Jump to content

List of riots in India

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

India has faced a number of riots both before and after its independence. Here is a list of riots in India:

Riots in Pre-Independent India

[edit]
Name Year Locations Cause Factions Deaths Wounded Damage Ref
Bombay Dog Riots 1832 (6 to 7 June) South Mumbai Protest by Punjab against the British government's killing of stray cats Parsis None None N/A [1]
Parsi–Muslim riots October 1851 Bombay Protests by Muslims against the Chitra Dynan Darpan owned by a Parsee. The publication had printed a depiction of the Islamic prophet Muhammed and his history. Parsis
Muslims 		N/A N/A N/A [2]
1857 Bharuch riot May 1857 Broach and Mumbai Linked to the Broach riots Parsis
Muslims 		2 Parsis murdered N/A N/A [2]
Parsi–Muslim riots 1874 13 February 1874 N/A N/A N/A [2]
Salem riots of 1882 1882 Salem, Tamil Nadu Objection by Muslims to a Hindu religious procession through a Mosque Hindus
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown N/A
Shahabad Riots 1917 Shahabad, Bihar Communal harmony disrupted due to the practice of cow slaughter on Eid al-Adha Hindus,Muslims Unknown Unknown [3]
Katarpur Riot 1918 Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh Various Hindus Muslims N/A [4]
Malabar rebellion 1920–1921 Malabar Religious leaders spearheaded the Hindu genocide of 1921, which led to the massacre of thousands of Hindus, forcible conversions, rape of Hindu women and children and destruction of Hindu properties and places of worship, many call it Khilafat aftermath in the Malabar District of Madras Presidency. Mappilas

Hindus
British Raj

approx 10000 hindus killed and 100k have to leave their homeland[citation needed] [5][6]
Peshawar riots March 21–24, 1910 Peshawar, Peshawar District, North-West Frontier Province Annual Hindu festival of Holi coincided with Barawafat, the annual Muslim day of mourning. Hindus
Muslims 		At least 4 Muslims and 6 Hindus Hundreds At least 451 shops and homes, Rs. 50 lakhs of damage [7][8][a][b][c][d][e]
1921–1922 riots April 1921–March 1922 Bengal, Punjab, Multan Many riots occurred during Muharram, other causes Hindus
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Various [6]
Riots in Kohat 1924 Kohat Hindu–Muslim tension Hindus
155 Unknown Rs. 9 lakhs + of damage [6]
1924–1925 riots April 1924- March 1925 Delhi, Nagpur, Lahore, Lucknow, Moradabad, Bhagalpur, Gulbarga, Shahajahanpur, Kankinarah, Kohat and Allahabad Various Hindus
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Various [6]
1925–1926 riots April 1925–March 1926 Calcutta, the United Provinces, the Central Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Berar, Gujarat, Sholapur Dispute outside a mosque between Muslims and Hindus, other causes Hindus
Muslims 		44+ 584+ Damage to temples and mosques [6]
1926–1927 riots April 1926–March 1927 Delhi, Calcutta, Bengal, the Punjab, United Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Sind Music during Hindu celebrations near mosques, and other causes Hindus
Muslims 		28+ 226+ Unknown [6]
1927–1928 riots April 1927- March 1928 Lahore, Bihar (2), Orissa(2), Punjab (2), Bettiah, United Provinces (10), Bombay Presidency (6), the Central Provinces (2), Bengal (2), Delhi(1) Caused by the publication of Rangila Rasul and Risala Vartman, by music during Hindu celebrations near mosques, cow slaughter, and other causes Hindus
Muslims 		103+ 1084+ Unknown [6]
1927 Nagpur riots September 4, 1927 Nagpur, Maharashtra Muslims objected to passage of Hindu procession which resulted in riots Hindus
Muslims 		22 100 N/A
1928–1929 riots April 1928–March 1929 22 significant riots in this period. Most serious were the Bombay riots. Other riots in Punjab, Kharagpur, and other places. Many riots occurred during Bakr-i-Id, other causes Hindus
Muslims 		204+ (149 in Bombay) Nearly 1000 Unknown [6]
1929–1930 riots April 1929–March 1930 12 significant riots in this period. Bombay, other places. Various Hindus
Muslims 		35+ 200+ Unknown [6]
Bombay riots of 1930 1930 various Protests against the Salt tax Indian
British government 		N/A N/A N/A [9]
1930–1931 riots April 1930 – March 1931 Bengal, Nagpur, Bombay, Assam, Sukkur (Sind) Various Hindus
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Unknown [6]
1931–1932 riots April 1931–March 1932 Cawnpore, other places Various Hindus
Muslims 		300-500 Unknown Damage to temples and other property [6]
1933–1934 riots April 1933–March 1934 Benares, Cawnpore, Lahore, Peshawar, Ayodhya,... During Hindu and Muslim celebrations. Dispute between Sikhs and Muslims at the Shaheed Ganj Mosque in Lahore. Riots in Karachi after Abdul Quayum was executed for the murder of Hindu writer Nathuramal in court. Hindus, Sikhs
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Various [6]
1936 riots 1936 Firozabad, Bombay, other Various Hindus
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Various [6]
1937 riots 1937 Panipat, Madras, Amritsar During Holi, other causes Hindus, Sikhs
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Various [6]
1939 riots 1939 Benares, Cawnpore, Sukkur (Sind), other Dispute between Muslims and Hindus at Manzilgah over a mosque, a temple vandalized by Muslims, other causes Hindus
Muslims 		151+ 58+ Various [6]
Direct Action Day August 1946 Calcutta, Bengal Muslim League Council to show the strength of Muslim feelings both to British and Congress. Muslims wanted a separate country for Muslims fearing that Hindus will suppress their community and that fear lead to killing and looting of Hindus. Hindus
Muslims
4,000 N/A 100,000 homeless [10]
Noakhali riots October–November 1946 Noakhali and Tippera districts of Bengal (now in Bangladesh) Widespread killing of Hindus and looting of Hindu shops, businesses, and homes. An attempt to either kill or make the Hindus flee from Noakhali and go to newly founded republic of India. Hindus
Muslims
5,000 killed N/A 50,000 remained marooned [11][12]

