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Metz

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For other uses, see Metz (disambiguation).

Metz
Commune
Municipalité de Metz
Clockwise from top: Panorama of the Moselle River, Railway Station, Centre Pompidou-Metz, Defensive City Gates, Saint-Stephen Cathedral
Clockwise from top: Panorama of the Moselle River, Railway Station, Centre Pompidou-Metz, Defensive City Gates, Saint-Stephen Cathedral
Flag of Metz
Flag
Coat of arms of Metz
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
The Maid (15th C.); The Unviolated (15th C.); The Green City (20th C.)
Map
Country France
Region Lorraine
Department Moselle
Agglomeration communityMetz Metropole
Founded5th century BC
Prefecture Lorraine; Moselle
Government
 • TypeMayor-Council
 • MayorDominique Gros (PS)
Area
 • Commune41.94 km2 (16.19 sq mi)
 • Metro
277 km2 (107 sq mi)
Highest elevation
358 m (1,175 ft)
Lowest elevation
162 m (531 ft)
Population
 (2008)
 • Commune121,841
 • Density2,905/km2 (7,520/sq mi)
 • Metro
225,157
DemonymMessin
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
ZIP codes
57000; 57050; 57070
Dialing code+33 03
WebsiteMetz Ville; Metz Metropole

Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] ⓘ; German: [ˈmɛts]) is a city in the northeast of France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers. Metz is the capital and the prefecture of both Lorraine region and Moselle department.[1][2][3][4] Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg,[5] Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and the SaarLorLux euroregion.[6]

A Celtic oppidum,[7] an important Gallo-Roman city,[8] the Merovingian capital of the Austrasia kingdom,[9] the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty,[10] a cradle of the Gregorian chant,[11] and one of the oldest republics of the common era in Europe,[12] Metz has a rich 3,000-year-history.[13] The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history.[14]

Metz possesses one of the largest Urban Conservation Area in France,[15] and more than 100 buildings of the city are classified on the Monument Historique list.[16] Because of its historical and cultural background, Metz benefits from its designation as French Town of Art and History.[17][18] The city features noteworthy buildings such as the Gothic Saint-Stephen Cathedral,[19] the Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains,[20] its Station Palace,[21] or its Opera House, the oldest one working in France.[22] Metz is home to some notable venues including the Arsenal Concert Hall or the Centre Pompidou-Metz museum.[23]

A basin of urban ecology,[24][25] Metz gained its nickname of Green City (French: La Ville Verte),[26] displaying extensive open grounds and public gardens and the historic downtown is one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France.[27][28][29]

A historic Garrison town, Metz is the economic heart of the Lorraine region, being specialized in information technology and automotive industries. Metz is home to the University of Lorraine and a centre for applied research and development in the materials sector notably in metallurgy and metallography,[30] the heritage of the Lorraine region's past in the iron and steel industry.[31]

Etymology

In ancient times, the town was known as "city of Mediomatrici" being inhabited by the tribe of the same name.[32] After its integration into the Roman Empire, the city was called "Divodurum Mediomatricum", meaning Holy Village or Holy Fortress,[33] then it was known as "Mediomatrix".[32] During the 5th century AD, the name evolved to "Mettis", which gave rise to the actual name of the city, Metz.[32]

History

Ancient history

The Celtic Mediomatrici tribe was ruler of the city from 450 BC until the Roman conquest, making the town its principal oppidum.[7][13] The city became an important centre of trading for metal and terracotta.[34] With the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, Metz came under Roman rules.[35]

City scape of Divodurum Mediomatricum, ancestor of present-day Metz, ca. 2nd century AD.

