Wuhan Institute of Virology: Difference between revisions

Wuhan Institute of Virology
Wuhan Institute of Virology
Simplified Chinese	中国科学院武汉病毒研究所
Traditional Chinese	中國科學院武漢病毒研究所
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Wǔhàn Bìngdú Yánjiūsuǒ

Wuhan Institute of Virology
中国科学院武汉病毒研究所
Abbreviation	WIV
Predecessor	Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory; South China Institute of Microbiology; Wuhan Microbiology Institute; Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province;
Formation	1956
Founder	Chen Huagui, Gao Shangyin
Headquarters	Xiaohongshan, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, China
Coordinates	30°22′35″N 114°15′45″E / 30.37639°N 114.26250°E
Director-General	Wang Yanyi
Secretary of Party Committee	Xiao Gengfu
Deputy Director-General	Gong Peng, Guan Wuxiang, Xiao Gengfu
Parent organization	Chinese Academy of Sciences
Website	whiov.cas.cn

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The Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (WIV; Chinese: 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所) is a research institute on virology administered by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Located in Jiangxia District, Wuhan, Hubei, it opened mainland China's first biosafety level 4 (BSL–4) laboratory.^[2] The institute has strong ties to the Galveston National Laboratory in the United States, the Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie in France and the National Microbiology Laboratory in Canada.

The institute has been an active research center for the study of coronaviruses. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been the subject of multiple allegations regarding the origin of the virus.^[3]^[4]^[5] There is however no evidence widely accepted by the scientific community backing these claims,^[3] with a scientific paper in the journal Immunity noting that "the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence".^[6] Virologists interviewed by NPR have said that there is virtually no chance that the virus emerged from a lab.^[7]

History

The WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology.^[8]

In 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of China's first biosafety level 4 (BSL–4) laboratory at the WIV. The construction of the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was completed at a cost of 300 million yuan ($44 million) in collaboration with the French government's CIRI lab at the end of 2014.^[2]^[9] The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017,^[2] with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018.^[10]

The National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the Galveston National Laboratory in the University of Texas.^[11] It also had strong ties with Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory until WIV staff scientists Xiangguo Qiu and her husband Keding Cheng, who were also remunerated by the Canadian government, were escorted from the Canadian lab for undisclosed reasons in July 2019.^[12]

The WIV has been a topic of controversy since the start of reporting of the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientists such as U.S. molecular biologist Richard H. Ebright, who had expressed concern of previous escapes of the SARS virus at Chinese laboratories in Beijing and had been troubled by the pace and scale of China's plans for expansion into BSL–4 laboratories,^[2] called the Institute a "world-class research institution that does world-class research in virology and immunology" while he noted that the WIV is a world leader in the study of bat coronaviruses.^[11]

Coronavirus research

In 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the SARS coronavirus, finding that China's horseshoe bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.^[13] Continuing this work over a period of years, researchers from the Institute sampled thousands of horseshoe bats in locations across China, isolating over 300 bat coronavirus sequences.^[14]

In 2015, an international team including two scientists from the Institute published successful research on whether a bat coronavirus could be made to infect HeLa. The team engineered a hybrid virus, combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells.^[15]^[16]

In 2017, a team from the Institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in Yunnan contain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of "the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS".^[14]^[17]

In 2018, another paper by a team from the Institute reported the results of a serological study of a sample of villagers residing near these bat caves (near Xiyang Township 夕阳乡 in Jinning District of Yunnan). According to this report, 6 out of the 218 local residents in the sample carried antibodies to the bat coronaviruses in their blood, indicating the possibility of transmission of the infections from bats to people.^[18]

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, coronavirus research at the WIV was conducted in BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories.^[19]

COVID-19 pandemic

In December 2019, cases of pneumonia associated with an unknown coronavirus were reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The Institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to RaTG13, a virus its researchers had discovered in horseshoe bats in southwest China.^[20]^[21]

As the virus spread worldwide, the Institute continued its investigation. In February 2020, the New York Times reported that a team led by Shi Zhengli at the Institute were the first to identify, analyze and name the genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and upload it to public databases for scientists around the world to understand,^[22]^[23] and publishing papers in Nature.^[24] On 19 February 2020, the lab released a letter on its website describing how they successfully obtained the whole virus genome: "On the evening of December 30, 2019, after receiving the unexplained pneumonia samples sent by Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, our institute organized the strength overnight and worked for 72 hours to solve the problem. On January 2, 2020, the whole genome sequence of the new coronavirus was determined".^[25] In February 2020, the Institute applied for a patent in China for the use of remdesivir, an experimental drug owned by Gilead Sciences, which the Institute found inhibited the virus in vitro;^[26] in a move that raised concerns regarding intellectual property rights.^[27] The WIV said it would not exercise its new Chinese patent rights "if relevant foreign companies intend to contribute to the prevention and control of China’s epidemic".^[28]