Riots In Post-Independent India

[edit]

From Independence to 2000

[edit]
Name Year Locations Cause Factions Deaths Wounded Damage Ref
1957 Ramnad riots 1957 Ramnad After Devendrar people objected to electoral victory of Maravar candidate in 1957 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections Devendrar
Maravar
Tamil Nadu police 		38 Unknown 2,841 houses burnt [13]
1961 Jabalpur riots 4-9 February, 1961 Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh This riot was linked to the emergence of a small class of successful Muslim entrepreneurs who created a new economic rivalry between Hindu and Muslim communities. Also, media and press gave communal tone to crime incident by two Muslim boys, which lead to widespread violence. Hindus
Muslims 		55[14] 200+ These riots shook Jawaharlal Nehru as he never expected communal riots of such intensity in independent India. Hindu nationalist organizations including ABVP, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh played a major role in this riot. Officially 55 were killed, though according to unofficial accounts, 200 were killed. Nehru responded by lambasting the Bhopal Congress government which was being headed by Chief Minister Kailash Nath Katju. He angrily noted that Congress leaders were found to be 'sitting inside their houses like purdah ladies' during riots[15] [16][17]
1964 Calcutta riots January 1964 Culcutta and rural parts of West Bengal Retaliation for Muslim attacks on Hindus during 1964 East Pakistan riots Hindus
Muslims 		264[18][19][20][21] 430+ The Muslim community in Calcutta felt more segregated and fearful than ever before. Reports indicated that as many as 70,000 residents fled their homes.[22] [23][24]
1966 Hindu Sikh riots 9 March 1966 Delhi March 14 Hindus and Sikhs battled in New Delhi's streets today as a wave of violence over proposals for a Punjabi-speaking state spread. Following violence in Delhi stoning and casual violence also erupted in Ludhiana, Patiala, Jalandhar and in Panipat 3 congressmen were burnt alive including close associate of Bhagat Singh generally believed to be orchestrated by Jan Sangh who were anti of Punjabi speaking state. Sikhs

Hindus

3 people died and around hundreds were injured, N/A N/A
1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots August 22–29, 1967 Ranchi Anti-Urdu agitations Hindus

Muslims

184 Unknown 195 shops looted and burnt, three places of worship damaged by arson. [25]
1969 Gujarat riots September – October 1969 Gujarat Desecration of a dargah and subsequently of a Hindu temple. Hindus
Muslims 		512 1084 Property of muslims worth 42 million Rupees destroyed [26]
1969 Anti-Kannada Riots February – 1969 Bombay KA-MH border dispute. Kannadigas
Marathis 		59 274 February 1969 Thackeray unleashes his goons against Kannadigas. 59 dead, 274 wounded, 151 cops injured in week of riots. [27]
Worli riots 1974 Mumbai, Maharashtra Police attempting to disperse a Dalit Panthers rally where speaker allegedly made objectionable remarks about Hindu deities Shiv Sena
Dalit 		1 [28]
1980 Moradabad riots August 1980 Moradabad Policemen's refusal to remove pig from Idgah PAC
Muslims 		400 Unknown 195 shops looted and burnt, three places of worship damaged by arson. [29]
1981 Bihar riots May 1981 Bihar Sharif Dispute over land between Yadavs (an agricultural caste) and Muslims . Hindus
Muslims 		45 70 N/A

[30]

1982 Meerut riots July 1982 Meerut Dispute over land between Muslim advocate and Municipality . Hindus
Muslims 		100 126 N/A [31]
Nellie massacre February 1983 Nellie Kidnapping and murder of 5 Lalung tribals and alleged rape of two Lalung girls by Bengali Muslims. More broadly, Assam Agitation. Assamese Bengali Muslims 2,191 (Unofficial Toll 10,000+) Unknown [32]
1984 Bhiwandi riot May 1984 Bhiwandi Placement of Saffron flag on top of mosque. Hindus
Muslims 		278 1,115 N/A [33]
1984 Hyderabad riots August-September 1984 Hyderabad Religious procession during Ganesh Chathurti event in Old City caused violence . Hindus

Muslims

4 100 Mobs set fire to 100 shops and houses in the capital of Andhra Pradesh state [34]
1984 anti-Sikh riots 31 October 1984 − 3 November 1984 Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar Assassination of Indira Gandhi by her two Sikh bodyguards Hindus