As a well-fortified town at the junction of several military roads, Metz became one of the principal towns of Gaul, more populous than Lutetia (ancestor of present-day Paris), and rich thanks to its wine exports.[13] The city had one of the largest amphitheatres in Gaul,[8][36] and an aqueduct of 23 km (14.29 mi) and 118 arches, extending from Gorze to Metz, was constructed in the 2nd century AD to supply the thermae with water.[37]

The first barbarian depredations into the city by the Alemanni and Franks started during the 3rd century AD.[13] The city was sacked by the Huns of Attila in 451.[38] One of the last Roman strongholds to surrender to the Germanic tribes, Metz passed into the hands of the Franks about the end of the 5th century.[39]

Capital of the Austrasia kingdom

Since King Sigibert I, Metz was frequently the residence of the Merovingian kings of Austrasia.[9] The reign of Queen Brunhilda imbued specially the town with great splendor.[13] When the Carolingians acceded to the Frankish throne, the town preserved the good-will of the rulers as it had long been a base of their family and their primal ancestors, Saint Arnuff and Chlodulf had been bishops of Metz.[10][13] So, Emperor Charlemagne considered making Metz his imperial capital, before he finally decided in favor of Aachen.[40] His sons, King Louis the Pious and Bishop Drogo of Metz were buried in the basilica in 840 and 855, respectively.[13]

Capital of the Lotharingia kingdom

Beginning of the Republic of Metz. Election of the first Head-Alderman, by Auguste Migette.

Consecutively to the Treaty of Verdun in 843, Metz became the capital of the kingdom of Lotharingia ruled by Emperor Lothair I.[13] After the death of his son King Lothair II, the Lotharingia and its capital was disputed between the East Francia and West Francia kingdoms.[13] In 869, Charles the Bald was crowned king of Lotharingia in Metz.[41] In 910, Metz became part of the East Francia and subsequently of the Holy Roman Empire, granting semi-independent status. In 959, Metz was the capital of the Upper Lortharingia, gradually known as Lorraine, until the 11th century.[42] During this period, the Bishops of Metz increased their political influence. The Prince-Bishops gained their independence from the Dukes of Lorraine, making Metz their capital.[13]

In 1096, Metz was one of the scenes of the massacres of Jews occurring during the First Crusade.[43] A group of crusaders entered Metz and forced the important Jewish community of the city to convert to catholicism, killing 22 people who refused baptism.[43]

The Messin Republic

Ending of the Republic of Metz. Entrance of Henri II, King of France on April 18, 1552, by Auguste Migette.

In 1189, Metz rose to the status of a Free Imperial City, limiting greatly the influence of the Bishops on the city.[13] While the Bishops left the city for Vic-sur-Seille, the Burgesses, named Paraiges, organized themselves in order to establish a republic.[12] The Republic of Metz was organized around three legislature: the Head-Alderman representing the city, a comity of 13 aldermen acting as Lay community counsellors, and a House of Burgesses giving its opinion.[12] Ultimately, the institutions changed to become a free oligarchic republic giving the command of the city to 21 aldermen, the Head-Alderman being elected.[12] The Republic of Metz ruled until the 15th century and was the most prosperous period of the city, being renown as "Metz, the Rich". Metz was then a major banking center controlled by the Jews and then the Lombards.[44]

The Republic of Metz often had to fight for its freedom: in 1324, against the Dukes of Luxembourg and Lorraine, as well as, against the Archbishop of Trier; in 1363 and 1365, against the English brigands under command of Arnaud de Cervole; in 1444, against Duke René of Anjou and King Charles VII of France; and in 1473, against Duke Nicholas I of Lorraine.[45] Nonetheless, Metz kept its independence and gained the nicknames of "The Maid" and "The Unviolated".[45]

Emperor Charles IV in 1354 and 1356 held diets in Metz, at the latter of which was promulgated the Golden Bull decree of 1356, fixing important constitutional aspects of the Holy Roman Empire.[46] However, the rulers of Metz felt that the city occupied an almost independent position between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire and wanted to evade the obligation of imperial taxes and attendance at the Imperial Diets. A estrangement soon grew between the Free Imperial City and the Imperial States, enhanced by the religious and political troubles of the Schmalkaldic War.[47]

Integration in the kingdom of France

View of Metz from the Bellecroix hill, during the 17th century by Monsù Desidero.

