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Since [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]] are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the [[dialect]] versus language question. Each of these languages possesses a central standard on which its literature is based, and from which there are multiple dialectal variations. <ref>Bailey, Rev. T. Grahame. 1904. Panjabi Grammar. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.</ref>
Since [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]] are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the [[dialect]] versus language question. Each of these languages possesses a central standard on which its literature is based, and from which there are multiple dialectal variations. <ref>Bailey, Rev. T. Grahame. 1904. Panjabi Grammar. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.</ref>


It had been historically classified as dialect of Punjabi. In 1920’s Garrison in his Linguist Survey of India classified into Southern cluster of Lahnda (Western Punjabi).Recently Potowari is standardized as language contrasting the view of being a dialect of Punjabi, However this standardization is controversial to date. The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947.<ref name="rahman1997">Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.</ref>{{rp|838}} The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Potowari speakers since 1981.<ref name="Javaid">Javaid, Umbreen. 2004. [http://www.pu.edu.pk/english/jrh/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab]. ''[http://www.pu.edu.pk/english/jrh/ Journal of Research (Humanities)]'', 40(2): 55–65. Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, [http://www.pu.edu.pk/ University of the Punjab]. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)</ref>{{rp|46}}.
It had been historically classified as dialect of Punjabi. In 1920’s Garrison in his Linguist Survey of India classified into Northern cluster of Lahnda (North-Eastern Punjabi).Recently Potowari (or panjistani language) is standardized as language contrasting the view of being a dialect of Punjabi, However this standardization is controversial to date. The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947.<ref name="rahman1997">Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.</ref>{{rp|838}} The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Potowari speakers since 1981.<ref name="Javaid">Javaid, Umbreen. 2004. [http://www.pu.edu.pk/english/jrh/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab]. ''[http://www.pu.edu.pk/english/jrh/ Journal of Research (Humanities)]'', 40(2): 55–65. Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, [http://www.pu.edu.pk/ University of the Punjab]. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)</ref>{{rp|46}}.


On the other hand Potowari is also considered a dialect of main-stream Punjabi because Potowari is mutually intelligible, morphologically and syntactically similar to Standard Punjabi and is in fact a dialect of Punjabi as agreed by majority of local linguists such as Dulai, K Narinder, Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill, A Henry. Gleason (Jr), Koul, N Omkar, Siya Madhu Bala, Afzal Ahmed Cheema, Aamir Malik, Amar Nath <ref> Dulai, Narinder K. 1989. A Pedagogical Grammar of Punjabi. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies.</ref><ref>Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill and Henry A. Gleason, Jr: A Reference Grammar of Punjabi: Patiala University Press</ref><ref>Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala :Punjabi Language and Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography: New Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies</ref><ref>Malik, Amar Nath, Afzal Ahmed Cheema : 1995 : The Phonology and Morphology of Panjabi: New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers</ref> as well as modern linguistics publications such as US National advisory Committee based The UCLA Language Materials Project (LMP) along with modern Foreign linguistics such as Cardona and Nataliia Ivanovna Tolstaia classifing Potowari as a dialect of Punjabi. <ref>[http://books.google.fr/books?id=C9MPCd6mO6sC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false The Indo-Aryan Languages - Google Livres]. Books.google.fr. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref><ref>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=95&menu=004 UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile]. Lmp.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=BmA9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false The Panjabi Language: A Descriptive Grammar - Natalʹi͡a Ivanovna Tolstai͡a - Google Books]. Books.google.com.pk. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref>
On the other hand Potowari or panjistani language is also considered a dialect of main-stream Punjabi because Potowari is mutually intelligible, morphologically and syntactically similar to Standard Punjabi and is in fact a dialect of Punjabi as agreed by majority of local linguists such as Dulai, K Narinder, Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill, A Henry. Gleason (Jr), Koul, N Omkar, Siya Madhu Bala, Afzal Ahmed Cheema, Aamir Malik, Amar Nath <ref> Dulai, Narinder K. 1989. A Pedagogical Grammar of Punjabi. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies.</ref><ref>Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill and Henry A. Gleason, Jr: A Reference Grammar of Punjabi: Patiala University Press</ref><ref>Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala :Punjabi Language and Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography: New Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies</ref><ref>Malik, Amar Nath, Afzal Ahmed Cheema : 1995 : The Phonology and Morphology of Panjabi: New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers</ref> as well as modern linguistics publications such as US National advisory Committee based The UCLA Language Materials Project (LMP) along with modern Foreign linguistics such as Cardona and Nataliia Ivanovna Tolstaia classifing Potowari as a dialect of Punjabi. <ref>[http://books.google.fr/books?id=C9MPCd6mO6sC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false The Indo-Aryan Languages - Google Livres]. Books.google.fr. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref><ref>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=95&menu=004 UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile]. Lmp.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=BmA9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false The Panjabi Language: A Descriptive Grammar - Natalʹi͡a Ivanovna Tolstai͡a - Google Books]. Books.google.com.pk. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref>