Sikhs

3,350 (Government figures)

8,000‐17,000 (Independent estimate)

N/A N/A [35]
1985 Gujarat riots February –August 1985 Ahmedabad Anger among upper castes about proposed increases to reservation for backward classes. Later the riot turned communal and Bhartiya Janta Party and Vishwa Hindu Parishad workers attacked Muslims houses. Muslims who had no role to play in the reservation policy of Madhav Singh Solanki government were victimized. Hindus
Muslims 		275 N/A N/A
1986 Jammu and Kashmir riots February–March 1986 Jammu and Kashmir Construction of a mosque at the site of an ancient Hindu Temple Hindus
Muslims 		Hindu Temples, shops vandalised [36]
1987 Meerut riots April–May 1987 Meerut Babri Mosque reopened for Hindu worship Hindus
Muslims
PAC 		346 (includes 42 killed in Hashimpura massacre) 159 N/A [37]
1987 Delhi riots 19–22 May 1987 Delhi Rumors about events happening in Meerut triggered communal violence in Delhi Hindus
Muslims 		8 – 15 N/A N/A [38]
1988 Aurangabad violence 17–20 May 1988 Aurangabad Objection to Election results Hindus
Muslims 		26 N/A N/A [38]
1988 Muzaffarnagar 8–11 October 1988 Muzaffarnagar Rally by the BMAC (Babri Masjid Action Committee) Hindus
Muslims 		37 N/A N/A [38]
1988 Karnataka Bidar riots 14–16 September 1988 Bidar Religious procession during Ganesh Chathurti event and over demanding donations from Sikhs Sikhs
Hindus(VHP) 		6 Sikh students killed, 30 injured and N/A Property worth lakhs destroyed [39]
1989 Jammu anti-Sikh riots 13 January 1989 Jammu Some Sikh pilgrims displaying Satwant Singh and Beant Singh posters during Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti Sikhs
Shiv Sena 		15 Sikhs killed, hundreds injured and property worth crores destroyed N/A N/A [38]
1989 Bombay 24 February 1989 Bombay Protests against book The Satanic Verses Muslims 11 N/A N/A [38]
1989 Kota violence 14 September 1989 Kota Religious procession Hindus
Muslims 		26 N/A N/A [38]
1989 Badaun violence 28 September 1989 Badaun Issue of Urdu-slated to become Uttar Pradesh's second official language Hindus
Muslims 		24 N/A N/A [38]
1989 Indore violence 14 October 1989 Indore Political rally Hindus
Muslims 		23 N/A N/A [38]
1989 Bhagalpur violence 22–28 October 1989 Bhagalpur Religious procession and false rumors about the killing of Hindu students Hindus
Muslims 		1000+ N/A N/A [38]
1989 Kashmir violence 1989–1990 Kashmir Radical Islamist Militancy in valley Militants
Muslims

Kashmiri Hindus

200-1341 Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
1990 Gujarat violence April–October 1990 Gujarat Political procession Hindus
Muslims 		12 N/A Looting of shops [38]
1990 Colonelganj violence 30 September 1990 Colonelganj Stones and petrol bombs thrown at Durga Puja procession Hindus
Muslims 		100 N/A Looting of shops [38]
1990 Karnataka violence October 1990 Ramnagaram, Channapatna, Kolar, Davanagere, Tumkur Various incidents in different parts of Karnataka state Hindus
Muslims 		46 N/A N/A [40]
1990 Rajasthan violence October 1990 Udaipur, Jaipur Hindu Ram Jyoti procession (bearing the light of Ram) was stoned & attacked in Udaipur Hindus
Muslims 		50 N/A N/A [38]
1990 Ayodhya firing incident October, November 1990 Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh police fired live ammunition at civilians Hindus 16 N/A N/A [38]
1990 Hyderabad riots 1990 Hyderabad Due to Hindus partly demolishing Babri Mosque Hindus
Muslims 		200+ N/A N/A [41][42]
1990 Aligarh riots 1990 Aligarh Started with an attack on a group of people bound for Etah from the house of Manawwar Hussain, ex- chairman of the Nagar Palika, and from a nearby Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		11+ Unknown Unknown [43]
1990 Kanpur riots 1990 Kanpur Hawkers selling clothes were attacked and their merchandise burned Hindus
Muslims 		20 N/A N/A [38]
1990 Agra riots 1990 Agra Unknown Hindus
Muslims 		22 N/A N/A [44]
1990 Gonda riots 1990 Gonda Throwing of stones and petrol bombs at a Durga Puja procession Hindus
Muslims 		Unknown Unknown Unknown [45]
1990 Khurja violence 1990; December 15–23 and 1991; January 31–February 5 Khurja Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi issue Hindus
Muslims 		96 N/A N/A [46]
1991 Bhadrak riot 1991; March 24 Bhadrak Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi issue Hindus
Muslims 		33 N/A N/A [47]
1991 Saharanpur violence 1991; March 27 Saharanpur Ram Navami procession was prevented from passing near a mosque Hindus
Muslims 		40+ N/A N/A [38]
1991 Kanpur violence 1991; May 19 Kanpur Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims 		20 N/A N/A [38]
1991 Meerut violence 1991; May 20 Meerut Election violence Hindus
Muslims 		30 N/A N/A [38]
1991 Varanasi violence 1991; November 8 and 13 Meerut Kali Puja procession attacked Hindus
Muslims 		20 N/A N/A [38]
1991 anti-Tamil violence in Karnataka 1991 Bangalore Tensions between Kannadigas and Tamils after Cauvery river dispute Kannadigas

