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Peter Thiel

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Peter Thiel
Peter Thiel at the 2008 TechCrunch50 conference.
Born
Peter Andreas Thiel

(1967-10-11) October 11, 1967 (age 56)[1]
Frankfurt am Main, West Germany
Alma materStanford University (B.A.)
Stanford Law School (J.D.)
Occupations

Peter Andreas Thiel (German: [ˈpeːtɐ̯ anˈdʀeas tiːl]; born October 11, 1967)[1] is a German-born American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and hedge fund manager. Thiel co-founded PayPal with Max Levchin and served as its CEO. He currently serves as president of Clarium Capital, a global macro hedge fund with under $700 million in assets under management; a managing partner in The Founders Fund, a $275 million venture capital fund that he launched with Ken Howery and Luke Nosek in 2005; and co-founder and investment committee chair of Mithril Capital Management.[4][5] He was the first outside investor in Facebook, the popular social-networking site, with a 10.2% stake acquired in 2004 for $500,000, and sits on the company's board of directors. Thiel was ranked #293 on the Forbes 400 in 2011, with a net worth of $1.5 billion as of March 2012.[2] Thiel lives in San Francisco, California.[6]

Early life

Childhood

Born to German parents in Frankfurt am Main, West Germany, Thiel moved to the United States with his parents when he was a toddler, and was raised in Foster City, California.[7] Thiel was a US-rated Chess Master and one of the highest ranked under-21 players in the country.

College and law school

Thiel studied 20th-century philosophy as an undergraduate at Stanford University. He received his B.A. in Philosophy from Stanford in 1989 and acquired a J.D. from Stanford Law School in 1992.[8]

An avowed libertarian, he founded The Stanford Review in 1987 along with Norman Book. The Stanford Review became famous for challenging campus mores including political correctness and laws against hate speech. The Stanford Review is now the university's main conservative/libertarian newspaper.

Thiel formed friendships with other students at Stanford, many of whom contributed to the Stanford Review. These include Keith Rabois, David O. Sacks, and Reid Hoffman. Some of these friends later took up jobs at PayPal (co-founded by Thiel) and became part of the PayPal Mafia.

While studying at Stanford, Thiel also encountered René Girard, whose mimetic theory influenced him.

Career

Early career

Thiel clerked for Judge J.L. Edmondson of the United States Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit.[citation needed] From 1993 to 1996, he traded derivatives for Credit Suisse Group.[9] He founded Thiel Capital Management, a multistrategy fund, in 1996.

PayPal

In 1998 Thiel co-founded PayPal, an online payments system, with Max Levchin. The company later merged with X.com, then headed by Elon Musk. PayPal went public on February 15, 2002, and was sold to eBay for $1.5 billion later that year.[10] Thiel's 3.7 percent stake in PayPal was worth approximately $55 million at the time of the acquisition.[11]

According to Eric Jackson's account of PayPal in his book The PayPal Wars, Thiel viewed PayPal's mission as liberating people throughout the world from the erosion of the value of their currencies due to inflation. Jackson recalls an inspirational speech by Thiel in 1999:

"We're definitely onto something big. The need PayPal answers is monumental. Everyone in the world needs money - to get paid, to trade, to live. Paper money is an ancient technology and an inconvenient means of payment. You can run out of it. It wears out. It can get lost or stolen. In the twenty-first century, people need a form of money that's more convenient and secure, something that can be accessed from anywhere with a PDA or an Internet connection. Of course, what we're calling 'convenient' for American users will be revolutionary for the developing world. Many of these countries' governments play fast and loose with their currencies," the former derivatives trader [referring to Thiel] noted, before continuing, "They use inflation and sometimes wholesale currency devaluations, like we saw in Russia and several Southeast Asian countries last year [referring to the 1998 Russian financial crisis and 1997 Asian financial crisis], to take wealth away from their citizens. Most of the ordinary people there never have an opportunity to open an offshore account or to get their hands on more than a few bills of a stable currency like U.S. dollars. Eventually PayPal will be able to change this. In the future, when we make our service available outside the U.S. and as Internet penetration continues to expand to all economic tiers of people, PayPal will give citizens worldwide more direct control over their currencies than they ever had before. It will be nearly impossible for corrupt governments to steal wealth from their people through their old means because if they try the people will switch to dollars or Pounds or Yen, in effect dumping the worthless local currency for something more secure."[12]