In 1552, French King Henry II of France and members of the Schmalkaldic League signed the Treaty of Chambord and Metz was passed de facto to the hands of the Kings of France.[13] The population of the city peacefully accepted the conditions of the treaty.[48] Emperor Charles V during the Italian War of 1551–1559 made military attempt to forcibly regain the overlordship over Metz, besieging the city in 1552–1553. However, his troops were defeated by the French army defending the city under the command of Francis, Duke of Guise and Metz remained French.[49]

Under the rule of the Kings of France, important constitutional changes were made to the Republic of Metz.[12] While the aldermen continued to administer the city, they were appointed by a Royal Governor, representative of the king, and the Bishops came back to Metz. Later, an Intendant and a Bailiff were sent to enforce the king's authority in the city, ending ultimately the Republic of Metz in 1634.[12] The Peace of Westphalia recognized de jure Metz as part the Kingdom of France in 1648, and the city was selected as capital of the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun.[47] Metz was then a strategic fortified town of France with the erection of a citadel.[13]

With creation of the departments by the Estates-General of 1789, Metz became the capital of the Department of Moselle.[13] The population of city largely embraced the ideas carried by the French Revolution.[50] Later, the Sixth Coalition besieged Metz during the campaign of 1814 against the Napoleonic France, but was unable to take the city defended by General Durutte and his army.[51]

The Franco-Prussian War and the German annexation

Surprise attack on the suburbs of Metz, during the Franco-Prussian War by Alphonse de Neuville.
Main article: Siege of Metz (1870)

During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, Metz was the headquarters of the army under the command of General Bazaine. After the battles of Colombey, Mars-la-Tour, and Gravelotte, Bazaine retreated into the defenses of Metz and surrendered after several months of siege.[52] Under the Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871, Metz was annexed into the newly created German Empire, being part of the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine administered directly by the imperial government from Berlin.[53] The city kept is military's strategic role and became an important German garrison town and the Germans decided to build a second and a third fortified lines around Metz.[54]

Return to France and modern days

Following the armistice with Germany ending the First World War, the French army entered Metz in November 1918 and the city returned to France under the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.[55] However, after the Battle of France in 1940 during the Second World War, the city was annexed once more by the German Third Reich into a Reichsgau named Wesmark.[13] In 1944, the attack on the city by the U.S. Third Army under the command of General George S. Patton faced heavy resistance from the defending German forces.[56][57] The Battle of Metz lasted for several weeks, but Metz was finally captured by the Americans in November 1944,[58] and the city reverted to France after the war.[59]

During the 1950s, Metz has been chosen to be the capital of the newly created Lorraine region.[60] Also, with the creation of the European Communities and then the European Union, Metz has became a central place of the Greater Region and the SaarLorLux Euroregion.[60]

Geography

Metz is located on the banks of at Moselle and the Seille rivers, at 43 km (26.7 mi) from the Schengen tripoint where the borders of France, Germany, and Luxembourg meet.[5] The city was built in a place where many branches of the Moselle river creates several islands, which are encompassed within the urban planning.

The land of Metz forms part of the Paris Basin and presents a plateau relief cut by river valleys presenting cuestas in the north-south direction.[61] Metz and its open countries are included into the forest and crop Lorraine Regional Natural Park, covering a total area of 205,000 ha (506,566.0 acres).[62]

Climate

The weather in Lorraine is associated to a semi continental climate.[63] The summers are humid and hot, sometimes stormy, and the warmest month of the year is August, when temperatures average approximately 26 °C (78.8 °F). The winters are cold and snowy with temperature dropping to an average of −0.5 °C (31.1 °F) in January. Lows can be much colder through the night and early morning and the snowy period extends from November to February.[64]

The length of the day varies significantly over the course of the year.[65] The shortest day is December 21 with 8:01 hours of sunlight; the longest day is June 20 with 15:58 hours of sunlight. The median cloud cover is 93% and does not vary substantially over the course of the year.[64]