Tamils

16 N/A Officially 16 Tamils were killed but real estimate is much higher and Mass exodus of Tamils, more than 200,000 from various parts of Karnataka [48]
1992 Sitamarhi violence 1992; October 2–9 Sitamarhi Durga Puja procession shouting slogans such as Jai Shri Ram near a mosque was stopped by some Muslim youths Hindus
Muslims 		65 N/A N/A [49]
1992 Surat 1992; October 2–9 Surat Babri Masjid/Ramjanmabhoomi controversy Hindus
Muslims 		200+ N/A N/A [50][38]
1992 Bombay riots 6 December 1992 – 26 January 1993 Mumbai Protests over the demolition of the Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		900
1992 Karnataka 1992; December 6–13 Bangalore, Gulbarga, Hubli, Dharwad Commencement of Urdu-language news broadcasts in Doordarshan Hindus
Muslims 		30 N/A N/A [51]
1992 Kanpur 1992; December 6–11 Kanpur Demolition of Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		254 N/A N/A [52]
1992 Assam 1992; December 7–8 Nagaon and Dhubri districts Demolition of Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		90+ N/A As many as 23 temples and mosques were damaged [53]
1992 Rajasthan 1992; December 7–9 Rajasthan Demolition of Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		60 N/A N/A [54]
1992 Calcutta 1992; December 7–1 Calcutta Demolition of Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		35 N/A N/A [54]
1992 Bhopal 1992; December 7–15 Bhopal Demolition of Babri Masjid Hindus
Muslims 		175 N/A N/A [55]
1992 Delhi 1992; December 10 Delhi False rumor declaring the Mustafa mosque had been razed to the ground triggered the violence Hindus
Muslims 		53 N/A N/A [56]
1994 Hubli 1994; August 15 Hubli National flag hoisting at the Idgah Maidan Hubli Hindus
Muslims 		6 N/A N/A [57]
1994 Bangalore 1994; October 6–8 Bangalore Broadcasting in Urdu of a Doordarshan (television) program Hindus
Muslims 		25 N/A N/A [58]
1997 Coimbatore riots 1997; November 29–December 1; 1998; February 14 Coimbatore Murder of a police constable by three Muslim youths belonging to the Al-Umma Hindus
Muslims 		60 N/A N/A [58]

Post 2000

[edit]
Name Year Locations Cause Factions Deaths Wounded Damage Ref
2002 Gujarat riots 27 February – 2 March 2002 Gujarat The burning of a train in Godhra on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 69 Hindu pilgrims karsevaks returning from Ayodhya triggered the violence. The Naroda Patiya massacre took place on 28 February 2002 at Naroda, in Ahmedabad. 97 Muslims were killed by a mob of approximately 5,000 people . Hindu
Muslims 		1044 Official Figure, 2000 Unofficial 2500+ official [59]
2005 Mau riots 2005; October 13–14 Mau Hindus performing the Ramayana scene of Bharat Milap attacked by Muslims Hindus
Muslims 		14 N/A N/A [60]
2005 Lucknow riots 2006, March 3 Lucknow Danish Mohammed cartoons Hindus
Muslims 		4 N/A N/A [61]
2006 Vadodara riots 1 May 2006 – 3 May 2006 Gujarat Municipal council's decision to remove the dargah (shrine) of Syed Chishti Rashiduddin Hindus
Muslims 		8 42 [62]
2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal 2007, Dec 24-27 Kandhamal district Christmas celebrations Hindus, Christians 3-50 100+ Churches burnt down, demolished or vandalized,

100+ Christian institutions burnt down or vandalized, 837+ families left homeless, 700-730 houses (120 belonging to Hindus) were burnt or damaged.

[63]
2008 Kandhamal violence 2008, Aug 25-28 Kandhamal district Murder of Lakshmanananda Saraswati Hindus, Christians 39-90 18,000+ 395+ Churches burnt down, demolished or vandalized,

54,000+ left homeless, 5,600+ houses ransacked or burnt down, 600+ Villages ransacked

[64]
2008 Indore (Madhya Pradesh) 2008, July 3–4 Indore Conflict revocation of land allotment for the Amarnath Temple in Kashmir Hindus
Muslims 		8 N/A N/A [61]
2012 Assam violence 20 July – 15 September 2012 Assam Killing of 4 Bodo youths by unidentified miscreants Bodos, Bengali Muslims 77+ 4 lakhs displaced temporarily [65]
2013 Canning riots 21 February 2013 West Bengal Killing of Muslim cleric by unidentified assailants Muslims

Hindus

200 Hindu homes burnt. [66]
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 27 August 2013 – 17 September 2013 Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh Disputed Hindus
Muslims 		60+ 93 [67]
2014 Saharanpur riots 25 July 2014 – 26 July 2014 Saharanpur Disputed land Muslims
Sikhs 		3 33 [68]
2015 Nadia riots 5 May 2015 Nadia district, West Bengal Religious procession Muslims
Hindus 		4 8 Houses burnt [69]
2016 Kaliachak riots 3 January 2016 Kaliachak, Malda district Muslim protest against the alleged derogatory remarks towards Muhammad . Muslims