Conspiracy theories

In January 2020, conspiracy theories circulated that the COVID-19 pandemic originated from viruses engineered by the WIV, which were refuted on the basis of scientific evidence that the virus has natural origins.^[11]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32] In mid-January, U.S. intelligence agencies reported to U.S. officials that they had not detected any alarm within the Chinese government that would suggest the outbreak had emerged from a government laboratory.^[33] In an opinion column in the Washington Post in April 2020, Josh Rogin claimed that US State Department cables from 2018 raised safety concerns about WIV's research on bat coronaviruses.^[34] After the cables were published in July 2020, Ian Lipkin, director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at Columbia University, told the Washington Post, "I don't see any evidence to support the idea that this was released deliberately or inadvertently."^[35] In April 2020, at the request of Trump administration officials, U.S. intelligence agencies began investigating whether the outbreak originated from the accidental exposure by WIV scientists studying natural coronaviruses in bats.^[36]^[33]^[37] The New York Times reported that senior officials in the Trump administration were pressuring intelligence agencies to find evidence for the unsubstantiated theory that the virus leaked from the laboratory, leading to concern among some intelligence analysts that intelligence assessments would be distorted to serve a political campaign to lay blame on China for the outbreak.^[38] US President Trump and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo have claimed to have evidence of the lab theory, but have offered no further details.^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]

Many virologists have said there is "virtually no chance" that SARS-CoV-2 leaked from the institute.^[11]^[7]^[43] The virologist Peter Daszak, president of the EcoHealth Alliance, which studies emerging infectious diseases, has had a 15-year collaboration with Shi Zhengli, a leading WIV virologist, to study bat coronaviruses.^[44] Daszak noted estimates that millions of people who live or work in proximity to bats in Southeast Asia are infected each year with bat coronaviruses.^[7]^[43] In an interview with Vox, Daszak comments, "There are probably half a dozen people that do work in those labs. So let's compare 1 million to 7 million people a year to half a dozen people; it's just not logical."^[43] Jonna Mazet, Professor of epidemiology at the University of California, Davis and director of the PREDICT project to monitor emerging viruses, has commented that staff at the Wuhan Institute of Virology were trained by U.S. scientists as part of the PREDICT program and follow high safety standards, and that "All of the evidence points to this not being a laboratory accident."^[7] In addition, presence of RNA of the coronavirus is reported by an international research team from an oropharyngeal swab specimen dated early December 2019 in Milan, Italy, which appears unrelated to the institute, although some scientists have treated this evidence with scepticism and pointed to possible false positives.^[45]^[46]

Research centers

The Institute contains the following research centers:^[47]

Center for Emerging Infectious Disease
Chinese Virus Resources and Bioinformatics Center
Center of Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Department of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Department of Molecular Virology

