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[[File:'Angel Blowing a Woodwind', ink and opaque watercolor painting from Iran, c. 1500, Honolulu Academy of Arts.JPG|thumb|right|'Angel Blowing a Woodwind', ink and opaque watercolor painting from Iran, c. 1500, Honolulu Academy of Arts]]
[[File:'Angel Blowing a Woodwind', ink and opaque watercolor painting from Iran, c. 1500, Honolulu Academy of Arts.JPG|thumb|right|'Angel Blowing a Woodwind', ink and opaque watercolor painting from Iran, c. 1500, Honolulu Academy of Arts]]


In Islam, [[angels]] ([[Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|{{large|ملك}}}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|malak}}''; plural: ملاًئِكة ''malā'ikah'')<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Webb, Gisela | year= 2006 | title=Angel|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|publisher=Brill| doi= 10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00010 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> are believed to be celestial beings, created from a luminous origin by [[God in Islam|God]]. They have different functions, including praising God in heavens, interacting with humans ordinary life, and carrying laws of nature. Islam acknowledges the concept of angels both as [[anthropomorphic]] and abstract.<ref name="burge angels1">Stephen Burge ''Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi Akhbar al-malik'' Routledge 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-136-50473-0}}</ref> Belief in angels is one of the six [[Iman (concept)#The Six Articles of Faith|articles of faith]] in [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Islam: Basic articles of faith|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml|archive-date=13 August 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref> The Quran is the principal source for the Islamic concept of angels, but more extensive features of angels appear in [[hadith]]s, [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raj literature]], [[kalam|Islamic theology]] and [[Islamic philosophy]].<ref>Stephen Burge ''Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik'' Routledge 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-136-50473-0}} p. 22-23</ref> The angels differ from other spiritual creatures in their attitude as creatures of virtue in contrast to impure [[shaitan|demons]] and morally ambivalent [[jinn]].<ref>Amira El-Zein Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn Syracuse University Press 2009 {{ISBN|9780815650706}} page 20</ref>
In Islam, [[angels]] ([[Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|{{large|ملك}}}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|malak}}''; plural: ملاًئِكة ''malā'ikah'')<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Webb, Gisela | year= 2006 | title=Angel|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|publisher=Brill| doi= 10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00010 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> are believed to be heavenly beings, created from a luminous origin by [[God in Islam|Allah]]. They have different roles, including their praise of [[Allah]], interacting with humans ordinary life, and carrying laws of nature. Islam acknowledges the concept of angels both as [[anthropomorphic]] (to a degree) and abstract.<ref name="burge angels1">Stephen Burge ''Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi Akhbar al-malik'' Routledge 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-136-50473-0}}</ref> Belief in angels is one of the main [[Iman (concept)#The Six Articles of Faith|articles of faith]] in [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Islam: Basic articles of faith|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813005904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/beliefs.shtml|archive-date=13 August 2018|url-status=live|access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref> The Quran is the principal source for the Islamic concept of angels, but more extensive features of angels appear in [[hadith]]s, [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raj literature]], [[kalam|Islamic theology]] and [[Islamic philosophy]].<ref>Stephen Burge ''Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik'' Routledge 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-136-50473-0}} p. 22-23</ref> The angels differ from other spiritual creatures in their attitude as creatures of virtue in contrast to impure [[shaitan|demons]] and morally ambivalent [[jinn]].<ref>Amira El-Zein Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn Syracuse University Press 2009 {{ISBN|9780815650706}} page 20</ref>


== Corporeal angels ==
== Corporeal angels ==

Revision as of 17:38, 28 July 2020

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Angel in a Mughal miniature, in the style of Bukhara, 16th century
'Angel Blowing a Woodwind', ink and opaque watercolor painting from Iran, c. 1500, Honolulu Academy of Arts