Clarium Capital

Immediately after selling PayPal, Thiel launched a global macro hedge fund, Clarium Capital, pursuing a global macro strategy. In 2005 Clarium was honored as global macro fund of the year by both MarHedge and Absolute Return, two trade magazines. Thiel’s approach to investing became the subject of a chapter in Steve Drobny’s book, Inside the House of Money. Thiel successfully bet that the U.S. dollar would weaken in 2003, and gained significant returns betting that the dollar and energy would rally in 2005. After significant losses starting in 2009, Clarium dropped from $7 billion dollars in assets in 2008 to around $350 million in 2011.[13]

In 2004, well before the financial crisis of 2007–2010 bore him out in general terms, Thiel spoke of the dot-com bubble of 2000 having migrated, in effect, into a growing bubble in the financial sector. He specified General Electric, with its large financing arm, and WalMart as vulnerable. At the same time, he was "always talking about a real estate bubble". To illustrate, in 2004, he reported having backed away from buying Martha Stewart's Manhattan duplex for $7 million in the winter of 2003-2004.[9] While the apartment did sell in 2004 for $6.65 million to another buyer, it was on the market but unsold in early 2010 at $15.9 million,[14] and later at the reduced price of $13.9 million.[15]

Facebook

In August 2004, Thiel made a $500,000 angel investment in the social network Facebook for 10.2% of the company and joined Facebook's board. This was the first outside investment in Facebook,[3][16] and Thiel went on to be portrayed in The Social Network (2010) by actor Wallace Langham.

In his book The Facebook Effect, David Kirkpatrick outlines the story of how Thiel came to make his investment: former Napster and Plaxo employee Sean Parker, who at the time had assumed the title of "President" of Facebook, was seeking investors for Facebook. Parker approached Reid Hoffman, the CEO of work-based social network LinkedIn. Hoffman liked Facebook but declined to be the lead investor because of the potential for conflict of interest with his duties as LinkedIn CEO. He redirected Parker to Thiel, whom he knew from their PayPal days (both Hoffman and Thiel are considered members of the PayPal Mafia). Thiel met Parker and Mark Zuckerberg, the Harvard college student who had founded Facebook and controlled it. Thiel and Zuckerberg got along well and Thiel agreed to lead Facebook's seed round with $500,000 for 10.2% of the company. Hoffman and Mark Pincus also participated in the round. The investment was originally in the form of a convertible note, to be converted to equity if Facebook reached 1.5 million users by the end of 2004. Although Facebook narrowly missed the target, Thiel allowed the loan to be converted to equity anyway.[17] Thiel said of his investment:

"I was comfortable with them pursuing their original vision. And it was a very reasonable valuation. I thought it was going to be a pretty safe investment."[17]

As a board member, Thiel was not actively involved in Facebook's day-to-day decision making. According to Sarah Lacy, Thiel's main advice to Zuckerberg in their initial years was "Just don’t fuck it up."[18] However, he did provide help with timing the various rounds of funding. Zuckerberg credited Thiel with helping him time Facebook's 2007 Series D to close before the 2007-2010 financial crisis.[19]

In September 2010, Thiel, while expressing skepticism about the potential for growth in the consumer Internet sector, argued that relative to other Internet companies, Facebook (which then had a secondary market valuation of $30 billion) was comparatively undervalued.[20] Facebook's IPO was in May 2012, with a market cap of nearly $100 billion ($38 a share), at which time Thiel sold 16.8 million shares for $638 million.[21] In August 2012, immediately upon the conclusion of the early investor lock out period, Thiel sold almost all of his remaining stake for between $19.27 and $20.69 per share, or $395.8 million, for a total of more than $1 billion.[21][22] He still retained 5 million shares and a seat on the board of directors.[23]

Angel investor and venture capitalist

In 2005 Thiel created the Founders Fund, a fund for angel investments and venture capital investments. Other partners in the fund include Sean Parker, Ken Howery, and Luke Nosek.

