Eurostar

This article is about the passenger service linking Britain, France and Belgium. For other uses, see Eurostar (disambiguation).

Overview
Franchise(s)	Not subject to franchising International joint operation Service began 1994
Main stations(s)	London St Pancras, Paris Gare du Nord, Brussels Midi/Zuid,
Other stations(s)	Ebbsfleet Int., Stratford Int., Ashford Int., Calais-Fréthun, Lille-Europe, Marne-la-Vallée, Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Aime-la-Plagne, Moûtiers, Avignon Centre
Fleet size	27 Class 373 sets
Stations called at	13
Parent company	SNCF, Eurostar (UK) Ltd, NMBS/SNCB
Reporting mark	ES
Other
Website	www.eurostar.com

Eurostar is a high-speed railway passenger train service in Western Europe connecting London with Paris and Brussels. All Eurostar services cross under the English Channel via the Channel Tunnel, which is owned and operated seperately by Eurotunnel.

In the United Kingdom, calling points are St Pancras railway station, then Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International within Kent. In France they are Gare de Calais-Fréthun, Gare de Lille-Europe and finally Paris Gare du Nord. Trains to Belgium terminate at Brussels-South railway station. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Resort Paris at Gare de Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy, and seasonal destinations in France.

The service is operated by eighteen-carriage Class 373 trains which run at up to 300 kilometres per hour (186 miles per hour) on a network of high-speed lines. The LGV Nord line in France opened before Eurostar services began in 1994 and newer lines enabling faster journeys were added later—HSL 1 in Belgium and High Speed 1 in southern England. The French and Belgian parts of the network are shared with Paris–Brussels Thalys services and other TGV trains. In the United Kingdom the two-stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007, when the London terminus of Eurostar transferred from Waterloo International to St Pancras.

Eurostar is operated by the national railway companies of France and Belguim, SNCF and SNCB, and by Eurostar (UK) Ltd (EUKL), a subsidiary of London and Continental Railways (LCR) which in turn also owns the high-speed infrastructure and stations on the British side. Eurostar has become the dominant operator in cross-channel intercity passenger travel on the routes that it operates, carrying more passengers than the airlines combined. Other operators have stated an interest in purchasing EUKL, or starting competing services following deregulation in 2010.

History

Main articles: Channel Tunnel, Eurotunnel, and TransManche Link

A typical Channel Tunnel cross section, a service tunnel lies in between the twin rail tunnels.

File:Eurostar at Vauxhall.jpg

A Eurostar train at Vauxhall, approaching London Waterloo International

A pair of Eurostars at Waterloo International

Eurostar relocated from Waterloo International station to St Pancras International station in 2007

A Eurostar, Thalys, and TGV train side by side at Paris Gare du Nord

Ashford International, in its current appearance

The history of Eurostar can be traced to the 1986 choice of a rail tunnel to provide a cross-Channel link between Britain and France. A previous attempt at constructing a tunnel between the two nations began in 1974, but the project was cancelled by the British government over disagreements with the construction company and spiralling costs during a poor economic period. Ideas for such a tunnel underneath the English Channel had been first mooted as early as 1802; with the first serious attempt in 1881, which was abandoned due to a hostile press seeing the tunnel as compromising Britain's natural defences. Eurotunnel was created to manage and own the tunnel, and TransManche Link created as the joint construction consortium to build the project. Construction of the physical tunnel began in 1988, and was finished five years later, in 1993, with the official opening taking place in May 1994.

In addition to the tunnel's shuttle trains carrying cars and lorries between Folkestone and Calais, the decision to construct a railway tunnel provided for through passenger and freight train services to places further afield. British Rail and SNCF contracted with Eurotunnel to use half the tunnel's capacity. In 1987 Britain, France and Belgium set up an International Project Group to specify a train providing an international, high-speed service through the tunnel. Having been operating high-speed TGV services since 1981, and with construction of a new high-speed line between Paris and the Channel Tunnel, LGV Nord, under way, TGV technology was chosen as the base for the trains. An order for 30 trainsets was placed in December 1989. Testing the trains revealed problems on the 750V third-rail system in Britain. The trains were designed to shut down if causing electrical interference with signalling, and this happened frequently, but the problem was solved before services commenced. On 20 June 1993, the first Eurostar test train travelled through the Tunnel to the UK;

Launch of Service

On 14 November 1994 Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London, Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels-South railway station in Brussels. In 1995 Eurostar was achieving an average speed of 171.5 km/h (106.6 mph) between London and Paris. On 8 January 1996 Eurostar launched services from a second railway station in the UK when Ashford International was opened. Journey times between London and Brussels were reduced by the opening of HSL 1 on 14 December 1997.