In Islam, angels (Arabic: ملك malak; plural: ملاًئِكة malā'ikah)[1] are believed to be heavenly beings, created from a luminous origin by Allah. They have different roles, including their praise of Allah, interacting with humans ordinary life, and carrying laws of nature. Islam acknowledges the concept of angels both as anthropomorphic (to a degree) and abstract.[2] Belief in angels is one of the main articles of faith in Islam.[3] The Quran is the principal source for the Islamic concept of angels, but more extensive features of angels appear in hadiths, Mi'raj literature, Islamic theology and Islamic philosophy.[4] The angels differ from other spiritual creatures in their attitude as creatures of virtue in contrast to impure demons and morally ambivalent jinn.[5]

Corporeal angels

Creation

Angels are another kind of creature created by God, known to mankind, commonly dwelling in the heavenly spheres. Although the Quran does not mention the time when angels were created, they are generally considered as the first creation of God. According to Tabari, the angels had been created on Wednesday,[6] while other creatures on the following days. Although not mentioned in the Quran,[7] angels are believed to be created from a luminous substance, repeatedly described as a form of light. What is probably the most famous hadith regarding their origin is reported in Sahih Muslim: "The Angels were created out of light and the Jann was created out of a mixture of fire and Adam was created out of what characterizes you."[8][9] Nur, the term used for the light from which the angels are created from, usually corresponds to the cold light of night or the light of the moon,[10] contrasted to nar, which corresponds to fire or the diurnal and solar light from which the angels of punishment are said to be created of.[11] Dividing angels into two groups created from different types of light is also attested by Tabari,[12] Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi,[13] Al-Jili[14] and Al-Suyuti.[15] Suyuti distinguishes in his work Al-Hay’a as-samya fi l-hay’a as-sunmya angels as created from "fire that eats, but does not drink" in opposition to devils created from "fire that drinks, but does not eat" which is also identified with the fire of the sun.[16] Scholars also argued that there is no distinction between nur and nar at all. Although not his conclusion, Tabari argued that both can be seen as the same substance, since both pass into each other but refer to the same thing on different degrees.[17] Asserting that both fire and light are actually the same but on different degrees can also be found by Qazwini and Ibishi.[18][19] The lack of distinction between fire and light might be explained by the fact that both are closely related morphologically and phonetically.[20] Al-Baydawi argued that light serves only as a proverb, but fire and light refers actually to the same substance.[21] Apart from light, other traditions also mention exceptions about angels created from fire, ice or water.[22]

Characteristics

One of the Islamic major characteristic is their lack of bodily desires; they never get tired, do not eat or drink and have no anger.[23] As with other monotheistic religions, angels are characteristics of their purity and obedience to God.[24] However, their constant loyalty, towards God, emphasized by some Quranic verses such as 16:49, does not necessarily imply impeccability,[25] and the motif of erring angels is also known to Islam.[26] Some scholars on the other hand, among Hasan of Basra as one of the first,[27] extend their loyalty towards God to assume general impeccability. Those who accept the possibility of erring angels, advocate that actually only the messengers among the angels are infallible,[28] since the Quran also describes angels as being tested.[29] Al-Baydawi argued, that angels only remain impeccable if they do not fall. Ibn Arabi stated that angels may err in opposing Adam as a vice-regent and fixing on their way of worshipping God to the exclusion of other creatures.[30][31]

Angels are usually described in anthropomorphic forms combined with supernatural images, such as wings, being of great size, wearing heavenly clothes and great beauty.[32] Some angels are identified with specific colors, often with white, but some special angels have a distinct color, such as Gabriel being associated with the color green.[33]

The Quran says that the angels were considered to be daughters of God and worshipped in Pre-Islamic Arabia,[34] while newborn girls were often killed, which is condemned in Islam.[35] This is also mentioned concerning Al-Lat, Al-Uzza, and Manāt.[36] The notion that God created the angels as females and fathered daughters is rejected in the Quran.[37]