References

^ "Archived copy" 现任领导. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cyranoski, David (23 February 2017). "Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens". Nature. 542 (7642): 399–400. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..399C. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.21487. PMID 28230144.
^ ^a ^b Staff, Science News (4 May 2020). "Pressure grows on China for independent investigation into pandemic's origins". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany. "What we know about the Chinese lab at the center of the coronavirus controversy". Axios. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
^ CNN, Nectar Gan. "The Wuhan lab at the center of the US-China blame game: What we know and what we don't". CNN. Retrieved 26 May 2020. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
^ Graham, Rachel L.; Baric, Ralph S. (May 2020). "SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence". Immunity. 52 (5): 734–736. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016. PMC 7207110. PMID 32392464.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brumfiel, Geoff; Kwong, Emily (23 April 2020). "Virus Researchers Cast Doubt On Theory Of Coronavirus Lab Accident". Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ "History". Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
^ "China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan". Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
^ "China's first bio-safety level 4 lab put into operation". xinhuanet. 4 January 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Taylor, Adam (29 January 2020). "Experts debunk fringe theory linking China's coronavirus to weapons research". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
^ Pauls, Karen (15 July 2019). "University severs ties with two researchers who were escorted out of National Microbiology Lab". CBC News. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ Li, Wendong; Shi, Zhengli; Yu, Meng; Ren, Wuze; Smith, Craig; Epstein, Jonathan H; Wang, Hanzhong; Crameri, Gary; Hu, Zhihong; Zhang, Huajun; Zhang, Jianhong; McEachern, Jennifer; Field, Hume; Daszak, Peter; Eaton, Bryan T; Zhang, Shuyi; Wang, Lin-Fa (28 October 2005). "Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses". Science. 310 (5748): 676–679. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..676L. doi:10.1126/science.1118391. PMID 16195424. S2CID 2971923.
^ ^a ^b Cyranoski, David (1 December 2017). "Bat cave solves mystery of deadly SARS virus – and suggests new outbreak could occur". Nature. 552 (7683): 15–16. Bibcode:2017Natur.552...15C. doi:10.1038/d41586-017-07766-9.
^ Vineet D Menachery; Boyd L Yount; Kari Debbink; et al. (9 November 2015). "A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence". Nature Medicine. 21 (12): 1508–1513. doi:10.1038/NM.3985. ISSN 1078-8956. PMC 4797993. PMID 26552008. S2CID 5953778. Wikidata Q36702376. (erratum)
^ Butler, Declan (12 November 2015). "Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18787.
^ Drosten, C.; Hu, B.; Zeng, L.-P.; Yang, X.-L.; Ge, Xing-Yi; Zhang, Wei; Li, Bei; Xie, J.-Z.; Shen, X.-R.; Zhang, Yun-Zhi; Wang, N.; Luo, D.-S.; Zheng, X.-S.; Wang, M.-N.; Daszak, P.; Wang, L.-F.; Cui, J.; Shi, Z.-L. (2017). "Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus". PLOS Pathogens. 13 (11): e1006698. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698. PMC 5708621. PMID 29190287.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Wang, N.; Li, S. Y.; Yang, X. L.; Huang, H. M.; Zhang, Y. J.; Guo, H.; Luo, C. M.; Miller, M.; Zhu, G.; Chmura, A. A.; Hagan, E.; Zhou, J. H.; Zhang, Y. Z.; Wang, L. F.; Daszak, P.; Shi, Z. L. (2018). "Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans". China Virologica Sinica. 33 (1): 104–107. doi:10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7. PMC 6178078. PMID 29500691.
^ "Reply to Science Magazine" (PDF). sciencemag.org: 9.
^ Qiu, Jane (11 March 2020). "How China's "Bat Woman" Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
^ Rathore, Jitendra Singh; Ghosh, Chaitali (August 25, 2020). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview". Pathogens and Disease. 78 (6). doi:10.1093/femspd/ftaa042. ISSN 2049-632X. OCLC 823140442. PMC 7499575. PMID 32840560.
^ Buckley, Chris; Steven Lee Myers (1 February 2020). "As New Coronavirus Spread, China's Old Habits Delayed Fight". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
^ Cohen, Jon (1 February 2020). "Mining coronavirus genomes for clues to the outbreak's origins". Science. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020. The viral sequences, most researchers say, also knock down the idea the pathogen came from a virology institute in Wuhan.
^ Zhengli, Shi; Team of 29 researchers at the WIV (3 February 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature. 579 (7798): 270–273. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..270Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMC 7095418. PMID 32015507.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "A letter to all staff and graduate students". WIV Official Website (in Chinese). 19 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
^ Zhengli, Shi; Team of 10 researchers at the WIV (4 February 2020). "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro". Nature. 30 (3): 269–271. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0. PMC 7054408. PMID 32020029.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "China Wants to Patent Gilead's Experimental Coronavirus Drug". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ Grady, Denise (6 February 2020). "China Begins Testing an Antiviral Drug in Coronavirus Patients". New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
^ Cohen, John (19 February 2020). "Scientists 'strongly condemn' rumors and conspiracy theories about origin of coronavirus outbreak". Science. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ Fisher, Max (8 April 2020). "Why Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories Flourish. And Why It Matters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ Noor, Poppy (13 April 2020). "A third of Americans believe Covid-19 laboratory conspiracy theory – study". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ Holland, Kate (27 March 2020). "Sorry, conspiracy theorists. Study concludes COVID-19 'is not a laboratory construct'". ABC News. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b Lipton, Eric; Sanger, David E.; Haberman, Maggie; Shear, Michael D.; Mazzetti, Mark; Barnes, Julian E. (11 April 2020). "He Could Have Seen What Was Coming: Behind Trump's Failure on the Virus". New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
^ Rogin, John (14 April 2020). "State Department cables warned of safety issues at Wuhan lab studying bat coronaviruses". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
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^ Mazzetti, Mark; Barnes, Julian E.; Wong, Edward; Goldman, Adam (30 April 2020). "Trump Officials Are Said to Press Spies to Link Virus and Wuhan Labs". New York Times. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
^ Singh, Maanvi; Davidson, Helen; Borger, Julian (1 May 2020). "Trump claims to have evidence coronavirus started in Chinese lab but offers no details". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ Cohen, Zachary; Marquardt, Alex; Atwood, Kylie; Acosta, Jim (1 May 2020). "Trump contradicts US intel community by claiming he's seen evidence coronavirus originated in Chinese lab". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ "Donald Trump contradicts US intelligence by saying evidence links coronavirus to Wuhan lab in China". Telegraph Media Group Limited. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ Borger, Julian (3 May 2020). "Mike Pompeo: 'enormous evidence' coronavirus came from Chinese lab". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Barclay, Eliza (23 April 2020). "Why these scientists still doubt the coronavirus leaked from a Chinese lab". Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ Wadman, Meredith; Cohen, Jon (8 May 2020). "NIH move to ax bat coronavirus grant draws fire". Science. 368 (6491): 561–562. Bibcode:2020Sci...368..561W. doi:10.1126/science.368.6491.561. PMID 32381695. S2CID 218556464. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
^ November 2020, Yasemin Saplakoglu-Staff Writer 18. "How early was the coronavirus really circulating in Italy?". livescience.com. Retrieved 16 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Antonella Amendola; Silvia Bianchi; Maria Gori; et al. (8 December 2020). "Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in an Oropharyngeal Swab Specimen, Milan, Italy, Early December 2019". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 27 (2). doi:10.3201/EID2702.204632. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 7853584. PMID 33292923. Wikidata Q104134164.
^ "Administration". Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.

