Wild boar: Difference between revisions

Wild boar; Temporal range: Early Pleistocene – Recent
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Suidae
Genus:	Sus
Species:	S. scrofa
Binomial name
	Sus scrofa; Linnaeus, 1758
	Reconstructed range of wild boar (green) and introduced populations (blue). Not shown are smaller introduced populations in the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere (such as the southwest of Australia.).

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Wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as wild pig, is a species of the pig genus Sus, part of the biological family Suidae. The species includes many subspecies. It is the wild ancestor of the domestic pig, an animal with which it freely hybridises.^[3] Wild boar are native across much of Northern and Central Europe, the Mediterranean Region (including North Africa's Atlas Mountains) and much of Asia as far south as Japan and Indonesia. Populations have also been artificially introduced in some parts of the world, most notably the Americas and Australasia. Elsewhere, populations have also become established after escapes of wild boar from captivity.^[4]

Name

The term boar is used to denote an adult male of certain species – including, domestic pigs. However, for wild boar, it applies to the whole species, including, for example, "wild boar sow" or "wild boar piglet".^[5]

Wild boar are also known by various names, including wild hogs or simply boars. In North America they are more commonly referred to as razorbacks or European boars.^[6]

Physical characteristics

The body of the wild boar is compact; the head is large, the legs relatively short. The fur consists of stiff bristles and usually finer fur. The colour usually varies from dark grey to black or brown, but there are great regional differences in colour; even whitish animals are known from central Asia.^[7] During winter the fur is much denser.

The Wild Boar is quite a variably sized mammal. In exceptionally large specimens, the species can rival the size of the Giant forest hog, the largest extant species of wild suid.^[8] Adult boars can measure from 90 to 200 cm (35 to 79 in) in length, not counting a tail of 15 to 40 cm (5.9 to 15.7 in), and have a shoulder height of 55 to 110 cm (22 to 43 in).^[9]^[10] As a whole, their average weight is 50–90 kg (110–200 pounds), though boars show a great deal of weight variation within their geographical ranges.^[11] Generally speaking, native Eurasian boars follow Bergmann's rule, with smaller boars nearer the tropics and larger, smaller-eared boars in the North of their range. Mature sows from Southeast Asia and southern India may weigh as little as 44 kg (97 lb).^[10] The Manchurian Wild Boar (S. s. ussuricus), the largest subspecies typically weighs between 70 and 180 kg (150 and 400 lb).^[12] In central Italy, their weight usually ranges from 80 to 100 kg (180 to 220 lb) while boars shot in Tuscany have been recorded to weigh up to 150 kg (331 lb). An unusually large French specimen shot in Negremont forest in Ardenne in 1999 weighed 227 kg (550 lb). Carpathian boars have been recorded to reach weights of 200 kg (441 lb). Romanian and Russian boars can reach weights of 300 kg (661 lb), while unconfirmed giants reported in early Russian hunting journals have reportedly weighed up to 320 kg (710 lb).^[9]^[10]

Adult males develop tusks, continuously growing teeth that protrude from the mouth, from their upper and lower canine teeth. These serve as weapons and tools. The upper tusks are bent upwards in males, and are regularly ground against the lower ones to produce sharp edges. The tusks normally measure about 6 cm (2.4 in), in exceptional cases even 12 cm (4.7 in). Females also have sharp canines, but they are smaller, and not protruding like the males' tusks.^[13]^[14] Tigers hunt boars, but avoid tackling mature male boars. In many cases, boars have gored tigers to death in self-defense.^[15] Wild boars can be dangerous to humans, especially when they have piglets.

Wild boar piglets are coloured differently from adults, having marbled chocolate and cream stripes lengthwise over their bodies. The stripes fade by the time the piglet is about 6 months old, when the animal takes on the adult's grizzled grey or brown colour (see photo in Reproduction section to compare adult and juvenile colouring).

Behaviour and social structure

Two wild boars in the snow.

Adult males are usually solitary outside of the breeding season, but females and their offspring (both sub-adult males and females) live in groups called sounders. Sounders typically number around 20 animals, although groups of over 50 have been seen, and will consist of 2 to 3 sows; one of which will be the dominant female. Group structure changes with the coming and going of farrowing females, the migration of maturing males (usually when they reach around 20 months) and the arrival of unrelated sexually active males.

Wild boar are situationally crepuscular or nocturnal, foraging in early morning and late afternoon or at night, but resting for periods during both night and day.^[1] They are omnivorous scavengers, eating almost anything they come across, including grass, nuts, berries, carrion, nests of ground nesting birds, roots, tubers, refuse,^[16] insects and small reptiles. Wild boar in Australia are also known to be predators of young deer and lambs.^[17]

If surprised or cornered, a boar (particularly a sow with piglets) can and will defend itself and its young with intense vigour.^[18] The male lowers its head, charges, and then slashes upward with its tusks. The female, whose tusks are not visible, charges with head up, mouth wide, and bites.

Reproduction

Sexual activity and testosterone production in males is triggered by decreasing day length, reaching a peak in mid-autumn. The normally solitary males then move into female groups, and rival males fight for dominance, whereupon the largest and most dominant males achieve the most mating.

The age of puberty for sows ranges from 8 to 24 months of age depending on environmental and nutritional factors. Pregnancy lasts approximately 115 days and a sow will leave the group to construct a mound-like nest out of vegetation and dirt, 1–3 days before giving birth (farrowing).

The process of giving birth to a litter lasts between 2 and 3 hours, and the sow and piglets remain in, or close to, the nest for 4–6 days. Sows rejoin the group after 4–5 days, and the piglets will cross suckle between other lactating sows.