Scholars debated whether human or angels rank higher. The prostration of angels before Adam is often seen as evidence for humans' supremacy over angels. Nevertheless, other hold angels to be superior, as being free from material deficits, such as anger and lust, Angels are free from such inferior urges and therefore superior, a position especially found among Mu'tazilites and some Asharites.[25] A similar opinion was asserted by Hasan of Basri, who argued that angels are superior to humans due to their infallibility, originally opposed by both Sunnis and Shias.[38] This view is based on the assumption of superiority of pure spirit against body and flesh. Contrarily argued, humans rank above angels, since for a human it is harder to be obedient and to worship God, hassling with bodily temptations, in contrast to angels, whose life is much easier and therefore their obedience is rather insignificant. Islam acknowledges a famous story about competing angels and humans in the tale of Harut and Marut, who were tested to determine, whether or not, angels would do better than humans under the same circumstances,[39] a tradition opposed by later scholars, such as ibn Taimiyya, but still accepted by earlier scholars, such as ibn Hanbal.[40] Some Sufi traditions argue that a human generally ranks below angels, but developed to Al-Insān al-Kāmil, he ranks above angels.[41] Comparable to another major opinion, that prophets and messengers among humans rank above angels, but the ordinary human below an angel, while the messengers among angels rank higher than prophets.[25] Maturidism generally holds that angels' and prophets' superiority and obedience derive from their virtues and insights to God's action, but not as their original purity.[42]

Purity

Angels believed to be engaged in human affairs are closely related to Islamic purity and modesty rituals. Many hadiths, including Muwatta Imam Malik from one of the Kutub al-Sittah, talk about angels being repelled by humans' state of impurity.[43] Such angels keep a distance from humans, who polluted themselves by certain actions (such as sexual intercourse). However, angels might return to an individual as soon as the person (ritually) purified himself or herself. The absence of angels may cause several problems for the person. If driven away by ritual impurity, the Kiraman Katibin, who record people's actions,[44] and the Guardian angel,[45] will not perform their tasks assigned to the individual. Another hadith specifies, during the state of impurity, bad actions are still written down, but good actions are not. When a person tells a lie, angels nearly are separated from the person from the stench it emanates.[46] Angels also depart from humans when they are naked or are having a bath out of decency, but also curse people who are nude in public.

Abstract angels

Philosophy

In Islamic philosophy, angels appear frequently as incorporeal creatures. Al-Kindi and Ibn Sina both define angels as simple substances, which means, they belong to the Celestial spheres comparable to Ptolemaic astronomy, endowed with life, reason, and immortality, in contrast to sublunary entities such as humans and animals, who are endowed with life, and the former also with reason, but are mortal.[47][48] Similarly Qazwini assigns the angels to heavenly spheres, distinguishing them from among the animals, although both are said to possess the attribute of life. Significantly, Al-Damiri includes in his zoological works, animals, humans, jinn and even demons, but not angels.[49] Such cosmological thought, maintained by scholars such as Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina, has strong resemblance with the Neo-Platonistic emanation cosmology, identifying the different angels in Islam with intellects, dividing the cosmos into different spheres. However, Islamic scholars repeatedly insist that all heavenly spheres as a whole form a single body and are moved by God, in contrast to Aristotelian cosmology in which God only moves the outer sphere.[47] According to ibn Sina, but differing from Al-Farabi, God is not part of the scheme of emanation. God emanated things in accordance with his will. In his Theologia Aristotelis he shows that through the manifestation of God, the intellects are aware of God and their role in the universe. Further Ibn Sina seems to distinguishes between two types of angels: One completely unrelated to matter, and another one, which exists in form of a superior kind of matter. The latter ones can carry messages between the heavenly spheres and the sublunary world, appearing in visions. Therefore, the higher angels dwell in higher spheres, while their subordinate angels appear in an intermediary realm. Ibn Sina's explanation might imply an attempt to consider revelation as part of the natural world.[23][50] Also Qazwini lists a lower type of angels; earthly angels as indwelling forces of nature, who keep the world in order and never deviate from their duty. Qazwini believed that the existence of these angels could be proved by reason and effects of these angels on their assigned object.[51]

Islamic philosophy stressed that humans own angelic and demonic qualities and that the human soul is seen as a potential angel or potential demon.[52] Depending on whether the sensual soul or the rational soul develop, the human soul becomes an angel or a demon.[53] Angels may also give inspirations opposite to the evil suggestions, called waswās, from Satan.[54]