On 23 September 2003 passenger services began running upon the first completed section of High Speed 1, marking the introduction of dedicated high speed rail to Britain. Following a highly prestigious opening ceremony and a large advertising campaign, on 14 November 2007 Eurostar services in London transferred from Waterloo to the brand new St Pancras International.

Records achieved

The Channel Tunnel used by Eurostar services holds the record for having the longest undersea section anywhere in the world, as well as being the second longest tunnel in the world. A Eurostar Class 373 train set a new British speed record of 334.7 km/h (208.0 mph) on the first section of High Speed 1 on 30 July 2003; two months before services began running upon the first section of High Speed 1.

On 16 May 2006 Eurostar set a new record for the longest non-stop high speed journey, a distance of 1,421-kilometre (883 mi) from London to Cannes taking 7 hours 25 minutes. On 4 September 2007 a record-breaking train left Paris Gare du Nord at 10:44 (09:44 BST) and reached London St Pancras in 2 hours 3 minutes 39 seconds, while transporting journalists and railway workers the train was the first passenger-carrying arrival at the St Pancras International station. On 20 September 2007, the Eurostar service broke another record as it completed the journey from Brussels to London in 1 hour, 43 minutes.

Regional Eurostar and Nightstar

Further information: Regional Eurostar and Nightstar (train)

The original proposals for Eurostar included direct services to Paris and Brussels from cities north of London (NoL): Manchester via Birmingham on the West Coast Main Line and Glasgow via Edinburgh, Newcastle and York on the East Coast Main Line. Seven shorter NoL Eurostar trains for these Regional Eurostar services were built, but with predicted journey times of almost nine hours for Glasgow to Paris, the growth of low-cost air travel during the 1990s made the plans commercially unviable; although both government policy and the privatisation of British Rail has been suggested as reasons for the failure as well. Three of the Regional Eurostar units were leased by Great North Eastern Railway (GNER) to increase domestic services from London King's Cross to York and later Leeds. The leases ended in December 2005, and most of the NoL sets have since been transferred to SNCF for TGV services in northern France.

An international Nightstar sleeper train was also planned; this would have travelled the same routes as Regional Eurostar, plus the Great Western Main Line to Cardiff. These were also deemed commercially unviable, and the scheme was abandoned with no services ever operated. In 2000 the coaches were sold to VIA Rail in Canada.

Ashford International station

Main article: Ashford International railway station

Ashford International station was the original station for Eurostar services in Kent. Once Ebbsfleet International railway station, also designed to serve the Kent region, had opened, only three trains a day to Paris and one to Disneyland Paris called at Ashford for a considerable amount of time. There were fears that Ashford International might be further reduced or closed down as Eurostar planned to make Ebbsfleet the new regional hub instead. However, after a period during which no Brussels trains served the station, to the complaint of the local communities, on 23 February 2009 Eurostar re-introduced a single daily Ashford to Brussels service. Some critics have remained sceptical, as very few ticket distributors sell tickets either coming from or going to Ashford International.

Mainline routes

A Eurostar on High Speed 1 passing close to Temple Wood

LGV Nord

Main article: LGV Nord

LGV Nord is a French 333-kilometre (207 mi) long high-speed rail line that connects Paris to the Belgian border and the Channel Tunnel via Lille. It opened in 1993. Its extensions to Belgium and towards Paris, as well as connecting to the Channel Tunnel, have made LGV Nord a part of every Eurostar journey undertaken. A Belgian high speed line, HSL 1, was added to the end of LGV Nord, at the Belgian border, in 1997. Of all French high-speed lines, LGV Nord sees the widest variety of high-speed rolling stock and is quite busy; a proposed cutoff bypassing Lille, which would reduce Eurostar journey times to Paris, is called LGV Picardie.