Litter size is typically 4–6 piglets but may be smaller for first litter, usually 2–3. The largest litters can be up to 14 piglets. The sex ratio at birth is 1:1. Litter size of wild boars may vary depending on their location. A study in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the US reported a mean litter size of 3.3. A similar study on Santa Catalina Island, California reported a mean litter size of 5.^[19] Larger litter sizes have been reported in the Middle East.^[1] Piglets weigh 750–1,000 g (1.65–2.20 lb) at birth. Rooting behaviour develops in piglets as early as the first few days of life, and piglets are fully weaned after 3–4 months. They will begin to eat solid foods such as worms and grubs after about 2 weeks.^[20]

Range

Reconstructed range

Wild boar were originally found in North Africa and much of Eurasia; from the British Isles to Korea and the Sunda Islands. The northern limit of its range extended from southern Scandinavia to southern Siberia and Japan. Within this range it was absent in extremely dry deserts and alpine zones.

A few centuries ago it was found in North Africa along the Nile valley up to Khartum and north of the Sahara. The reconstructed northern boundary of the range in Asia ran from Lake Ladoga (at 60°N) through the area of Novgorod and Moscow into the southern Ural, where it reached 52°N. From there the boundary passed Ishim and farther east the Irtysh at 56°N. In the eastern Baraba steppe (near Novosibirsk) the boundary turned steep south, encircled the Altai Mountains, and went again eastward including the Tannu-Ola Mountains and Lake Baikal. From here the boundary went slightly north of the Amur River eastward to its lower reaches at the Sea of Okhotsk. On Sakhalin there are only fossil reports of wild boar. The southern boundaries in Europe and Asia were almost everywhere identical to the sea shores of these continents. In dry deserts and high mountain ranges, the wild boar is naturally absent. So it is absent in the dry regions of Mongolia from 44–46°N southward, in China westward of Sichuan and in India north of the Himalaya. In high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan they are also absent; however, at Tarim basin and on the lower slopes of the Tien Shan they do occur.^[7]

Present range

In recent centuries, the range of wild boar has changed dramatically, largely due to hunting by humans and more recently because of captive wild boar escaping into the wild. For many years populations dwindled. They probably became extinct in Great Britain in the 13th century.^[21] In Denmark the last boar was shot at the beginning of the 19th century, and in 1900 they were absent in Tunisia and Sudan and large areas of Germany, Austria and Italy. In Russia they were extinct in wide areas in the 1930s.

A revival of boar populations began in the middle of the 20th century. By 1950 wild boar had once again reached their original northern boundary in many parts of their Asiatic range. By 1960 they reached Saint Petersburg and Moscow, and by 1975 they were to be found in Archangelsk and Astrakhan. In the 1970s they again occurred in Denmark and Sweden, where captive animals escaped and now survive in the wild. (The wild boar population in Sweden was estimated to be around 80,000 in 2006 but grew in excess of 100,000 in a few years). In England, wild boar populations re-established themselves in the 1990s, after escaping from specialist farms that had imported European stock.^[21]

Elsewhere, in 1493, Christopher Columbus brought eight hogs to the West Indies. Importation to the American mainland was in the mid 16th century by Hernan Cortes and Hernando de Soto, and in the mid 17th century by Sieur de La Salle. Pure Eurasian boar were also imported there for sport hunting in the early 20th century.^[6] Large populations of wild boar also live in Australia, New Zealand and North and South America.^[22] In the first decade of the 21st century, wild boar escaped from game farms in Alberta and Saskatchewan (Canada) and reproduced rapidly, resulting in bounties offered for pairs of ears. A few years later, population estimates range in the thousands.^[23]

Status in Britain

Between their medieval extinction and the 1980s, when wild boar farming began, only a handful of captive wild boar, imported from the continent, were present in Britain. Occasional escapes of wild boar from wildlife parks have occurred as early as the 1970s, but since the early 1990s significant populations have re-established themselves after escapes from farms; the number of which has increased as the demand for wild boar meat has grown.

A 1998 MAFF (now DEFRA) study on wild boar living wild in Britain confirmed the presence of two populations of wild boar living in Britain; one in Kent/East Sussex and another in Dorset.^[21]

Another DEFRA report, in February 2008,^[24] confirmed the existence of these two sites as 'established breeding areas' and identified a third in Gloucestershire/Herefordshire; in the Forest of Dean/Ross on Wye area. A 'new breeding population' was also identified in Devon.

Populations estimates were as follows:

The largest population, in Kent/East Sussex, was estimated at approximately 200 animals in the core distribution area.
The second largest, in Gloucestershire/Herefordshire, was estimated to be in excess of 100 animals.
The smallest, in west Dorset, was estimated to be fewer than 50 animals.
Since winter 2005/6 significant escapes/releases have also resulted in animals colonising areas around the fringes of Dartmoor, in Devon. These are considered as an additional single 'new breeding population' and currently estimated to be up to 100 animals.

Population estimates for the Forest of Dean are disputed. In early 2010 the Forestry Commission embarked on a cull,^[25] with the aim of reducing the boar population from an estimated 150 animals to 100. By August it was stated that efforts were being made to reduce the population from 200 to 90, but that only 25 had been killed.^[26] The failure to meet cull targets was confirmed in February 2011.^[27]

There have also been reports of wild boar having crossed the River Wye into Monmouthshire, Wales.^[28] Many other sightings, across the UK, have also been reported.^[29] The effects of wild boar on the UK's woodlands were discussed with Ralph Harmer of the Forestry Commission on the BBC Radio's Farming Today radio programme in 2011. The programme prompted activist writer George Monbiot to propose a thorough population study, followed by the introduction of permit-controlled culling.^[30]

Status in Germany

Recently, Germany has reported a surge in the wild boar population. According to one study, "German wild boar litters have six to eight piglets on average, other countries usually only about four or five."^[31] Boar in Germany are also said to be becoming increasingly 'brazen' and intruding further into cities such as Berlin.^[32]

Subspecies

Different subspecies can usually be distinguished by the relative lengths and shapes of their lacrimal bones. S. scrofa cristatus and S. scrofa vittatus have shorter lacrimal bones than European subspecies.^[33] Spanish and French boar specimens have 36 chromosomes, as opposed to wild boar in the rest of Europe which possess 38, the same number as domestic pigs. Boars with 36 chromosomes have successfully mated with animals possessing 38, resulting in fertile offspring with 37 chromosomes.^[34]