Climate data for Metz, France
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 		12.8
(55.0) 		15.1
(59.2) 		21.8
(71.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		28
(82) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.0
(87.8) 		25.2
(77.4) 		18.7
(65.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		8.8
(47.8) 		19.7
(67.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		6.5
(43.7) 		11.0
(51.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.8
(76.6) 		20.4
(68.7) 		15.1
(59.2) 		9.0
(48.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		15.0
(59.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15
(59) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		16.2
(61.2) 		9.1
(48.4) 		3.2
(37.8) 		4.9
(40.8) 		9.7
(49.5)
Record low °C (°F) −1.9
(28.6) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		2.4
(36.3) 		4.7
(40.5) 		8.9
(48.0) 		12.0
(53.6) 		14.0
(57.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		10.4
(50.7) 		7.1
(44.8) 		0.7
(33.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		6.4
(43.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 64
(2.5) 		57
(2.2) 		62
(2.4) 		51
(2.0) 		59
(2.3) 		62
(2.4) 		64
(2.5) 		61
(2.4) 		64
(2.5) 		72
(2.8) 		64
(2.5) 		79
(3.1) 		757.8
(29.83)
Average snowy days 8.0 6.5 1.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 2.3 7.5 29
Mean monthly sunshine hours 54 78 126 178 202 219 226 213 158 98 49 41 1,642
Source: Meteo France[65]

Demography and administration

Population

The inhabitants of Metz are called Messin. The French national census of 2009 estimated to 121,841 the population of Metz, while the population of Metz urban agglomeration was about 225,157.[66] Through history, Metz population has been impacted by the vicissitudes of the wars and annexations involving the city and avoiding a continuous population growth. More recently, the city has suffered of the military and metallurgy industry restructurings.[67] The historical population for the current area of Metz municipality is as follows:[68][69]

Year 1793 1800 1806 1821 1836 1841 1861 1871 1880 1890 1900
Number of inhabitants 36,878 32,099 39,131 42,030 42,793 39,767 56,888 51,332 53,131 60,186 58,462
Year 1910 1921 1931 1946 1962 1975 1982 1990 1999 2009
Number of inhabitants 68,598 62,311 78,767 70,105 102,771 111,869 114,232 119,594 123,776 121,841

Politics

As every commune of the actual French Republic, Metz is managed by a mayor (French: maire) and a municipal council (French: conseil municipal), democratically elected by two-round proportional voting for six years.[70] Since 2008, the mayor of Metz is socialist Dominique Gros.[71] The city is member of the Metz Metropole union of cities, gathering the 40 cities of the Metz urban agglomeration.[72] Also, Metz is home to the Lorraine region and the prefecture of the Moselle, held in the formers Saint-Clement Abbey and Intendant palace, respectively.[60]

File:PLaceD'ArmesMetz.jpg
The city hall by night, work of architect Jacques-François Blondel, on the town square.

List of mayors

Période Name Party Background
2008 Today Dominique Gros(FR) PS Engineer, General Councillor of Moselle, vice-president of Metz Metropole
1971 2008 Jean-Marie Rausch(FR) UMP Minister, senator of Moselle, president of Metz Metropole, president of the Regional Council of Lorraine
1947 1970 Raymond Mondon(FR) Independent Republican Minister, MP for Moselle
1938 1947 Gabriel Hocquard(FR) Unknown Unknown
1924 1938 Paul Vautrin(FR) Bloc Lorrain General Councillor of Moselle

City administrative divisions

File:PompidouMetz-night.tif
Dawn sky in Metz.

The city of Metz is divided into 11 administrative divisions:[73]

Cityscape

Metz with its magnificent open countries, – Prolific undulating rivers, – Wooded hillsides, vineyards of fire; – Cathedral all in volute, – Where the wind sings as a flute, – And responding to it via the Mutte,[74] – This big voice of the good Lord!

— Paul Verlaine, Ode to Metz, Invectives, 1896.
Example of use of the Jaumont yellow limestone. Here, the portal of the Saint-Stephen Cathedral.