External links

[1] "Archived copy" 现任领导. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[pmid28230144-2] Cyranoski, David (23 February 2017). "Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens". Nature. 542 (7642): 399–400. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..399C. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.21487. PMID 28230144.

[science_inquiry-3] Staff, Science News (4 May 2020). "Pressure grows on China for independent investigation into pandemic's origins". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 25 May 2020.

[4] Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany. "What we know about the Chinese lab at the center of the coronavirus controversy". Axios. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

[5] CNN, Nectar Gan. "The Wuhan lab at the center of the US-China blame game: What we know and what we don't". CNN. Retrieved 26 May 2020. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)

[grahamb:20-6] Graham, Rachel L.; Baric, Ralph S. (May 2020). "SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence". Immunity. 52 (5): 734–736. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016. PMC 7207110. PMID 32392464.

[NPR-23Apr2020-7] Brumfiel, Geoff; Kwong, Emily (23 April 2020). "Virus Researchers Cast Doubt On Theory Of Coronavirus Lab Accident". Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.

[8] "History". Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.

[9] "China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan". Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.

[10] "China's first bio-safety level 4 lab put into operation". xinhuanet. 4 January 2018.

[WPO-11] Taylor, Adam (29 January 2020). "Experts debunk fringe theory linking China's coronavirus to weapons research". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.

[cbcqiu-12] Pauls, Karen (15 July 2019). "University severs ties with two researchers who were escorted out of National Microbiology Lab". CBC News. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.

[13] Li, Wendong; Shi, Zhengli; Yu, Meng; Ren, Wuze; Smith, Craig; Epstein, Jonathan H; Wang, Hanzhong; Crameri, Gary; Hu, Zhihong; Zhang, Huajun; Zhang, Jianhong; McEachern, Jennifer; Field, Hume; Daszak, Peter; Eaton, Bryan T; Zhang, Shuyi; Wang, Lin-Fa (28 October 2005). "Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses". Science. 310 (5748): 676–679. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..676L. doi:10.1126/science.1118391. PMID 16195424. S2CID 2971923.

[nature2017-14] Cyranoski, David (1 December 2017). "Bat cave solves mystery of deadly SARS virus – and suggests new outbreak could occur". Nature. 552 (7683): 15–16. Bibcode:2017Natur.552...15C. doi:10.1038/d41586-017-07766-9.

[nature_medicine_201511-15] Vineet D Menachery; Boyd L Yount; Kari Debbink; et al. (9 November 2015). "A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence". Nature Medicine. 21 (12): 1508–1513. doi:10.1038/NM.3985. ISSN 1078-8956. PMC 4797993. PMID 26552008. S2CID 5953778. Wikidata Q36702376. (erratum)

[nature2015bat-16] Butler, Declan (12 November 2015). "Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18787.

[17] Drosten, C.; Hu, B.; Zeng, L.-P.; Yang, X.-L.; Ge, Xing-Yi; Zhang, Wei; Li, Bei; Xie, J.-Z.; Shen, X.-R.; Zhang, Yun-Zhi; Wang, N.; Luo, D.-S.; Zheng, X.-S.; Wang, M.-N.; Daszak, P.; Wang, L.-F.; Cui, J.; Shi, Z.-L. (2017). "Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus". PLOS Pathogens. 13 (11): e1006698. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698. PMC 5708621. PMID 29190287.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[18] Wang, N.; Li, S. Y.; Yang, X. L.; Huang, H. M.; Zhang, Y. J.; Guo, H.; Luo, C. M.; Miller, M.; Zhu, G.; Chmura, A. A.; Hagan, E.; Zhou, J. H.; Zhang, Y. Z.; Wang, L. F.; Daszak, P.; Shi, Z. L. (2018). "Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans". China Virologica Sinica. 33 (1): 104–107. doi:10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7. PMC 6178078. PMID 29500691.

[19] "Reply to Science Magazine" (PDF). sciencemag.org: 9.

[20] Qiu, Jane (11 March 2020). "How China's "Bat Woman" Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.

[RathoreSingh-21] Rathore, Jitendra Singh; Ghosh, Chaitali (August 25, 2020). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview". Pathogens and Disease. 78 (6). doi:10.1093/femspd/ftaa042. ISSN 2049-632X. OCLC 823140442. PMC 7499575. PMID 32840560.

[22] Buckley, Chris; Steven Lee Myers (1 February 2020). "As New Coronavirus Spread, China's Old Habits Delayed Fight". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.

[23] Cohen, Jon (1 February 2020). "Mining coronavirus genomes for clues to the outbreak's origins". Science. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020. The viral sequences, most researchers say, also knock down the idea the pathogen came from a virology institute in Wuhan.

[zhengli03-2020-24] Zhengli, Shi; Team of 29 researchers at the WIV (3 February 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature. 579 (7798): 270–273. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..270Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMC 7095418. PMID 32015507.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[25] "A letter to all staff and graduate students". WIV Official Website (in Chinese). 19 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.