Channel Tunnel

Main article: Channel Tunnel

The Channel Tunnel is a crucial part of the route; it is the only means by which Eurostar trains can travel between Great Britain and the European mainland. It links with LGV Nord in France and High Speed One in Britain. Tunnelling commenced in 1988, and the 50.5-kilometre (31.4 mi) tunnel was officially opened by British Queen Elizabeth II and French President François Mitterrand in a ceremony held in Calais on 6 May 1994. It is owned by Eurotunnel, who charge a significant toll to Eurostar for use of tunnel. In 1996, the American Society of Civil Engineers identified the tunnel as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. Along the current route of the Eurostar service line speeds are 300 kilometres per hour (186 miles per hour) except within the tunnel sections, where lower speeds apply for safety reasons. Since the launch of Eurostar services, severe disruptions and cancellations have been caused by fires happening within the Channel Tunnel, such as the 1996 Channel Tunnel fire, the relatively minor 2006 Channel Tunnel fire, and the 2008 Channel Tunnel fire.

A Eurostar on High Speed 1 travelling near the mid-Kent village of Charing

HSL 1

Main article: HSL 1

Journey times between London and Brussels were improved when a 88-kilometre (55 mi) Belgian high-speed line, HSL 1, opened on 14 December 1997. It links in with LGV Nord on the border with France, allowing Eurostar trains heading to Brussels to make the transition between the two without having to use convention slower lines and thus remain at high speeds. A further four-minute improvement for London-Brussels trains was achieved in December 2006 with the opening of the 435-metre (1,427 ft) Brussels South Viaduct. Linking the international platforms of Brussels-South railway station with the high-speed line, the viaduct separates Eurostar (and Thalys) from local services.

High Speed 1

Main article: High Speed 1

High Speed 1 (HS1), formerly known as the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), is a 108-kilometre (67 mi) high-speed railway line running from London through Kent to the British end of the Channel Tunnel. It was built in two stages. The first section between the Tunnel and Fawkham Junction in north Kent opened in September 2003, cutting London–Paris journey times by 21 minutes to 2 hours 35 minutes, and London-Brussels to 2 hours 20 minutes. On14 November commercial services began over the whole of the new HS1 line. The redeveloped St Pancras International station became the new London terminus for all Eurostar services. The completion of High Speed 1 has brought the British part of Eurostar's route up to the same standards as the French and Belgian high-speed lines. Non-stop journey times have been reduced by a further 20 minutes to 2 hours 15 minutes for London-Paris and 1 hour 51 minutes London-Brussels.

Services

Frequency

Eurostar services
Dortmund Essen Duisburg Amsterdam Düsseldorf Airport Schiphol Airport Düsseldorf Rotterdam Cologne Netherlands Belgium Aachen Antwerp Germany Belgium Liège London UK France Channel Tunnel Brussels Lille Belgium France Paris   Charles de Gaulle Airport Marne-la-Vallée– Chessy summer/winter seasonal service Valence Chambéry Avignon Albertville Aix-en-Provence Moûtiers Marseille Aime-La Plagne Landry Bourg-Saint-Maurice

Eurostar departure information - Brussels

Eurostar offers seventeen weekday London–Paris services (twenty on Fridays) including six non-stop (eight on Fridays), and eleven London– – Brussels services including three running non-stop. In addition, there is one round-trip London–Disneyland Paris and two seasonal services: from July to September there is a weekly London–Ashford–Avignon service, and in the winter twice-weekly "snow trains" to Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Aime-la-Plagne and Moutiers in the Alps; one runs overnight and the other is a daytime round-trip. Intermediate stations are Ebbsfleet International in northwest Kent, Ashford International in southeast Kent, and Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe in northern France.

Since 14 November 2007, all Eurostar trains have been routed via High Speed 1 to or from the redeveloped London terminus at St Pancras International; at a cost of £800 million it was extensively rebuilt and extended to cope with 394-metre (431 yd) long Eurostar trains. It had originally been intended to retain some Eurostar services at Waterloo International terminal, but this was ruled out on cost grounds. Completion of High Speed 1 has increased the potential number of trains serving London, however the main bottleneck to intercontinental traffic has remained the Channel Tunnel. Separation of Eurostar from British domestic services through Kent meant that timetabling was no longer affected by peak-hour restrictions.

Fares

Eurostar's fares were significantly higher in its early years, the cheapest fare in 1994 was £99 return. In 2002, Eurostar was planning cheaper fares, an example of which was an offer of £50 day returns to Paris or Brussels. By March 2003, the cheapest fare was £59 return, available all year around. Competition between Eurostar and airline services was a large factor in ticket prices being reduced from the initial levels. Business Premier fares were also a mild undercut of the airlines on similar routes, targeted at regular business travellers. In 2009, Eurostar vastly increased its budget ticket availability to help maintain and grow its dominant market share. The Eurostar ticketing system is very complex, being distributed through no fewer than 48 individual sales systems. Eurostar is a member of the Amadeus CRS distribution system, making its tickets available alongside those of airlines worldwide.