Four subspecies groups are generally recognised:^[35]

Western races (scrofa group)

Common wild boar Sus scrofa scrofa: The most common and most widespread subspecies, its original distribution ranges from France to European Russia. It has been introduced in Sweden, Norway, the US and Canada.^[9]
Iberian wild boar Sus scrofa baeticus: A small subspecies present in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula.^[9] Probably a junior synonym of S. s. meridionalis.^[35]
Castillian wild boar Sus scrofa castilianus: Larger than S. s. baeticus, it inhabits northern Spain.^[9] Probably a junior synonym of S. s. scrofa.^[35]
Sardinian wild boar Sus scrofa meridionalis: A small, almost maneless subspecies from Corsica, Sardinia and Andalusia.^[36] Possibly extinct now in its island range.^{[citation needed]}
Italian wild boar Sus scrofa majori: A subspecies smaller than S. s. scrofa with a higher and wider skull. It occurs in central and southern Italy. Since the 1950s, it has hybridised extensively with introduced S. s. scrofa populations.^[9]
Sus scrofa attila: A very large, long-maned, yellowish subspecies from eastern Europe to Kazakhstan, northern Caucasus and Iran.^[36]
Barbary wild boar Sus scrofa algira: Maghreb in Africa. Closely related to, and sometimes considered a junior synonym of, S. s. scrofa, but smaller and with proportionally longer tusks.^[2] Now quite rare.^{[citation needed]}
Sus scrofa lybica: A small, pale and almost maneless subspecies from Caucasus to the Nile Delta, Turkey and the Balkans.^[36] Possibly extinct now.^{[citation needed]}
Sus scrofa sennaarensis: From Egypt and northern Sudan. Former presence in these countries, where became extinct around 1900, is linked to ancient introductions by man, and S. s. sennaarensis is probably a junior synonym of S. s. scrofa.^[2]^[35] "Wild boars" now present in Sudan are derived from domestic pigs.^[2]
Sus scrofa nigripes: A light-coloured subspecies with dark legs from Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia.^[36]

Indian races (cristatus group)

Indian wild boar Sus scrofa cristatus: A long-maned subspecies with a coat that is brindled black unlike S. s. davidi.^[36] More lightly built than European boar. Its head is larger and more pointed than that of the European boar, and its ears smaller and more pointed.^[37] The plane of the forehead straight, while it is concave in the European.^[37] Occurs from the Himalayas south to central India and east to Indochina (north of the Kra Isthmus).^[36]
Sus scrofa affinis: This subspecies is smaller than S. s. cristatus and found in southern India and Sri Lanka.^[36] Validity questionable.^[35]
Sus scrofa davidi: A small, long-maned and light brown subspecies from eastern Iran to Gujarat; perhaps north to Tajikistan.^[36]

Eastern races (leucomystax group)

Manchurian wild boar Sus scrofa ussuricus: A very large (largest subspecies of the wild boar), almost maneless subspecies with a thick coat that is blackish in the summer and yellowish-grey in the winter.^[36] From Manchuria and Korea.^[36]
Japanese wild boar Sus scrofa leucomystax: A small, almost maneless, yellowish-brown subspecies from Japan (except Hokkaido where the wild boar is not naturally present, and the Ryuku Islands where replaced by S. s. riukiuanus).^[36]
Ryuku wild boar Sus scrofa riukiuanus: A small subspecies from the Ryuku Islands.^[36]
Formosan wild boar Sus scrofa taivanus: A small blackish subspecies from Taiwan.^[36]
Sus scrofa moupinensis: A relatively small and short-maned subspecies from most of China and Vietnam. There are significant variations within this subspecies, and it is possible there actually are several subspecies involved.^[36] On the contrary, recent evidence suggests the virtually unknown Heude's pig may be identical to (and consequently a synonym of) wild boars from this region.^[38]
Siberian wild boar Sus scrofa sibiricus: A relatively small subspecies from Mongolia and Transbaikalia.^[36]

Sundaic race (vittatus group)

Banded pig Sus scrofa vittatus: A small, short-faced and sparsely furred subspecies with a white band on the muzzle.^[36]^[39] From Peninsular Malaysia, and in Indonesia from Sumatra and Java east to Komodo.^[36] Might be a separate species,^[36] and shows some similarities with some other species of wild pigs in south-east Asia.

Domestic pig

The domestic pig is usually regarded as a subspecies – Sus scrofa domestica – although this is sometimes classified as a separate species: Sus domestica.

Natural predators

Wild boar are a main food source for tigers in the regions where they coexist. Tigers typically follow boar groups, and pick them off one by one. Tigers have been noted to chase boars for longer distances than with other prey, though they will usually avoid tackling mature male boars. In many cases, boars have gored tigers to death in self-defense.^[15] In the Amur region, wild boars are one of the two most important prey species for the Siberian Tiger alongside the Manchurian Wapiti, with the two species collectively comprising roughly 80% of the prey selected by these tigers.^[40] Studies of Bengal Tigers indicate that boars are usually secondary in preference to various cervids and bovids.^[41] Boars are also probably an important component of the diet of Sumatran Tigers, though their specific significance in the tiger's diet there is not known.^[42]

Wolves are also major predators of boars in some areas. Wolves mostly feed on piglets, though adults have been recorded to be taken in Italy, the Iberian Peninsula, and Russia. Wolves rarely attack boars head on, preferring to tear at their perineum, causing loss of coordination and massive blood loss. In some areas of the former Soviet Union, a single wolf pack can consume an average of 50–80 wild boars annually.^[43] In areas of Italy where the two animals are sympatric, the extent to which boars are preyed upon by wolves has led to them developing more aggressive behaviour toward both wolves and domestic dogs.^[9]

Striped hyenas occasionally feed on boars, though it has been suggested that only hyenas from the three larger subspecies present in Northwest Africa, the Middle East, and India can successfully kill them.^[44]