[26] Zhengli, Shi; Team of 10 researchers at the WIV (4 February 2020). "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro". Nature. 30 (3): 269–271. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0. PMC 7054408. PMID 32020029.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[27] "China Wants to Patent Gilead's Experimental Coronavirus Drug". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

[28] Grady, Denise (6 February 2020). "China Begins Testing an Antiviral Drug in Coronavirus Patients". New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.

[Science-29] Cohen, John (19 February 2020). "Scientists 'strongly condemn' rumors and conspiracy theories about origin of coronavirus outbreak". Science. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.

[NYT-conspiracy-30] Fisher, Max (8 April 2020). "Why Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories Flourish. And Why It Matters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.

[Guardian-conspiracy-31] Noor, Poppy (13 April 2020). "A third of Americans believe Covid-19 laboratory conspiracy theory – study". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.

[ABC-conspiracy-32] Holland, Kate (27 March 2020). "Sorry, conspiracy theorists. Study concludes COVID-19 'is not a laboratory construct'". ABC News. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.

[NYT-examination-33] Lipton, Eric; Sanger, David E.; Haberman, Maggie; Shear, Michael D.; Mazzetti, Mark; Barnes, Julian E. (11 April 2020). "He Could Have Seen What Was Coming: Behind Trump's Failure on the Virus". New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.

[WPO9-34] Rogin, John (14 April 2020). "State Department cables warned of safety issues at Wuhan lab studying bat coronaviruses". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 14 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.

[35] Hudson, John; Jones, Nate (17 July 2020). "State Department releases cable that launched claims that coronavirus escaped from Chinese lab". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 August 2020.

[BBC-Rincon-36] Rincon, Paul (16 April 2020). "Coronavirus: Is there any evidence for lab release theory?". BBC. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.

[NBC-examination-37] Dilanian, Ken; Kube, Courtney (16 April 2020). "U.S. intel community examining whether coronavirus emerged accidentally from a Chinese lab". NBC News. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020. The U.S. intelligence community is examining whether the coronavirus that caused the global pandemic emerged accidentally from a Chinese research lab studying diseases in bats.

[NYT-30Apr2020-pressure-38] Mazzetti, Mark; Barnes, Julian E.; Wong, Edward; Goldman, Adam (30 April 2020). "Trump Officials Are Said to Press Spies to Link Virus and Wuhan Labs". New York Times. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

[39] Singh, Maanvi; Davidson, Helen; Borger, Julian (1 May 2020). "Trump claims to have evidence coronavirus started in Chinese lab but offers no details". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

[40] Cohen, Zachary; Marquardt, Alex; Atwood, Kylie; Acosta, Jim (1 May 2020). "Trump contradicts US intel community by claiming he's seen evidence coronavirus originated in Chinese lab". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

[dtdt-41] "Donald Trump contradicts US intelligence by saying evidence links coronavirus to Wuhan lab in China". Telegraph Media Group Limited. 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.

[42] Borger, Julian (3 May 2020). "Mike Pompeo: 'enormous evidence' coronavirus came from Chinese lab". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.

[Vox-23Apr2020-43] Barclay, Eliza (23 April 2020). "Why these scientists still doubt the coronavirus leaked from a Chinese lab". Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.

[science_daszak-44] Wadman, Meredith; Cohen, Jon (8 May 2020). "NIH move to ax bat coronavirus grant draws fire". Science. 368 (6491): 561–562. Bibcode:2020Sci...368..561W. doi:10.1126/science.368.6491.561. PMID 32381695. S2CID 218556464. Retrieved 28 May 2020.

[45] November 2020, Yasemin Saplakoglu-Staff Writer 18. "How early was the coronavirus really circulating in Italy?". livescience.com. Retrieved 16 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[46] Antonella Amendola; Silvia Bianchi; Maria Gori; et al. (8 December 2020). "Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in an Oropharyngeal Swab Specimen, Milan, Italy, Early December 2019". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 27 (2). doi:10.3201/EID2702.204632. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 7853584. PMID 33292923. Wikidata Q104134164.

[47] "Administration". Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.