The equivalent of first class with Eurostar is travelling in Business Premier; perks include guaranteed faster checking in and meals being personally served at the seat of your choice, as well as the improved furnishings and interior of Business Premier carriages. The rebranding is likely a part of Eurostar's marketing, aiming to attract a large amount of business professionals. Increasingly business people in a group have been chartering private carriages onboard the train service as opposed to individual seats upon the train.

Service Connections

Eurostar trains in the renovated train shed at St Pancras International

Gare de Lille-Europe in France, a common destination for Eurostar, Thalys, and other TGV services

A Eurostar pulling into Gare de Lille-Europe

A Eurostar on LGV Interconnexion Est, near Chennevières-lès-Louvres, Val d'Oise, France

Several Eurostar trains at platforms at Paris Gare du Nord

Eurostars at Paris Gare du Nord running late night services

Without the operation of Regional Eurostar services using the North of London trainsets across the rest of Britain, Eurostar has developed its connections with other transport services instead; such as integrating effectively with traditional UK rail operators' schedules and routes, making it possible for passengers to easily use Eurostar as a quick connections to further destinations on the continent. All three main terminals used by the Eurostar service, St Pancras International, Paris Gare du Nord, and Brussels Midi/Zuid are heavily served by domestic trains and integrated into local infrastructure such as the London Underground. Standard Eurostar tickets include several free connections, such as between the terminal for Eurostar services at Brussels Midi/Zuid and the rest of Belgium.

Eurostar has announced several partnerships with other rail services, most notably Thalys connections at Lille and Brussels for passengers to go further than current Eurostar routes such as the Netherlands and into Germany. In 2002, Eurostar initiated the Eurostar-Plus program, offering connecting tickets aimed at journeys from Lille and Paris going onwards to dozens of destinations within France. Through fares are available from 68 British towns and cities to destinations in France and Belgium. In May 2009 Eurostar announced that a formal connection to Switzerland had been established in a partnership between Eurostar and Lyria, another international rail operator using TGVs in that region.

Controls and security

Because the UK is not part of the Schengen Agreement, all Eurostar passengers must submit to border and luggage controls. Both the British Government and the Schengen governments (Belgium and France) have legal obligations to check the travel documents of those entering their respective countries. Eurostar passengers travelling inside the Schengen area (mainly from Brussels to Lille) are also checked by the British police within Belgian territory, since there is no way of separating them out from Brussels–London passengers. When the tripartite agreements were signed, the Belgian Government said that it had serious questions about the compatibility of this agreement with the Schengen Convention and the principle of free movement of people enshrined in various European Treaties.

On several occasions, people have illegally tried to stow away onboard the train, sometimes in large groups, trying to enter the UK; hence border monitoring and security is extremely tight. Eurostar is noted for have good and well funded security measures. In comparison to security at airports, security at Eurostar is less time-consuming for the passengers.

Operational performance

Eurostar's punctuality has fluctuated from year to year, but usually remains over 90%; in the first quarter of 1999, 89% of services operated were on time, the second quarter it has reached 92%. Eurostar's best record was 97.35% set between 16 and 22 August 2004. In 2006, it was 92.7%, and in 2007, 91.5% were on time. In the first quarter of 2009, 96% of Eurostar services were punctual compared with rivalling air routes' 76%.

An advantage held by Eurostar is the convenience and less time taken up by the service; with quicker boarding and high punctuality, it takes less time to get between London and Paris by high speed rail than it does through the airports. Eurostar now has a dominant share of the combined rail–air market on its three-capitals routes. In 2004, Eurostar had a 66% share of the London–Paris market, and a 59% share of the London–Brussels market. In 2007, it achieved unprecedented market shares of 71% for London–Paris and 65% for London–Brussels routes.

Eurostar's passenger numbers initially failed to meet predictions. In 1996, London and Continental Railways forecast numbers would reach 21.4 million annually by 2004, but only 7.3 million was achieved. Eight-two million passengers used Waterloo International Station from its opening in 1994 to closure in 2007. 2008 was a record year for Eurostar with a 10.3% rise in passenger use, which was attributed to the use of High Speed 1 and the move to St Pancras. The following year, Eurostar saw an 11.5% fall in passengers numbers during the first three months of 2009, which was attributed to the 2008 Channel Tunnel fire and the 2009 recession. As a result of the poor economical conditions, Eurostar received state aid in May 2009 to cancel out some of the mounted debt from the High Speed 1 construction program.

