Bajrang Dal
![]() Logo of the Bajrang Dal | |
Formation | 8 October 1984 |
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Purpose | youth wing of Vishva Hindu Parishad |
Headquarters | New Delhi, India |
Region served | India |
Official language | Hindi |
Head | Rajesh Pandey |
Parent organisation | Vishva Hindu Parishad |
Website | vhp |
The Bajrang Dal (transl. Brigade of Hanuman)[1] is a Hindu nationalist[21] organisation that forms the youth wing of the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP). It is a member of the right-wing RSS family of organisations.[22] The ideology of the organisation is based on Hindutva.[23][24] Founded on 1 October 1984 in Uttar Pradesh, it has since spread throughout India,[25] although its most significant base remains the northern and central portions of the country. The group runs about 2,500 akhadas, similar to the shakhas (branches) of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The name "Bajrang" is a reference to the Hindu deity Hanuman.
The Bajrang Dal's slogan is 'Sevā Surakṣā Sanskṛti' or "service, safety and culture." One of the main goals of the Dal is to build the Ram Janmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya, the Krishnajanmabhoomi temple in Mathura and the Kashi Vishwanath temple in Varanasi, which are currently disputed places of worship. The Bajrang Dal opposes Muslim demographic growth,[26] Christian conversion,[27] and cow slaughter.[28]
Ideology and agenda
![Bajrang Dal members protesting at St. Aloysius College, Mangaluru](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bajrang_Dal_Aloysius.jpg/220px-Bajrang_Dal_Aloysius.jpg)
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Bajrang Dal is a right-wing organisation.[29][30][31] Among the goals of the Bajrang Dal in modern India is a reversing of the Islamic Invasions and British imperialism. They include demands to convert historical monuments currently disputed into temples.[citation needed]
Bajrang Dal, together with the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), has spoken out against Islamic terrorism in India and have announced that they will carry out awareness campaigns across the nation. They have stated that Islamic terrorists are hiding among the general population in India and mean to expose them.[32] Convener Prakash Sharma stressed that they were not targeting any particular community, but were trying to "wake up" the people of India, particularly it's youth, to the dangers of terrorism in the light of the 2002 Akshardham Temple attack perpetrated by terrorists linked to the militant group Lashkar-e-Toiba.[33][34]
Bajrang Dal shares the VHP's position against cow slaughter and has supported proposals for banning it.[35] The Gujarat branch is at the forefront of anti-beauty contest agitation. Another of its objectives is preventing Hindu-Muslim marriages.[36]
The US Central Intelligence Agency has classified the VHP and Bajrang Dal as religious militant organisations.[37][38]
Social media presence
Bajrang Dal is active on social media. Facebook's security team has tagged it along with right wing organisations Sanatan Sanstha and Sri Ram Sena, as a potentially dangerous organisation that supports violence against minorities across India.[30][31][39] Regardless the organisation has been allowed to spread on Facebook due to political and safety considerations. Facebook has avoided acting against Bajrang Dal as it has ties with the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and because "cracking down on Bajrang Dal might endanger both the company's business prospects and its staff in India", The Wall Street Journal newspaper wrote, reaffirming its reportage earlier this year on the subject.[40][41]
Controversies
- Bajrang Dal was banned in 1992 by the Rao government following the demolition of the Babri Masjid, but the ban was revoked one year later.[25]
- Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported the involvement of Bajrang Dal during the 1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat where dozens of Churches and Prayer halls were burnt down by Sangh Parivar outfits.[42]
- According to HRW, Bajrang Dal had been involved in riots against Muslims in Gujarat in 2002.[43]
- In April 2006, two Bajrang Dal activists were killed in Nanded in the process of bomb making. The same group of activists were also suspected of perpetrating the 2003 Parbhani mosque blasts.[44] Those arrested told interrogators they wanted to avenge several blasts across the country.[45] New Delhi Television Limited (NDTV) subsequently accused the police of a coverup in Nanded.[46] A report by the Secular Citizen's Forum and People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), Nagpur claimed to have found maps of mosques at the home of one of the deceased,[47][48] and on 24 August 2008 in Kanpur.[49]
