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Yuri Andropov

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Yuri Andropov
Юрий Андропов
File:Yuri Andropov - Soviet Life, August 1983.jpg
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
In office
10 November 1982 – 9 February 1984
Preceded byLeonid Brezhnev
Succeeded byKonstantin Chernenko
Chairman of the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
In office
16 June 1983 – 9 February 1984
Preceded byVasili Kuznetsov (acting)
Succeeded byVasili Kuznetsov (acting)
Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
In office
24 May 1982 – 10 November 1982
Preceded byKonstantin Chernenko (Acting)
Succeeded byKonstantin Chernenko
4th Chairman of the Committee for State Security (KGB)
In office
18 May 1967 – 26 May 1982
PremierAlexei Kosygin
Nikolai Tikhonov
Preceded byVladimir Semichastny
Succeeded byVitaly Fedorchuk
Personal details
Born
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov

(1914-06-15)15 June 1914
Stanitsa Nagutskaya, Stavropol Governorate, Russian Empire
Died9 February 1984(1984-02-09) (aged 69)
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Cause of deathRenal failure
CitizenshipSoviet
Political partyCommunist Party of the Soviet Union
SpouseTatyana Andropova (m. 1940s–1984; his death)
ChildrenIgor Andropov
Irina Andropova
ResidenceKutuzovsky Prospekt
Signature
Central institution membership
Other political offices held
Leader of the Soviet Union

Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (/ænˈdroʊpɔːf, -pɒf/;[1] Russian: Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов, romanized: Júrij Vladímirovič Andrópov, IPA: [ˈjʉrʲɪj vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ɐnˈdropəf]; 15 June [O.S. 2 June] 1914 – 9 February 1984)[2] was a Soviet politician and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Following the 18-year rule of the late Leonid Brezhnev, Andropov served in the post for only 15 months, from November 1982 until his own death in February 1984. Earlier in his career, Andropov served as the Soviet ambassador to Hungary from 1954 to 1957, during which time he was involved in the suppression of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising, and then Chairman of the KGB from 1967 until 1982.

Early life

Andropov was born in Nagutskaya, Stavropol Region, Russian Empire, on 15 June 1914.[3][4] He was the son of a railway official, Vladimir Konstantinovich Andropov, who was of a noble Don Cossack family[5][6] and Yevgenia Karlovna Fleckenstein, the daughter of a Moscow watchmaker, Karl Franzovich Fleckenstein, who was of German descent and originally from Finland.[7] Andropov was educated at the Rybinsk Water Transport Technical College and graduated in 1936.[3] Both of his parents died early, leaving Yuri an orphan at the age of thirteen.[8] As a teenager he worked as a loader, a telegraph clerk, and a sailor for the Volga steamship line.[6][8]

Early career in the Communist Party

Komsomol membership card issued to Yuri Andropov in 1939.

At 16, Yuri Andropov, then a member of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (YCL, or Komsomol), was a worker in the town of Mozdok in the North Ossetian ASSR.[3] He became full-time Secretary of the YCL organization of the Water Transport Technical School in Rybinsk in the Yaroslavl Region and was soon promoted to the post of organizer of the YCL Central Committee at the Volodarsky Shipyards in Rybinsk. In 1938, he was elected First Secretary of the Yaroslavl Regional Committee of the YCL, and was First Secretary of the Central Committee of Komsomol in the Soviet Karelo-Finnish Republic from 1940 to 1944.[6]

During World War II, Andropov took part in partisan guerrilla activities in Finland. From 1944 onwards, he left Komsomol for Communist Party work. Between 1946 and 1951, he studied at the university of Petrozavodsk. In 1947, he was elected Second Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.[6][9]

In 1951, Andropov was transferred, by the decision of the CPSU Central Committee, to its staff. He was appointed an inspector and then the head of a subdepartment of the Committee.[6]

Suppression of the Hungarian Uprising

In July 1954, he was appointed Soviet Ambassador to Hungary and held this position during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Andropov played a key role in crushing the Hungarian uprising. He convinced a reluctant Nikita Khrushchev that military intervention was necessary.[10] He is known as 'The Butcher of Budapest' for his ruthless suppression of the Hungarian uprising.[11] The Hungarian leaders were arrested and Imre Nagy and others executed.

