Ethnic groups in Karnataka
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Karnataka is a state in the southern part of India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act. Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the north-west, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the south-east, and Kerala to the south-west. The state covers an area of 74,122 sq mi (191,976 km2), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It comprises 30 districts. Kannada is the official language of Karnataka and as per the 2011 census[update] is the mother tongue of 66.5% of the population.[1] Various ethnic groups with origins in other parts of India have unique customs and use languages at home other than Kannada, adding to the cultural diversity of the state. Significant linguistic minorities in the state in 2011[update] included speakers of Urdu (10.8%), Telugu (5.8%), Tamil (3.5%), Marathi (3.4%), Hindi (3.2%), Tulu (2.6%), Konkani (1.3%) and Malayalam (1.3%).[1]
Kannadiga
[edit]Kannadigas form the dominant ethnic group in Karnataka, making up to 67% of the total population of the state.[1] They are the native speakers of the Kannada language. Kannada is one of the official languages of India and the official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka.[2] Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Linguistic Experts, appointed by the Ministry of Culture, the Government of India officially recognised Kannada as a classical language.[3][4]
Tuluva people
[edit]
Tuluvas are the native speakers of Tulu language. They form the dominant ethnic community in the district of Dakshina Kannada of Karnataka, which is often termed as a single region called as Tulu Nadu. Yakshagana, Nagaradhane, Bootha Kola and Aati kalenja are the distinctive features of Tuluva culture. Tuluvas follow a matrilineal system of inheritance known as Aliyasantana which has given them a unique cultural status. As per the 2011 census[update], Tuluvas formed 2.61% of the total population of the state.[1]
Konkani people
[edit]The speakers of Konkani language are widely settled in the districts of Uttara Kannada, Udupi and Dakshina Kannada (Udupi and Dakshina Kannada were the erstwhile South Canara district).[5] In Karwar Taluk (Uttara Kannada district) alone, Konkani language is spoken by about 78% of the population.[5] Significant population of Konkani people has also settled in Belgaum, Sirsi and Bangalore.[5] As per the 2011 census[update], speakers of Konkani form 1.29% of the total population of the state.[1] In Karnataka, which has the largest number of Konkanis, leading organizations and activists have similarly demanded that Kannada script be made the medium of instruction for Konkani in local schools instead of Devanagari.[6] Most Konkani-speaking people of the state are bilingual in Kannada and Tulu.
Kodava people
[edit]
Kodava people are the native speakers of Kodava language and are of a martial race mainly settled in the district of Kodagu.[7] As per the 2011 census[update], the speakers of Kodava Takk make up up to 0.18% of the total population of the state.[1] According to Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy, apart from Kodavas, 18 other ethnic groups speak Kodava Takk in and outside the district including Heggade, Iri, Koyava, Banna, kudiya, Kembatti, and Meda.[8]
First script for Kodava Thakk was found at Bhagamandala inscription dating back to 1370 AD. Later in the year 1887 Dr. Koravanda Appaiah invented a script for Kodava Thakk, Followed by Dr I.M.Muthanna in 1970, Kiran Subbaiah in 1980, Ponjanda Appaiah in 2003, Dr. Cox in 2005, Charles Henry in 2008.
A meeting which was held on 21 February 2022 by Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy at Madikeri officially accepted Dr. IM Muthanna's script as the official script of Kodava Thakk. Thus, ending the debate for the need of a script for Kodava Thakk. Muthanna's script is widely used among masses in Kodagu. Kodava Script is used by a number of individuals in Kodagu.[9]
Lambani language
[edit]The Lambani language is a Rajasthani language spoken by the Banjara community. Lambanis are associated with the salt trade. They are a major minority in Uttar Karnataka District, in Bidar, Kalburgi, Vijayapura, Gadag, Haveri, Koppal ,Vijayanagara, Raichur and Yadgiri. They also form a major minority in South Karnataka, in Davangere, Shimoga, Chitradurga, Chikkamagaluru, Hassan and Tumkur.