- The VHP leader, Pravin Togadia, was arrested in April 2003 after distributing tridents to Bajrang Dal activists in Ajmer defying a ban and prohibitory orders. He asserted that the coming Assembly polls in the Indian state of Rajasthan would be fought on the issue of tridents and attacked the ruling Indian National Congress Party for "placating" Muslims for electoral gains. He expressed satisfaction at the publicity received due to the incident.[50]
- The Bajrang Dal has been accused of not allowing Muslims to own land in parts of Gujarat by, attacking traders who sell to Muslims, attacking Muslim homes and forcing the sale of the house or flat. This creates a ghettoisation of large cities in Gujarat, like Ahmedabad and Vadodara.[51]
- On several occasions, acting as "Social Police" the activists of Bajrang Dal have caught un-married couples on Valentine's Day and forced them to apply sindoor or tie rakhis against their wishes. The activists have often indulged in violence, invading gift shops and restaurants and threatening couples on Valentines Day.[52][53][54]
- In September 2008, a fresh wave of attacks in Karnataka were directed against the Newlife christian churches and prayer halls by the Bajrang Dal, as a protest against defaming Hindu gods and against religious conversion carried on by the Newlife Missionaries. Later, convenor Mahendra Kumar was arrested even after he publicly announced that they were not responsible for the attacks after the Federal Government of India had strongly criticised the State Government. In addition, the National Commission for Minorities has also blamed them for the religious violence in the BJP-ruled states of Karnataka and Odisha.[55] However, some police reports claim that the Bajrang Dal was not involved per se and that the attacks were carried out by splinter groups. However, testimonies of their activists show exactly the opposite, as they described the attacks and openly warned of more violence.[56]
- Starting 14 February 2011, there was a fresh wave of violence directed at people celebrating Valentine's Day in Kanpur city, in the province of Uttar Pradesh. "Offenders", so called, are forced to hold their ears and do sit-ups as punishment for being caught celebrating the "Western holiday". Police were called in to calm the sectarian violence and discrimination.[57]
Reception
The United States Department of State's annual report on international religious freedom for 2000 and World Report (2000) by the Human Rights Watch labelled this organisation as a Hindu extremist group.[58][59] Paul R. Brass, Professor Emeritus of Political Science and South Asian Studies at the University of Washington, described the Bajrang Dal as Indian equivalent of Nazi Germany's Sturmabteilung.[60]
Bajrang Dal has also received criticism from other Hindu nationalist organisations such as the Hindu Mahasabha. Bajrang Dal has been criticised for adopting the same violent methods as the Islamic fundamentalists in their attempt to curb the spread of Islamic terrorism, a move deemed by the Mahasabha to be counterproductive.[61] In addition, the Bharatiya Janata Party member and former prime minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee have also come out in criticism of Bajrang Dal. Vajpayee said that the Bajrang Dal "only embarrassed the BJP" and urged the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) to "rein them in".[62] After the religious violence in Odisha, the Bharatiya Janata Party Prime Ministerial candidate L. K. Advani advised the Bajrang Dal to cease association with violence, concerned with the fact that it took pressure off the UPA government in Delhi.[63]
Demand for ban
- Though there were no demands for ban till recently,[when?] there is a lot of demand for a ban from the ruling Congress which is accused by the opposition of minority appeasement, and also from different minority groups including the government owned National Commission for Minorities (NCM). However, the ruling government decided not to impose a ban due to a fear of lack of evidence.[64] In addition, India's National Security Advisor also suggested that a ban on Bajrang Dal is not sustainable.[65]