Hindus and police

0 30+ 500 homes torched, destruction of police stations and Hindu temples [70][71]
2016 anti-Tamil riots 13-14 September 2016 Bengaluru Tensions between Kannadigas and Tamils after Cauvery river dispute Mob, Public 2 protesters because of police firing N/A 100+ cars, buses, trucks and shops belonging to Tamilians torched in Bangalore thousands of Tamil people flee the city as violence engulfed and ravaged the city [72]
2016 Coimbatore riots September 22 – 26 Coimbatore Death of Munnani leader Police

Munnani supporters

12 Destruction of police vans, Muslim-owned properties, Hindu temples
2016 Dhulagarh riots 12 December 2016 Panchla, Howrah Refusal to allow Mawlid processions to march Hindus
Muslims
2017 Baduria riots 2 July 2017 Baduria, West Bengal Alleged derogatory facebook post by a Hindu student Muslims
Hindus 		23+ 65 year old Hindu man stabbed to death by a Muslim mob. [73]
2017 Northern India riots 25 August 2017 Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and New Delhi Rape conviction of Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh Dera Sacha Sauda Followers 41+ 300+ Mostly in Police firing to suppress the Destruction. [74][75]
2018 Bihar riots 17 March 2018, 24 March 2018,

25 March 2018, 27 March 2018, 28 March

2018 &

30 March 2018

Bihar

(17 March Bhagalpur, 24 March Siwan, 25 March Aurangabad, 27 March Samastipur, 27 March Munger, 28 March Silao(Nalanda), 28 March Sheikhpura, 30 March Nawada)

Clashes erupted during Ram Navami processions between Hindus and Muslims Hindus

Muslims

0 35+ 4 Hindu temples vandalized including the Hanuman idols and murtis inside of them broken and one mosque also vandalised, vehicles, shops were burnt [76]
2020 Delhi riots 23 February 2020 – 1 March 2020 North East Delhi CAA-NRC Protests Muslims, Hindu 53 200+ Shops, houses vehicles and mosque [77][78][79][80]
2020 Bangalore riots 11–12 August 2020 KG Halli and DJ Halli, eastern Bengaluru Protest by Muslims against a derogatory social media post about Muhammad. Muslims

Police

5 Unknown Homes, shops, vehicles and police station [81]
2021 Assam eviction violence 24 September 2021 Dholpur, Darrang district Eviction drive against alleged illegal settlers Assam police, Illegal settlers 2 9 policemen injured 2 people shot dead by police including 12 year old boy [82]
2022 Shivamogga riots 20 February 2022 – 22 February 2022 Shivamogga, Karnataka Murder of Bajrang Dal activist Harsha Bajrang Dal workers

Muslims

0 20 injured 100 vehicles torched, Houses and shops vandalised [83]
2022 Kanpur violence 3 June 2022 Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 2022 Muhammad remarks controversy Muslims

Police

0 40+ injured [84]
2022 Ranchi violence 10 June 2022 Ranchi, Jharkhand 2022 Muhammad remarks controversy Muslims

Police

2 24 injured [85]
2023-24 Manipur violence 3 May 2023 - 25 July 2024 Meitei and Kuki-dominated districts of Manipur Various: Attempt to give Meiteis ST reservation, Manipur govt crackdown on land encroachment, Meitei fears of illegal immigration Meiteis

Kukis

60+ 230+ Churches, temples, schools, houses, vehicles, public properties were set ablaze by the violent protesters. [86][87][88]
2023 Haryana riots 31 July 2023 - 3 August 2023 Nuh, later Gurgaon and Sohna Passage of Hindu procession with rumoured participation of Monu Manesar, a cow vigilante known for murder of several Muslims Meo Muslims

Hindus

7 200+ Mosque and public properties were set ablaze by the violent mobs. [89][90]
2023 Shivamogga violence 28 September 2023 - 3 October 2023 Shimoga Cutout of Tipu Sultan being covered by police for being inciteful Muslims

police

0 230+ Murders, attacking innocent people, police and public properties were set ablaze by the violent protesters. [91]
2023 Satara riots 10 September 2023 Satara Riots by Hindus who were provoked by abusive comments made by Muslims against Hindu deities Lord Ram & Lady Sita, as well as against the Maratha ruler Shivaji Maharaj Hindus

Muslims

1 10 Shops, houses vehicles and mosques burned or targeted [92]
2024 Haldwani riots 9 February 2024 Haldwani Demolition of a madrasa and Masjid as part of a district anti-encroachment drive Local residents (mainly Muslim)

