of 47 new shops, 175 apartments and a four-star hotel. Dublin City Council gave Arnotts planning permission for the plans to change the area bounded by Henry Street, O'Connell Street, Liffey Street and Abbey Street. Following appeals to An Bord Pleanála, the extensive scale of the development was reduced. Prince's Street, which runs off O'Connell Street, was to become a full urban street and pedestrian thoroughfare.[54] In July 2010 the project was effectively abandoned as Anglo Irish Bank and Ulster Bank took control of Arnotts due to the large debts incurred in pursuing the development.[55] The Carlton cinema site further up O'Connell Street is currently undergoing redevelopment by Crossidge Developments, who were responsible for the construction of Dundrum Town Centre, and will be anchored by British department store John Lewis.[56]
The city retains a thriving market culture, despite new shopping developments and the loss of some traditional market sites. Several historic locations, including Moore Street, remain one of the city's oldest trading districts.[57] There has also been a significant growth in local farmers' markets and other markets.[58][59] In 2007, Dublin Food Co-op relocated to a larger warehouse in The Liberties area, where it is home to many market and community events.[60][61] Suburban Dublin has several modern retail centres, including Dundrum Town Centre, Blanchardstown Centre, The Square in Tallaght, Liffey Valley Shopping Centre in Clondalkin, Northside Shopping Centre in Coolock, Nutgrove Shopping Centre in Rathfarnham, and Pavilions Shopping Centre in Swords.
Media
Dublin is the centre of both media and communications in Ireland, with many newspapers, radio stations, television stations and telephone companies based there. RTÉ is Ireland's national state broadcaster, and is based in Donnybrook. Fair City is RTÉ's soap opera, located in the fictional Dublin suburb of Carraigstown. TV3, City Channel and Setanta Sports are also based in the city. The headquarters of An Post and telecommunications companies such as Eircom, as well as mobile operators Meteor, Vodafone, O2 and 3 are all located there. Dublin is also the headquarters of important national newspapers such as The Irish Times and Irish Independent, as well as local newspapers such as The Evening Herald.
Dublin is home to national commercial radio networks Today FM and Newstalk, and numerous local stations. The most popular radio stations in Dublin, by adult (15+) listenership share, are RTÉ Radio 1 (30.3%), FM104 (13.3%), 98FM (11.9%), RTÉ 2fm (10.4%), Q102 (7%), Spin 1038 (7%), Newstalk (6.8%), Today FM (5.7%), RTÉ lyric fm (2.7%), Dublin's Country Mix 106.8 (2.6%) and Phantom FM (1.8%). Among the under 35s, this figures are very different with FM104 (24.9%), Spin 1038 (17.3%) and 98FM (15.6%) being the most popular.[62] There are two Irish language radio stations which can be picked up in the Dublin area: RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta, and Raidió na Life 106.4fm, both of which have studios in the city.
Sport
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Croke_Park%2C_Dublin.jpg/220px-Croke_Park%2C_Dublin.jpg)
The city is host to Croke Park, the headquarters of the Gaelic Athletic Association. With a capacity of 82,300, it is the third largest stadium in Europe after Nou Camp in Barcelona and Wembley in London.[63] It traditionally hosts Gaelic football and hurling games, as well as international rules football. The Dublin team play most of their home league hurling and Gaelic Football games at Parnell Park. Lansdowne Road stadium was the venue for home games of both the Irish Rugby Union Team and the national football team. As part of a joint venture between the Irish Rugby Football Union, the FAI and the Government, it was replaced by the 50,000 all-seater Aviva Stadium, which opened in May 2010.[64] On 29 January 2009, UEFA confirmed that the Aviva Stadium will host the 2011 UEFA Europa League Final, the game was played on 18 May 2011, Portuguese club Porto beat fellow Portuguese side Braga 1-0.[65] Rugby union team Leinster Rugby play their home matches in the RDS Arena & the Aviva Stadium.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Steaua_Bucharest_V_St_Patrick%27s_Athleitc.jpg/220px-Steaua_Bucharest_V_St_Patrick%27s_Athleitc.jpg)
Dublin is home to six League of Ireland clubs, five in the Premier Division and one in the First Division. Dalymount Park in Phibsboro, which was a former venue of Republic of Ireland international soccer matches. Current League Champions Shamrock Rovers play at Tallaght Stadium, St Patrick's Athletic play at Richmond Park, and
This article, Dublin, has recently been created via the Articles for creation process. Please check to see if the reviewer has accidentally left this template after accepting the draft and take appropriate action as necessary.
Reviewer tools: |
play their home games at the UCD Bowl, while Shelbourne is based at Tolka Park. Tolka Park, Dalymount Park, UCD Bowl and Tallaght Stadium, along with the Carlisle Grounds in Bray, hosted all Group 3 games in the intermediary round of the 2011 UEFA Regions' Cup.