In 2006, the Department for Transport published its prediction that by 2037, annual cross-channel passenger numbers would likely reach 16 million, considerably less optimistic than London and Continental Railways's original 1996 forecast. In 2007, Eurostar set a target of carrying 10 million passengers by 2010. The company cited several factors to support this objective, such as increased quality of its services in terms of journey times, punctuality and station facilities. Passengers in general are becoming increasingly aware of the environmental effects of air travel, Eurostar services in comparison emits much less carbon dioxide. and that its remaining carbon emissions are now offset making its services carbon neutral. Continued expansion of the high-speed rail network in Europe, such as HSL-Zuid, continues to bring more destinations within rail-competitive range, giving Eurostar the possibility to open new services.

Eurostar yearly passengers

1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
3	4.9	6.0	6.3	6.6	7.1	6.95	6.60	6.31	7.27	7.45	7.85	8.26	9.1

All figures in millions. 1995 data are approximate.

Awards and accolades

Eurostar has been hailed as having set new standards in international rail travel and has won praise several times over, recognising and confirming its high standards. Eurostar won the place of Train Operator of the Year in the HSBC Rail Awards in 2005. Eurostar was declared the Best Train Company in the joint Guardian/Observer Travel Awards 2008. However, Eurostar had previously struggled with its reputation and brand image. Strategic Communication Management's Paul Charles wrote a highly detailed article, defining the situation at the time as:

In June 2003, Eurostar was battling to recover from the worst period in its 10-year history. Negative media coverage combined with poor sales and the general public's low opinion of the British rail industry, created a major challenge...

By 2008, Eurostar's environmental credentials have become highly developed and promoted. In 2006 Eurostar's Environment Group was set up, with the aim to make changes in the Eurostar services' daily running to decrease the environmental impact, the organisation setting itself a target to reduce carbon emissions per passenger journey by 25% by 2012. Drivers are instructed in how to drive trains with efficiency and lighting has been minimised; the provider of the bulk of the energy for the Channel Tunnel has been switched to nuclear power stations in France. Eurostar's current target is to reduce emissions by 35 percent per passenger journey by 2012; putting itself beyond the efforts of other railway companies in this field and as such winning the 2007 Network Rail Efficiency Award. In the grand opening ceremony of St Pancras International, one of the Eurostar trains was given the name 'Tread Lightly', described to be due to the smaller impact on the environment compared to planes

Organisation

Eurostar services are unified under a management called the Eurostar Group formed in 1999. In each country, a different company undertakes Eurostar local operations. In Belgium this is done by the national railway service operator company NMBS/SNCB, similarly in France this is done by the state owned rail operator SNCF; however in the United Kingdom ownership of this portion of the Eurostar Group, known as Eurostar (U.K.) Ltd. (EUKL), is more complex and relatively in a state of flux. EUKL is owned by London and Continental Railways (LCR) and managed under contract by InterCapital and Regional Rail (ICRR), which in turn is a consortium of National Express Group, SNCF, NMBS/SNCB, and British Airways.

Eurostar Group Ltd ownership 100%
Société Nationale des Chemins de fer français (SNCF) 62.5%				Eurostar (UK) Ltd 32.5%				SNCB 5%
				InterCapital and Regional Rail 100%
				National Express 40%	SNCF 35%	SNCB 15%	British Airways 10%

Eurostar is a member of Railteam, a marketing alliance formed in July 2007 of seven European high-speed rail operators, including Thalys. The alliance plans to allow tickets to be booked from one end of Europe to the other on a single website. In June 2009 London and Continental Railways, and the Eurostar UK operations they held ownership of, became fully nationalised by the UK government.

Rolling stock

Eurostar in Savoie, in the French Alps

Several Eurostar trains in St Pancras International railway station

A Eurostar waiting at Paris Gare du Nord

Interior of a Leisure Select Eurostar carriage

Current fleet

Main article: British Rail Class 373

Built between 1992–1996, Eurostar's fleet consists of 38 electric multiple unit trains, designated Class 373 in the United Kingdom and TGV373000 in France. There are two variants:

• 31 "Three Capitals" sets consisting of two power cars and passenger eighteen carriages. These trains are 394 metres (1,293 ft) long and can carry 750 passengers: 206 in first class, 544 in standard class.
• 7 shorter "North of London" sets which have fourteen passenger carriages and are 320 metres (1,050 ft) long. These sets have a capacity of 558 seats: 114 first class, 444 standard and which were designed to operate the aborted Regional Eurostar services.