In addition to Facebook, Thiel has made early-stage investments in numerous startups (personally or through his venture capital fund), including Booktrack, Slide, LinkedIn, Friendster, Rapleaf, Geni.com, Yammer, Yelp, Inc., Powerset, Practice Fusion, Vator, Palantir Technologies, IronPort, Votizen, Asana, Big Think, and Quora. Slide, LinkedIn, Yelp, Geni.com, and Yammer were founded by Thiel's former colleagues at PayPal: Slide by Levchin, Linkedin by Reid Hoffman, Yelp by Jeremy Stoppelman, Geni.com, Yammer by David Sacks and Xero by Rod Drury. Fortune magazine reports that PayPal alumni have founded or invested in dozens of startups with an aggregate value of around $30 billion. In Silicon Valley circles, Thiel is colloquially referred to as the "Don of the PayPal Mafia", as noted in the Fortune magazine article.[24] Thiel's views on management are highly regarded, especially his famous observation that start-up success is highly correlated with low CEO pay.

Thiel founded Palantir Technologies funded by the CIA's venture capital arm In-Q-Tel.[25]

Mithril: a late-stage investment fund

In June 2012, Peter Thiel launched Mithril, a late-stage investment fund with $402 million at the time of launch, intended for companies that were at the cusp between being private and going public.[4][5] Other partners in the fund include Jim O'Neill, co-founder of the Thiel Fellowship, and Ajay Royan, a former managing director at Clarium Capital, a hedge fund started by Thiel.

Philanthropy

Thiel carries out most of his philanthropic activities through a nonprofit foundation created by him called the Thiel Foundation.[26]

Theory of philanthropy

Thiel concentrates the bulk of his philanthropic efforts on what he sees as potential breakthrough technologies. In November 2010, Thiel organized a Breakthrough Philanthropy conference that showcased eight nonprofits that he believed were working on radical new ideas in technology, government, and human affairs.[27] A similar conference was organized in December 2011 with the name "Fast Forward".[28]

Singularity Institute

Thiel believes in the importance and desirability of a technological singularity.[29] In February 2006, Thiel provided $100,000 of matching funds to back the Singularity Challenge donation drive of the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence. Additionally, he joined the Institute's advisory board and participated in the May 2006 Singularity Summit at Stanford as well as at the 2011 Summit held in New York City.

In May 2007, Thiel provided half of the $400,000 matching funds for the annual Singularity Challenge donation drive.

The Singularity Institute was a participant in the Breakthrough Philanthropy conference (November 2010) and the Fast Forward conference (December 2011).

Anti-aging research

In September 2006, Thiel announced that he would donate $3.5 million to foster anti-aging research through the Methuselah Mouse Prize foundation.[30] He gave the following reasons for his pledge: "Rapid advances in biological science foretell of a treasure trove of discoveries this century, including dramatically improved health and longevity for all. I’m backing Dr. [Aubrey] de Grey, because I believe that his revolutionary approach to aging research will accelerate this process, allowing many people alive today to enjoy radically longer and healthier lives for themselves and their loved ones."

The Thiel Foundation supports the research of the SENS Foundation, currently headed by Dr. de Grey, that is working to achieve the reversal of biological aging. The Thiel Foundation also supports the work of anti-aging researcher Cynthia Kenyon.

The SENS Foundation was a participant in the Breakthrough Philanthropy conference (November 2010) and the Fast Forward conference (December 2011).

Seasteading

On April 15, 2008, Thiel pledged $500,000 to the new Seasteading Institute, directed by Patri Friedman, whose mission is "to establish permanent, autonomous ocean communities to enable experimentation and innovation with diverse social, political, and legal systems".[31] This was followed in February 2010 by a subsequent grant of $250,000, and an additional $100,000 in matching funds.[32]

In a talk at the Seasteading Institute conference in November 2009, Thiel explained why he believed that seasteading was necessary for the future of humanity.[33]

In 2011 Thiel was reported as having given a total of $1.25 million to the Seasteading Institute.[34]

The Seasteading Institute was a participant in the Breakthrough Philanthropy conference (November 2010) and the Fast Forward conference (December 2011).