Police

5 100+ Police station, vehicles, and houses burnt [93]
2024 Bahraich violence October 2024 Bahraich Communal violence between the Hindus and the Muslims following heated argument over taking procession into a minority-dominated area Muslims and Hindus arson [94]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "The date of the Hindu festival of Holi coincided with Barawafat, the Musalman day of mourning, in 1910, which led to a very serious riot between the Hindus and Musalmans of the Peshawar City resulting in a considerable loss of life. There was a wholescale plunder of Hindu houses and shops."[8]: 92–93 
  2. ^ "On 22nd February 1910, a meeting of leading Muslims and Hindu leaders was called by deputy commissioner of Peshawar at the Municipal Hall in which arrangements regarding the upcoming festivals were discussed and a committee was established consisting of prominent leaders from both sides. It was decided in the meeting that the Holi should be celebrated quietly until the 25th March. There should be only two processions, namely from the Hindu quarter of Andar Shahr to that of Karimpura and vice-versa. The Muslim of the city should not join the procession and the troops should celebrate Holi in their lines and some leading men from both sides will supervise the arrangement at Hasting Memorial and other at Clock Tower."[7]: 23–24 
  3. ^ On 21st March the Deputy Commissioner was informed by deputy superintendent of police Zain ul Abidin that the situation in the city is not good as Hindu brought some musicians from Amritsar and a dancing boy from Hari Pur and they are intending to lead the procession on an unauthorized route. The superintendent of police suggested the deputy commissioner that the Holi should not be allowed as the situations going to create clash. Mr. Blackway sent some Hindu leader to enquire the situation. These Hindu gentlemen assured the deputy commissioner that the situation is friendly and nothing bad is going to be happened. There is no musician with the Holi and it would follow the old route. At the same time some Muslim leaders reported to the deputy commissioner about the Muslim mob who intended to stop the Holi procession. They also suggested that Holi procession should be stopped to avoid an expected clash between the two communities. However, after the surety of the Hindu leaders that there are no musicians and dancing boys and that the procession is not going on an unauthorized route the deputy commissioner was stuck to follow his old plan. This was the point which was misunderstood and created communal violence in the city.[7]: 24 
  4. ^ Around 8 pm when the Holi procession at Asa Mai gate was about to depart on the route to Pir Rathan Nath Dharamshala sub inspector Kanhya Lal who was posted at Chita Khuo informed the police head quarter that a mob of Muslim also assembled to stop it and the two mobs started abusing each other. Leaders from both sides tried to control the situation but the people from both sides refused to pay any heed to their leaders. Meanwhile, a Hindu Mahr Singh stabbed a Muslim with knife. Mahr Singh was chased by the mob and captured him at Bara Bazar. At the same time two Muslims Jani and Ahmad were killed by Hindu with knives. Police report for 21st March 1911, provides that two Muslim were killed and three wounded while from Hindu side two people were killed and eleven were wounded and eleven shops were broken.[7]: 24 
  5. ^ When the funeral party was ousted from the city a riffraff of Muslim consisting of people from trans-border areas and Afghanistan remained in the city that started plundering and broke 285 shops. A violent clash was started in which two Hindus and one Muslim was killed... The next day on 23rd March the looting of shops started again. The first case was reported in Ramdas Bazar where the Muslim despite the Military and Police patrolling looted the Hindu shops. A Hindu, reader of Nawab of Landi fired and wounded two Muslim. The local Hindu during investigation denied the fact but Military intelligence reported that he fired and wounded two people. He was arrested and sent on trial under India Penal Code. Two Hindu were killed at Ram Das Bazar. It was also reported that in Mewa Mandi a mob of Afridi and Mohmand tribes started plundering and looted many shops. People from tribal areas were also involved in this looting. 11 shops were broken in Ram Das Bazar that day... The official records about the events of the day had self-contradictory statements. The starting paragraphs of police and commissioner reports claims that everything was good at the start of the day but after a while the situation was out of control in the whole city. For instance, police reports provides that around 10:00 am, in Karimpura a police constable Chettan Ram was struck on head and the mob at Bara Bazar started the slogan “Maro Hindu Ko”.[7]: 25 