The trains are essentially modified TGV sets, and can operate at up to 300 kilometres per hour (186 miles per hour) on high-speed lines, and 160 kilometres per hour (99 miles per hour) in the Channel Tunnel. It is possible to go beyond the 300-kilometre per hour speed limit, but only with special permission from the safety authorities in the respective country. Speed limits in the Channel Tunnel are dictated by air-resistance, energy (heat) dissipation and the need to fit in with other, slower trains. The trains were designed with Channel Tunnel safety in mind, and consist of two independent "half-sets" each with its own power car. In the event of a serious fire on board while travelling through the tunnel, passengers would be transferred into the undamaged half of the train, which would then be detached and driven out of the tunnel to safety. If the undamaged part were the rear half of the train, this would be driven by the Chef du Train, who is a fully authorised driver and occupies the rear driving cab while the train travels through the tunnel for this purpose.

As 27 of the 31 Three Capitals sets are sufficient to operate the service, four are currently used by SNCF for domestic services; one of these regularly operates the Paris–Lille shuttle. The Eurostar logos have been removed from these sets, but the base colours of white, black, and yellow remain. SNCF's lease of the sets is scheduled to last until 2011, with an option for a further two years.

Class	Image	Type	Top speed		Number	Routes operated	Built
			mph	km/h
Class 373 Eurostar		Electric multiple unit	186	300	28	London–Paris London–Brussels London–Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy London–Avignon Centre London–Bourg Saint Maurice	1992

Interior of a second class Eurostar carriage

Fleet updates

In 2004–2005 the "Three Capitals" sets still in daily use for international services were refurbished with a new interior designed by Philippe Starck. The old grey-yellow scheme in Standard class and grey-red of First/Premium First were replaced with a grey-brown look in Standard and grey-burnt orange in First class. Power points were added to seats in First class and coaches 1 and 18 in Standard class. Premium First class was renamed BusinessPremier.

In 2008, Eurostar announced that it would be carrying out a mid-life update of its Class 373 trains. This process will include the 28 units making up the Eurostar fleet, but not the three Class 373/2 units used by SNCF or the Class 373/3 "North of London" sets. As a part of the update process, the Italian company Pininfarina has been contracted to redesign the interiors, and The Yard Creative was selected to design the new buffet cars; the first refurbished train is due in service in 2012. On 11 May 2009, Eurostar revealed the new look for its First Class compartments. Eurostar plans for the entire process to be complete by 2014, allowing the fleet to remain in service beyond 2020.

Accidents and Incidents

Further information: TGV accidents

As of 2009 there has only been one major accident involving a service:

• On 5 June 2000, a Eurostar train travelling from Paris to London derailed on the LGV Nord high-speed line whilst travelling at a speed of 290 kilometres per hour (180 miles per hour) Fourteen people were treated for light injuries or shock, with no major injures or fatalities. The articulated nature of the trainset was credited with maintaining stability during the incident and all of the train stayed upright. After investigation, the incident was blamed on a component of the transmission system between the electric motors and axles coming loose. To reduce the unsprung mass TGV-style trains have the motors attached to the train rather than the bogies. In order for the train to still be able to go around curves, an extra sliding "tripod" assembly is used, which is what became dislodged.

Minor incidents

• In October 1994 there were teething problems relating to the start of operations. The first preview train, carrying 400 members of the press and media, was delayed for two hours owing to technical issues.
• On 29 May 2002, a Eurostar train was initially sent down a wrong line—towards London Victoria railway station instead of London Waterloo—causing the service to arrive 25 minutes late. A signalling error that lead to the incorrect routeing was stated to have have caused "no risk" as a result.

Past fleet

Eurostar had previously operated a number of locomotives:

Class	Image	Type	Top speed		Number	Built	Notes
			mph	km/h
Class 37		Diesel locomotive	90	145	12	1965	Intended to operate sleeper services over non-electrified parts of the railway network in Britain. Eurostar retained three locomotives for the rescue of failed trains, route learning and driver training, but disposed of them when the new Temple Mills Depot opened in November 2007.
Class 73		Electro-diesel locomotive	90	145	2	1965	Were used primarily to rescue failed trains. Eurostar operated two of these from its North Pole depot until 2007, when they were loaned to a pair of educational initiatives having become redundant following the move to Temple Mills.
Class 92		Electric locomotive	87	140	7	1993	Intended to operate the sleeper services. Eurostar owned seven units of this class, which never saw service until they were sold in 2007 to Europorte 2.