Revision as of 11:44, 19 July 2013

Pothohari
Potwari, Potowari
پوٹھوهاری
Native toPakistan
RegionPothohar region and Pakistan-administered Kashmir
Native speakers
49,400 (2000)[1]
including Dhundi-Kairali, Chibhali, & Punchhi
Language codes
ISO 639-3phr (includes other dialects)
Punjabi–Lahnda dialects. Pothohari is center-north.
Further information: Punjabi dialects

Pothohari (پوٹھوهاری) Pahari-Potwari, is a dialect of Western Punjabi (Lahnda) [2] spoken by inhabitants of the Pothohar Plateau in Pakistan and also in Pakistan-administered Kashmir . Pothohari has influences from Dardic languages such as Kashmiri in Pakistan Administrated Azad Kashmir.

Potohar scenery with pahar backdrop

Classification

Since Sindhi, Punjabi, Urdu and Hindi are spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, all have been exposed to the dialect versus language question. Each of these languages possesses a central standard on which its literature is based, and from which there are multiple dialectal variations. [3]

It had been historically classified as dialect of Punjabi. In 1920’s Garrison in his Linguist Survey of India classified into Northern cluster of Lahnda (North-Eastern Punjabi).Recently Potowari (or panjistani language) is standardized as language contrasting the view of being a dialect of Punjabi, However this standardization is controversial to date. The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947.[4]: 838  The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Potowari speakers since 1981.[5]: 46 .

On the other hand Potowari or panjistani language is also considered a dialect of main-stream Punjabi because Potowari is mutually intelligible, morphologically and syntactically similar to Standard Punjabi and is in fact a dialect of Punjabi as agreed by majority of local linguists such as Dulai, K Narinder, Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill, A Henry. Gleason (Jr), Koul, N Omkar, Siya Madhu Bala, Afzal Ahmed Cheema, Aamir Malik, Amar Nath [6][7][8][9] as well as modern linguistics publications such as US National advisory Committee based The UCLA Language Materials Project (LMP) along with modern Foreign linguistics such as Cardona and Nataliia Ivanovna Tolstaia classifing Potowari as a dialect of Punjabi. [10][11][12]


Dialects

  • Dhundi-Kairali ("Western Pahari")
  • Muree Dialect
  • Chibhali
  • Punchhi ("Poonchi")
  • Mirpuri (cf Mirpur Punjabi)

Phonology

Vowels:[citation needed]

/i/ /u/
/ɪ/ /ʊ/
/ɵ/
/ɛ/ /ə/ /ɔ/
/æ/ /ɑ/

There are also nasal vowels.

As with other Indic languages, aspirated consonants are distinctive. For example, tu and thu have different meanings ('you' and 'from', respectively).