Thiel Fellowship

On September 29, 2010, Thiel said he had created a new fellowship called the Thiel Fellowship, which will award $100,000 each to 20 people under 20 years old,[35] in order to spur them to quit college and create their own ventures.[36]

Breakout Labs

In October 2011, the Thiel Foundation announced the creation of Breakout Labs, a grant-making program intended to fund early-stage scientific research that may be too radical or innovative for traditional scientific funding bodies but also too long-term and speculative for venture investors.[37] In April 2012, Breakout Labs announced its first set of grantees.[38]

Other causes

The Thiel Foundation is a supporter of the Committee to Protect Journalists, which promotes the right of journalists to report the news freely without fear of reprisal.[39]

The Thiel Foundation is also a supporter of the Human Rights Foundation which organizes the Oslo Freedom Forum.[40]

Political activities

Bilderberg Group

Thiel is listed as a member of the Steering Committee of The Bilderberg Group, a controversial group of influential business and government leaders who meet annually behind closed doors under a media blackout to discuss world issues.[41]

Support for political activism

Thiel, who is openly gay, has supported gay-rights causes such as the American Foundation for Equal Rights and GOProud.[42]

In 2009, it was reported that Thiel helped fund college student James O'Keefe's "Taxpayers Clearing House" video - a satirical look at the politics behind the Wall Street bailout.[43] O'Keefe went on to produce the ACORN undercover sting videos.[44]

Thiel was the largest contributor to the conservative Club for Growth a political action committee in July 2012, donating 1 million dollars in a single donation.[45]

Support for political candidates

In December 2007, Thiel endorsed Ron Paul for President.[46]

In 2010, Thiel supported Meg Whitman, who as CEO of eBay had purchased PayPal from Thiel and his co-founders and investors, in her unsuccessful bid for the governorship of California. He contributed the maximum allowable $25,900 to the Whitman campaign.[47]

In 2012, Thiel, along with PayPal co-founder Luke Nosek and Scott Banister, an early adviser and board member, put their support behind the Endorse Liberty Super PAC, alongside Internet advertising veteran Stephen Oskoui and entrepreneur Jeffrey Harmon, who founded Endorse Liberty in November 2011. Collectively Thiel et al. gave $3.9 million to Endorse Liberty, whose purpose was to promote Texas congressman Ron Paul for president in 2012. As of January 31, 2012, Endorse Liberty reported spending about $3.3 million promoting Paul by setting up two YouTube channels, buying ads from Google and Facebook and StumbleUpon, and building a presence on the Web.[48]

Other pursuits

Media appearances and commentary

Thiel is an occasional commentator on CNBC, having appeared numerous times on both Closing Bell with Maria Bartiromo, and Squawk Box with Becky Quick.[49] He has been interviewed twice by Charlie Rose on PBS.[50]

Thiel has contributed articles to The Wall Street Journal, First Things, Forbes, and Policy Review, the journal published by the Hoover Institution, on whose board he sits.

Awards and honors

In 2006, Thiel won the Herman Lay Award for Entrepreneurship.[51] In 2007, he was honored as a Young Global leader by the World Economic Forum as one of the 250 most distinguished leaders age 40 and under.[52] On November 7, 2009, Thiel was awarded an honorary degree from Universidad Francisco Marroquin[53] In 2012, Students For Liberty, an organization dedicated to spreading libertarian ideals on college campuses, awarded Thiel its "Alumnus of the Year" award, and Thiel delivered the keynote address at the 2012 International Students For Liberty Conference.[54]

The Diversity Myth

Thiel is the co-author, with David O. Sacks, of the 1995 book The Diversity Myth: 'Multiculturalism' and the Politics of Intolerance at Stanford. The book was critical of what it perceived as political correctness and a dilution of academic rigor. It "drew a sharp rebuttal from then-Stanford Provost (and later President George W. Bush's National Security Advisor) Condoleezza Rice."[3] According to his 2011 New Yorker profile, Thiel has backtracked somewhat from his assertions in the book:

“All of the identity-related things are in my mind much more nuanced,” he said. “I think there is a gay experience, I think there is a black experience, I think there is a woman’s experience that is meaningfully different. I also think there was a tendency to exaggerate it and turn it into an ideological category.” But his reaction against political correctness, he said, was just as narrowly ideological.[13]

Thank You For Smoking

Thiel was the co-producer of “Thank You for Smoking”, a 2005 feature film based on Christopher Buckley's 1994 novel of the same name.[citation needed]

Teaching

Thiel occasionally teaches classes at Stanford University, his alma mater. For instance, in the Spring of 2012, he taught a class on startups using a social network made by Lore, one of his portfolio companies.[55][56]

References

  1. ^ a b Peter Thiel, NNDB.
  2. ^ a b "Peter Thiel - Forbes". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
  3. ^ a b c "Shareholder trading values Facebook at more than $33bn" The Guardian--August 25, 2010: This reference does not confirm Thiel's percentage stake, implied to be 5.2% i.e. 33 divided by 1.7. The 5.2% is also independently asserted in the Facebook section of this Wikipedia article, but without citation. The imputed valuation of Facebook has, also, moved up to $50bn in an early-2011 transaction with Goldman Sachs (Craig, Susanne and Andrew Ross Sorkin, "Goldman Offering Clients a Chance to Invest in Facebook", The New York Times Dealbook, January 2, 2011, 11:31 pm ET.) A 5.2% share of $50 billion would be worth $2.58 billion. For its part, by March 2010, Forbes had actually reduced its estimate of Thiel's net worth to $1.2 billion (#828 on list of world's billionaires), though the higher Facebook valuation makes this even more undervalued. Footnote expanded 2011-01-11.
  4. ^ a b Hsu, Tiffany (2012-06-20). "Facebook investor Peter Thiel opens Mithril venture capital fund". Los Angeles Times.
  5. ^ a b Cutler, Kim-Mai (2012-06-19). "Peter Thiel Launches Mithril: A New $402 Million Late-Stage Fund". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  6. ^ "Peter Thiel Says 'Don't Piss Off the Robots'". Silicon Alley Insider. November 18, 2009.
  7. ^ Jenkins, Jr., Holman W. (October, 9, 2010). "Technology=Salvation". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 20, 2012. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ "PayPal: executive officers, directors and key employees". October 31, 2001.
  9. ^ a b Hibbard, Justin, "Big Bucks From Bubble Fears", Business Week, November 8, 2004. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  10. ^ "eBay picks up PayPal for $1.5 billion by Margaret Kane|CNET News.com". Archived from the original on 2008-07-14. Retrieved 2008-01-24. On Monday, eBay said it is acquiring online payments company PayPal in a deal valued at $1.5 billion. [...]
  11. ^ "SEC Info - Ebay Inc - S-4 - on 8/6/02". Archived from the original on 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  12. ^ Eric M. Jackson. The PayPal Wars: Battles With Ebay, the Media, the Mafia, And the Rest of Planet Earth (Kindle Locations 321-327). Kindle Edition.
  13. ^ a b Packer, George. "No Death, No Taxes: The libertarian futurism of a Silicon Valley billionaire". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  14. ^ "Change of Plans: Martha Stewart's Perry Street Place Now Flying Solo for $15.9M", Manhattan Real Estate. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  15. ^ Goldman, Leah, "House Of The Day: Buy Martha Stewart's Manhattan Penthouse At A $2 Million Markdown", Business Insider, Nov. 23, 2010, 5:23 pm ET. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  16. ^ Caulfield, Brian; Perlroth, Nicole (14 February 2011). "Life After Facebook". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  17. ^ a b Kirkpatrick, David (2010-06-08). The Facebook Effect (p. 87-88). Simon & Schuster.
  18. ^ Lacy, Sarah (2008-05-15). Once You're Lucky, Twice You're Good: The Rebirth of Silicon Valley and the Rise of Web 2.0. Page 154. Gotham Books.
  19. ^ Kirkpatrick, David (2010-06-08). The Facebook Effect (p. 246). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
  20. ^ "Peter Thiel: Why Facebook Is Like Ford Motors In The 1920s".