In Ibn Abbas Mi'raj narrative

Muhammad requests Maalik to show him Hell during his heavenly journey. Miniature from The David Collection.
Muhammad encounters the Angel composed of fire and ice during his Night journey. Miniature from a copy of al-Sarai’s Nahj al-Faradis from The David Collection

Muhammad's encounter with several significant angels on his journey through the celestial spheres plays a major role in Ibn Abbas's version.[55][56] Many scholars such as Al-Tha`labi drew their exegesis upon this narrative, but it never led to an established angelology as known in Christianity. The principal angels of the heavens are called Malkuk, instead of Malak.[57]

first heaven second heaven third heaven fourth heaven fifth heaven sixth heaven seventh heaven
Habib Angel of Death Maalik Salsa'il Kalqa'il Mikha'il (Archangel) Israfil
Rooster angel Angels of death Angel with seventy heads Angels of the sun - Cherubim Bearers of the Throne
Ismail (or Riḍwan) Mika'il Arina'il - - Shamka'il Afra'il

Individual angels

Islam has no standard hierarchical organization that parallels the division into different "choirs" or spheres hypothesized and drafted by early medieval Christian theologians, but does distinguish between archangels and angels. Angels are not equal in status and consequently, they are delegated different tasks to perform.

Archangels

  • Jibrā'īl/Jibrīl/Jabrīl (English: Gabriel),[58] the angel of revelation. Jibra'il is the archangel responsible for revealing the Quran to Muhammad, verse by verse. Jibra'il is the angel who communicates with all of the prophets and also descends with the blessings of God during the night of Laylat al-Qadr ("The Night of Divine Destiny (Fate)"). Jibra'il is also acknowledged as a magnificent warrior in Islamic tradition, who led an army of angels into the Battle of Badr and fought against Iblis as he tempted Jesus (Isa).[59]
  • Mīkāl/Mīkāʾīl/Mīkhā'īl (English: Michael),[60] the archangel of mercy, is often depicted as providing nourishment for bodies and souls while also being responsible for bringing rain and thunder to Earth.[61] Some scholars pointed out that Mikail is in charge of angels who carry the laws of nature.[62] According to legend, he was so shocked at the sight of hell when it was created that he never laughed again.
  • Isrāfīl (frequently associated with the Jewish and Christian angel Raphael), is the archangel who blows into the trumpet in the end time, therefore also associated with music in some traditions.[63] Israfil is responsible for signaling the coming of Qiyamah (Judgment Day) by blowing a horn. On his association with Raphael, the historian Ali Olomi writes, "In esoteric circles, Israfil is the angel of the West, the Sun, and sometimes Thursday. Other times the angel of Jupiter Sarfayail is assigned to Thursday. The astrological overlap may hint at a parallel with the Jewish angel Seraphiel or Raphael."[64]
  • 'Azrā'īl/'Azrayl/Azrael, is the archangel of death. He and his subordinative angels are responsible for parting the soul from the body of the dead and will carry the believers to heaven (Illiyin) and the unbelievers to hell (Sijjin).[65][66]

Mentioned in Quran

  • Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt, helpers of Azrail who take the souls of the deceased.[67]
    • Nāzi'āt: will take out the soul painfully, he is allocated for taking out the souls of kaafir.
    • Nāshiṭāt; He will take out the souls of momineen.
  • Hafaza, (The Guardian angel):
    • Kiraman Katibin (Honourable Recorders),[68] two of whom are charged to every human being; one writes down good deeds and another one writes down evil deeds. They are both described as 'Raqeebun 'Ateed' in the Qur'an.
    • Mu'aqqibat (The Protectors)[69] who keep people from death until its decreed time and who bring down blessings.
  • Angels of Hell:
    • Maalik, Chief of the angels who govern Jahannam (Hell).
    • Nineteen angels of hell, commanding the Zabaniyya, to torment sinful people in hell.
  • Those angels who distribute provisions, rain, and other blessings by God's Command.[70]
  • Those angels who drive the clouds.[71]
  • Hamalat al-'Arsh, those who carry the 'Arsh (Throne of God),[72] comparable to the Christian Seraph.
  • Harut and Marut, often depicted as fallen angels who taught the humans in Babylon magic; mentioned in Quran (2:102).[73]
  • Ar-Ra'd, said to be the Angel of Thunder; mentioned in Quran (13:13). According to Tafsir al-Qurtubi: "It is said that he is the angel in charge of clouds and he drives them as ordered by Allah, and he glorifies His Praises".[74]
  • The Angel of life gives the soul to every human being