Future fleet

In addition to the announced mid-life update of the existing Class 373 fleet, Eurostar in 2009 reportedly entered prequalification bids for eight new trainsets to be purchased. Any new trains would need to meet the same safety rules regarding passage through the Channel Tunnel as the existing Class 373 fleet.

Future developments

A number of possible future developments affecting the Eurostar service have been brought forward and some planned to go ahead:

Stratford International station is currently not in use

Stratford International station

Main article: Stratford International station

The original intended purpose of Stratford International station was to act as the London stop for regional Eurostar trains bypassing St Pancras and continuing to other destinations in England and Scotland. However this plan is under review and it remains uncertain whether international trains will call at the station. Eurostar has not announced any plans for services to call at Stratford, and there is no mention of international services from the station on the High Speed 1 website; but it is expected that Eurostar trains will stop there after the Docklands Light Railway extension to Stratford International opens in mid-2010. The station will see greater use during the 2012 Olympic Games when the Olympic Javelin service comes into operation.

Regional Eurostar

Main article: Regional Eurostar

Although the original plan for Regional Eurostar services to destinations north of London was abandoned, the significantly improved journey times now available following the opening of High Speed 1—which has connections to both the East Coast Main Line and the North London Line (for the West Coast Main Line) at St Pancras—and recently increased maximum speeds on the West Coast Main Line, may make potential Regional Eurostar services more viable. This would be even more likely if proposals are adopted for a new high-speed line from London to the north of Britain. Simon Montague, Eurostar's Director of Communications, commented that: "...International services to the regions are only likely once High Speed 2 is built."

Key pieces of infrastructure still belong to LCR via its subsidiary London & Continental Stations and Property such as the Manchester International Depot, and Eurostar (UK) still owns several track access rights and the rights to paths on both the East Coast and West Coast Main Lines. While no announcement has been made of plans to start Regional Eurostar services, it remains a possibility for the future. In the meantime, the nearest alternative to a Regional Eurostar service is same-station connection with East Midlands Trains trains at St Pancras. The planned renovation of King's Cross will see a new concourse built to aid access with St Pancras, giving National Express, First Hull Trains and Grand Central services better connections with Eurostar.

High Speed Two

Main article: High Speed Two

Eurostar has already been involved in reviewing and publishing reports into High Speed Two for the British Goverrnment, and looks favourably upon such an undertaking. Regional Eurostar will not be considered until after High Speed Two is complete. Alternatively future loans of the North of London sets to other operators would then be able use the trains at full capacity, unlike GNER's previous loan between 2000–05 which had been limited to 175 km/h (109 mph) on regular track. A separate company called High Speed Two has been set up to investigate the feasibility and viability of a new line likely replacing the West Coast Main Line.

LGV Picardie

Main article: LGV Picardie

LGV Picardie is a proposed high-speed line running between Paris and Calais, via Amiens. By cutting off the corner of the LGV Nord at Lille, it would enable Eurostar trains to save 20 minutes on the journey between Paris and Calais, bringing the London to Paris journey time under 2 hours. In 2008, the French Government announced its future investment plans for new LGVs to be built up to 2020; LGV Picardie was not included but was listed as planned in the longer term.

Eurostar at Brussels Midi/Zuid

New destinations

The reduced journey times offered by the opening of High Speed 1 and the opening of the LGV Est and HSL-Zuid bring more continental destinations within a range from London where rail is competitive with air travel, by Eurostar's own estimates it would take three hours thirty minutes for journeys between London and Amsterdam. At present Eurostar has concentrating on developing its connections with other services,, but direct services to other destinations would be possible. However, the routes that any potential services are likely to take would go off the infrastructure that Eurostar's rolling stock has been built to use — Germany operates trains at 15kV AC, while the Netherlands uses 1.5kV DC (except on HSL Zuid). To operate on these lines would require new or heavily modified rolling stock designed to operate at these different voltages, in addition to those already in use. Signalling systems also differ. In addition to the infrastructure difficulties, any potential Eurostar services beyond Paris and Brussels would also require the installation of stringent security measures, due to the UK's not having signed up to the Schengen Agreement, which allows unrestricted movement across borders of member countries.