Young piglets are important prey for several species, including large snakes, such as the reticulated python, large birds of prey, and various wild felids. In Australia many piglets are killed by dingos. Adults, due to their size, strength, and defensive aggression, are generally avoided as prey. However, they have been taken additionally by mature leopards; large bears (mainly brown bears); and mature crocodiles. All predators of boars are opportunistic and would take piglets given the opportunity. Where introduced outside of their natural range, boars may be at the top of the food chain, but it is possible that can taken by predators similar to those in their native Eurasia.^[11]

Interactions with humans

Aggression towards humans

Wild boar attacks on humans are not common but do occur occasionally. Usually, boars, like most wild animals, will avoid interactions with humans. Due to the clearing of natural boar habitats, the number of interactions, including aggressive ones, between humans and boars has increased. When dealing aggressively with a human, boars will charge at them. Sometimes, these may be bluff charges but, in other cases, violent contact will be made. While the impact of the large, hard-skulled head may cause considerable damage itself, most damage is inflicted by the boar's tusk. When ramming into a person, the boar will slash the tusks upwards, creating sizeable open lacerations on the skin. Due to the height of the boar relative to a human, most wounds are inflicted to the upper legs. Some attacks are provoked, such as when hunters wound a boar which then counterattacks. Male boars become most aggressive during the mating season and may charge at humans at such times. Occasionally, female boars will attack if they feel their piglets are threatened, especially if a human physically comes between them and their young. Although a majority of boar attack victims recover with medical treatment, fatalities do occasionally occur.^[45]

Hunting

In Medieval hunting the boar, like the hart, was a 'beast of venery', the most prestigious form of quarry. It was normally hunted by being harboured, or found by a 'limer', or bloodhound handled on a leash, before the pack of hounds were released to pursue it on its hot scent. In The poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight^[46] a boar hunt is described, which depicts how dangerous the boar could be to the pack hounds, or raches, which hunted it.^[47]

The ancient Lowland Scottish Clan Swinton is said to have to have acquired the name Swinton for their bravery and clearing their area of wild boar. The chief's coat of arms and the clan crest allude to this legend, as is the name of the village of Swinewood in the county of Berwick which was granted to them in the eleventh century.^{[citation needed]}

Wild boar are still occasionally hunted, especially where not legally protected. The minimum calibre for shooting wild boar is a 243 Winchester with 85 grain, or heavier, expanding projectiles designed for game, not varmints. Heavier calibres are preferred. Wild boar are strong, solidly built animals with sharp tusks and a willingness to defend themselves vigorously.^[48]

Wild boar farming in the UK

Captive wild boar in Britain are kept in private or public wildlife collections and in zoos, but exist predominantly on farms. Because wild boar are included in the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976, certain legal requirements have to be met prior to setting up a farm. A licence to keep boar is required from the local council, who will appoint a specialist to inspect the premises and report back to the council. Requirements include secure accommodation and fencing, correct drainage, temperature, lighting, hygiene, ventilation and insurance.

The original British wild boar farm stock was mainly of French origin, but from 1987 onwards, farmers have supplemented the original stock with animals of both west European and east European origin. The east European animals were imported from farm stock in Sweden because Sweden, unlike eastern Europe, has a similar health status for pigs to that of Britain. Currently there is no central register listing all the wild boar farms in the UK; the total number of wild boar farms is unknown.^[21]

Commercial use

In many countries, boar are farmed for their meat, and in countries such as France and Italy, for example, boar (sanglier in French, "cinghiale" in Italian) may often be found for sale in butcher shops or offered in restaurants (although the consumption of wild boar meat has been linked to transmission of Hepatitis E in Japan).^[49] In Germany, boar meat ranks among the highest priced types of meat. In certain countries, such as Laos and parts of China, boar meat is considered an aphrodisiac.^[50]

The hair of the boar was often used for the production of the toothbrush until the invention of synthetic materials in the 1930s.^[51] The hair for the bristles usually came from the neck area of the boar. While such brushes were popular because the bristles were soft, this was not the best material for oral hygiene as the hairs were slow to dry and usually retained bacteria. Today's toothbrushes are made with plastic bristles.

Boar hair is used in the manufacture of boar-bristle hairbrushes, which are considered to be gentler on hair—and are much more expensive—than common plastic-bristle hairbrushes. However, among shaving brushes, which are almost exclusively made with animal fibres, the cheaper models use boar bristles, while badger hair is used in much more expensive models.^[52]

Boar hair is used in the manufacture of paintbrushes, especially those used for oil painting. Boar bristle paintbrushes are stiff enough to spread thick paint well, and the naturally split or "flagged" tip of the untrimmed bristle helps hold more paint.

Despite claims that boar bristles have been used in the manufacture of premium dart boards for use with steel-tipped darts, these boards are, in fact, made of other materials and fibres—the finest ones from sisal rope.

Mythology, religion, history and fiction

Deity form of Varaha, Khajuraho, 12th C AD

In Celtic mythology the boar was sacred to the Gallic goddess Arduinna,^[53]^[54] and boar hunting features in several stories of Celtic and Irish mythology. One such story is that of how Fionn mac Cumhaill ("Finn McCool") lured his rival Diarmuid Ua Duibhne to his death—gored by a wild boar.^{[citation needed]}

In the Asterix comic series set in Gaul, wild boar are the favourite food of Obelix whose immense appetite means that he can eat several roasted boar in a single sitting.^{[citation needed]}

Gullinbursti (meaning "Gold Mane or Golden Bristles") is a boar in Norse mythology.

In Hindu mythology, the third Avatar of the Lord Vishnu was Varaha, a boar.^{[citation needed]}

A story from Nevers, which is reproduced in the Golden Legend, states that one night Charlemagne dreamed he was about to be killed by a wild boar during a hunt, but was saved by the appearance of a child, who had promised to save the emperor if he would give him clothes to cover his nakedness. The bishop of Nevers interpreted this dream to mean that the child was Saint Cyricus and that he wanted the emperor to repair the roof of the Cathédrale Saint-Cyr-et-Sainte-Julitte de Nevers – which Charlemagne duly did.^{[citation needed]}

In the story The Boar (novel) by American writer Joe R. Lansdale, a young boy hunts a large boar in East Texas during the Great Depression.