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Pg 125 Palsetia, Jesse S. (2001). The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City. Brill. p. 368. ISBN 978-90-04-12114-0.
  2. ^ a b c Pg 188–189 Palsetia, Jesse S. (2001). The Parsis of India: Preservation of Identity in Bombay City. Brill. p. 368. ISBN 978-90-04-12114-0.
  3. ^ Sajjad, Mohammad (2014). Muslim Politics in Bihar. Taylor & Francis. p. 98. ISBN 9781317559825.
  4. ^ Thursby, Gene (1975). Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923-1928. Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 978-90-04-04380-0.
  5. ^ Besant, Annie Wood (1922). The future of Indian politics; a contribution to the understanding of present-day problems. University of California Libraries. Adyar, India, Theosophical Pub. House.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ambedkar, B.R. (1945), Pakistan, or the partition of India.
  7. ^ a b c d e Rehman, Noor & Khan, Aman Ullah. 2020. "“Maro Hindu Ko” (Kill the Hindus): Communal Violence in Peshawar City: A Historical Perspective" In Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society. Volume: 33, No. 02, July – December 2020
  8. ^ a b "Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : Part I, Report; part II, Tables". 1922. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430163. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  9. ^ "Troops called out for Bombay Riots". New York Times. 1930-06-23. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
  10. ^ Burrows, Frederick (1946). Report to Viceroy Lord Wavell. The British Library IOR: L/P&J/8/655 f.f. 95, 96–107.
  11. ^ "India: Written in Blood". Time. 28 October 1946. p. 42. Mobs in the Noakhali district of east Bengal ... burned, looted and massacred on a scale surpassing even the recent Calcutta riots. In eight days an estimated 5,000 were killed
  12. ^ Khan, Yasmin (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. Yale University Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780300120783.
  13. ^ "Agitation by backward Vanniyar community rocks Tamil Nadu".
  14. ^ Engineer, Asghar Ali (2004). Communal Riots After Independence: A Comprehensive Account. Shipra. p. 32. ISBN 9788175411500.
  15. ^ Pratinav Anil (2023). Another India: The Making of the World's Largest Muslim Minority, 1947–77. Hurst Publishers. ISBN 978-1-80526-074-5.
  16. ^ Christophe Jaffrelot (1999). The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation. Penguin Books India. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-14-024602-5.
  17. ^ "Why India Must Recall 1961 Madhya Pradesh Communal Violence Today". NewsClick. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  18. ^ Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (11 February 1964). "Communal Disturbances in West Bengal: Shri G. L. Nanda's Statement in Parliament" (PDF). PIB Archive. p. 3. 6015.
  19. ^ "Widespread Communal Riots in India and Pakistan" (PDF). Keesing's Contemporary Archives. 25 July 1964. p. 1.
  20. ^ Huda, Kashif ul (2009-05-23). "Communal Riots and Jamshedpur". Economic and Political Weekly.
  21. ^ "Recurrent Exodus of Minorities from East Pakistan and Disturbances in India" (PDF). International Commission of Jurists. 20 January 1965. p. 307.
  22. ^ Sengupta, Anwesha (14 February 2022). "Calcutta's Muslims after Partition". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2023-01-12. more than 70,000 Calcutta hindus fled their homes during these riots
  23. ^ "TOLL IN CALCUTTA PUT AT 60 IN RIOTS; Mob Kills 3 Policemen —Army Units Moved In". The New York Times. 1964-01-12. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  24. ^ "ANNEX II (7) Survey on Hindu Muslim Riots (1917 to 1977) | Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying". dahd.nic.in. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  25. ^ Ghosh, Srikanta (1997). Indian Democracy Derailed Politics and Politicians. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7024-866-8.
  26. ^ Desai, Akshayakumar Ramanlal; D'Costa, Wilfred (1994). State and Repressive Culture: A Case Study of Gujarat. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7154-702-9.
  27. ^ Tooth and Claw, Outlook, 2012.
  28. ^ Tooth and Claw, Outlook, 2012.
  29. ^ Gandhi, Krishna (1980). "Anatomy of the Moradabad Riots". Economic and Political Weekly. 15 (36): 1505–1507. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4369047.
  30. ^ "May 5, 1981, Forty Years Ago: Bihar violence". 5 May 2021.
  31. ^ Chisti, Anees (1982). "Meerut: Anatomy of a Riot". Economic and Political Weekly. 17 (44): 1765–1768. JSTOR 4371519.
  32. ^ Gupta, Shekhar (2023-02-11). "Bloodstained road to Nellie: Trail of destruction I saw after the 1983 massacre in Assam". ThePrint. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  33. ^ Hansen, Thomas Blom (2001-11-18). Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08840-2.
  34. ^ Bhattacharya, Suryasarathi (2 March 2020). "In Deepa Dhanraj's 1984 film on Hyderabad riots, a record of early signs of communalism in Indian politics". Firstpost.
  35. ^ Ramakrishnan, Shriya (8 October 2016). "1984 anti-Sikh riots: Calls for justice in India". Al Jazeera.
  36. ^ "India's Kashmir Torn by Its Attraction to Pakistan - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 19 October 1986.
  37. ^ Uekert, Brenda K. (1995). Rivers of Blood: A Comparative Study of Government Massacres. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-95165-8.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)". 16 April 2019.
  39. ^ "Karnataka: Sikhs students killed by mobs of local residents in Bidar". India Today. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
  40. ^ "Karnataka: Events of December 1992" (PDF).
  41. ^ "Hyderabad (AP) December 8, 1990 over 200 dead - Hindustan Times". 2014-01-14. Archived from the original on 2014-01-14. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  42. ^ Hazarika, Sanjoy; Times, Special To the New York (1990-12-10). "Muslim-Hindu Riots in India Leave 93 Dead in 3 Days". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  43. ^ The Hindu, 9/12/1990. Frontline, 22/12/1990.