Metz is home to a mishmash of architectural layers, witnessing its millennium history at the crossroad of different cultures,[75] and features architectural landmarks.[76] As a historic Garrison town, Metz has also been largely influenced by military architecture throughout its history.[77] The city is famous for its yellow limestone architecture, due to the extensive use of the Jaumont stone.[76][78]

Civilian architecture

The historic district has kept part of the Gallo-Roman city planning with the Divodurum's Cardo Maximus, then called Via Scarponensis (today the Trinitaires, Taison, and Serpenoise streets), and the Decumanus Maximus (today En Fournirue and d'Estrées streets).[79] From its Gallo-Roman past, the city conserves vestiges of the thermae (in the basement of the Golden Courtyard Museum), parts of the aqueduct,[37] and the Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains.[20]

The Saint-Louis square with its arcades, where currency changers gathered, remains a major symbol of the High Medieval heritage of the city, as well as, a Knights Templar chapel. The Gothic Saint-Stephen Cathedral, several churches and Hôtels, and two remarkable municipal granaries reflect the Late Middle Ages.[19][80][81][82][83] Examples of Renaissance architecture can be seen in Hôtels from the 16th century, such as the House of Heads (French: Maison des Têtes).[76]

Belle Epoque avenue in the Imperial District.

The city hall and buildings surrounding the town square are works of French architect Jacques-François Blondel, awarded by the Royal Academy of Architecture to redesign and modernize the centre of Metz in 1755 in a context of Enlightenment.[84][85] Also, Neoclassical edifices from the 18th century, such as the Opera House, the prefecture palace,[86] and the courthouse built by Charles-Louis Clérisseau, are found in the city.[76]

The Imperial District was built during the first annexation of Metz by Otto von Bismarck to the German Empire.[87] In order to "germanify" the city, Emperor Wilhelm II decided to create a new district shaped by a distinctive blend of Germanic architecture, including Renaissance, neo-Romanesque or neo-Classical, mixed with elements of Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Alsatian and mock-Bavarian styles.[87] Moreover, the Jaumont stone, commonly used everywhere else in the city, was replaced by stones used in the Rhineland, like pink and grey sandstone, granite and basalt.[87] The district features noteworthy buildings including the impressive Station Palace and the Central Post Office by German architect Jürgen Kröger.[21]

Centre Pompidou-Metz.
Medieval defensive city gate from the 13th century, the Germans' Gate.
Water games on the Islands District.

Modern architecture can also be seen in the town with works of architects Roger-Henri Expert (Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church, 1934), Georges-Henri Pingusson (Fire Station, 1960), Jean Dubuisson (subdivisions, 1960s).[18][88][89] The refurbishment of the former Ney Arsenal into a Concert Hall in 1989 and the erection of the Metz Arena in 2002, by architects Spanish Ricardo Bofill and French Paul Chemetov respectively, represent the Postmodern movement.[76]

The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum represents a strong architectural initiative by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban, marking the entrance of Metz into the 21st century.[23][90] The building is the cornerstone of the Amphitheatre District, currently under construction and conceived by architects Nicolas Michelin, Jean-Paul Viguier, and Christian de Portzamparc and designer Philippe Starck.[91] The urban project is expected to be completed by 2015.[91]

Military architecture

See also: Fortifications of Metz

From Ancient history to the present, the city has been successively fortified or complemented in order to receive the troops stationed there. So, defensive walls from classical antiquity to 20th century are still visible today and are included in public gardens designed along the Moselle and Seille rivers.[77] A medieval city gate from the 13th century, named Germans' Gate (French: Porte des Allemands), has become one of the landmarks of the city. Remains of the citadel from the 16th century and fortifications built by Louis de Cormontaigne are still visible today.[92] Important barracks, mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries, are spread around the city, and some of them which are of architectural interest have reconverted to civilian facilities, such as the Arsenal Concert Hall.