After these events, Andropov suffered from a "Hungarian complex", according to historian Christopher Andrew: "he had watched in horror from the windows of his embassy as officers of the hated Hungarian security service were strung up from lampposts. Andropov remained haunted for the rest of his life by the speed with which an apparently all-powerful Communist one-party state had begun to topple. When other Communist regimes later seemed at risk – in Prague in 1968, in Kabul in 1979, in Warsaw in 1981, he was convinced that, as in Budapest in 1956, only armed force could ensure their survival".[10]

Chairmanship of the KGB and Politburo career

Party identity card of Yuri Andropov one month before becoming a full member of the Politburo in April 1973.

In 1957, Andropov returned to Moscow from Budapest in order to head the Department for Liaison with Communist and Workers' Parties in Socialist Countries, a position he held until 1967. In 1961, he was elected full member of the CPSU Central Committee and was promoted to the Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee in 1962. In 1967, he was relieved of his work in the Central Committee apparatus and appointed head of the KGB on recommendation of Mikhail Suslov, at the same time promoted a Candidate Member of the Politburo. He gained additional powers in 1973, when he was promoted to full member of the Politburo.

Crushing the Prague Spring

During the events of the Prague Spring in 1968, Andropov was the main advocate for "extreme measures" being taken against Czechoslovakia. According to classified information released by Vasili Mitrokhin, "[t]he KGB whipped up the fear that Czechoslovakia could fall victim to NATO aggression or to a coup".[10] At this time, agent Oleg Kalugin reported from Washington that he gained access to "absolutely reliable documents proving that neither the CIA nor any other agency was manipulating the Czechoslovak reform movement".[10] However his message was destroyed because it contradicted the conspiracy theory fabricated by Andropov.[10] Andropov ordered a number of active measures, collectively known as operation PROGRESS, against Czechoslovak reformers.

Suppression of dissidents

See also: Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

Throughout his career, Andropov aimed to achieve "the destruction of dissent in all its forms" and insisted that "the struggle for human rights was a part of a wide-ranging imperialist plot to undermine the foundation of the Soviet state".[10] Towards this end, he launched a campaign to eliminate all opposition in the USSR through a mixture of mass arrests, involuntary commitments to psychiatric hospitals, and pressuring on rights activists to emigrate from the Soviet Union.These measures were meticulously documented throughout his time as KGB chairman by the underground Chronicle of Current Events, a samizdat publication which was itself finally forced out of existence with its last published issue, dated 30 June 1982.[12]

On 3 July 1967, he made a proposal to establish the KGB's Fifth Directorate for dealing with the political opposition[13]: 29  (ideological counterintelligence).[14]: 177  At the end of July, the directorate was established and entered in its files cases of all Soviet dissidents including Andrei Sakharov and Alexander Solzhenitsyn.[13] In 1968, Andropov as the KGB Chairman issued his order "On the tasks of State security agencies in combating the ideological sabotage by the adversary", calling for struggle against dissidents and their imperialist masters.[10]

After the assassination attempt against Brezhnev in January 1969, Andropov led the interrogation of the captured gunman, Viktor Ivanovich Ilyin.[15][16] Ilyin was pronounced insane and sent to Kazan Psychiatric Hospital.[17] Later, on 29 April 1969, he submitted to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union an elaborated plan for creating a network of psychiatric hospitals to defend the "Soviet Government and socialist order" from dissidents.[14]: 177  In January 1970 Andropov submitted an alarming account to his fellow Politburo members of the widespread threat of the mentally ill to stability and the security of the regime.[18] The proposal by Andropov to use psychiatry for struggle against dissidents was implemented.[19]: 42  Andropov was in charge of the widespread deployment of psychiatric repression since he was the head of the KGB.[20]: 187–188  According to Yuri Felshtinsky and Boris Gulko, the originators of the idea to use psychiatry for punitive purposes were the head of the KGB (Andropov) and the head of the Fifth Directorate, Philipp Bobkov.[21]

The repression of dissidents[22][23] included plans to maim the dancer Rudolf Nureyev, who had defected in 1961. There are some who believe that Andropov was behind the deaths of Fyodor Kulakov and Pyotr Masherov, the two youngest members of the Soviet leadership.[24] A declassified document revealed that Andropov as KGB director gave the order to prevent unauthorized gatherings mourning the death of John Lennon.[25]