In canonical hadith collections

  • The angels of the Seven Heavens.
  • Jundullah, those who helped Muhammad in the battlefield.[75]
  • Those that give the spirit to the fetus in the womb and are charged with four commands: to write down his provision, his life-span, his actions, and whether he will be wretched or happy.[76]
  • Malakul Jibaal (The Angel of the Mountains), met by the Prophet after his ordeal at Taif.[77]
  • Munkar and Nakir, who question the dead in their graves.[78]

Other

  • Ridwan, the keeper of Paradise.
  • Artiya'il, the angel who removes grief and depression from the children of Adam.[2]
  • Habib, an angel Muhammad met during his night journey composed of ice and fire.
  • The angels charged with each existent thing, maintaining order and warding off corruption. Their number is known only to God.[79]
  • Darda'il (The Journeyers), who travel the earth searching out assemblies where people remember God's name.[80]

Disputed

  • Dhul-Qarnayn, believed by some to be an angel or "part-angel" based on the statement of Umar bin Khattab.[81]
  • Khidr, sometimes regarded as an angel which took human form and thus able to reveal hidden knowledge exceeding those of the prophets to guide and help people or prophets.[82]
  • Azazil, in many early reports a former archangel, who was among whose who were commanded to bow before Adam, but he refused to and was banished to hell.

Sufism

Angels play an important role in Sufism. Just as in non-Sufi-related traditions, angels are thought of as created of light. Al-Jili specifies that the angels are created from the Light of Muhammad and in his attribute of guidance, light and beauty.[83] Influenced by Ibn Arabis Sufi metaphysics, Haydar Amuli identifies angels as created to represent different names/attributes of God's beauty, while the devils are created in accordance with God's attributes of Majesty, such as "The Haugthy" or "The Domineering".[84] Sufi cosmology divides the world into several realms. The realm of Malakut is the plane in which symbols take on form. It is also the sphere in which humans may encounter angels, during their dreams.[85] Some authors have suggested that some individual angels in the microcosmos represent specific human faculties on a macrocosmic level.[86] According to a common belief, if a Sufi can not find Shaikh to teach him, he will be taught by the angel Khidr.[87][88]

Contemporary Era

Contemporary Salafism continues to regard the belief in angels as a pillar of Islam and regards the rejection of the literal belief in angels as unbelief and an innovation brought by secularism and Positivism. Modern reinterpretations, as for example suggested by Nasr Abu Zayd, are strongly disregarded. Simultaneously, many traditional materials regarding angels are rejected on the ground, they would not be authentic. The Muslim Brotherhood scholars Sayyid Qutb and Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar reject much established material concerning angels, such as the story of Harut and Marut or naming the Angel of Death Azrail. Sulayman Ashqar not only rejects the traditional material itself, he furthermore disapproves of scholars who use them.[89]

Islamic Modernist scholars such as Muhammad Asad and Ghulam Ahmed Parwez have suggested a metaphorical reinterpretation of the concept of angels.[90]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angels in Islam.