Folklore, in the Forest of Dean, England, tells of a giant boar, known as the Beast of Dean, which terrorised villagers in the early 19th century.^{[citation needed]}

Heraldry and other symbolic use

The wild boar and a boar's head are common charges in heraldry. It represents what are often seen as the positive qualities of the boar, namely courage and fierceness in battle. The arms of the Campbell of Possil family (see Carter-Campbell of Possil) include the head, erect and erased of a wild boar, as does the crest Mackinnon clan. The arms of the Swinton Family also possess wild boar, as does the coat of arms of the Purcell family.^[55]

At least three Roman Legions are known to have had a boar as their emblems: Legio I Italica, Legio X Fretensis and Legio XX Valeria Victrix.

A boar is a long-standing symbol of the city of Milan, Italy. In Andrea Alciato's Emblemata (1584), beneath a woodcut of the first raising of Milan's city walls, a boar is seen lifted from the excavation. The foundation of Milan is credited to two Celtic peoples, the Bituriges and the Aedui, having as their emblems a ram and a boar respectively (Bituricis vervex, Heduis dat sucula signum.); therefore "The city's symbol is a wool-bearing boar, an animal of double form, here with sharp bristles, there with sleek wool," (Laniger huic signum sus est, animálque biforme, Acribus hinc setis, lanitio inde levi). Alciato credits the most saintly and learned Ambrose for his account.^[56]

Richard III (r. 1483–1485) used the white boar as his personal device and badge. It was also passed to his short-lived son, Edward.^{[citation needed]}

Feral pigs

Domestic pigs can escape and quite readily become feral, and feral populations are problematic in several ways. They can cause small amounts of damage to trees and other vegetation and may feed on the eggs of ground-nesting birds and turtles.^[57] Feral pigs often interbreed with wild boar, producing descendants similar in appearance to wild boar; these can then be difficult to distinguish from natural or introduced true wild boar. The characterisation of populations as feral pig, escaped domestic pig or wild boar is usually decided by where the animals are encountered and what is known of their history. In New Zealand, for example, feral pigs are known as "Captain Cookers" from their supposed descent from liberations and gifts to Māori by explorer Captain James Cook in the 1770s.^[58] New Zealand feral pigs are also frequently known as "tuskers", due to their appearance.

One characteristic by which domestic and feral animals are differentiated is their coats. Feral animals almost always have thick, bristly coats ranging in colour from brown through grey to black. A prominent ridge of hair matching the spine is also common, giving rise to the name razorback in the southern United States, where they are common. The tail is usually long and straight. Feral animals tend also to have longer legs than domestic breeds and a longer and narrower head and snout.

Wild boar/domestic pig hybrid, displayed at Rothschild Museum, Tring, England

A very large swine dubbed Hogzilla was shot in Georgia, United States, in June 2004.^[59] Initially thought to be a hoax, the story became something of an internet sensation. National Geographic Explorer investigated the story, sending scientists into the field. After exhuming the animal and performing DNA testing, it was determined that Hogzilla was a hybrid of wild boar and domestic swine.^[60] As of 2008^[update], the estimated population of 4 million feral pigs caused an estimated US$800 million of property damage per year in the U.S.^[61] The problematic nature of feral hogs has caused several states in the U.S. to declare feral hogs to be an invasive species. Often, these states will have greatly reduced (or even non-existent) hunting regulations regarding feral hogs. In Missouri, no hunting permit is required for the taking of wild boar; hunters may take as many as they like with any weapon. The Missouri Department of Conservation requests that hunters who encounter feral hogs shoot them on sight.^[62] Caution is advised, as feral pigs can use their tusks defensively, and hog hunters consider them dangerous when injured or cornered.^[63]

At the beginning of the 20th century, wild boar were introduced for hunting in the United States, where they interbred in parts with free roaming domestic pigs. In South America, New Guinea, New Zealand, Australia and other islands, wild boar have also been introduced by humans and have partially interbred with domestic pigs.

In South America, also during the early 20th century, free-ranging boars were introduced in Uruguay for hunting purposes and eventually crossed the border into Brazil sometime during the 1990s, quickly becoming an invasive species, licensed private hunting of both feral boars and hybrids (javaporcos) being allowed from August 2005 on in the Southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul,^[64] although their presence as a pest had been already noticed by the press as early as 1994.^[65] Releases and escapes from unlicensed farms (established because of increased demand for boar meat as an alternative to pork), however, continued to bolster feral populations and by mid-2008 licensed hunts had to be expanded to the states of Santa Catarina and São Paulo.^[66] Such licensed hunts were, however, forbidden in 2010 by IBAMA, which argued the necessity of additional studies for devising a strategy of pest control for boars. Meanwhile, boars and boar crosses were spotted in the State of Rio de Janeiro, where cases of crop raiding were reported in the municipality of Porciuncula. There was also the danger of an escape from an unlicensed farm in Nova Friburgo, which was closed in December 2011, all 316 animals being sent to an abattoir.^[67] In October 2010, a rural worker was killed by a boar in Ibiá, in the State of Minas Gerais.

