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Southern California

Coordinates: 34°00′N 117°00′W / 34.000°N 117.000°W / 34.000; -117.000
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This article is about the south of the U.S. state of California. For the peninsula in western Mexico, see Baja California peninsula. For the university in Los Angeles, see University of Southern California. For the Mexican state of the Sudcalifornianos, see Baja California Sur.
"SoCal" and "Socal" redirect here. For other uses, see SoCal (disambiguation).
Southern California
Megaregion of the U.S.
Southern California Images top from bottom, left to right: San Diego Skyline, Downtown Los Angeles, Village of La Jolla, Santa Monica Pier, Surfer at Black's Beach, Hollywood Sign, Disneyland, Hermosa Beach Pier
Southern California Images top from bottom, left to right: San Diego Skyline, Downtown Los Angeles, Village of La Jolla, Santa Monica Pier, Surfer at Black's Beach, Hollywood Sign, Disneyland, Hermosa Beach Pier
The Southern California megaregion. To the North is the Northern California megaregion while to the east is the Arizona Sun Corridor.
The Southern California megaregion. To the North is the Northern California megaregion while to the east is the Arizona Sun Corridor.
CountryUSA
State California
Largest CityLos Angeles
Population
 (2010)
22,680,010

Southern California (SoCal) is a megaregion, or megapolitan area, in the southern area of the U.S. state of California. Large urban areas include Greater Los Angeles and Greater San Diego. The urban area stretches along the coast from Ventura through the Southland and Inland Empire to San Diego. The United States - Mexico border makes up the southern border. Southern California is a major economic center for the state of California and the nation.

Southern California's population encompasses eight metropolitan, or MSA, areas: Los Angeles County and Orange County together make up the Los Angeles metropolitan area; the Inland Empire consists of Riverside and San Bernardino Counties; the San Diego metropolitan area; the Bakersfield metropolitan area; the Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura metro area; the Santa Barbara metro area; the San Luis Obispo metropolitan area; and the El Centro area. Out of these, three are heavy populated areas; the Los Angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants, the Riverside-San Bernardino area with over 4 million inhabitants, and the San Diego area with over 3 million inhabitants. For CSA metropolitan purposes, the five counties of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura are all combined to make up the Los Angeles metropolitan area; with San Diego as Southern California's other CSA metropolitan area. With over 22 million people, roughly 60% of California's population resides in Southern California.

To the east of Southern California are the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with the state of Arizona, and the Mojave Desert at the border with the state of Nevada. To the south lies the international border with Mexico, and to the west lies the Pacific Ocean. With combined surface area of 56,512 sq mi, Southern California alone is bigger than England.

Significance

San Diego Marina district
Sunset in Venice, a district in Los Angeles

Within Southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the country's largest metropolitan areas.[1] With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. Just to the south and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation.

Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States and all five are the top 5 most populous counties in California.[2] The region is also home to Los Angeles International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the United States by passenger volume (see World's busiest airports by passenger traffic) and the third by international passenger volume (see Busiest airports in the United States by international passenger traffic); San Diego International Airport the busiest single runway airport in the world; Van Nuys Airport, the world's busiest general aviation airport; major commercial airports at Orange County, Ontario, Burbank and Long Beach; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports. Southern California is also home to the Port of Los Angeles, the United States' busiest commercial port, the adjacent Port of Long Beach, the United States' second busiest container port, and the Port of San Diego. Also of note in the region is the freeway system, which is the world's busiest. Six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system, Metrolink, run out of Downtown Los Angeles, connecting Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, Orange, and San Diego counties with the other line connecting San Bernardino, Riverside, and Orange counties directly.

University of California, Santa Barbara

The Tech Coast is a moniker that has gained use as a descriptor for the region's diversified technology and industrial base as well as its multitude of prestigious and world-renowned research universities and other public and private institutions. Amongst these include 5 University of California campuses (Irvine, Los Angeles, Riverside, Santa Barbara, and San Diego); 11 California State University campuses (Channel Islands, Dominguez Hills, Fullerton, Los Angeles, Long Beach, Northridge, Pomona, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Marcos, and San Luis Obispo); as well as private institutions such as the California Institute of Technology, Chapman University, Claremont Consortium of Colleges, Loma Linda University, Loyola Marymount University, Pepperdine University, University of San Diego, and the University of Southern California.