Notes

  1. ^ Webb, Gisela (2006). "Angel". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Brill. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00010.(subscription required)
  2. ^ a b Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi Akhbar al-malik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0
  3. ^ "BBC – Religions – Islam: Basic articles of faith". Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-13.
  4. ^ Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0 p. 22-23
  5. ^ Amira El-Zein Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn Syracuse University Press 2009 ISBN 9780815650706 page 20
  6. ^ Tobias Nünlist Dämonenglaube im Islam Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2015 ISBN 978-3-110-33168-4 p. 43 (German)
  7. ^ Jane Dammen McAuliffe Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān Brill: VOlume 3, 2005 ISBN 9789004123564 p. 45
  8. ^ "كتاب الزهد والرقائق Book 55, Hadith 78. The Book of Zuhd and Softening of Hearts. (10) Chapter: Miscellaneous Ahadith(10) باب فِي أَحَادِيثَ مُتَفَرِّقَةٍ". sunnah.com. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  9. ^ Burge, Stephen (2015). Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik. Routledge. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0.
  10. ^ Jane Dammen McAuliffe Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān Brill: Volume 3, 2005 ISBN 9789004123564 p. 45
  11. ^ Jane Dammen McAuliffe Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān Volume 5 Georgetown University, Washington DC p. 118
  12. ^ al-Tabari. Tafsir al-Tabiri (PDF). Islaam Books. p. 241. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  13. ^ Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1995). The Encyclopaedia of Islam: NED-SAM. Brill. p. 94.
  14. ^ Awn, Peter J. (1983). Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Leiden, Germany: Brill Publishers. p. 182 ISBN 978-9004069060.
  15. ^ Burge, Stephen (2015). Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi Akhbar al-malik. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0.
  16. ^ ANTON M. HEINEN ISLAMIC COSMOLOGY A STUDY OF AS-SUYUTI’S al-Hay’a as-samya fi l-hay’a as-sunmya with critical edition, translation, and commentary ANTON M. HEINEN BEIRUT 1982 p. 143
  17. ^ Gauvain, Richard (2013). Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-0710313560 p. 302
  18. ^ Syrinx von Hees Enzyklopädie als Spiegel des Weltbildes: Qazwīnīs Wunder der Schöpfung: eine Naturkunde des 13. Jahrhunderts Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2002 ISBN 978-3-447-04511-7 page 270
  19. ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2013). Islamic Life and Thought. Routledge. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-134-53818-8.
  20. ^ Mustafa Öztürk Journal of Islamic Research Vol 2 No 2 December 200
  21. ^ Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Band 5. Brill. p. 191. ISBN 978-9-004-09791-9 p. 191
  22. ^ Fr. Edmund Teuma, O.F.M. Conv The Nature of "Ibli$h in the Qur'an as Interpreted by the COmmentators p. 16
  23. ^ a b Cyril Glassé, Huston Smith, The New Encyclopedia of Islam Rowman Altamira 2003 ISBN 978-0-759-10190-6 page 49-50
  24. ^ Burge, Stephen (2015). Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik. Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0.
  25. ^ a b c Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Band 5. BRILL. p. 191. ISBN 978-9-004-09791-9.
  26. ^ Christoph Auffarth, Loren T. Stuckenbruck The Fall of the Angels BRILL 2004 ISBN 978-9-004-12668-8 page 161
  27. ^ Omar Hamdan Studien Zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge Zur Geschichte des Korans Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 ISBN 978-3-447-05349-5 page 292 (German)
  28. ^ Fr. Edmund Teuma THE NATURE OF "IBLI$H IN THE QUR'AN AS INTERPRETED BY THE COMMENTATORS University of Malta p. 15-16
  29. ^ islam, dinimiz. "Melekler akıllı varlıklardır – Dinimiz İslam". dinimizislam.com.
  30. ^ Sa'diyya Shaikh Sufi Narratives of Intimacy: Ibn Arabi, Gender, and Sexuality Univ of North Carolina Press 2012 ISBN 978-0-807-83533-3 page 114