Role in the invasion of Afghanistan

Andropov opposed the decision to intervene militarily in Afghanistan on 24 December 1979.[26] Among his concerns was that the international community would blame the USSR for this action.[27] The invasion led to the extended Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) and a boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympic Games in Moscow by 66 countries, something of concern to Andropov since spring 1979.[28]

Role in the non-invasion of Poland

On 10 December 1981, in the face of Poland's Solidarity movement, Andropov, along with Mikhail Suslov and Wojciech Jaruzelski,[29] persuaded Brezhnev that it would be counterproductive for the Soviet Union to invade Poland by repeating Prague 1968.[30] This effectively marked the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine.[31]

Promotion of Gorbachev

From 1980 to 1982, while still chairman of the KGB, Andropov opposed plans to occupy Poland after the emergence of the Solidarity movement and promoted reform-minded party cadres including Mikhail Gorbachev.[8] Andropov was the longest-serving KGB chairman and did not resign as head of the KGB until May 1982, when he was again promoted to the Secretariat to succeed Mikhail Suslov as secretary responsible for ideological affairs.

Leader of the Soviet Union

Andropov (seated second from right in the front row) presides over the USSR's 60th Anniversary after succeeding Brezhnev as its leader.

Two days after Leonid Brezhnev's death, on 12 November 1982, Andropov was elected General Secretary of the CPSU, the first former head of the KGB to become General Secretary. His appointment was received in the West with apprehension, in view of his roles in the KGB and in Hungary. At the time his personal background was a mystery in the West, with major newspapers printing detailed profiles of him that were inconsistent and in several cases fabricated.[32]

Domestic Policy

Economy

At home, Andropov attempted to improve the nation's economy by increasing its workforce's efficiency. He cracked down on Soviet laborers' lack of discipline by decreeing the arrest of absentee employee and penalties for tardiness.[33] For the first time, the facts about economic stagnation and obstacles to scientific progress were made available to the public and open to criticism.[34] Furthermore, the KGB Chairman-turned-Gensek gave select industries greater autonomy from state regulations [35] and enabled factory managers to retain control over more of their profits.[36] Such policies resulted in a 4% rise in industrial output and increased investment in new technologies such as robotics.[37]

Despite such reforms, Andropov refused to consider any policy changes that sought to dispense with the command economy first introduced under Joseph Stalin. In his memoirs, Mikhail Gorbachev recalled that when Andropov was the leader, Gorbachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, the chairman of Gosplan, asked him for access to real budget figures. "You are asking too much," Andropov responded. "The budget is off limits to you."[38]

Anti-corruption campaign

In contrast to Brezhnev's policy of avoiding conflicts and dismissals, he began to fight violations of party, state and labour discipline, which led to significant personnel changes during an anti-corruption campaign against many of Brezhnev's cronies.[8] During 15 months in office, Andropov dismissed 18 ministers, and 37 first secretaries of obkoms, kraikoms and Central Committees of Communist Parties of Soviet Republics; criminal cases on highest party and state officials were started.

Foreign policy

File:1983 Raporto Andropov.jpeg
A portrait of Andropov featured on the August 1983 issue of Soviet Life during his leadership.

In foreign policy, the conflict in Afghanistan continued even though Andropov—who now felt the invasion was a mistake—half-heartedly explored options for a negotiated withdrawal. Andropov's rule was also marked by deterioration of relations with the United States. During a much-publicized "walk in the woods" with Soviet dignitary Yuli Kvitsinsky, American diplomat Paul Nitze suggested a compromise for reducing nuclear missiles in Europe on both sides that was ultimately ignored by the Politburo.[39] Kvitsinsky would later write that, despite his own efforts, the Soviet leadership was not interested in compromise, instead calculating that peace movements in the West would force the Americans to capitulate.[40] On 8 March 1983, during Andropov's reign as General Secretary, U.S. President Ronald Reagan famously labeled the Soviet Union an "evil empire". The same month, on 23 March, Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative. Reagan claimed this research program into ballistic missile defense would be "consistent with our obligations under the ABM Treaty". However, Andropov was dismissive of this claim, and said that "It is time they [Washington] stopped ... search[ing] for the best ways of unleashing nuclear war. ... Engaging in this is not just irresponsible. It is insane".[41]