The National Aquatic Centre in Blanchardstown is Ireland's largest indoor water leisure facility. The Dublin area has several race courses including Shelbourne Park and Leopardstown. The Dublin Horse Show takes place at the RDS, which hosted the Show Jumping World Championships in 1982. The national boxing arena is located in The National Stadium on the South Circular Road. There are also basketball, handball, hockey and athletics stadia, most notably Morton Stadium in Santry, which held the athletics events of the 2003 Special Olympics.
Australian Rules Football has had a presence in the city since 1999 and there are now three clubs in the Capital; the Dublin Demons, the South Dublin Swans and the West Dublin Saints. All three clubs play in the Aussieproperty.com Premiership and many of their players have represented Ireland's National Aussie Rules Team, the Irish Warriors. Ireland's domestic Rugby League competition has been running since 1997.[66] The North Dublin Eagles play in Ireland's Carnegie League. Recent popularity has been increased with the Irish Wolfhound's success in the Rugby League World Cup which was held in Australia in 2008. The Dublin Marathon has been run since 1980 on the last Monday in October. The Women's Mini Marathon has been run since 1983 on the first Monday in June, which is also a bank holiday in Ireland. It is said to be the largest all female event of its kind in the world.[67]
Twinning
Dublin is twinned with the following places:[68][69]
City | Nation | Since |
---|---|---|
San José | United States[70] | 1986 |
Liverpool | United Kingdom[71] | 1997 |
Barcelona | Spain[72][73] | 1998 |
Beijing | China[74][75] | 2011 |
The city is also in talks to twin with Rio de Janeiro.[76]
See also
References
- ^ "Dublin City Council ',Dublin City Coat of Arms', (retrieved 15 February 2009". Dublincity.ie. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ "The Growth and Development of Dublin" (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ "Primate City Definition and Examples". Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ "Global Financial Centres Index 8" (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ "The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Research Network: Loughborough University. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
- ^ http://www.dublinks.com/index.cfm/loc/6-1/pt/0/spid/902CF5DF-9D01-4C09-81EB171FF0D09C6C.htm
- ^ http://www.corona.edu/Book%20of%20Interest/page62/page63/page69/page69.html
- ^ http://www.chaptersofdublin.com/books/shortpar/shortpar3.htm
- ^ "A Popular History of Ireland – Thomas D'Arcy McGee (1825–1868)". Nalanda.nitc.ac.in. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ a b c Davies, Norman (1999). The Isles: a history. London: Macmillan. p. 1222. ISBN 0-333-76370.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: length (help) - ^ "The Story of Ireland". Brian Igoe (2009). p.49.
- ^ "Black Death". Joseph Patrick Byrne (2004). p.58. ISBN 0-313-32492-1
- ^ "Dublin: a cultural history". Siobhán Marie Kilfeather (2005). Oxford University Press US. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-19-518201-4
- ^ Lyons, F.S.L. (1973). Ireland since the famine. Suffolk: Collins / Fontana. p. 880. ISBN 0-00-633200-5.
- ^ It should be noted that this state was unilaterally declared and was not recognised by any other country apart from Russia. The control did not extend to all of the island, particularly Unionist areas in the north east.
- ^ Department of the Taoiseach: Guide to Government Buildings (2005)
- ^ Dublin City Council – Facts About Dublin City
- ^ Northside vs Southside
- ^ McCarthy, Denis (2004). Dublin Castle: at the heart of Irish History. Dublin: Irish Government Stationary Office. pp. 12–18. ISBN 0-75571-9751.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Spire cleaners get prime view of city". Irish Independent. 5 June 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007.
- ^ "The Dublin Spire". Archiseek.com. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
- ^ Dublin City Council – Facts About Our Parks
- ^ "About – Phoenix Park". Office of Public Works. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ Richmond Park in London, England is larger in area at 955 hectares (2,360 acres) but is a suburban royal park.
- ^ "Richest cities in the world by purchasing power in 2009". City Mayors. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ "Richest cities in the world by personal earnings in 2009". Citymayors.com. 22 August 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ "Dublin falls in city-cost rankings". Irish Times. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ Template:PDFlink
- ^ "I.F.S.C". I.F.S.C.ie. 21 June 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
- ^ "E-Flow Website". eFlow. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
- ^ "Dublin Metro North and Metro West, Republic of Ireland". Railway-technology.com. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
- ^ Rosita Boland (13 June 2009). "Dublin's long-awaited wheel deal on track for September roll-out". The Irish Times. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ a b "2,000 join Dublin bicycle scheme". RTÉ. 13 September 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ "Gormley hails Dublin bike scheme". The Irish Times. 13 September 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ Andrew Phelan (14 September 2009). "Free bikes scheme is hit by vandals – after just one day". Evening Herald. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ http://www.gocar.ie
- ^ "Dublin City Council: Dublin's bid for City of Science 2012 gathers pace". Dublin City Council. July 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ Walshe, John (25 November 2008). "Celebrations and hard work begin after capital lands science 'Olympics' for 2012". Irish Independent. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Portobello College Dublin". Portobello.ie. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ Call for improved infrastructure for Dublin 2 April 2007
- ^ "Dublin heralds a new era in publishing for immigrants". The Guardian 12 March 2006.