  21. ^ a b http://betabeat.com/2012/08/peter-thiel-sells-almost-all-facebook-stock-tea-party-donation-08202012/
  22. ^ Alexei Oreskovic (August 19, 2012). "Facebook director Thiel sold 20 million shares after lock-up". Retrieved August 19, 2012. {{cite web}}: Text "publisher-Reuters" ignored (help)
  23. ^ Julia Boorstin (August 20, 2012). "Investor Peter Thiel Sells Facebook Shares". CNBC. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  24. ^ O'Brien, Jeffrey M. (2007-11-14). "The PayPal mafia - November 14, 2007". CNN. Archived from the original on 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  25. ^ "Palantir, the War on Terror's Secret Weapon".
  26. ^ "Thiel Foundation website".
  27. ^ Breakthrough Philanthropy video playlist
  28. ^ Thiel Foundation website page on Fast Forward
  29. ^ "Peter Thiel at the Singularity Summit".
  30. ^ "The Mprize-PayPal Founder pledges $3.5 Million to antiaging research". Archived from the original on 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  31. ^ "Introducing The Seasteading Institute". Archived from the original on 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
  32. ^ "PayPal Founder Peter Thiel Offers $100,000 in Matching Donations to The Seasteading Institute, Makes Grant of $250,000". Prweb.com. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  33. ^ "Peter Thiel talk at the Seasteading Institute Conference, 2009".
  34. ^ Liz Goodwin (August 16, 2011). "Silicon Valley billionaire funding creation of artificial libertarian islands". The Lookout Blog.
  35. ^ "The Thiel Fellowship". 20 Under 20. 2010-09-29. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  36. ^ "Peter Thiel Launches Fellowship Program". Retrieved 2010-09-30.
  37. ^ Breakout Labs about page
  38. ^ "Breakout Labs press release on first batch of grantees". 2012-04-17. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
  39. ^ Supporters of Press Freedom. "Supporters of Press Freedom - About CPJ - Committee to Protect Journalists". Cpj.org. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  40. ^ "Freedom Project page on Thiel Foundation website". Retrieved 2012-06-08.
  41. ^ "Steering Committee". Bilderberg Meetings. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  42. ^ Weisberg, Jacob. "Hyper-libertarian Facebook billionaire Peter Thiel's appalling plan to pay students to quit college." Slate, Oct. 16, 2010.
  43. ^ Steven Thrasher (September 22, 2009). "The Money Trail - Conservative Facebook Investor Funded Anti-ACORN Videographer". Village Voice.
  44. ^ Nick Saint (September 22, 2009). "Facebook Investor Peter Thiel Funded ACORN Sting". Business Insider.
  45. ^ Gregory Giroux (Aug. 20, 2012). "Thiel's $1 Million Tops Donors to Club for Growth Super-PAC". Bloomberg. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)>
  46. ^ "Endorsements » Blog Archive » Peter Thiel". Retrieved 2008-01-24.[dead link]
  47. ^ Fost, Dan, "Old (Pay)Pals: Peter Thiel backs Meg Whitman", Forbes blog, Sep. 17, 2010 7:08 pm ET. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  48. ^ Selyukh, Alina (2012-01-31). "PayPal co-founders fund pro-Paul Super PAC". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
  49. ^ "News Headlines". Cnbc.com. 2009-02-26. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  50. ^ "Peter Thiel". Charlie Rose. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  51. ^ "The Association of Private Enterprise Education". Archived from the original on 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  52. ^ "List of Active Young Global Leaders" (PDF). The Forum of Active Young Global Leaders. World Economic Forum. January 26, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  53. ^ Honorary Doctoral Degrees at Universidad Francisco Marroquín
  54. ^ "Peter Thiel at #ISFLC12: "You are the Entrepreneur of Your Life"". 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
  55. ^ Mac, Ryan (2012-06-07). "Ten Lessons from Peter Thiel's Class On Startups". Forbes.
  56. ^ Erin Griffith. Coursekit is Now Lore: Rebrand Reflects Expansion Beyond College Courses, With New Investment from Peter Thiel Pandodaily. April 23, 2012.

Further reading

Epub version of the notes from the lectures of Peter Thiel in Stanford University, CS183: Startup:

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