Ringing the city are extensive fortifications of Metz, that include early examples of Séré de Rivières system forts.[93] Other forts were incorporated into the Maginot Line.[94] A hiking trail on the Saint-Quentin plateau passes through former military training zone and ends at the now abandoned military forts, providing a high ground from which to survey the city.[95][96]

Urban ecology

Under the leadership of people like botanist Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz pioneered a policy of urban ecology during the early 1970s.[24] Because of the urban and popular signs of failure of the post-war housing estate urban planning occurring in Europe during the 1960s and mostly based on the concepts of CIAM,[97][98][99] Jean-Marie Pelt, then Municipal Councillor of Metz, initiated a refoundation of the approach in urban ecological planning.[25]

Based initially of the ideas of the Chicago School, Pelt's theories pled for a better integration of humans into their environment and developed a concept centered around the relation between "stones and waters".[24][100][101] His policy was materialized in Metz by the establishment of extensive open grounds surrounding the Moselle and the Seille rivers and the development of large pedestrian areas. So, Metz displays over 37 m2 (400 sq ft) of open ground per inhabitant through multiple public gardens dispatched into the city.[27]

Since, the concepts of urban ecology are still applied in Metz,[29][102] with the sustainable refurbishment of ancient buildings,[29][103] erection of sustainable districts and edifices (e.g. Centre Pompidou-Metz),[29] green public transports,[29][104] and creation of public gardens via landscape architecture concepts.[29][105]

Economy

Though steel industry has historically dominated Moselle's economy, Metz's efforts in economic diversification have created a base in the sectors of commerce, tourism, and information technology and automotive industries. The city is the economic heart of the Lorraine region and around 73,000 people are working daily within the urban agglomeration area.[106] The transportation facilities found in the urban agglomeration, including the international high-speed rail, motorway, and inland connections and the local bus rapid transit system, have placed the city in an exchange hub in the European union's heart.[107] So, Metz is home to the biggest harbor handling cereals in France with over 4,000,000 tons/year.[108]

Metz is home to the chamber of commerce of Lorraine.[109] Some international companies, such as PSA Peugeot Citroën, ArcelorMittal, SFR, and TDF, possesses plants and centers in the Metz urban agglomeration. Also, Metz hosts the regional headquarters of Caisse d'Epargne, Banque Populaire, and Crédit Agricole banking groups.

Metz is an important commercial centre of northern France with the France's biggest retailer federation, gathering around 2,000 retailers.[110] Important store companies are found in the city, such as the Galeries Lafayette and Printemps department stores and the Fnac and Virgin Megastores entertainment retail chains. The historical downtown displays one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France and a mall, the Saint-Jacques centre, in addition to the multiplex movie theater and malls found in the urban agglomeration.

In recent years, Metz municipality have promoted an ambitious policy of the tourism development, including urban revitalization and refurbishment of edifices and public squares.[111][112] This policy has been spurred by the creation of the Centre Pompidou-Metz in 2010.[113] Since its inauguration, the institution has became the most visited cultural venue in France outside Paris with 550,000 visitors/year.[114] Still, the Saint-Stephen Cathedral is the most visited edifice of the city accommodating 652,000 visitors/year.[115]

Culture and contemporary life

Museums and exhibition halls

Clockwise from top: the Arsenal, the Golden Courtyard, the Opera House, and the Saint-Jacques square.

The Centre Pompidou-Metz is a museum of modern and contemporary arts, the largest temporary exhibition area outside Paris in France.[23] The museum features exhibition from the extensive collection of the Centre Pompidou, the Europe's largest collection of 20th century art.[116] Designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban, the building is remarkable for the complex, innovative carpentry of its roof.[117]

In addition, Metz features other museums and exhibition venues. The Golden Courtyard (French: Cour d'Or) is a museum dedicated to the history of Metz, divided into four sections (e.g. archeology, medieval, architecture, and fine arts).[118] The Saint-Stephen Cathedral exhibits the rich collection of the Bishopric of Metz, including paraments and items used in the service of the Eucharist.[119][120][121] The Lorraine Contemporary Arts Gallery is located in the Saint-Liver Hôtel and organizes exhibitions of local and international contemporary artists.[122] The Verlaine museum is located in the native house of the poet and is dedicated to his artworks. The municipal archives preserve and exhibit the historical records of Metz's municipality dating from medieval times to present.[123] The Solange Bertrand foundation conserves and presents the works of the artist.[124]

Entertainment and performing arts

The Saint-Stephen Cathedral.