Modern Pothohari arts

Pothohari has a rich tradition of sung poetry recital accompanied by Sitar, Tabla, Harmonium and Dholak, these poems are called Sher and are often highly lyrical and somewhat humorous and secular in nature, although there are plenty of religious sher. Please see below in the references section for a famous Potohari sher, 'Saif-ul-Malook'

Written Pothohari

Written Pothohari is based on a variety of standard dialects of northern Lahnda as written by Sir George Grierson in his Linguistic Survey of India. It is widely spoken in the northern parts of Pakistan and in Kashmir; significant places are Rawalpindi and Mirpur. It is semi-officially written and Perso-Arabic standardised orthography is utilised.[citation needed] Speakers literate in Urdu often write mostly in Perso-Arabic style and do not sometimes regard Pothohari as a literary language. When in some cases Pothohari is written, the Perso-Arabic orthography is utilised or it is written in Roman Pothohari, which is used for the writing of Urdu in Roman script. This is largely the case in the UK where a large percentage of Pahari-Potohari speakers reside, who are found to constitute the majority of the expatriate Pakistani (from the Potohar plateau e.g. Gujar Khan, Rawalpindi, Kahuta etc.) and Jammu & Kashmiri communities. Pahari-Potohari is widely spoken and is used in many traditional poems due to its richness, the most famous of which is by the poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh, whose poetry is still performed and enjoyed to this present day in Punjab region and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Pothohari is an interestingly unique dialect that has some resemblance and close relations to Punjabi, but more interestingly has Pashto inflections to the soundings of the words.

It is not the case that Pothohari has never been written; during the Buddhist reign Pothohari was written using the Laṇḍā script which evolved from the Sharada script. Sharada was invented in the Buddhist university of the same name located in the Neelam Valley in modern-day Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Presently, the Perso-Arabic script is standard and has been since the Mughal rule. Pothohari has a rich oral tradition, which has been passed down from generation to generation and is used in many famous poems. This is by and large due to the rampant illiteracy in the communities that use Pothohari as their dialect, which may be due to labour trends/tradition, personal choice or lack of facilities and establishments in the past.

References

  1. ^ Pothohari at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Colin P. Masica, 1991, The Indo-Aryan Languages
  3. ^ Bailey, Rev. T. Grahame. 1904. Panjabi Grammar. Lahore: Punjab Government Press.
  4. ^ Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.
  5. ^ Javaid, Umbreen. 2004. Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab. Journal of Research (Humanities), 40(2): 55–65. Lahore: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
  6. ^ Dulai, Narinder K. 1989. A Pedagogical Grammar of Punjabi. Patiala: Indian Institute of Language Studies.
  7. ^ Gill, Harjeet Singh Gill and Henry A. Gleason, Jr: A Reference Grammar of Punjabi: Patiala University Press
  8. ^ Koul, Omkar N. and Madhu Bala :Punjabi Language and Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography: New Delhi: Indian Institute of Language Studies
  9. ^ Malik, Amar Nath, Afzal Ahmed Cheema : 1995 : The Phonology and Morphology of Panjabi: New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
  10. ^ The Indo-Aryan Languages - Google Livres. Books.google.fr. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  11. ^ UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile. Lmp.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  12. ^ The Panjabi Language: A Descriptive Grammar - Natalʹi͡a Ivanovna Tolstai͡a - Google Books. Books.google.com.pk. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.

Examples of spoken Pothohari:

Chan Pardesi_چن پردیسی_Potohari Punjabi Drama with English Subtitles_Nice Pakistani Drama - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6MwC75DPsM

Main Julian England - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0xwm5kbUAk

Nikammay Babu - http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=nqDMtiHZKgg

Mirpuri Boyz - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gSDxwv3NaQ

Muzaffarabad Pahari Poetry - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqqQYUMlBY8

Famous Potohari Sher sung by a Gujrati:

Saif-ul-Malook - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M8TGe4a1KM

Pahari-Pothwari test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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