  31. ^ Christian Krokus The Theology of Louis Massignon CUA Press 2017 ISBN 978-0-813-22946-1 page 89
  32. ^ Burge, Stephen (2015). Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0.
  33. ^ Burge, Stephen (2015). Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik. Routledge. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0.
  34. ^ Der Koran, ed., transl. and commented by Adel Theodor Khoury, Gütersloh 2004, p. 611, 43:16-20 (the same argument of the polytheists also appears at 6:148), see also p. 174, 4:117.
  35. ^ Der Koran, ed., transl. and commented by Khoury, p. 366, 16:57-59.
  36. ^ Der Koran, ed., transl. and commented by Khoury, p. 660-661, 53:19-28.
  37. ^ Der Koran, ed., transl. and commented by Khoury, p. 568-569, 37:149-157.
  38. ^ Omar Hamdan Studien Zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge Zur Geschichte des Korans Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 ISBN 978-3-447-05349-5 page 293 (German)
  39. ^ Patricia Crone. The Book of Watchers in the Qurån, page 11
  40. ^ Reynolds, Gabriel Said, “Angels”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 16 October 2019 doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23204 Erste Online-Erscheinung: 2009 Erste Druckedition: 9789004181304, 2009, 2009-3
  41. ^ Mohamed Haj Yousef The Single Monad Model of the Cosmos: Ibn Arabi's Concept of Time and Creation ibnalarabi 2014 ISBN 978-1-499-77984-4 page 292
  42. ^ Ulrich Rudolph Al-Māturīdī und Die Sunnitische Theologie in Samarkand BRILL, 1997 ISBN 9789004100237 pp. 54-56
  43. ^ Burge, S. R. “Impurity / Danger!” Islamic Law and Society, vol. 17, no. 3-4, 2010, pp. 320–349. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23034917.p. 323
  44. ^ Burge, S. R. “Impurity / Danger!” Islamic Law and Society, vol. 17, no. 3-4, 2010, pp. 320–349. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23034917.p. 325
  45. ^ Burge, S. R. “Impurity / Danger!” Islamic Law and Society, vol. 17, no. 3-4, 2010, pp. 320–349. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23034917.p. 327
  46. ^ Burge, S. R. “Impurity / Danger!” Islamic Law and Society, vol. 17, no. 3-4, 2010, pp. 320–349. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23034917.328
  47. ^ a b Seyyed Hossein Nasr An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines SUNY Press, 1 January 1993 ISBN 9780791415153 p. 236
  48. ^ Syrinx von Hees Enzyklopädie als Spiegel des Weltbildes: Qazwīnīs Wunder der Schöpfung: eine Naturkunde des 13. Jahrhunderts Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2002 ISBN 978-3-447-04511-7 page 268 (German)
  49. ^ Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Band 5. BRILL. p. 191. ISBN 978-9-004-09791-9 p. 192
  50. ^ Abd Al-Jabbar, Ibn Sina and Al-Ghazali God and Humans in Islamic Thought Routledge 2006 ISBN 9780203965375 p. 97
  51. ^ Syrinx von Hees Enzyklopädie als Spiegel des Weltbildes: Qazwīnīs Wunder der Schöpfung: eine Naturkunde des 13. Jahrhunderts Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2002 ISBN 978-3-447-04511-7 page 263
  52. ^ Amira El-Zein Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn Syracuse University Press 2009 ISBN 978-0-815-65070-6 page 43
  53. ^ Khaled El-Rouayheb, Sabine Schmidtke The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy Oxford University Press 2016 ISBN 978-0-199-91739-6 page 186
  54. ^ M. Ed., Loyola University-Maryland; B. S., Child Development. "The Existence of Angels in Islam". Learn Religions.
  55. ^ Hajjah Amina Adil (2012). "Ezra". Muhammad the Messenger of Islam: His life & prophecy. BookBaby. ISBN 978-1-618-42913-1.
  56. ^ name="State University of New York Press">Colby, Frederick S (2008). Narrating Muhammad's Night Journey: Tracing the Development of the Ibn 'Abbas Ascension Discourse. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7518-8.
  57. ^ Josef von Hammer-Purgstall Die Geisterlehre der Moslimen Staatsdruckerei, 1852 digit. 22. Juli 2010 p. 8 (German)