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@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 The '''Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences''' ('''WIV'''; {{zh|s=中国科学院武汉病毒研究所}}) is a research institute on [[virology]] administered by the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS).  Located in [[Jiangxia District]], [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], it opened mainland China's first [[biosafety level 4]] (BSL–4) laboratory.<ref name=pmid28230144/> The institute has strong ties to the [[Galveston National Laboratory]] in the United States, the [[Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie]] in France and the [[National Microbiology Laboratory]] in Canada.
-The institute has been an active research center for the study of [[coronavirus]]es. In the wake of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], it has been the subject of multiple conspiracy theories about the origin of the virus.<ref name=science_inquiry/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Allen-Ebrahimian |first1=Bethany |title=What we know about the Chinese lab at the center of the coronavirus controversy |url=https://www.axios.com/wuhan-institute-of-virology-china-coronavirus-79ad2d32-9834-4099-8a94-5df501845e3d.html |website=Axios |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=CNN |first1=Nectar Gan |title=The Wuhan lab at the center of the US-China blame game: What we know and what we don't |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/06/asia/coronavirus-china-wuhan-lab-origins-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> There is however no evidence widely accepted by the scientific community backing the conspiracy claims,<ref name=science_inquiry>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=Science News |title=Pressure grows on China for independent investigation into pandemic's origins |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/05/pressure-grows-china-independent-investigation-pandemic-s-origins |website=Science {{!}} AAAS |access-date=25 May 2020 |language=en |date=4 May 2020}}</ref> with a scientific paper in the journal ''Immunity'' noting that "the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence".<ref name=grahamb:20>{{cite journal |last1=Graham |first1=Rachel L. |last2=Baric |first2=Ralph S. |title=SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence |journal=Immunity |date=May 2020 |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=734–736 |doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016|pmid=32392464 |pmc=7207110 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Virologists interviewed by [[National Public Radio|NPR]] have said that there is virtually no chance that the virus emerged from a lab.<ref name="NPR-23Apr2020"/>
+The institute has been an active research center for the study of [[coronavirus]]es. In the wake of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], it has been the subject of multiple allegations regarding the origin of the virus.<ref name=science_inquiry/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Allen-Ebrahimian |first1=Bethany |title=What we know about the Chinese lab at the center of the coronavirus controversy |url=https://www.axios.com/wuhan-institute-of-virology-china-coronavirus-79ad2d32-9834-4099-8a94-5df501845e3d.html |website=Axios |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=CNN |first1=Nectar Gan |title=The Wuhan lab at the center of the US-China blame game: What we know and what we don't |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/06/asia/coronavirus-china-wuhan-lab-origins-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> There is however no evidence widely accepted by the scientific community backing these claims,<ref name=science_inquiry>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=Science News |title=Pressure grows on China for independent investigation into pandemic's origins |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/05/pressure-grows-china-independent-investigation-pandemic-s-origins |website=Science {{!}} AAAS |access-date=25 May 2020 |language=en |date=4 May 2020}}</ref> with a scientific paper in the journal ''Immunity'' noting that "the available data argue overwhelmingly against any scientific misconduct or negligence".<ref name=grahamb:20>{{cite journal |last1=Graham |first1=Rachel L. |last2=Baric |first2=Ralph S. |title=SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence |journal=Immunity |date=May 2020 |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=734–736 |doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016|pmid=32392464 |pmc=7207110 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Virologists interviewed by [[National Public Radio|NPR]] have said that there is virtually no chance that the virus emerged from a lab.<ref name="NPR-23Apr2020"/>
 ==History==
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 In January 2020, conspiracy theories circulated that the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] originated from viruses engineered by the WIV, which were refuted on the basis of scientific evidence that the virus has natural origins.<ref name=WPO/><ref name=Science>{{cite web | url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/scientists-strongly-condemn-rumors-and-conspiracy-theories-about-origin-coronavirus | title=Scientists 'strongly condemn' rumors and conspiracy theories about origin of coronavirus outbreak | first=John | last=Cohen | date=19 February 2020 | access-date=14 April 2020 | website=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414091730/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/scientists-strongly-condemn-rumors-and-conspiracy-theories-about-origin-coronavirus | archive-date=14 April 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NYT-conspiracy>{{Cite news|last=Fisher|first=Max|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/world/europe/coronavirus-conspiracy-theories.html|title=Why Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories Flourish. And Why It Matters.|date=2020-04-08|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-20|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417030044/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/world/europe/coronavirus-conspiracy-theories.html|archive-date=17 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Guardian-conspiracy>{{Cite news|last=Noor|first=Poppy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/13/coronavirus-conspiracy-theory-laboratory-report|title=A third of Americans believe Covid-19 laboratory conspiracy theory – study|date=2020-04-13|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-04-20|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418155738/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/13/coronavirus-conspiracy-theory-laboratory-report|archive-date=18 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=ABC-conspiracy>{{Cite web|first=Kate|last=Holland|date=2020-03-27|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/conspiracy-theorists-study-concludes-covid-19-laboratory-construct/story?id=69827832|title=Sorry, conspiracy theorists. Study concludes COVID-19 'is not a laboratory construct'|website=ABC News|language=en|access-date=2020-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418230746/https://abcnews.go.com/US/conspiracy-theorists-study-concludes-covid-19-laboratory-construct/story?id=69827832|archive-date=18 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> In mid-January, U.S. intelligence agencies reported to U.S. officials that they had not detected any alarm within the Chinese government that would suggest the outbreak had emerged from a government laboratory.