File:Universal Studios Hollywood 2007.jpg
Universal Studios at Hollywood

Southern California is also the entertainment (motion picture, television, and recorded music) capital of the world[citation needed] and is home to Hollywood, a district in Los Angeles and a name associated with the motion picture industry. Headquartered in Southern California are The Walt Disney Company (which also owns ABC), Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers.

Besides the entertainment industry, Southern California is also home to a large home grown surf and skateboard culture. Companies such as Volcom, Quiksilver, O'Neill clothing division, No Fear, Sector 9,[3] RVCA, Body Glove and Surfline[4] are all headquartered in Southern California. Professional skateboarder Tony Hawk, professional surfers Rob Machado, Tim Curran, Bobby Martinez, Pat O'Connell, Dane Reynolds, and Chris Ward, and professional snowboarder Shaun White live in Southern California. Some of the world's legendary surf spots are in Southern California as well, including Trestles, Rincon, The Wedge, Huntington Beach, and Malibu, and it is second only to the island of Oahu in terms of famous surf breaks. Some of the world's biggest extreme sports events including the X Games,[5] Boost Mobile Pro,[6] and the U.S. Open of Surfing are all in Southern California. Southern California is also important to the world of yachting. The annual Transpacific Yacht Race, or "Transpac", from Los Angeles to Hawaii, is one of yachting's premier events. The San Diego Yacht Club held the America's Cup, the most prestigious prize in yachting, from 1988 to 1995 and hosted three America's Cup races during that time.

Southern California is home to many sports franchises and sports networks such as Fox Sports Net. Professional teams that are located in the region include the Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers, Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, San Diego Padres, Los Angeles Kings, Anaheim Ducks, Los Angeles Galaxy, Chivas USA, and San Diego Chargers. Southern California also is home to a number of popular NCAA sports programs, such as the UCLA Bruins, the USC Trojans, and the San Diego State Aztecs.

Southern California is culturally diverse, and well known worldwide. Many tourists frequent South Coast for its popular beaches, and the eastern desert for its dramatic open spaces.

Northern boundary of Southern California

California counties below the sixth standard parallel
The famous Andaz West Hollywood Hotel on the Sunset Strip

"Southern California" is not a formal geographic designation and definitions of what constitutes Southern California vary. Geographically, California's north-south midway point lies at exactly 37° 9' 58.23" latitude, around 11 miles below San Jose;[citation needed] however this does not coincide with popular use of the term. When the state is divided into two areas (Northern and Southern California) the term "Southern California" usually refers to the ten southern-most counties of the state. This definition coincides neatly with the county lines at 35° 47′ 28″ north latitude, which form the northern borders of San Luis Obispo, Kern, and San Bernardino counties. Another definition for Southern California uses Point Conception and the Tehachapi Mountains as the northern boundary.

Though there is no official definition for the northern boundary of Southern California, such a division has existed from the time when Mexico ruled California and political disputes raged between the Californios of Monterey in the upper part and Los Angeles and the lower part of Alta California. Following the acquisition of California by the United States, the division continued as part of the attempt by several pro-slavery politicians to arrange the division of Alta California at 36 degrees, 30 minutes, the line of the Missouri Compromise. Instead, the passing of the Compromise of 1850 enabled California to be admitted to the Union as a free state, preventing Southern California from becoming its own separate slave state.

Subsequently, Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery Southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of Southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from Northern California. The last attempt, the Pico Act of 1859, was passed by the California State Legislature, and signed by the State governor John B. Weller. It was approved overwhelmingly by nearly 75% of voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado. This territory was to include all the counties up to the then much larger Tulare County (that included what is now Kings County and most of Kern, and part of Inyo Counties) and San Luis Obispo County. The proposal was sent to Washington, D.C. with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However the secession crisis following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote.[7][8]

In 1900, the Los Angeles Times defined Southern California as including "the seven counties of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, Ventura and Santa Barbara." In 1999, the Times added a newer county—Imperial—to that list.[9]

The state is most commonly divided and promoted by its regional tourism groups as consisting of northern, central, and southern California regions. The two AAA Auto Clubs of the state, the California State Automobile Association and the Automobile Club of Southern California, choose to simplify matters by dividing the state along the lines where their jurisdictions for membership apply, as either Northern or Southern California, in contrast to the three-region point of view. Another influence is the geographical phrase "South of the Tehachapis", which would split the southern region off at the crest of that transverse range, but in that definition, the desert portions of north Los Angeles County and eastern Kern and San Bernardino Counties would be included in the Southern California region, due to their remoteness from the central valley, and interior desert landscape.