Recently established Brazilian boar populations are not to be confused with long established populations of feral domestic pigs (porcos monteiros), which have existed mainly in the Pantanal for more than a hundred years, along with native peccaries. The demographic dynamics of the interaction between feral pigs populations and those of the two native species of peccaries (Collared Peccary and White-lipped Peccary) is obscure and is being studied presently. It has been proposed that the existence of feral pigs could somewhat ease jaguar predation on peccary populations, as jaguars would show a preference for hunting pigs, when these are available.^[68]

Feral hogs can rapidly increase their population. Sows can have up to 10 offspring per litter, and are able to have two litters per year. Each piglet reaches sexual maturity at 6 months of age. They have virtually no natural predators.^[69]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Template:IUCN2008 Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kingdon, J. (1997). The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press Limited. ISBN 0-12-408355-2
^ Seward, Liz (4 September 2007). "Pig DNA reveals farming history". BBC News. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
^ Leaper, R.; Massei, G.; Gorman, M. L.; Aspinall, R. (1999). "The feasibility of reintroducing Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) to Scotland". Mammal Review. 29 (4): 239. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.2940239.x.
^ "Taxonomy Browser: Sus Scrofa". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Retrieved 21 June 2007.
^ ^a ^b American wild boar, Sus scrofa, information and photographic images. Suwanneeriverranch.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ ^a ^b V. G. Heptner and A. A. Sludskii: Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II, Part 2 Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats). Leiden, New York, 1989 ISBN 90-04-08876-8 Cite error: The named reference "mammals of the soviet union" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ Forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) – Quick facts. Ultimateungulate.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Template:It iconScheggi, Massimo (1999). La Bestia Nera: Caccia al Cinghiale fra Mito, Storia e Attualità. p. 201. ISBN 88-253-7904-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sus scrofa. Eurasian wild pig. ultimateungulate.com
^ ^a ^b ADW: Sus scrofa: Information. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu (2011-10-30). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ Hunting Manchurian Sika – Hunting Wild Boar. Huntingvacationscotland.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
^ "All you need to know about wild boar". Ithaca: British Wild Boar Organisation. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
^ "Species Profile: Wild boar". Forres, Scotland: Trees for Life. 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b V.G Heptner & A.A. Sludskii. Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2. ISBN 90-04-08876-8.
^ "Wild boar forage in Forest bins". BBC News. 12 January 2010.
^ Feral wild boar in England: An action plan. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2008. britishwildboar.org.uk
^ Wild Boar Facts: Maremma Wild Boar Information. Maremmaguide.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ "Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758)". Nis.gsmfc.org. 30 August 1999. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
^ Wild boar profile. Britishwildboar.org.uk. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wild boar in Britain. Britishwildboar.org.uk (1998-10-21). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ BBC Nature – Wild boar videos, news and facts. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ Nicholas Köhler Kill Boars for cash. Alberta puts a bounty on its wild, furry pigs. macleans.ca. 14 January 2009
^ Government supports local communities to manage wild boar. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 19 February 2008
^ "Wild boar cull is given go ahead". BBC News. 4 January 2010.
^ "Forest of Dean rangers battle to meet boar cull target". BBC News. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
^ Cull failing to control wild boar. The Forester (2011-02-25).
^ BBC Wales – Nature – Wildlife – Wild boar. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ Wild Boar in Britain. Britishwildboar.org.uk (2010-12-31). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ Monbiot, George (16 September 2011). "How the UK's zoophobic legacy turned on wild boar". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 September 2011. I was prompted to write this article by an item I heard on the BBC's Farming Today programme at the beginning of the week. It was an interview with Ralph Harmer, who works for the Forestry Commission, about whether or not the returning boar are damaging our woodlands. I was struck by what the item did not say. Not once did the programme mention that this is a native species. The boar was discussed as if it were an exotic invasive animal, such as the mink or the grey squirrel. [...] Then, once we've found out how many boar, [...] should be culled to allow a gentle expansion but not an explosion, permits to shoot them should be sold, and the money used to compensate farmers whose crops the boar have damaged. Other hunting should be banned. This is how they do it in France.
^ "Numbers of wild boars surge | Oddly Enough". Reuters. 3 October 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
^ Berlin suffers wild boar invasion. Bbc.co.uk (2011-05-01). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1987). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. p. 208. ISBN 0-521-34697-5.
^ "Wild boar profile". Britishwildboar.org.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Groves, C. (2008). Current views on the taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Sus. pp. 15–29 in Albarella, U., Dobney, K, Ervynck, A. & Rowley-Conwy, P. Eds. (2008). Pigs and Humans: 10,000 Years of Interaction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920704-6
^ ^a ^b ''Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon'', by Robert A. Sterndale. Gutenberg.org (2006-10-16). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ Template:IUCN2008
^ Francis, C. M. (2008). A Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13551-9
^ Dale G. Miquelle, Evgeny N. Smirnov, Howard B. Quigley, Maurice G. Hornocker, Igor G. Nikolayev, Evgeny N. Matyushkin (1996). "Food habits of Amur tigers in the Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik and the Russian Far East, and implications for conservation" (PDF). Journal of Wildlife Research. 1 (2): 138.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ T. Ramesh, V. Snehalatha, K. Sankar and Qamar Qureshi (2009). "Food habits and prey selection of tiger and leopard in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India" (PDF). J. Sci. Trans. Environ. Technov. 2 (3): 170–181.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Sumatran tiger – Panthera tigris sumatrae. Lairweb.org.nz. Retrieved on 2012-08-05.
^ Graves, Will (2007). Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages. p. 222. ISBN 1-55059-332-3.
^ "Striped Hyaena Hyaena (Hyaena) hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758)". IUCN Species Survival Commission Hyaenidae Specialist Group. Retrieved 21 May 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Gunduz, A; Turedi, S; Nuhoglu, I; Kalkan, A; Turkmen, S (2007). "Wild boar attacks" (PDF). Wilderness & environmental medicine. 18 (2): 117–9. doi:10.1580/06-WEME-CR-033R1.1. PMID 17590063.
^ Anonymous (c. 1350). Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
^ The Meaning and Symbolism of the Hunting Scenes in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight. Web.archive.org (2009-10-23). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ Where to Shoot Pigs. Aussiehunter. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
^ Li, TC; Chijiwa, K; Sera, N; Ishibashi, T; Etoh, Y; Shinohara, Y; Kurata, Y; Ishida, M; Sakamoto, S (2005). "Hepatitis E Virus Transmission from Wild Boar Meat". Emerg Infect Dis. 11 (12): 1958–60. PMID 16485490.
^ what is an aphrodisiac food? — Natural Aphrodisiac and Gourmet Foods, Wine, Romantic Travel. Eatsomethingsexy.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ "Dental Encyclopedia". 1800dentist.com. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
^ "Brush with Greatness". MenEssentials. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
^ "Celtic Encyclopaedia" (JPG image). Isle-of-skye.org.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
^ "les-ardennes.net". Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
^ The Legend of Purcell Loughmoe Castle. Usa-purcell.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.
^ "Alciato, Emblemata, Emblema II". Emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
^ Masterson, J. (12 June 2007). "Sus scrofa". Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
^ Horwitz, Tony (2003). Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before. Picador. p. 127. ISBN 0-312-42260-1.
^ Dewan, Shaila (19 March 2005). "DNA tests to reveal if possible record-size boar is a pig in a poke". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
^ "The Mystery of Hogzilla Solved". ABC News. 21 March 2005. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
^ Brick, Michael (21 June 2008). "Bacon a Hard Way: Hog-Tying 400 Pounds of Fury". The New York Times.
^ "Shoot 'em on sight". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
^ "Hog Hunting – Behavior". 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
^ INSTRUÇÃO NORMATIVA Nº 71, DE 04 DE AGOSTO DE 2005.. SERVIÇO PÚBLICO FEDERAL. MINISTÉRIO DO MEIO AMBIENTE. INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DO MEIO AMBIENTE E DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS RENOVÁVEIS
^ "Javali: fronteiras rompidas" ("Boars break across the border") Globo Rural 9:99, January 1994, ISSN 0102-6178, pp. 32, 35
^ No rastro dos javalis. arroiogrande.com (2011-06-11).
^ "Operação na APA Macaé de Cima termina com a apreensão de 226 javalis". Jornal do Brasil, 6 December 2011
^ "Invasor ou vizinho? Estudo traz nova visão sobre interação entre porco-monteiro e seus 'primos' do Pantanal". Cienciahoje.uol.com.br. 09/12/02. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2009-03-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Michael Perot Coping with feral hogs. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Wildlife Division -Private Lands Program