<ref name="NYT-examination"/> In an opinion column in the ''Washington Post'' in April 2020, [[Josh Rogin]] claimed that [[US State Department]] [[diplomatic cable|cables]] from 2018 raised safety concerns about WIV's research on [[SHC014-CoV|bat coronaviruses]].<ref name=WPO9>{{cite newspaper | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/14/state-department-cables-warned-safety-issues-wuhan-lab-studying-bat-coronaviruses/ | title=State Department cables warned of safety issues at Wuhan lab studying bat coronaviruses | first=John | last=Rogin | date=14 April 2020 | access-date=14 April 2020 | newspaper=[[Washington Post]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414114720/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/14/state-department-cables-warned-safety-issues-wuhan-lab-studying-bat-coronaviruses/ | archive-date=14 April 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> After the cables were published in July 2020, [[Ian Lipkin]], director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at Columbia University, told the ''Washington Post'', "I don't see any evidence to support the idea that this was released deliberately or inadvertently."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/state-department-releases-cable-that-launched-claims-that-coronavirus-escaped-from-chinese-lab/2020/07/17/63deae58-c861-11ea-a9d3-74640f25b953_story.html |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title=State Department releases cable that launched claims that coronavirus escaped from Chinese lab |first1=John |last1=Hudson |first2=Nate |last2=Jones |date=17 July 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> In April 2020, at the request of Trump administration officials, U.S. intelligence agencies began investigating whether the outbreak originated from the accidental exposure by WIV scientists studying natural coronaviruses in bats.<ref name="BBC-Rincon">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-52318539 |title=Coronavirus: Is there any evidence for lab release theory? |publisher=[[BBC]] |last=Rincon |first=Paul |date=16 April 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416234322/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-52318539 |archive-date=16 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-examination">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-response.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage |work=[[New York Times]] |title=He Could Have Seen What Was Coming: Behind Trump's Failure on the Virus |first1=Eric |last1=Lipton |first2=David E. |last2=Sanger |first3=Maggie |last3=Haberman |first4=Michael D. |last4=Shear |first5=Mark |last5=Mazzetti |first6=Julian E. |last6=Barnes |date=11 April 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415115021/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-response.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage |archive-date=15 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NBC-examination">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/china/u-s-intel-community-examining-whether-coronavirus-emerged-accidentally-chinese-n1185371 |title=U.S. intel community examining whether coronavirus emerged accidentally from a Chinese lab |publisher=[[NBC News]] |first1=Ken |last1=Dilanian |first2=Courtney |last2=Kube |date=16 April 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |quote=The U.S. intelligence community is examining whether the coronavirus that caused the global pandemic emerged accidentally from a Chinese research lab studying diseases in bats. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416173210/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/china/u-s-intel-community-examining-whether-coronavirus-emerged-accidentally-chinese-n1185371 |archive-date=16 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''New York Times'' reported that senior officials in the Trump administration were pressuring intelligence agencies to find evidence for the unsubstantiated theory that the virus leaked from the laboratory, leading to concern among some intelligence analysts that intelligence assessments would be distorted to serve a political campaign to lay blame on China for the outbreak.<ref name="NYT-30Apr2020-pressure">{{cite news |title=Trump Officials Are Said to Press Spies to Link Virus and Wuhan Labs |first1=Mark |last1=Mazzetti |first2=Julian E. |last2=Barnes |first3=Edward |last3=Wong |first4=Adam |last4=Goldman |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/us/politics/trump-administration-intelligence-coronavirus-china.html |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> [[US President]] [[Donald Trump|Trump]] and [[US Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Mike Pompeo]] have claimed to have evidence of the lab theory, but have offered no further details.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Maanvi |last1=Singh |first2=Helen |last2=Davidson |first3=Julian |last3=Borger |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/30/donald-trump-coronavirus-chinese-lab-claim |title=Trump claims to have evidence coronavirus started in Chinese lab but offers no details |date=May 1, 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507045320/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/30/donald-trump-coronavirus-chinese-lab-claim |archive-date=7 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Zachary |last1=Cohen |first2=Alex |last2=Marquardt |first3=Kylie |last3=Atwood |first4=Jim |last4=Acosta |title=Trump contradicts US intel community by claiming he's seen evidence coronavirus originated in Chinese lab |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/30/politics/trump-intelligence-community-china-coronavirus-origins/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 1, 2020 |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507155040/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/30/politics/trump-intelligence-community-china-coronavirus-origins/index.html |archive-date=7 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="dtdt">{{cite news |title=Donald Trump contradicts US intelligence by saying evidence links coronavirus to Wuhan lab in China |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/04/30/donald-trump-contradicts-us-intelligence-saying-evidence-links/ |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited |date=1 May 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501045101/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/04/30/donald-trump-contradicts-us-intelligence-saying-evidence-links/ |archive-date=1 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Borger|first=Julian|date=2020-05-03|title=Mike Pompeo: 'enormous evidence' coronavirus came from Chinese lab|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/03/mike-pompeo-donald-trump-coronavirus-chinese-laboratory|access-date=2020-05-04|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504220049/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/03/mike-pompeo-donald-trump-coronavirus-chinese-laboratory|archive-date=4 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Many virologists have said there is "virtually no chance" that SARS-CoV-2 leaked from the institute.