  58. ^ Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi Akhbar al-malik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0 chapter 3
  59. ^ Islam Issa Milton in the Arab-Muslim World Taylor & Francis 2016 ISBN 978-1-317-09592-7 page 111
  60. ^ Quran 2:98
  61. ^ Matthew L.N. Wilkinson A Fresh Look at Islam in a Multi-Faith World: A Philosophy for Success Through Education Routledge 2014 ISBN 978-1-317-59598-4 page 106
  62. ^ Syrinx von Hees Enzyklopädie als Spiegel des Weltbildes: Qazwīnīs Wunder der Schöpfung: eine Naturkunde des 13. Jahrhunderts Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2002 ISBN 978-3-447-04511-7 page 320 (German)
  63. ^ Sophy Burnham A Book of Angels: Reflections on Angels Past and Present, and True Stories of How They Touch Our Lives Penguin 2011 ISBN 978-1-101-48647-4
  64. ^ Olomi, Ali A. (2020-04-01). "In esoteric circles, Israfil is the angel of the West, the Sun, and sometimes Thursday. Other times the angel of Jupiter Sarfayail is assigned to Thursday. The astrological overlap may hint at a parallel with the Jewish angel Seraphiel or Raphael". @aaolomi. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  65. ^ Syrinx von Hees Enzyklopädie als Spiegel des Weltbildes: Qazwīnīs Wunder der Schöpfung: eine Naturkunde des 13. Jahrhunderts Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2002 ISBN 978-3-447-04511-7 page 331 (German)
  66. ^ Juan Eduardo Campo Encyclopedia of Islam Infobase Publishing, 2009 ISBN 978-1-438-12696-8 page 42
  67. ^ Quran 79:1-2
  68. ^ Quran 82:11
  69. ^ Quran 13:10–11
  70. ^ Quran 51:4
  71. ^ Quran 37:2
  72. ^ Quran 40:7
  73. ^ Hussein Abdul-Raof Theological Approaches to Qur'anic Exegesis: A Practical Comparative-Contrastive Analysis Routledge 2012 ISBN 978-1-136-45991-7 page 155
  74. ^ The Noble Quran, trans. Muhsin Khan; Taqi-ud-Din Hilali. See footnote to verse 13:13
  75. ^ Surah Al-Anfaal Ayah #09 Where ALLAH said, (Remember) when you asked help of your Lord, and he answered you, indeed, I will reinforce you with a thousand from the Angels, following one another. This Ayah affirms the statement of Ar-Rabi bin Anas in Tafsir ibn e kathir while explaining the Tafsir of Ayah no 12 of surah Al-Anfal where he said in the Aftermath of badr, the people used to recognize whomever the Angels killed from those whom they killed, by the wound over their necks, fingers, and toes because those parts had Mark as if they were branded by fire.
  76. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:6:315
  77. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:54:454
  78. ^ Jami' at-Tirmidhi In-book reference  : Book 10, Hadith 107 | English translation  : Vol. 2, Book 5, Hadith 1071
  79. ^ The Vision of Islam by Sachiko Murata & William Chittick pg 86-87
  80. ^ "Shirath (Jembatan) | www.dinul-islam.org". web.archive.org. July 25, 2011.
  81. ^ Alfred Guillaume Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah
  82. ^ Brannon Wheeler Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis A&C Black 2002 ISBN 978-0-826-44956-6 page 225
  83. ^ Awn, Peter J. (1983). Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Leiden, Germany: Brill Publishers. p. 182 ISBN 978-9004069060
  84. ^ Ayman Shihadeh Sufism and Theology Edinburgh University Press, 21 November 2007 ISBN 9780748631346 pp. 54-56
  85. ^ Amira El-Zein Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn Syracuse University Press 2009 ISBN 9780815650706 page 50
  86. ^ John Renard Historical Dictionary of Sufism Rowman & Littlefield, 19 November 2015 ISBN 9780810879744 p. 38
  87. ^ Michael Anthony Sells Early Islamic Mysticism (CWS) Paulist Press 1996 ISBN 978-0-809-13619-3 page 39
  88. ^ Noel Cobb Archetypal Imagination: Glimpses of the Gods in Life and Art SteinerBooks ISBN 978-0-940-26247-8 page 194
  89. ^ Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi Akhbar al-malik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50473-0 p. 13-14
  90. ^ Guessoum (2010-10-30). Islam's Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science. ISBN 978-0-85773-075-6.
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