In August 1983, Andropov made a sensational announcement that the country was stopping all work on space-based weapons. One of his most notable acts during his short time as leader of the Soviet Union was in response to a letter from a 10-year-old American child from Maine named Samantha Smith, inviting her to the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, Soviet–U.S. arms control talks on intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe were suspended by the Soviet Union in November 1983 and by the end of the year, the Soviets had broken off all arms control negotiations.[42]

Cold War tensions were exacerbated by Soviet fighters downing a civilian jet liner, Korean Air Flight KAL-007, which carried 269 passengers and crew, including a congressman from Georgia, Larry McDonald. KAL 007 had strayed over the Soviet Union on 1 September 1983 on its way from Anchorage, Alaska, to Seoul, South Korea. Andropov was advised by his Defence Minister Dmitriy Ustinov and by the head of the KGB Viktor Chebrikov to keep secret the fact that the Soviet Union held in its possession the sought-after "black box" from KAL 007.

Death and funeral

In February 1983, Andropov suffered total renal failure. In August 1983, he entered the Central Clinical Hospital in western Moscow on a permanent basis, where he would spend the remainder of his life.

In late January 1984, Andropov's health deteriorated sharply and due to growing toxicity in his blood, he had periods of falling consciousness. He died on 9 February 1984 at 16:50 in his hospital room at age 69.[43] Few of the top Soviet leaders, not even all the Politburo members, learned of his death on that day. According to the Soviet post mortem medical report, Andropov suffered from several medical conditions: interstitial nephritis, nephrosclerosis, residual hypertension and diabetes, which were worsened by chronic kidney deficiency.

A four-day period of nationwide mourning was announced. Andropov was succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko, who seemed to mirror Andropov's tenure. Chernenko had already been afflicted with severe health problems when he ascended to the USSR's top spot, and served an even shorter time in office (13 months). Like Andropov, Chernenko spent much of his time hospitalized, and also died in office, in March 1985.

Personal life

Andropov lived at 26 Kutuzovsky Prospekt, the same building in which Suslov and Brezhnev also lived. He was first married to Nina Ivanovna; she was born not too far away from the local farm in which Andropov was born. In 1983 she was diagnosed with cancer and underwent a successful operation. He met his second wife, Tatyana Filipovna, during World War II on the Karelian Front when she was Komsomol secretary. She had suffered a nervous breakdown during the Hungarian revolution. Andropov's chief guard informed Tatyana about the death of her husband. She was too grief-stricken to join in the procession and during the funeral her relatives helped her to walk. Before the lid could be closed on Andropov's coffin, she bent to kiss him. She touched his hair and then kissed him again. In 1985, a respectful 75-minute film was broadcast in which Tatyana (not even seen in public until Andropov's funeral) reads love poems written by her husband. Tatyana became ill and died in November 1991.

Legacy

Andropov's legacy remains the subject of much debate in Russia and elsewhere, both among scholars and in the popular media. He remains the focus of television documentaries and popular non-fiction, particularly around important anniversaries. As KGB head, Andropov was ruthless against dissent, and author David Remnick, who covered the Soviet Union for the Washington Post in the 1980s, called Andropov "profoundly corrupt, a beast".[44] Alexander Yakovlev, later an advisor to Mikhail Gorbachev and the ideologist of perestroika, said "In a way I always thought Andropov was the most dangerous of all of them, simply because he was smarter than the rest."[44] However, it was Andropov himself who recalled Yakovlev back to high office in Moscow in 1983 after a ten-year exile as ambassador to Canada after attacking Russian chauvinism. Yakovlev was also a close colleague of Andropov associate KGB General Yevgeny Primakov, later Prime Minister of Russia. Andropov began to follow a trend of replacing elderly officials with considerably younger replacements.