<ref name=WPO/><ref name="NPR-23Apr2020">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/23/841729646/virus-researchers-cast-doubt-on-theory-of-coronavirus-lab-accident |title=Virus Researchers Cast Doubt On Theory Of Coronavirus Lab Accident |first1=Geoff |last1=Brumfiel |first2=Emily |last2=Kwong |date=23 April 2020 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428023938/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/23/841729646/virus-researchers-cast-doubt-on-theory-of-coronavirus-lab-accident |archive-date=28 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Vox-23Apr2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/4/23/21226484/wuhan-lab-coronavirus-china |title=Why these scientists still doubt the coronavirus leaked from a Chinese lab |first=Eliza |last=Barclay |date=23 April 2020 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430014730/https://www.vox.com/2020/4/23/21226484/wuhan-lab-coronavirus-china |archive-date=30 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The virologist [[Peter Daszak]], president of the [[EcoHealth Alliance]], which studies emerging infectious diseases, has had a 15-year collaboration with [[Shi Zhengli]], a leading WIV virologist, to study bat coronaviruses.<ref name=science_daszak>{{cite journal |last1=Wadman |first1=Meredith |last2=Cohen |first2=Jon |s2cid=218556464 |title=NIH move to ax bat coronavirus grant draws fire |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6491/561?rss=1 |journal=Science |access-date=28 May 2020 |pages=561–562 |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.368.6491.561 |date=8 May 2020|volume=368 |issue=6491 |pmid=32381695 |bibcode=2020Sci...368..561W |doi-access=free }}</ref> Daszak noted estimates that millions of people who live or work in proximity to bats in Southeast Asia are infected each year with bat coronaviruses.<ref name="NPR-23Apr2020"/><ref name="Vox-23Apr2020"/> In an interview with [[Vox (website)|Vox]], Daszak comments, "There are probably half a dozen people that do work in those labs. So let's compare 1 million to 7 million people a year to half a dozen people; it's just not logical."<ref name="Vox-23Apr2020"/> Jonna Mazet, Professor of epidemiology at the University of California, Davis and director of the [[PREDICT (USAID)|PREDICT]] project to monitor emerging viruses, has commented that staff at the Wuhan Institute of Virology were trained by U.S. scientists as part of the PREDICT program and follow high safety standards, and that "All of the evidence points to this ''not'' being a laboratory accident."<ref name="NPR-23Apr2020"/> In addition, presence of RNA of the coronavirus is reported by an international research team from an oropharyngeal swab specimen dated early December 2019 in [[Milan, Italy]], which appears unrelated to the institute.<ref>{{cite q|Q104134164}}</ref>
+Many virologists have said there is "virtually no chance" that SARS-CoV-2 leaked from the institute.<ref name=WPO/><ref name="NPR-23Apr2020">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/23/841729646/virus-researchers-cast-doubt-on-theory-of-coronavirus-lab-accident |title=Virus Researchers Cast Doubt On Theory Of Coronavirus Lab Accident |first1=Geoff |last1=Brumfiel |first2=Emily |last2=Kwong |date=23 April 2020 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428023938/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/23/841729646/virus-researchers-cast-doubt-on-theory-of-coronavirus-lab-accident |archive-date=28 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Vox-23Apr2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/4/23/21226484/wuhan-lab-coronavirus-china |title=Why these scientists still doubt the coronavirus leaked from a Chinese lab |first=Eliza |last=Barclay |date=23 April 2020 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430014730/https://www.vox.com/2020/4/23/21226484/wuhan-lab-coronavirus-china |archive-date=30 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The virologist [[Peter Daszak]], president of the [[EcoHealth Alliance]], which studies emerging infectious diseases, has had a 15-year collaboration with [[Shi Zhengli]], a leading WIV virologist, to study bat coronaviruses.<ref name=science_daszak>{{cite journal |last1=Wadman |first1=Meredith |last2=Cohen |first2=Jon |s2cid=218556464 |title=NIH move to ax bat coronavirus grant draws fire |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6491/561?rss=1 |journal=Science |access-date=28 May 2020 |pages=561–562 |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.368.6491.561 |date=8 May 2020|volume=368 |issue=6491 |pmid=32381695 |bibcode=2020Sci...368..561W |doi-access=free }}</ref> Daszak noted estimates that millions of people who live or work in proximity to bats in Southeast Asia are infected each year with bat coronaviruses.<ref name="NPR-23Apr2020"/><ref name="Vox-23Apr2020"/> In an interview with [[Vox (website)|Vox]], Daszak comments, "There are probably half a dozen people that do work in those labs. So let's compare 1 million to 7 million people a year to half a dozen people; it's just not logical."<ref name="Vox-23Apr2020"/> Jonna Mazet, Professor of epidemiology at the University of California, Davis and director of the [[PREDICT (USAID)|PREDICT]] project to monitor emerging viruses, has commented that staff at the Wuhan Institute of Virology were trained by U.S. scientists as part of the PREDICT program and follow high safety standards, and that "All of the evidence points to this ''not'' being a laboratory accident."<ref name="NPR-23Apr2020"/> In addition, presence of RNA of the coronavirus is reported by an international research team from an oropharyngeal swab specimen dated early December 2019 in [[Milan, Italy]], which appears unrelated to the institute, although some scientists have treated this evidence with scepticism and pointed to possible false positives.<ref>{{Cite web|last=November 2020|first=Yasemin Saplakoglu-Staff Writer 18|title=How early was the coronavirus really circulating in Italy?|url=https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-circulating-italy-earlier-thought.html|access-date=2021-01-16|website=livescience.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite q|Q104134164}}</ref>
 ==Research centers==

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF
National	Israel United States Australia Poland
Academics	CiNii
People	Trove