- In September 2008, the Indian National Congress (INC) demanded a ban on the Bajrang Dal and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) which according to the INC are involved in anti-national activities. Congress spokesman Manish Tewari said "White paper should be brought out not only against SIMI "(Students Islamic Movement of India)" but all organisations involved in anti-national activities like Bajrang Dal and VHP".[66] Congress spokesman Shakeel Ahmed said, "Those outfits involved in terrorist activity should be investigated, the question is why Bajrang Dal should not be banned".[67] Muslim cleric Maulana Khalid Rashid Firangi Mahli, who is involved in the "Movement Against Terrorism", also demanded a ban on this organisation in the wake of the Kanpur blast.[68]
- The monthly magazine Communalism Combat started by civil rights activists Teesta Setalvad and Javed Anand demanded an immediate ban on the Bajrang Dal in August 2008.[69]
- Leader of the Lok Janashakti Party (LJP) Ramchandra Paswan describing the Bajrang Dal as communal organisation said, "Bajrang Dal and VHP should immediately be banned."[70]
- The Indian National Congress, Union Minister Ram Vilas Paswan, former prime minister H. D. Deve Gowda and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mayawati have demanded a ban on Bajrang Dal and Sri Rama Sena. In this regard, Deve Gowda sent a letter to prime minister and accused Bajrang Dal "for perpetrating senseless violence" against minorities in Karnataka and Odisha.[71][72][73]
- On 5 October 2008, the NCM recommended a ban on the Bajrang Dal and VHP for its alleged role in the attacks on Christian institutions in Karnataka.[74] However, the ruling state government has[75] the Minority commission's recommendations and does not support this suggestion.
- On 5 October 2008, the Indian Prime Minister called a special cabinet meeting to discuss a possible ban on the Bajrang Dal and the VHP over the continuing attacks on Christians and christian institutions in Odisha and Karnataka.[76]
- Bajrang Dal, and its Odisha president Pratap Chandra Sarangi have been alleged to have links with the Graham Staines murder case. However, no proof has been established for the allegations.[77]
List of presidents
- Vinay Katiyar
- Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya
- Surendra Jain
- Prakash Sharma
- Subash Chouhan
- Rajesh Pandey
See also
- Babu Bajrangi
- Pratap Chandra Sarangi
- Dara Singh (Bajrang Dal)
- 2001 Odisha Assembly attack
- 2006 Mangalore riots
References
- ^ a b Eko, Lyombe (29 April 2016). "Regulation of Sex-Themed Visual Imagery in India". The Regulation of Sex-Themed Visual Imagery: From Clay Tablets to Tablet Computers. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 77–86. doi:10.1057/9781137550989_6. ISBN 978-1-137-55098-9. Retrieved 17 February 2021 – via ResearchGate.
The Bajrang Dal (the Brigade of Hanuman, the Hindu monkey god) is a militant, Hindu nationalist organization in India. It is famous for its cow protection activities (i.e., saving cows, which are considered sacred in Hinduism, from slaughter).
- ^ Valiani, Arafaat A. (11 November 2011). Militant publics in India: Physical culture and violence in the making of a modern polity. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-230-37063-0. Retrieved 17 February 2021 – via Google Books.
In 2002, almost 2,000 Muslims were killed in carefully planned attacks by the VHP and the Bajrang Dal. The state was governed by the BJP in 2002, and some BJP representatives brazenly justified and abetted the violence.
- ^ Parashar, Swati (5 March 2014). Women and Militant Wars: The politics of injury. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-134-11606-5. Retrieved 13 February 2021 – via Google Books.
The Sangh Parivar (literally known as the Sangh family) includes groups such as the Rashtriye Swayamsewak Sangh, the Bajrang Dal, Shiv Sena and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad. They articulate a militant Hindu nationalist politics, opposing the Muslim 'other'.
- ^ Alter, Joseph S. (1994). "Somatic Nationalism: Indian Wrestling and Militant Hinduism". Modern Asian Studies. 28 (3): 557–588. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 313044. Retrieved 13 February 2021 – via JSTOR.
It would be anathema for the leaders of such militant groups as the RSS, Shiva Sena, and Bajrang Dal, to let a Muslim 'voice' speak to the issue of what is lacking among Hindus, much less turn—even nominally—to an Islamic model of civility to define the terms of Hindu self development.
- ^ Anand, Dibyesh (May 2007). "Anxious Sexualities: Masculinity, Nationalism and Violence". British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 9 (2): 257–269. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856x.2007.00282.x. Retrieved 13 February 2021 – via Academia.edu.