External links

Saskatchewan places moratorium on boar farming, says escaped boars should be killed at Wikinews
Media related to Sus scrofa at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Sus scrofa at Wikispecies
BBC profile
* Species Profile- Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Wild Boar.
Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Farmed wild boars exposed to Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. [1]

Template:Link FA Template:Link FA

[iucn-1] Template:IUCN2008 Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.

[Kingdon-2] Kingdon, J. (1997). The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press Limited. ISBN 0-12-408355-2

[3] Seward, Liz (4 September 2007). "Pig DNA reveals farming history". BBC News. Retrieved 18 June 2008.

[4] Leaper, R.; Massei, G.; Gorman, M. L.; Aspinall, R. (1999). "The feasibility of reintroducing Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) to Scotland". Mammal Review. 29 (4): 239. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.2940239.x.

[5] "Taxonomy Browser: Sus Scrofa". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Retrieved 21 June 2007.

[suwanneeriverranch.com-6] American wild boar, Sus scrofa, information and photographic images. Suwanneeriverranch.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[mammals_of_the_soviet_union-7] V. G. Heptner and A. A. Sludskii: Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II, Part 2 Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats). Leiden, New York, 1989 ISBN 90-04-08876-8 Cite error: The named reference "mammals of the soviet union" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[8] Forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) – Quick facts. Ultimateungulate.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.

[Nera-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Template:It iconScheggi, Massimo (1999). La Bestia Nera: Caccia al Cinghiale fra Mito, Storia e Attualità. p. 201. ISBN 88-253-7904-8.

[Ungulate-10] Sus scrofa. Eurasian wild pig. ultimateungulate.com

[animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu-11] ADW: Sus scrofa: Information. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu (2011-10-30). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[12] Hunting Manchurian Sika – Hunting Wild Boar. Huntingvacationscotland.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.

[13] "All you need to know about wild boar". Ithaca: British Wild Boar Organisation. Retrieved 9 January 2011.

[14] "Species Profile: Wild boar". Forres, Scotland: Trees for Life. 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.

[USSR-15] V.G Heptner & A.A. Sludskii. Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2. ISBN 90-04-08876-8.

[16] "Wild boar forage in Forest bins". BBC News. 12 January 2010.

[17] Feral wild boar in England: An action plan. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2008. britishwildboar.org.uk

[18] Wild Boar Facts: Maremma Wild Boar Information. Maremmaguide.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[19] "Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758)". Nis.gsmfc.org. 30 August 1999. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

[20] Wild boar profile. Britishwildboar.org.uk. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[britishwildboar.org.uk-21] Wild boar in Britain. Britishwildboar.org.uk (1998-10-21). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[22] BBC Nature – Wild boar videos, news and facts. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[23] Nicholas Köhler Kill Boars for cash. Alberta puts a bounty on its wild, furry pigs. macleans.ca. 14 January 2009

[24] Government supports local communities to manage wild boar. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 19 February 2008

[25] "Wild boar cull is given go ahead". BBC News. 4 January 2010.

[26] "Forest of Dean rangers battle to meet boar cull target". BBC News. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.

[27] Cull failing to control wild boar. The Forester (2011-02-25).

[28] BBC Wales – Nature – Wildlife – Wild boar. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[29] Wild Boar in Britain. Britishwildboar.org.uk (2010-12-31). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[guardian_blog_zoophobic_legacy-30] Monbiot, George (16 September 2011). "How the UK's zoophobic legacy turned on wild boar". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 September 2011. I was prompted to write this article by an item I heard on the BBC's Farming Today programme at the beginning of the week. It was an interview with Ralph Harmer, who works for the Forestry Commission, about whether or not the returning boar are damaging our woodlands. I was struck by what the item did not say. Not once did the programme mention that this is a native species. The boar was discussed as if it were an exotic invasive animal, such as the mink or the grey squirrel. [...] Then, once we've found out how many boar, [...] should be culled to allow a gentle expansion but not an explosion, permits to shoot them should be sold, and the money used to compensate farmers whose crops the boar have damaged. Other hunting should be banned. This is how they do it in France.