According to his former subordinate Securitate general Ion Mihai Pacepa,

In the West, if Andropov is remembered at all, it is for his brutal suppression of political dissidence at home and for his role in planning the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia. By contrast, the leaders of the former Warsaw Pact intelligence community, when I was one of them, looked up to Andropov as the man who substituted the KGB for the Communist party in governing the Soviet Union, and who was the godfather of Russia's new era of deception operations aimed at improving the badly damaged image of Soviet rulers in the West.[45]

Despite Andropov's hard-line stance in Hungary and the numerous banishments and intrigues for which he was responsible during his long tenure as head of the KGB, he has become widely regarded by many commentators as a reformer, especially in comparison with the stagnation and corruption during the later years of his predecessor, Leonid Brezhnev. Andropov, "a throwback to a tradition of Leninist asceticism",[44] was appalled by the corruption during Brezhnev's regime, and ordered investigations and arrests of the most flagrant abusers. The investigations were so frightening that several members of Brezhnev's circle "shot, gassed or otherwise did away with themselves."[44] He was certainly generally regarded as inclined to more gradual and constructive reform than was Gorbachev; most of the speculation centres around whether Andropov would have reformed the USSR in a manner which did not result in its eventual dissolution.

The Western media favored Andropov because of his supposed passion for Western music and scotch.[46] However, these were unproven rumours. It is also questionable whether Andropov spoke any English at all.[47] The short time he spent as leader, much of it in a state of extreme ill health, leaves debaters few concrete indications as to the nature of any hypothetical extended rule. The 2002 Tom Clancy novel Red Rabbit focuses heavily on Andropov during his tenure of KGB chief, when his health is slightly better. It mirrors his secrecy in that British and American intelligence know little about him, not even able to confirm he was a married man. The novel also depicts Andropov as being a fan of Marlboros and starka vodka, almost never available to ordinary Soviet citizens.

Attitudes to Andropov

In a message read out at the opening of a new exhibition dedicated to Andropov, Vladimir Putin called him "a man of talent with great abilities."[48] Putin has praised Andropov's "honesty and uprightness."[49] According to Russian historian Nikita Petrov, "He was a typical Soviet jailer who violated human rights. Andropov headed the organisation which persecuted the most remarkable people of our country."[50] From Petrov's point, it was a shame for the country that the persecutor of intelligentsia, the persecutor of freedom of thought, a man of whom as an oppressor of freedom legends were composed, became leader of the country.[51] According to Roy Medvedev, the year that Andropov spent in power was memorable for increasing repression against dissidents.[51] During most of his KGB career, Andropov crushed dissident movements, isolated people in psychiatric hospitals, sent them to prison and deported them from the Soviet Union.[52] According to political scientist Georgy Arbatov, Andropov bears responsibility for many injustices in the 1970s and early 1980s: for deportations, for political arrests, for persecuting dissidents, for the abuse of psychiatry, for notorious cases such as the persecution of academician Andrei Sakharov.[53][54] According to Dmitri Volkogonov and Harold Shukman, it was Andropov who approved the numerous trials of human rights activists such as Andrei Amalrik, Vladimir Bukovsky, Vyacheslav Chornovil, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Alexander Ginzburg, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Pyotr Grigorenko, Anatoly Shcharansky, and others.[55] According to Soviet dissident Yuri Glazov, Andropov was a paradigmatic Homo Sovieticus and personally conducted disinformation campaigns against his main opponents and dissidents Andrei Sakharov and Alexander Solzhenitsyn.[56]

According to Natalya Gorbanevskaya, now for some reason, we usually say that after Andropov's coming to power dissident movement went into decline, as if it itself went into decline.[57] The movement did not go into decline but was strangled.[57] In the late 1970s and early 1980s, repression was most severe, a lot of people were picked up for a second time, and when you are taken away for a second time, then your term is longer, and the camp regime is not strict but specific, and when Andropov became General Secretary, he introduced an Article under which for violations of camp regime you could be put into not only to a punishment cell but received an additional term up to three years, that is a person for his two or three remarks could be sent not home but to another camp to criminals.[57] And in those years there were a lot of deaths in camps not from hunger-strikes, but just from a disease, lack of medical care, etc.[57]