Amrish Ji, a leader of a militant organisation Bajrang Dal, in a public speech accused Muslims of treating 'Bharat Mata' ('Mother India') as a 'dayan' ('witch') (Amrish Ji 2005).
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The magazine Tehelka carried out a six-month undercover investigation in 2007 that resulted in video evidence that the riots were organized and supported by Gujarat police and Chief Minister Modi. The video also implicated several members of the Bajrang Dal (a militant Hindu nationalist group) and the BJP (one of India's main political parties).
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In May–June, the VHP provided itself with an organization, which assembled young Hindu militants, the Bajrang Dal. Its founder, Vinay Katiyar, had until then been a pracharak of the RSS. However, the Bajrang Dal proved to be less disciplined than the RSS and its violent utterances as well as actions were to precipitate many communal riots.
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Perhaps the most recent and controversial one emerged in the Sangh family is Bajrang Dal. The VHP was instrumental in the creation of the Bajrang Dal, which is a militant organisation based on the ideology of Hindutva.
- ^ Ludden, David (1 April 1996). Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 47. ISBN 0812215850. Retrieved 17 February 2021 – via Google Books.
Conspicuous in all coverage of the Rath Yatra were young men holding primitive weapons like bows and tridents. Here it was the young militants of the youth wing of the VHP, the Bajrang Dal, who challenged the BJP elders.
- ^ Katju, Manjari (2003). Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics. Orient Blackswan. p. 52. ISBN 978-81-250-2476-7. Retrieved 17 February 2021 – via Google Books.
The local-level activism involving the Bajrang Dal took different forms, ranging from a visible presence and participation in public rituals like Durga pooja and Dussehera, to socio-religious policing. Its aggressive participation in the Ayodhya dispute as a subsidiary of the VHP brought it forward as a militant organisation.
- ^ Wilkinson, Steven (2005). Religious Politics and Communal Violence. Oxford University Press. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-19-567237-4. Retrieved 17 February 2021 – via Google Books.
In the summer of 1984, Vinay Katiya, an RSS pracharak, formed the Bajrang Dal in Uttar Pradesh as a militant youth wing of the VHP, with the intention of recruiting young underemployed men from the lower castes for militant and daring action in conjunction with the ensuing battle for the Hindu nation that the VHP envisaged.
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Construction of the Ram temple at Ayodhya might remain the focus of the VHP, but the destruction of the mosque and the violence that followed alarmed many among the BJP's middle-class supporters. Fearing both alienation of major segments in its base of support and domination by the increasingly militant VHP and Bajrang Dal, the BJP once again shifted emphasis in its strategies of pragmatism and mobilization.
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Bajrang Dal. Militant youth organization associated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.
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The Bajrang Dal is the militant youth wing of the VHP and was formed in 1984.
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The most important of these, in terms of conflict between Hindus and Christians, are the Akhil Bharatiya Vanvasi Kalyan Ashram, or ABVKA ("All-India Forest-Dweller's Welfare Center," founded in 1952), the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, or VHP ("World Hindu Council," founded in 1964), the VHP's militant youth wing, the Bajrang Dal, or ("Bajrang Party," founded in 1984), and the political party that became, in 1980, the Bharatiya Janata Party, or BJP ("Indian People's Party").
- ^ Basu, Amrita (30 June 2015). Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-107-08963-1. Retrieved 17 February 2021 – via Google Books.
There was an unprecedented convergence of forces that heightened Hindu nationalist militancy and violence: an active RSS presence within civil society; high levels of coordination between the RSS, VHP, BJP, and militant Bajrang Dal; a cohesive political party; a BJP state government with ties to the bureaucracy and law enforcement agencies; and an NDA government at the center.
- ^ Mankekar, Purnima (1999). Screening Culture, Viewing Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood, and Nation in Postcolonial India. Duke University Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-8223-2390-7. Retrieved 17 February 2021 – via Google Books.