[31] "Numbers of wild boars surge | Oddly Enough". Reuters. 3 October 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

[32] Berlin suffers wild boar invasion. Bbc.co.uk (2011-05-01). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[Domestic-33] Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1987). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. p. 208. ISBN 0-521-34697-5.

[34] "Wild boar profile". Britishwildboar.org.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

[MSW3-35] Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[Groves-36] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Groves, C. (2008). Current views on the taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Sus. pp. 15–29 in Albarella, U., Dobney, K, Ervynck, A. & Rowley-Conwy, P. Eds. (2008). Pigs and Humans: 10,000 Years of Interaction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920704-6

[Sterndale-37] ''Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon'', by Robert A. Sterndale. Gutenberg.org (2006-10-16). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[23-38] Template:IUCN2008

[39] Francis, C. M. (2008). A Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13551-9

[j1-40] Dale G. Miquelle, Evgeny N. Smirnov, Howard B. Quigley, Maurice G. Hornocker, Igor G. Nikolayev, Evgeny N. Matyushkin (1996). "Food habits of Amur tigers in the Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik and the Russian Far East, and implications for conservation" (PDF). Journal of Wildlife Research. 1 (2): 138.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Old-41] T. Ramesh, V. Snehalatha, K. Sankar and Qamar Qureshi (2009). "Food habits and prey selection of tiger and leopard in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India" (PDF). J. Sci. Trans. Environ. Technov. 2 (3): 170–181.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[42] Sumatran tiger – Panthera tigris sumatrae. Lairweb.org.nz. Retrieved on 2012-08-05.

[Graves-43] Graves, Will (2007). Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages. p. 222. ISBN 1-55059-332-3.

[Striped-44] "Striped Hyaena Hyaena (Hyaena) hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758)". IUCN Species Survival Commission Hyaenidae Specialist Group. Retrieved 21 May 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[45] Gunduz, A; Turedi, S; Nuhoglu, I; Kalkan, A; Turkmen, S (2007). "Wild boar attacks" (PDF). Wilderness & environmental medicine. 18 (2): 117–9. doi:10.1580/06-WEME-CR-033R1.1. PMID 17590063.

[Green-46] Anonymous (c. 1350). Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.

[47] The Meaning and Symbolism of the Hunting Scenes in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight. Web.archive.org (2009-10-23). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[48] Where to Shoot Pigs. Aussiehunter. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.

[49] Li, TC; Chijiwa, K; Sera, N; Ishibashi, T; Etoh, Y; Shinohara, Y; Kurata, Y; Ishida, M; Sakamoto, S (2005). "Hepatitis E Virus Transmission from Wild Boar Meat". Emerg Infect Dis. 11 (12): 1958–60. PMID 16485490.

[50] what is an aphrodisiac food? — Natural Aphrodisiac and Gourmet Foods, Wine, Romantic Travel. Eatsomethingsexy.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[51] "Dental Encyclopedia". 1800dentist.com. Retrieved 21 June 2007.

[52] "Brush with Greatness". MenEssentials. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

[53] "Celtic Encyclopaedia" (JPG image). Isle-of-skye.org.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

[54] "les-ardennes.net". Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

[55] The Legend of Purcell Loughmoe Castle. Usa-purcell.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-06.

[56] "Alciato, Emblemata, Emblema II". Emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

[57] Masterson, J. (12 June 2007). "Sus scrofa". Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

[58] Horwitz, Tony (2003). Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before. Picador. p. 127. ISBN 0-312-42260-1.

[59] Dewan, Shaila (19 March 2005). "DNA tests to reveal if possible record-size boar is a pig in a poke". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 12 June 2007.

[60] "The Mystery of Hogzilla Solved". ABC News. 21 March 2005. Retrieved 12 June 2007.

[61] Brick, Michael (21 June 2008). "Bacon a Hard Way: Hog-Tying 400 Pounds of Fury". The New York Times.

[62] "Shoot 'em on sight". Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved 26 March 2011.

[63] "Hog Hunting – Behavior". 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.

[64] INSTRUÇÃO NORMATIVA Nº 71, DE 04 DE AGOSTO DE 2005.. SERVIÇO PÚBLICO FEDERAL. MINISTÉRIO DO MEIO AMBIENTE. INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DO MEIO AMBIENTE E DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS RENOVÁVEIS

[65] "Javali: fronteiras rompidas" ("Boars break across the border") Globo Rural 9:99, January 1994, ISSN 0102-6178, pp. 32, 35

[66] No rastro dos javalis. arroiogrande.com (2011-06-11).

[67] "Operação na APA Macaé de Cima termina com a apreensão de 226 javalis". Jornal do Brasil, 6 December 2011

[68] "Invasor ou vizinho? Estudo traz nova visão sobre interação entre porco-monteiro e seus 'primos' do Pantanal". Cienciahoje.uol.com.br. 09/12/02. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2009-03-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[69] Michael Perot Coping with feral hogs. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Wildlife Division -Private Lands Program

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v t e Pigs
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Species Sus domesticus
Domestic	Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd Feedback As food Bacon Bondiola Capocollo Ham Lard Pork Chitterlings Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Scottish pork taboo Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling
Wild and feral	Wild boar Heraldry Hunting Razorback Boar–pig hybrid
In culture	Freddy the Pig Flitch of bacon custom Floyd of Rosedale Miss Piggy "Pigs in Space" Porky Pig Piglet "The Three Little Pigs" Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe: Pig in the City Bad Piggies Blandings Castle Empress of Blandings My Brother the Pig Charlotte's Web The Sheep-Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Butareba: The Story of a Man Turned into a Pig Fair, then Partly Piggy Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Kazoops! Olivia (character) TV series Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Porco Rosso Spider-Ham Spider pig The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland "This Little Piggy" Toot & Puddle Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Hamilton Hocks Pig City
Other	List of individual pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus (politics)
Category: Pigs