The Opera House of Metz, the oldest opera house working in France, features plays, dance, and lyric poetry.[125] The Arsenal Concert Hall, dedicated to art music, is widely renowned for its excellent acoustics and considered as one of the most beautiful concert halls in Europe.[126][127] The Trinitarians Club is a multi-media arts complex housed in an ancient convent, which vaulted cellar and chapel have been the city's prime venue for jazz music.[128] The Music Box (French: Boite à Musique) is the concert venue dedicated to rock and electronic musics.[129] The Braun Hall and the Koltès Theater features plays, and the city possesses two movie theaters specialized in Auteur cinema. Numerous other associations and private music bars and theaters collaborate to the entertaining life in Metz.

Metz in arts

File:Graoully.JPG
Graoully's effigy on Taison street.
The Covered Market, home to traditional local food producers and retailers.

Metz was an important cultural centre during the Carolingian Renaissance.[11] For example, Gregorian chant was created in Metz during the 8th century as a fusion of Gallican and ancient Roman repertory, and remains the oldest form of music still use in Western Europe. Then called Messin Chant, the bishops of Metz, notably Saint-Chrodegang, promoted its use for the Roman liturgy in Gallic lands in the favorable atmosphere of Carolingian monarchs. The Messin chant made two major contributions to the body of chant: it fitted the chant into the ancient Greek octoechos system, and invented an innovative musical notation, using neumes to show the shape of a remembered melody.[130] Also, Metz was a important centre of illumination of Carolingian manuscripts, producing some monuments of Carolingian book illumination such as the Drogo Sacramentary.[131][132]

The Metz School (French: École de Metz) was an art movement in Metz and its region gathering around Laurent-Charles Marechal between 1834 and 1870.[133] Originally the term was proposed in 1845 by poet Charles Baudelaire, who appreciated the works of the artists. They were influenced by Eugène Delacroix and inspired by the medieval heritage of Metz and its romantic surroundings.[133] The Franco-Prussian War and the annexation of the land by the Germans resulted in the dismantling of the movement. Main figures of Metz School are Laurent-Charles Marechal, Auguste Migette, Auguste Hussenot, Louis-Théodore Devilly, Christopher Fratin, and Charles Pêtre.[133] Their works encompass paintings, engravings, drawings, stained-glass windows, and sculptures.

The Graoully dragon as symbol of the city

See also: Saint Clement of Metz

The Graoully is depicted as a fearsome dragon, vanquished by the sacred powers Saint Clement of Metz. The Graoully quickly became a symbol of Metz and can be see in numerous insignia of the city, since the 10th century.[134] Authors from Metz tend to present the legend of the Graoully as a symbol of Christianity's victory over paganism, represented by the harmful dragon.[134]

Cuisine

Local specialties include the quiche, the potée, the Lorrain pâté, and also the suckling pig.[135][136] Different recipes, such as jam, tart, charcuterie and fruit brandy, are made from the Mirabelle and Damson plums.[135][136] Also, Metz is the cradle of some pastries like the Metz cheese pie and the Metz Balls (French: boulet de Metz), a ganache-stuffed biscuit coated with marzipan, caramel, and dark chocolate.[135] Local beverages include Moselle wine and Amos beer.[135][136]

Celebrations and events

Many events are celebrated in Metz throughout the year.[137] The city of Metz dedicates two weeks to the Mirabelle plum during the Mirabelle Festival held in August. In addition to open markets selling fresh prunes, mirabelle tarts, and mirabelle liquor, there is live music, fireworks, parties, art exhibits, a parade with floral floats and competition, and the crowning of the Mirabelle Queen and a gala of celebration.[138]

Also, a festival of literature is held in June. The Montgolfiades hot air balloon festival is organized in September. The Metz White Night festival takes place in October.[139] The second most popular Christmas Market in France occurs in November and December.[140] Finally, a Saint Nicholas parade honors the patron saint of the Lorraine region in December.