Population, Land Area & Population Density (07-01-2008 est.)
County
Ref. 		Population
 Land
mi² 		Land
km² 		Pop.
/mi² 		Pop.
/km²
Los Angeles County[10] 9,862,049 4,060.87 10,517.61 2,428.56 937.67
San Diego County[11] 3,095,313 4,199.89 10,877.67 714.56 275.89
Orange County[12] 3,010,759 789.40 2,044.54 3,813.98 1,472.59
Riverside County[13] 2,100,516 7,207.37 18,667.00 291.44 112.53
San Bernardino County[14] 2,015,355 20,052.50 51,935.74 100.50 38.80
Kern County[15] 800,458 8,140.96 21,084.99 98.32 37.96
Ventura County[16] 797,740 1,845.30 4,779.31 432.31 166.92
Santa Barbara County[17] 405,396 2,737.01 7,088.82 148.12 57.19
San Luis Obispo County[18] 265,297 3,304.32 8,558.15 80.29 31.00
Imperial County[19] 163,972 4,174.73 10,812.50 39.28 15.17
Southern California 22,422,614 56,512.35 146,366.31 396.77 153.19
California 36,756,666 155,959.34 403,932.84 235.68 91.00

Urban landscape

Southern California consists of a heavily developed urban environment, home to some of the largest urban areas in the state, along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped. It is the second-largest urbanized region in the United States, second only to the Washington/Philadelphia/New York/Boston Northeastern Megalopolis. Whereas these cities are dense, with major downtown populations and significant rail and transit systems, much of Southern California is famous for its large, spread-out, suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways. The dominant areas are Los Angeles, Orange County, San Diego, and Riverside-San Bernardino, each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area, composed of numerous smaller cities and communities. The urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of San Diego–Tijuana, created by the urban area spilling over into Baja California.

Traveling south on Interstate 5, the main gap to continued urbanization is Camp Pendleton. The communities along Interstate 15 and Interstate 215 are so inter-related that Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire. To the east, the United States Census Bureau considers the San Bernardino and Riverside County areas, Riverside-San Bernardino area as a separate metropolitan area from Los Angeles County. While many commute to L.A. and Orange Counties, there are some differences in development, as most of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties (the non-desert portions) were developed in the 1980s and 1990s. Newly developed exurbs formed in the Antelope Valley north of Los Angeles, the Victor Valley and the Coachella Valley with the Imperial Valley. Also population growth was high in the Bakersfield-Kern County, Santa Maria and San Luis Obispo areas.

The Downtown Los Angeles skyline seen on a sunset October day. At 1,018 feet (310 m), 73 floors, The U.S. Bank Tower stands as the West Coast's tallest since 1989.

Natural landscape

Proctor Valley in Chula Vista
Main article: Geography of Southern California

Southern California consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country. The region spans from Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges with their peaks, into the large and small interior valleys, to the vast deserts of California.

Introductory categories include:

Geography

Satellite view of cismontane Southern California

Southern California is also divided into:

  • the Coastal Region. densely populated with more affluence than inland areas. This region includes the coastal interior valleys west of the coastal mountains with all of Orange County and portions of: San Diego County, Los Angeles County, Ventura County, Santa Barbara County, and San Luis Obispo County
  • the Desert Region, larger and sparsely populated, with portions of: Los Angeles County, San Bernardino County, Riverside County, Imperial County, and San Diego County. The division between the Coastal Regions and the Inland Empire/Imperial Valley winds along the backs of the coastal mountain ranges such as the Santa Ana Mountains.
    • A related floristic province term is the Transmontane Region on the rain shadow side of the same Mountain Ranges, with the term "Southern California" including this zone geographically and when distinguishing all the 'southland' from Northern California.

Geographic features

View from La Jolla Cove in San Diego.
Peaks in the eastern San Gabriel Mountains, Angeles National Forest, San Bernardino County.
Yucca Valley after a winter storm in the Morongo Basin.
Ocean Beach Sunset in San Diego.

Geology

Earthquakes

On August 26, 2012, Southern California and Western Arizona experienced a 5.3 magnitude earthquake, and another one at 5.5. This map is the intensity of the 5.3 throughout Southern California and Arizona.