Honours and awards

Soviet Awards
Hero of Socialist Labor, 1974[6]
Order of Lenin, four times[6]
Order of the October Revolution[6]
Order of the Red Banner, 1944[6]
Order of the Red Banner of Labour, three times (incl. 1944)[6]
Medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War", 1st class
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
  • Honorary Member of the KGB, 1973
Foreign Awards
Order of the Sun of Liberty (Afghanistan)
Hero of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Order of Georgi Dimitrov (Bulgaria)
Order of the Flag of the Republic of Hungary
Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia)
Order of the Red Banner (Mongolia)
Jubilee Medal "50 Years Anniversary of the Mongolian Revolution"

Andropov's speeches and works

  • Ленинизм озаряет наш путь [Leninism illumes our way] (in Russian). Moscow: Издательство политической литературы. 1964.
  • Ленинизм — наука и искусство революционного творчества [Leninism is science and art of revolutionary creativity] (in Russian). Moscow: Издательство политической литературы. 1976.
  • Коммунистическая убежденность — великая сила строителей нового мира [Communist firm belief is a great power of builders of new world] (in Russian). Moscow: Издательство политической литературы. 1977.
  • "Доклад на торжественном заседании по случаю столетия со дня рождения Ф.Э. Дзержинского" [The report at the solemn meeting on the occasion of the centenary of F.E. Dzerzhinsky's birth]. Izvestiya (in Russian). 10 October 1977.
  • Шестьдесят лет СССР: доклад на совместном торжественном заседании Центрального Комитета КПСС, Верховного Совета СССР и Верховного Совета РСФСР, в Кремлевском Дворце съездов, 21 декабря 1982 года [The sixty years of the USSR: a report of a joint solemn meeting of the CPSU Central Committee, the USSR Supreme Soviet and the RSFSR Supreme Soviet in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, 21 December 1982] (in Russian). Moscow: Издательство политической литературы. 1982.
  • "Text of Andropov's speech at Brezhnev's funeral". The New York Times. 16 November 1982.
  • Speeches and writings. Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press. 1983. ISBN 008031287X.
  • Selected speeches and articles. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1984. ASIN B003UHCKTO.
  • Speeches, articles, interviews. A Selection. South Asia Books. 1984. ISBN 083641165X.
  • Учение Карла Маркса и некоторые вопросы социалистического строительства в СССР [The teaching of Karl Marx and some issues of socialist building in the USSR] (in Russian). Moscow: Издательство политической литературы. 1983.
  • Ленинизм — неисчерпаемый источник революционной энергии и творчества масс. Избранные речи и статьи [Leninism is an inexhaustible source of revolutionary energy and creativity of masses. Selected speeches and articles] (in Russian). Moscow: Издательство политической литературы. 1984.
  • "The birth of samizdat". Index on Censorship. 24 (3): 62–63. 1995. doi:10.1080/03064229508535948.