- ^ Foreign nationals now 10% of Irish population 26 July 2007
- ^ "Dublin". OPENCities, a British Council project.
- ^ Irish Independent – Delight at City of Literature accolade for Dublin. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "National Museum of Ireland". Museum.ie. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ Conway, Richard (22 November 2010). "Dublin's independent arts scene is a silver lining in the recession-hit city". The Guardian. London.
- ^ "Baroque Music in Dublin, Ireland".
- ^ RTE report on World Design Capital shortlist
- ^ Irish Times article
- ^ "The Irish Experience". The Irish Experience. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ TalkingCities
- ^ Article on stag/hen parties in Edinburgh, Scotland (which mentions their popularity in Dublin), mentioning Dublin, Accessed 15 Feb 2009.
- ^ "New Lonely Planet guide slams Ireland for being too modern , Ireland Vacations". IrishCentral. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ McDonald, Frank (29 July 2008). "Arnotts granted planning permission for scaled-down city centre scheme". The Irish Times. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ O'Brien, Ciara (28 July 2010). "Anglo to take control of Arnotts". The Irish Times.
{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ Carlton Cinema Becomes 'Dublin Central'
- ^ Doyle, Kevin (17 December 2009). "Let us open up for Sunday shoppers says Moore Street". The Herald. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ McKenna, John (7 July 2007). "Public appetite for real food". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ Van Kampen, Sinead (21 September 2009). "Miss Thrifty: Death to the shopping centre!". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ Mooney, Sinead (7 July 2007). "Food Shorts". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ Dublin Food Co-op website ref. Markets / News and Events / Recent Events / Events Archive
- ^ "Radio Listenership Up-Date" (PDF). Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ Main site – Facts and figures
- ^ http://www.avivastadium.ie/news.aspx
- ^ "Homepage of Lansdowne Road Development Company (IRFU and FAI JV)". Lrsdc.Ie. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^ Rugby League Planet – Ireland
- ^ – Facts and Figures 16 February 2009
- ^ "Dublin City Council: Facts about Dublin City". 2006–2009 Dublin City Council. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
- ^ "Dublin City Council: Office of International Relations and Research". 2006–2009 Dublin City Council. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ^ "City of San José – Economic Development – Dublin, Ireland Sister City". Sjeconomy.com. 19 June 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ Neil Peterson (17 November 2008). "Liverpool City Council twinning". Liverpool.gov.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ "Ciutats agermanades , Relacions bilaterals , L'acció exterior". CIty of Barcelona. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ "Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades" (in Catalan). © 2006–2009 Ajuntament de Barcelona. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|publisher=
- ^ "Dublin signs twinning agreement with Beijing". Dublin City Council. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
- ^ "Dublin officially twinned with Beijing". Irish Times. 3 June 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^ "Dublin was also in talks with Rio de Janeiro in Brazil about twinning with that city". irishtimes.com. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
Further reading
- John Flynn and Jerry Kelleher, Dublin Journeys in America (High Table Publishing, 2003) ISBN 0-9544694-1-0
- Hanne Hem, Dubliners, An Anthropologist's Account, Oslo, 1994
- Pat Liddy, Dublin A Celebration – From the 1st to the 21st century (Dublin City Council, 2000) ISBN 0-946841-50-0
- Maurice Craig, The Architecture of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1880 (Batsford, Paperback edition 1989) ISBN 0-7134-2587-3
- Frank McDonald, Saving the City: How to Halt the Destruction of Dublin (Tomar Publishing, 1989) ISBN 1-871793-03-3
- Edward McParland, Public Architecture in Ireland 1680–1760 (Yale University Press, 2001) ISBN 0-300-09064-1
External links
- Template:Wikitravel
- Dublin City Council – Official website of the local authority for Dublin
- Dublin Tourist Board – Official tourism site
- Transport for Dublin – public transport website
- OPENCities participant
- Sampling Dublin’s Theater Scene – slideshow by The New York Times
- Alternative Dublin Guide Dublin Guide
- Melbourne UNESCO City of Literature official site
- Use dmy dates from May 2011
- Ill-formatted IPAc-en transclusions
- Pending AfC submissions
- Pending AfC submissions in article space
- Undated AfC submissions
- 841 establishments
- Capitals in Europe
- Cities in the Republic of Ireland
- Populated coastal places in the Republic of Ireland
- Dublin (city)
- Leinster
- University towns
- County towns in the Republic of Ireland
- Viking Age populated places
- Staple ports
- European Capitals of Culture