Militant organizations such as the Bajrang Dal, with its loyal following among the lumpen proletariat, further widened the class base of right-wing organizations such as the Bharatiya Janata Party, traditionally a stronghold of the urban petite bourgeoisie.
- ^ Kochanek, Stanley A.; Hardgrave, Robert L. (30 January 2007). India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation. Cengage Learning. p. 206. ISBN 0-495-00749-8.
Distinct from both the RSS and the VHP, the militant Bajrang Dal has been closely associated with the VHP in the movement to "liberate" Hindu holy shrines at Ayodhya and other sites where mosques now stand. The Dal is one of many senas, the armed gangs that have been described as the face of Hindu fascism.
- ^ "India" (PDF). Human Rights Watch World Report, 2003. Human Rights Watch. 2003. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-56432-285-2. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
The groups most directly responsible for this violence against Muslims included the VHP, the Bajrang Dal (the militant youth wing of the VHP), and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (National Volunteer Corps, RSS), collectively forming the sangh parivar (or "family" of Hindu nationalist groups).
- ^ "Inside a far-right Hindu 'self defence' training camp". BBC News. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
They are conducted by the Bajrang Dal, a militant Hindu organisation that traces its origins from the days of the infamous Babri Mosque demolition movement in the temple town of Ayodhya.
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- Chetan Bhatt (2001). Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths. Berg. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-85973-348-6.
- Keith Watson; William I. Ozanne (2013). Education and Religion: Global Pressures, Local Responses. Routledge. p. 101.
Bajrang Dal, the paramilitary youth wing
- Whitehead, Judith (2010). Development and Dispossession in the Narmada Valley. Pearson. p. 166. ISBN 9789332506503.
Vishwa Hindu Parishad, its cultural organization, and the Bajrang Dal, the paramilitary youth wing
- Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour. LeftWord Books.
'paramilitary wing' of the VHP: 'Bajrang Dal
- Sonia Corrêa; Rosalind Petchesky; Richard Parker (2008). Sexuality, Health and Human Rights. Routledge. p. 348. ISBN 9781134266661.
Bajrang Dal(the paramilitary wing of the VHP)
- ^ Anand, Dibyesh (2007). "Anxious sexualities: Masculinity, nationalism and violence". The British Journal of Politics & International Relations. 9 (2): 257–269. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856x.2007.00282.x. S2CID 143765766.
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- ^ Fernandes, Leela (April 2011). "Unsettled Territories: State, Civil Society, and the Politics of Religious Conversion in India". Politics and Religion. 4 (1). Cambridge University Press: 108–135. doi:10.1017/S1755048310000490. Retrieved 16 February 2021 – via Academia.edu.
- ^ Ahuja, Juhi (18 October 2019). "Protecting holy cows". Vigilantism against Migrants and Minorities (PDF). Routledge. pp. 55–68. doi:10.4324/9780429485619-4. ISBN 9780429485619. Retrieved 16 February 2021 – via OAPEN.
- ^ ""Will Be Beaten": Right-Wing Group's Christmas Threat For Hindus In Assam". NDTV.com. 5 December 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ a b Staff, Scroll (14 December 2021). "Facebook did not ban Bajrang Dal due to concern for employees' safety, business prospects: Report". Scroll.in. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Why Facebook is on the fence about banning Bajrang Dal". Deccan Herald. 14 December 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Terror:VHP plans awareness jatha,Deccan Herald
- ^ Bajrang Dal launches campaign,The Tribune
- ^ "Three get death for Akshardham attack". The Times of India. 2 June 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2008.
- ^ Cow slaughter: Bajrang Dal dubs Forum’s stand anti-Hindu,Deccan Herald
- ^ "Cover Story: Bajrang Dal: Loonies at Large". india-today.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
- ^ Rohan Dua (15 June 2018). "VHP a militant religious outfit, RSS nationalist: CIA factbook". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
US' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has classified VHP and Bajrang Dal as "militant religious outfits" and called RSS a nationalist organisation.
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- ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld | Politics by Other Means: Attacks Against Christians in India". Refworld. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
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- ^ "Organised intolerance". hinduonnet.com.
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