Deccani people
[edit]In Karnataka, Urdu is spoken in the form of Dakhni, as in the other states of Deccan. People speaking Urdu as their mother tongue form the second largest ethnic group in Karnataka (10.83% of the total population as per the 2011 census[update]),[1] the majority of whom are Muslims (constituting 85.6% of the Muslim population in Karnataka in the 1991 census[update][10]). Places in Karnataka like Gulbarga and Bijapur during the Sultanate period served as the centres of Dakhni literature from 14th - 17th century. These literary activities led to the development of Urdu during the late Mughal period after the conquest of Bijapur in 1686 CE. The concentration of speakers of Urdu shows an uneven distribution over different districts in Karnataka. The difference in the numerical strength of Urdu speakers varies from a few hundred to thousands.[10] Almost 57.5% of the total Urdu population in Karnataka are bilingual. Kannada is the most preferred language among the Urdu speakers of Karnataka. About 43.5% of the total Urdu population has bilingualism in Kannada.[10]
Marathi people
[edit]Marathi people are the native speakers of the Marathi language, which serves as the official language of the adjoining state of Maharashtra. Marathi speakers are mostly found in the districts of Belgaum and Bidar and as per the 2011 census[update] form 3.38% of the total population of the state.[1] The migration of Marathi speakers to Karnataka dates from the 17th century when the Maratha Empire was established.[1] Belgaum city was incorporated into the newly formed Mysore state (now Karnataka) with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act (1956), which reorganised India's states along linguistic lines, despite having a significant Marathi-speaking population;[11] two-thirds of the total population.[12] There are also considerable number of Marathi-speakers in Bangalore city.[13]
Telugu people
[edit]As per the 2011 census[update], speakers of Telugu formed the third largest ethnic group in Karnataka (5.84% of the total population).[1] The speakers of Telugu language form the native ethnic group of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the neighbouring states of Karnataka. Telugu is the official language of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states spoken by 88.5% of the population. Telugu is the third most spoken language in India.[14] The Indian government designated Telugu as a classical and ancient language on 1 November 2008.[15] Telugu and Kannada share a long relationship, both having a similar script and culture, although the state of Karnataka was only formed after Independence. Most of the districts in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka border were always a mix of Telugu and Kannada populations who were bilingual similar to few places in Andhra Pradesh. Telugu and Kannada inscriptions forming historical evidences dating back to many centuries have been found along the regions that form the current border of these two states. There are significant populations of original Karnataka Telugu speakers in the eastern districts of Karnataka that form the border with Andhra Pradesh. viz. Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Bellary, Koppal, Chikballapur, Kolar, Raichur and Tumkur.[16] Telugu people are the third largest ethnic group in Bengaluru after Kannadigas and Tamils, constituting 13.89% of the total population it is highest population in the state and when it comes to percentage Bellary District has 29.30% and Bellary City has 28.06% of Telugu Speakers of their total populations which is the Highest percentage and density in the state of Karnataka.[17] The recent migrants from Andhra Pradesh speak Telugu while older migrants are bilingual in both Telugu and Kannada.
Tamil people
[edit]
Tamil people are the native speakers of the Tamil language, which is spoken predominantly in the adjoining state of Tamil Nadu. The language has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and in the Indian union territory of Puducherry. Tamil is also an official language of Sri Lanka, and Singapore. It is one of the twenty-two scheduled languages of India and the first Indian language to be declared as a classical language by the government of India in 2004. Tamil is also spoken by significant minorities in Malaysia, Myanmar, Mauritius, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago and Réunion as well as emigrant communities around the world.[18]
In Karnataka, Tamil speakers form 3.45% of the total population of the state.[1] There has been a recorded presence of Tamil-speaking people in Southern Karnataka since the 10th century.[19] During the eleventh century AD, the areas in and around Bangalore were a bone of contention between the Tamil-speaking Cholas and the Kannada-speaking Western Chalukyas.[19] The Vaishnavite Brahmins of Southern Karnataka use the Tamil surname "Iyengar" and are believed to have migrated during the time of the 12th century Vaishnavite saint Ramanujacharya. Most Iyengars in Karnataka use sub-dialects of Iyengar Tamil.