Sports

Metz is also home to the Football Club of Metz (FC Metz), a football association club in National, the third division of French football. FC Metz has twice won the French Cup (in 1984 and 1988) and the French League Cup (in 1986 and 1996), and was French championship runner-up in 1998.[141] FC Metz has also gained recognition in France and Europe for its successful youth academy, winning the Gambardella Cup 3 times in 1981, 2001, and 2010.[141] The Saint-Symphorien stadium is the home of the FC Metz since the creation of the club.

The Metz Handball is a Team Handball club. Metz Handball has won 17 times the French Woman First League championship, 7 times the French Women League Cup, and 4 times the French Women FA Cup.[142] The Arena of Metz is the home of Metz Handball since 2002.

Since 2003, Metz is home to the Moselle Open, an ATP World Tour 250 tournament played on indoor hard courts, which takes place usually in September.[143]

Education

Main article: University of Lorraine

Metz is home to numerous high schools, such as the Fabert High School, and the University of Lorraine (often abbreviated in UdL).[144] The university is divided into two university centers, one in Metz (material sciences, technology, and management) and one in Nancy (biological sciences, health care, administration, and management). The University of Lorraine has a student body of over 55,000 and offers 101 accredited research centers organized in 9 research areas and 8 doctoral colleges.[145] The campus of Metz, developed on three different sites within the city, enjoys a privileged position at a hub opening up to Germany and the Benelux and has gained recognition for the development of joint Franco-German curricula.[146]

Transportations

File:Map of the METTIS transport network, the public transportation in Metz, France.jpg
Map of the Mettis transport network into Metz agglomeration.
The Station Palace in the Imperial District.

Local transportations

Public transports are carried out by bus rapid transit system, named Mettis.[147] Mettis vehicles are high-capacity hybrid bi-articulated buses built by Van Hool,[148] and stop at designated elevated tubes, complete with handicapped access. Mettis has its own planned and integrated transportation system, which includes two dedicated lanes spread into Metz agglomeration. Mettis lanes A and B deserve the major facilities of the city (e.g. downtown, university campus, and hospitals), and a transport hub is located next to the railway station.

Railways

See also: Gare de Metz-Ville

The Railway Station of Metz is connected to the French high speed train (TGV) network, which provides a direct rail service to Paris and Luxembourg. The time from Paris (Paris Eastern Station) to Metz is 82 minutes. Additionally, Metz is served by the Lorraine TGV train station, located at Louvigny, 25 km (16 mi)to the south of Metz, for high speed trains going to Nantes, Rennes, Lille, or Bordeaux (without stopping in Paris). Also, Metz is one of the main stations of the regional express trains systems named Métrolor.

Motorways

Metz is located at the intersection of two major road axes: the Eastern Motorway, itself a part of the European route E50 connecting Paris to Prague, and the A31 Motorway, which goes north to Luxembourg and south to the Mediterranean Sea towards Nancy, Dijon, and Lyon.

Airports

The Luxembourg International Airport is the nearest international airport connected to Metz by Métrolor train. Also,the Lorraine TGV Station is at 75 minutes by train from France international Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. Finally, Metz-Nancy-Lorraine Airport is located in Goin, at 16.5 km (10.25 mi) Metz southeast.

Waterways

See also: Moselle (river)

Metz is located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers, both navigable waterways. The marina connects Metz to the cities of the Moselle valley, such as Trier, Schengen, or Koblenz, via the Moselle river.

Main Sights

See also: List of Historic Monuments in Metz, France
The Protestant church.

Religious heritage

Civil heritage

File:Palais du gouverneurMetz.jpg
The Governor's palace, former residence of Emperor Wilhelm II during his visits to Metz.

Administrative heritage

Military heritage

Notable people linked to the city

Main article: List of people from Metz

International relations

Metz is a member of the QuattroPole(FR)(DE) union of cities, along with Luxembourg, Saarbrücken, and Trier (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg, France, and Germany).[154] Metz forms a central place of the Greater Region and of the economic SaarLorLux Euroregion. Metz is also twin town with:[155]

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 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Metz". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

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