Each year, the Southern California area has about 10,000 earthquakes. Nearly all of them are so small that they are not felt. Only several hundred are greater than magnitude 3.0, and only about 15–20 are greater than magnitude 4.0.[20] The most recent earthquake occurred on August 26, 2012, which had a magnitude of 5.3.[21][22]

Regions

Divisions

Salton Sea in the Coachella Valley.
The Oceanside Pier on the San Diego County coast.
Downtown Los Angeles.

Southern California is divided culturally, politically, and economically into distinctive regions, each containing its own culture and atmosphere anchored usually by a city with both national and sometimes global recognition which are often the hub of economic activity for its respective region and being home to many tourist destinations. Each region is further divided into many culturally distinct areas, but as a whole combine to create the Southern California atmosphere.

*Part of multiple regions

Populace

Downtown San Bernardino

As of the 2010 United States Census, Southern California has a population of 22,680,010. Despite a reputation for high growth rates, Southern California's rate grew less than the state average of 10.0% in the 2000s as California's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region.

Southern California consists of one Combined Statistical Area, eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas, one international metropolitan area and multiple metropolitan divisions. The region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population. These are the Greater Los Angeles Area at 17,786,419, and San Diego–Tijuana at 5,105,768.[23][24] Of these metropolitan areas, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan area, Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan area, and Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura metropolitan area comprise Greater Los Angeles;[25] while the El Centro metropolitan area and San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos metropolitan area comprise the Southern Border Region.[26][27] North of Greater Los Angeles are the Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, and Bakersfield metropolitan areas.

Cities

See also: Largest cities in Southern California

Southern California's two global cities are also its two largest. With each being over a million in population, Los Angeles and San Diego are the largest cities in Southern California. The region also has twelve cities over the 200 thousand marker and 34 cities over one hundred thousand in population.

Many of Southern California's largest, affluent, and developed cities are also located on the coast, where housing in coastal areas such as North County average over one million dollars.[28]

Counties

Economy

Industries

Southern California's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the United States. It is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum, as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant, the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel. Southern California is famous for tourism and "Hollywood" (film, television and music). Other industries include software, automotive, ports, finance, tourism, biomedical, and regional logistics. The region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001-2007, and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash.

Since the 1920s, motion pictures, petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries. In one of the richest agricultural regions in the U.S., cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands was turned into suburbs. Although military spending cutbacks have had an impact, aerospace continues to be a major factor.[29]

Major central business districts

Irvine Taco Bell Headquarters

Southern California is home to many major business districts. Central business districts (CBD) include Downtown Los Angeles, Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Bernardino, South Coast Metro and Downtown Riverside.

Within the Los Angeles Area are the major business districts of Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale and Downtown Long Beach. Los Angeles itself has many business districts including the Downtown Los Angeles central business district as well as those lining the Wilshire Boulevard Miracle Mile including Century City, Westwood and Warner Center in the San Fernando Valley.

Orange County is a rapidly developing business center that includes Downtown Santa Ana, the South Coast Metro and Newport Center districts; as well as the Irvine business centers of The Irvine Spectrum, West Irvine, and international corporations headquartered at the University of California, Irvine. West Irvine includes the Irvine Tech Center and Jamboree Business Parks.

Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights, Mission Valley, Rancho Bernardo, Sorrento Mesa, and University City. Most of these districts are located in Northern San Diego and some within North County regions.

The Riverside-San Bernardino area maintains the business districts of Downtown Riverside and Downtown San Bernardino.

Theme parks and waterparks

Disneyland in Anaheim.

Los Angeles

Orange County

Riverside & San Bernardino

San Diego

Vinyard-Winery AVA districts

California wine AVA-American Viticultural Areas in Southern California:

Transportation

File:Lax sign.jpg
One of the large LAX signs that greet visitors to LAX. This sign is at the Century Boulevard entrance to Los Angeles International Airport
See: Category: Transportation in Southern California

Airports

The following airports currently have regularly scheduled commercial service:

Freeways and highways

Main pages: Southern California freeways and Category:Southern California freeways
California State Routes
Sign Freeways and State Route
Pacific Coast Highway (PCH)
Lincoln Boulevard
Sepulveda Boulevard
Oxnard Boulevard
Coast Highway
Camino las Ramblas 		State Route 1
Angeles Crest Highway
Glendale Freeway
Santa Monica Boulevard
Alvarado Street
Glendale Boulevard 		State Route 2
Antelope Valley Freeway State Route 14
Waterman Avenue State Route 18
Rosemead Boulevard
Lakewood Boulevard 		State Route 19
Seventh Street
Garden Grove Freeway 		State Route 22
Decker Road
Decker Canyon Road
Mulholland Highway
Westlake Boulevard 		State Route 23
Topanga Canyon Boulevard State Route 27
Ojai Freeway State Route 33
State Route 38
San Gabriel Canyon Road
Azusa Avenue
Whittier Boulevard
Beach Boulevard 		State Route 39
Manchester Ave
Manchester Boulevard
Firestone Boulevard 		State Route 42
Terminal Island Freeway
Seaside Avenue
Vincent Thomas Bridge 		State Route 47
Soledad Freeway State Route 52
South Bay Freeway
Filipino-American Highway 		State Route 54
Costa Mesa Freeway
Newport Boulevard 		State Route 55
Ted Williams Freeway State Route 56
Orange Freeway State Route 57
Pomona Freeway
Moreno Valley Freeway 		State Route 60
Foothill Boulevard
E Street 		State Route 66
Julian Road
San Vicente Freeway 		State Route 67
Corona Expressway
Chino Valley Freeway 		State Route 71
Whittier Boulevard State Route 72
San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor (toll road) State Route 73
Ortega Highway
Pines to Palms Highway[30] 		State Route 74
San Diego-Coronado Bridge
Silver Strand Boulevard 		State Route 75
Mission Avenue
Pala Road
Cuyamaca Highway 		State Route 76
Vista Freeway
San Pasqual Valley Road 		State Route 78
Winchester Road
Temecula Parkway
Firefighter Steven Rucker Memorial Highway 		State Route 79
Euclid Avenue State Route 83
Indio Boulevard State Route 86
Marina Freeway
Imperial Highway
Richard Nixon Freeway 		State Route 90
Artesia Boulevard
Gardena Freeway
Artesia Freeway
Riverside Freeway 		State Route 91
Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway
Campo Road 		State Route 94
Hawthorne Boulevard State Route 107
Pasadena Freeway State Route 110
Grapefruit Boulevard State Route 111
Ronald Reagan Freeway State Route 118
La Mesa Freeway State Route 125
Santa Paula Freeway State Route 126
Eastern Transportation Corridor (toll road)
Laguna Canyon Road 		State Route 133
Ventura Freeway State Route 134
State Route 138
Carbon Canyon Road
Chino Hills Parkway 		State Route 142
Cabrillo Freeway State Route 163
Hollywood Freeway
Highland Avenue 		State Route 170
Pierce Street State Route 195
Catalina Boulevard
Canon Street
Rosecrans Street 		State Route 209
Foothill Freeway State Route 210
Western Avenue State Route 213
Foothill
Eastern Transportation Corridor (toll road) 		State Route 241
State Route 259 Freeway State Route 259
Balboa Avenue State Route 274
3rd/4th Street State Route 282
Cahuilla Road State Route 371
Otay Mesa Freeway
Otay Mesa Road 		State Route 905
Note: highway segments with names listed in italics are surface streets and not freeways.
Interstate Highways
Sign Freeways and Interstate
Golden State Freeway
Santa Ana Freeway
San Diego Freeway
Montgomery Freeway 		Interstate 5
Ocean Beach Freeway
Mission Valley Freeway 		Interstate 8
Santa Monica (Rosa Parks) Freeway
Golden State Freeway
San Bernardino Freeway
Indio (Dr. June McCarroll) Freeway
Blythe Freeway 		Interstate 10
Mojave Freeway
Barstow Freeway
Ontario Freeway
Corona Freeway
Temecula Valley Freeway
Escondido Freeway 		Interstate 15
Century (Glenn Anderson) Freeway Interstate 105
Harbor Freeway Interstate 110
Foothill Freeway Interstate 210
Barstow Freeway
San Bernardino Freeway
Moreno Valley Freeway
Escondido Freeway 		Interstate 215
San Diego Freeway Interstate 405
San Gabriel River Freeway Interstate 605
Long Beach Freeway Interstate 710
Jacob Dekema Freeway Interstate 805
Future Interstate 905 Interstate 905

Public transportation

See: Category: Public transportation in Southern California

Communication

Map of some major area codes in Greater Los Angeles

Telephone area codes

Colleges and universities

Main article: List of colleges and universities in Southern California

Parks and recreation areas

Main Category: Parks in Southern California
  • Numerous parks provide recreation and open-space, some locations include:

Sports teams

See also: Freeway Series, Honda SuperClasico, Sports in California § Northern California–Southern California rivalry, History of the National Football League in Los Angeles, and UCLA–USC rivalry
Team Sport League Venue
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Baseball American League (Major League Baseball) Angel Stadium of Anaheim
Los Angeles Dodgers National League (Major League Baseball) Dodger Stadium
San Diego Padres PETCO Park
Los Angeles Clippers Basketball National Basketball Association Staples Center
Los Angeles Lakers
San Diego Chargers Football National Football League Qualcomm Stadium
Anaheim Ducks Ice hockey National Hockey League Honda Center
Los Angeles Kings Staples Center
Chivas USA Soccer Major League Soccer The Home Depot Center
Los Angeles Galaxy

See also

References

  1. ^ The three metropolitan areas are:
    1. Los Angeles–Long Beach–Santa Ana (the second largest in the US),
    2. Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario (the Inland Empire) and
    3. San Diego–Carlsbad–San Marcos – see: United States metropolitan areas
  2. ^ http://www.csac.counties.org/images/users/1/2008population.pdf
  3. ^ Sector 9 Incorporated – San Diego, California
  4. ^ Surfline – Huntington Beach, California
  5. ^ Yoon, Peter (August 7, 2006). "X Games Take a Turn for the Better". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  6. ^ Higgins, Matt (September 13, 2006). "Construction Stirs Debate on Effects on 'Perfect Wave'". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
  7. ^ Michael DiLeo, Eleanor Smith, Two Californias: The Truth about the Split-state Movement, Island Press, Covelo, California, 1983. pg. 9–30.
  8. ^ J. M. Guinn, HOW CALIFORNIA ESCAPED STATE DIVISION, The Quarterly, Volumes 5–6 By Historical Society of Southern California, Los Angeles County Pioneers of Southern California
  9. ^ Leilah Bernstein, "Then and Now", Los Angeles Times, December 31, 1999, page 1 A library card is needed to access this link.
  10. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (July 1, 2008), Los Angeles County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts., retrieved November 19, 2009
  11. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (July 1, 2008), San Diego County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts., retrieved November 19, 2009
  12. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (July 1, 2008), Orange County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts., retrieved November 19, 2009
  13. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (July 1, 2008), Riverside County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts., retrieved November 19, 2009
  14. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (July 1, 2008), San Bernardino County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts., retrieved November 19, 2009
  15. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (July 1, 2008), Kern County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts., retrieved November 19, 2009
  16. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (July 1, 2008), Ventura County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts., retrieved November 19, 2009
  17. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (July 1, 2008), Santa Barbara County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts., retrieved November 19, 2009
  18. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (July 1, 2008), San Luis Obispo County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts., retrieved November 19, 2009
  19. ^ U.S. Census Bureau (July 1, 2008), Imperial County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau: State and County QuickFacts., retrieved November 19, 2009
  20. ^ "USGS facts". data from Southern California Earthquake Center. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
  21. ^ "M5.3 – Southern California". USGS. August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  22. ^ "Series of earthquakes rattle Southern California". San Diego: Associated Press. August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  23. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Population of Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009" (CSV). 2009 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 23, 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  24. ^ "World Gazatteer; San Diego-Tijuana". World Gazetteer. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
  25. ^ U.S. Census Bureau – Combined statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008
  26. ^ "California Coast, Los Angeles to San Diego Bay".
  27. ^ Transboundary policy challenges in the Pacific border regions of North America. University of Calgary Press. p. 8. ISBN 1-55238-223-0. Retrieved February 19, 2011. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editorn-first= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |editorn-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |editorn-link= ignored (help)
  28. ^ "San Diego Real Estate Market Reports". Highland Realty. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  29. ^ Peter J. Westwick, ed. Blue Sky Metropolis: The Aerospace Century in Southern California (Huntington Library/University of California Press
  30. ^ Lech, Steve (2012). For Tourism and a Good Night's Sleep: J. Win Wilson, Wilson Howell, and the Beginnings of the Pines-to-Palms Highway. Riverside, CA: Steve Lech. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-9837500-1-7.
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External links

34°00′N 117°00′W / 34.000°N 117.000°W / 34.000; -117.000

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