After the fall of Tipu Sultan, a large British Army presence in the Cantonment area (Bangalore) attracted speakers of Tamil, who either were attached to the military or were military suppliers. The area was administered directly by the Madras Presidency, and was handed over to the Mysore State only in 1949.[13] Today, the erstwhile Cantonment area of Bangalore comprising Ulsoor, Shivajinagar, Benson Town, Richard's Town, Frazer Town, Austin Town, Richmond Town, Cox Town, Murphy Town and others still boast a large Tamil populace.[13] The boom in the textile industry in the early part of 20th Century also witnessed migration from the Madras Presidency. Some of the very well known mills of the time employed Tamil-speaking people in large numbers, who settled down in areas in and around Bangalore[13]
Tamil-speaking people are largely found in the districts of Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Shivamogga, Ramanagara, Mysore, Kolar, Hassan, Mandya and Chamarajanagar in southern Karnataka, Tungabadhra Dam and Hospet in North Karnataka. Recent migrants speak Tamil while older migrants are bilingual in Kannada and Tamil. In 2011, Tamils constituted the third largest ethnolinguistic minority in Bangalore city making up 13.90% of the total population.[20] Today, Tamil speakers form an estimated 13.99% of the population of Bangalore city.[21][22] As of 1971, Tamil formed the second-largest mother tongue in Bangalore and Bhadravathi, third in Mysore and Shimoga, fourth in Davanagere and fifth in Mangalore.[23] The districts, according to the 1971 census, where the largest proportion of Karnataka's Tamil population live are Bangalore (53.7 percent of the Tamil-speaking population of Karnataka), Kolar (14 percent) and Mysore (8.6 percent).
There are also Tamil families from Sri Lanka who were originally of South Indian Tamil descent, settled in Sulya and Puttur taluks of Dakshina Kannada district and are currently working in rubber plantations in the district.[24][25][26]
Malayali people
[edit]Malayalis are the native speakers of the Malayalam language, which has official status in the state of Kerala, and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry.[27][28]
As per the 2011 census[update], Malayalis form 1.27% of the total population of the state[1] Native Malayalam-speaking people are found in large numbers in the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Mysore, Udupi and Kodagu.[29][30][31][32] In the early part of the 20th century, a large number of traders from the Malabar region settled in Bangalore for business reasons. It is also evident that Kodagu-Malabar association is ancient by the fact that people of Kodagu worshipped gods and goddesses common to the Malabari Malayali people.[30]
Others
[edit]
Other ethnic groups settled in Karnataka include Gujaratis (0.19%), Bengalis (0.14%), Odias (0.10%), Tibetans (0.06%), Punjabis (0.04%), Nepalis (0.03%) and Sindhis (0.03%).[1]
Another minor ethnic group are the Bearys, who follow Islam and are mainly settled in the coastal districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi.[33] They are the native speakers of Beary bashe, a language made of Malayalam idioms with Tulu phonology and grammar.[34] This dialect was traditionally known as Mappila Malayalam because of Bearys' close contact with Mappilas.[34] Due to vast influence of Tulu for centuries, it is today considered as a language, close to both Malayalam and Tulu.[34] The word Beary is said to be derived from the Tulu word byara which means trade or business, as this community were primarily traders. Since the major portion of this community people were involved in business activities, the local Tulu-speaking majority called them Beary or Byari.[35]
There is a small Tibetan settlement in Bylakuppe, in Mysore district. This was the first and largest of the intentional Tibetan settlements in India, and was created in response to accommodate fleeing Tibetans due to the Chinese occupation of their homeland. The camp is home to some 14,000 Tibetans.[36]
The Siddis are found in the ghat area of Uttara Kannada district, Dharwad district and Belgaum district. These people have African ancestry, as a majority of these people were said to have come from Goa, where they were imported from East Africa (mainly Mozambique) by the Portuguese as slaves.[37] They speak Are Marathi, a mixture of Marathi with the Konkani and Kannada languages.[37]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Karnataka Population". populationU. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ^ "The Karnataka Official Language Act" (PDF). Official website of Department of Parliamentary Affairs and Legislation. Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 29 June 2007.