  44. ^ Chaturvedi, Jayati; Chaturvedi, Gyaneshwar (1996). "Dharma Yudh: Communal Violence, Riots and Public Space in Ayodhya and Agra City, 1990 and 1992". Riots and Pogroms. pp. 177–200. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-24867-4_6. ISBN 978-0-333-66976-1.
  45. ^ (Frontline 27/10–09/11/1990); (Sunday 14–20/10/1990); (India Today 31/10/1990)
  46. ^ Chakravarti, Uma; Chowdhury, Prem; Dutta, Pradip; Hasan, Zoya; Sangari, Kumkum; Sarkar, Tanika (1992). "Khurja Riots 1990-91: Understanding the Conjuncture". Economic and Political Weekly. 27 (18): 951–965. JSTOR 4397832.
  47. ^ "In Odisha, a riot postmortem you don't hear often". 7 March 2018.
  48. ^ "result of anti-tamil riots".
  49. ^ "Communal riots expose Laloo's promises in Bihar".
  50. ^ "The Nightmare of Surat" (PDF).
  51. ^ "Legacy of a Divided Nation: India's Muslims since Independence". Westview Press. 1997. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09.
  52. ^ "Hindu-Muslim communal riots in India II (1986-2011)". Hindustan Times. 3 November 2008.
  53. ^ "Assam Reopens '92 Riots Case". Telegraph India.
  54. ^ a b "Assam Reopens '92 Riots Case". Telegraph India. 16 April 2019.
  55. ^ "When all hell broke loose in Bhopal". Hindustan Times. 6 December 2012.
  56. ^ "Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India II (1986-2011)". SciencesPo. 16 April 2019.
  57. ^ "The flag without tears" (PDF). University of Pune.
  58. ^ a b "Hindu Muslim riots in India". SciencesPo. 16 April 2019.
  59. ^ "The Gujarat massacre: New India's blood rite | Pankaj Mishra". TheGuardian.com. 14 March 2012.
  60. ^ "Communal Riot in Mau: A Report". CounterCurrents.
  61. ^ a b "2006, March 3: Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)". SciencesPo. 16 April 2019.
  62. ^ "The Secular Lies of Vadodara". Tehelka. 20 May 2006. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  63. ^ Das, Sib Kumar (26 December 2019). "Kandhamal rises above violent past on Christmas". The Hindu.
  64. ^ "10 Years Post Kandhamal Riots: Let Us Not Forget How It Tore the Secular Fabric". 25 August 2018.
  65. ^ "A Timeline of the Bodo conflict". The Times of India. 5 August 2016.
  66. ^ http://www.oneindia.com/2013/02/21/west-bengal-homes-torched-shops-ransacked-in-riots-1155624.html West Bengal: 200 homes torched, shops ransacked in riots, One India, 2013
  67. ^ "Muzaffarnagar violence: Over 10,000 displaced; 10,000 arrested". Times of India. 12 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  68. ^ "UP cops say Saharanpur riots were well-planned". InToday.in. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  69. ^ Vicky (2015-05-07). "Nadia riots: Scale of destruction immense as police study pattern". www.oneindia.com. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  70. ^ "48 hours after communal riots, Kaliachak in Malda turns ghost town". India Today. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  71. ^ "Why did the media ignore the Malda communal violence?". scroll.in. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  72. ^ "anti-Tamil riots ravages the Tamil populace once again in the city".
  73. ^ "Fresh Violence In West Bengal's Basirhat After Police Lathicharge, Several Injured: 10 Updates". NDTV.com.
  74. ^ "Families torn apart in Haryana violence". The Hindu. 27 August 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  75. ^ "Dera violence: Chargesheet against Honeypreet, 14 others". The Times Of India. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  76. ^ "A fortnight of riots timeline Bihar Violence". NDTV. 31 Mar 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  77. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Abi-Habib, Maria (1 March 2020), "In India, Modi's Policies Have Lit a Fuse", The New York Times, retrieved 1 March 2020
  78. ^ Slater, Joanna; Masih, Niha (6 March 2020), "In Delhi's worst violence in decades, a man watched his brother burn", The Washington Post, retrieved 6 March 2020
  79. ^ "Delhi violence | Death toll rises to 53". The Hindu. 2020-03-05. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  80. ^ "It's Official: Police Says 53 Dead, 200+ Injured, 2200 Arrests in Delhi Riots". The Wire. 8 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
  81. ^ "Bengaluru violence: What happened in Bengaluru last night? Here's all you need to know". 12 August 2020.
  82. ^ "2 die in Assam eviction drive". The Hindu. 24 September 2021.
  83. ^ "Bajrang Dal worker killing: Curfew extended in Shivamogga for two more days". 22 February 2022.
  84. ^ "Kanpur Violence: At Least 40 Injured, Police Register 3 FIRs Against 500 People". The Wire. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
  85. ^ Kumar, Satyajeet (June 11, 2022). "Prophet row rocks Ranchi: 2 dead, people warned not to venture out day after violent protests". India Today. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
  86. ^ Dhillon, Amrit (2023-05-05). "Indian troops ordered to 'shoot on sight' amid violence in Manipur". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
  87. ^ "253 churches burnt down during continuing unrest in Manipur: Indigenous Tribal Leaders' Forum". Telegraph India. 13 June 2023.
  88. ^ "Manipur violence: 175 deaths so far, 4,786 houses burnt, say police". The Indian Express. 2023-09-15. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  89. ^ "Nuh: Mosque set on fire, cleric killed in religious clashes in India's Haryana". BBC News. 1 August 2023.
  90. ^ Jain, Rupam (3 August 2023). "Hindu-Muslim riots expose risk at major Indian business hub". Reuters.
  91. ^ The Hindu Bureau (2023-10-04). "Shivamogga violence: Complaints reveal divergent details on turn of events". The Hindu. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  92. ^ "1 killed, 10 injured in clash over social media post in Maharashtra; 23 held". India Today. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  93. ^ "Haldwani Violence: 5 dead after demolition of 'illegal' structures".
  94. ^ "Over 25 detained for Bahraich violence during immersion procession; SHO suspended". Hindustan Times. 2024-10-14. Retrieved 2024-10-22.

Further reading

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_riots_in_India&oldid=1258583071"