Richard Brown, Chief Executive of Eurostar, described the difficulties to overcome thus:

We know we can go to most places in France physically, because our trains are compatible with French infrastructure, but then you've got to look at impact on fleet utilisation, you've got to have a station that's got the spare capacity to have a train stood for a number of hours, for all the security, screening, passport control passes. So it's not possible to go just anywhere. And you've got to be able to get the control authorities to agree that there's big enough market for it to be worthwhile for them to set up there.

The difficulties that Eurostar faces in expanding its services would also be faced by any potential competitors to Eurostar:

• As the UK is outside the Schengen Agreement, London-bound trains must use platforms that are physically isolated, a constraint which other international operators such as Thalys do not face. In addition, the British authorities are required to make security and passport checks prior to boarding the train, which might deter domestic passengers.
• The Channel Tunnel safety rules stipulate that passenger trains have to be able to split in the case of emergency. Class 373 trains were designed as two half-sets, which when coupled form a complete train. This enables them to be split easily in the event of an emergency while in the Channel Tunnel, with the unaffected set able to be driven out. There have been calls for a relaxation of these rules, but until such time as they are changed, any new operator would require similar rolling stock to Eurostar's fleet.

Eurostar and Thalys TGV at Paris Gare du Nord

ICE3 train operated by Deutsche Bahn

Competition

In November 2007, various British newspapers reported that Deutsche Bahn, Germany's national train company, had applied to use the Channel Tunnel and High Speed 1 rail line into St Pancras International. This was swiftly denied by Deutsche Bahn, and the bi-national Channel Tunnel Safety Authority confirmed that it had not received such an application. In December 2008, it was reported that Deutsche Bahn (DB) was interested in buying the British share in Eurostar, which in practice means buying Eurostar (U.K.) Ltd., the 100% subsidiary of London and Continental Railways (LCR) which the British government intends to break up and sell just as it does the other rail-related subsidiary of L&CR, High Speed 1. The buyer of EUKL would become the owner of the 11 British "Three Capitals" Class 373 trainsets plus all seven "North of London" sets, and would also be responsible for the operations of the Eurostar traffic within Great Britain once the management contract with ICRR expires in 2010. Guillaume Pépy, the president of SNCF, who held a press conference the same day, described DB's interest as "premature, presumptuous and arrogant". SNCF claims to own 62% of the shares of Eurostar Group Ltd. Hartmut Mehdorn, CEO of Deutsche Bahn, confirmed DB's interest in conversations with journalists, but insisted in a letter to Pépy a few days later that DB had only informally requested information and not made any official requests to Britain's Department for Transport.

In 2010, the European Union will initiate a liberalisation of the European rail network allowing greater competition. Air France-KLM has indicated that it expects to take advantage of the change in the law and apply to run rail services from London to Paris and from Paris to Amsterdam in competition with Eurostar and Thalys, respectively. In 2009, Deustche Bahn announced that it was close to securng a special operating concession from Eurotunnel that would allow it to run its ICE trains through the Channel Tunnel without them being subject to the stringent safety rules. This would then allow DB to operate services between London and Germany. The sale of High Speed One from the British Government, having nationalised LCR in 2009 due to financial problems, is also likely to stimulate competition upon the line.

Bibliography

• Whiteside, Thomas (1962). The Tunnel under the Channel. Rupert Hart-Davis. ISBN 0684832437.
• Wilson, Jeremy (1994). Eurotunnel - The Illustrated Journey. HarperCollins. ISBN 0002555395. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Grant, John (2008). The green marketing manifesto. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-470723-24-6.

Further reading

• Pielow, Simon (1997). Eurostar. Ian Allan. ISBN 071102-451-0.
• Sievert, Terri (2002). The World's Fastest Trains. Capstone Press. ISBN 073681-061-7.
• Roza, Greg (2004). The Incredible Story of Trains. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 082396-712-3.
• Griffiths, Jeanne (1995). London to Paris in Ten Minutes: The Eurostar Story. Images. ISBN 189781-747-9.
• Comfort, Nicholas (2007). The Channel Tunnel and its High Speed Links. Oakwood Press. ISBN 156554-854-x. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
• Penny, Charles (1996). Channel Tunnel Transport System. Thomas Telford. ISBN 072772-515-7.
• Brunhouse, Jay (1999). Traveling Europe's Trains. Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 156554-854-x. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
• Parliament: House of Commons Transport Committee (2008). Delivering a Sustainable Railway. The Stationery Office. ISBN 021552-222-2.
• Mitchell, Vic (1996). Ashford: From Steam to Eurostar. Middleton Press. ISBN 187379-367-7.