- ^ "Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages". Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
- ^ "Kannada gets classical tag". DH News Service. Deccanhearld.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
- ^ a b c Manohararāya Saradesāya (2000). "A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992". Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788172016647.
- ^ The Hindu : Karnataka / Mangalore News : `Kannada script must be used to teach Konkani'
- ^ "Kodava-speaking people seek one identity". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 January 2005. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Will Kodava find a place in Eighth Schedule?". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Debate on Kodava script continues". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) German multi-linguist devises a script with 34 alphabets - ^ a b c A. R. Fatihi. "Urdu in Karnataka". Language in India, Volume 2: 2002-12-09. M. S. Thirumalai, Managing Editor, Language in India. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ^ Girish Kuber (28 November 2005). "District's always been bone of contention". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
- ^ Jaishankar Jayaramaiah (21 November 2005). "Karnataka caught in 'language' web". The Financial express. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
- ^ a b c d Sharath S. Srivatsa. "Bangalore calling: it all goes way back…". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 January 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2009.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Comparative Ranking of Scheduled Languages in Descending Order of Speakers' Strength - 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2001. Archived from the original on 18 November 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
- ^ "Telugu, Kannada get classical tag". The Times of India. 1 November 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
- ^ "Greater academic exchange between Kannada and Telugu proposed". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 7 November 2008. Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
- ^ "The many tongues of Bengaluru". The Hindu. 22 August 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.
- ^ a b Smriti Srinivas (2004). "The Settlement of Tamil speaking Groups in Karnataka". Landscapes of Urban Memory. Orient Blackswan. pp. 100–102. ISBN 8125022546.
- ^ D. V. Kumar (2006). Modernisation and ethnicity: locating the Telugu community in Bangalore. Mittal Publications. p. 16. ISBN 8183241077.
- ^ "Riots police guard Bangalore over India water dispute". Reuters. 5 February 2007.
- ^ Beary, Habib (26 November 2004). "Bollywood ban in language fight". BBC.
- ^ P. Padmanabha. Census of India, 1971. Manager of Publications. pp. 668–669.
- ^ "Sri Lankan Tamil repatriates to finally get caste certificates". The Hindu. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
- ^ "Rubber Boom Raises Hope of Repatriates". Counter Currents. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
- ^ "Unsettled still". Sunday Times.Lk. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
- ^ "Malayalam". Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
- ^ "Principal languages of Pondicherry". Retrieved 3 December 2009.
- ^ "karnatakavision.com".
- ^ a b "Kodagu-Kerala association is ancient". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 November 2008. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.
- ^ "Virajpet Kannada Sahitya Sammelan on 19 January". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.
- ^ "Govt. to start cultural centres". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 January 2002.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "World Beary meet next year". The Hindu. 9 October 2009.
- ^ a b c Upadhyaya, U. Padmanabha (1996), "Coastal Karnataka: Studies in Folkloristic and Linguistic Traditions of Dakshina Kannada Region of the Western Coast of India", First All India Conference of Dravidian Linguistics, Thiruvananthapuram, 1973, Udupi: Rashtrakavi Govind Pai Samshodhana Kendra, ISBN 81-86668-06-3
- ^ Ahmed Noori, Maikala p.17 (1960)
- ^ "Tibetan Refugees in India". Seekers of Refuge in a Land of No Return: Conversations with Tibetan Refugees in Bylakuppe
- ^ a b Shanti Sadiq Ali (1996). "The African dispersal in the Deccan: from medieval to modern times". Orient Blackswan. ISBN 9788125004851.