References

  1. ^ "Andropov". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  2. ^ Profile of Yuri Andropov
  3. ^ a b c Jessup, John E. (1998). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 25.  – via Questia (subscription required)
  4. ^ Dennis Kavanagh (1998). "Andropov, Yuri". A Dictionary of Political Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 15. Retrieved 31 August 2013. – via Questia (subscription required)
  5. ^ The noble families from Don
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Biography of Yuri Andropov" (PDF). Soviet Life (323). Embassy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: 1B. 1983. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  7. ^ Babichenko, Denis (3 October 2005). Легендарная личность [Legendary Personality]. Itogi (in Russian) (40): 30–34.
  8. ^ a b c d A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism. Edited by Silvio Pons and Robert Service. Princeton University Press. 2010.
  9. ^ БИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West, Gardners Books (2000), ISBN 0-14-028487-7.
  11. ^ "He may be an economic liberal, but Putin is an Andropov at heart". The Scotsman. 27 June 2004.
  12. ^ A Chronicle of Current Events, April 1968 to June 1982.
  13. ^ a b Nuti, Leopoldo (2009). The Crisis of Détente in Europe: From Helsinki to Gorbachev, 1975–1985. Taylor & Francis. p. 29. ISBN 0-415-46051-4.
  14. ^ a b Albats, Yevgenia (1995). KGB: state within a state. I.B.Tauris. p. 177. ISBN 1-85043-995-8.
  15. ^ "Eurasian Secret Services Daily Review". Axis Information and Analysis (AIA). 25 January 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  16. ^ McCauley, Martin (2014). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union. Routledge. p. 354. ISBN 1-31786-783-1.
  17. ^ Albats, Yevgenia (1995). KGB: State Within a State. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 191. ISBN 1-85043-995-8.
  18. ^ "Report from Krasnodar Region KGB", 22 January 1970, Pb 151/XIII, The Bukovsky Archives: Communism on Trial.
  19. ^ Коротенко, Ада; Аликина, Наталия (2002). Советская психиатрия: Заблуждения и умысел (in Russian). Киев: Издательство «Сфера». p. 42. ISBN 966-7841-36-7.
  20. ^ Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1985). Soviet Psychiatric Abuse: The Shadow Over World Psychiatry. Westview Press. pp. 187–188. ISBN 0-8133-0209-9.
  21. ^ Felshtinsky, Yuri; Gulko, Boris (2013). The KGB Plays Chess: The Soviet Secret Police and the Fight for the World Chess Crown. SCB Distributors. ISBN 1936490013.
  22. ^ Letter by Andropov to the Central Committee (10 July 1970), English translation Archived 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ^ Order to leave the message by Kreisky without answer; facsimile, in Russian. (Указание оставить без ответа ходатайство канцлера Бруно Крейского (Bruno Kreisky) об освобождении Орлова (29 июля 1983)
  24. ^ Seliktar, Ofira (2004). Politics, Paradigms, and Intelligence Failures: Why So Few Predicted the Collapse of the Soviet Union. M. E. Sharpe. p. 95. ISBN 0-7656-1464-2.
  25. ^ "Memorandum from the KGB Regarding the Planning of a Demonstration in Memory of John Lennon". Wilson Center Digital Archive. 20 December 1980. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  26. ^ The worsening situation in Afghanistan, Politburo meeting, 17-18 March 1979, The Bukovsky Archives: Communism on Trial.
  27. ^ Minutes of the CPSU Politburo meeting, 17 March 1979, in Russian.
  28. ^ Andropov to Central Committee, 25 April 1979, "Anti-Soviet activities with regard to 1980 Olympic Games", The Bukovsky Archives: Communism on Trial.
  29. ^ Brown, Archie The Rise & Fall of Communism (2009) p.435
  30. ^ Rutland, Peter; Pomper, Philip (17 August 2011). "Stalin caused the Soviet collapse". The Moscow Times.
  31. ^ Wilfried Loth. Moscow, Prague and Warsaw: Overcoming the Brezhnev Doctrine. Cold War History 1, no. 2 (2001): 103–118.
  32. ^ "The Andropov Hoax". Edward Jayepstein. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  33. ^ Sakwa,Richard (1998). Soviet Politics in Perspective. Routledge. pp. 73–74. ISBN 0-415-16992-5.
  34. ^ Great Russian Encyclopedia (2005), Moscow: Bol'shaya Rossiyskaya Enciklopediya Publisher, vol. 1, p. 742.
  35. ^ Brown,Archie (1996). The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 0-19-288052-7.
  36. ^ Sakwa,Richard (1998). Soviet Politics in Perspective. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 0-415-16992-5.
  37. ^ Kort,Michael (2001). The Soviet Colossus:History and Aftermath. M.E. Sharpe. p. 315. ISBN 0-7656-0396-9.
  38. ^ Gorbachev, Mikhail (1996). Memoirs. Doubleday. p. 147. ISBN 0385480199.
  39. ^ Matlock, Jack F., Jr. (2005). Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended. New York: Random House. pp. 41–46. ISBN 0-8129-7489-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ Kwizinskij, Julij A. (1993). Vor dem Sturm: Erinnerungen eines Diplomaten. Berlin: Siedler Verlag. ISBN 978-3-88680-464-1.
  41. ^ Pravda, 27 March 1983
  42. ^ Church, George J. (1 January 1984). "Person of the Year 1983: Ronald Reagan and Yuri Andropov". TIME. Retrieved 2 January 2008.
  43. ^ Burns, John F. (11 February 1984). "ANDROPOV IS DEAD IN MOSCOW AT 69; REAGAN ASKS 'PRODUCTIVE' CONTACTS AND NAMES BUSH TO ATTEND FUNERAL". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  44. ^ a b c d Remnick, David, Lenin's Tomb:The Last Days of the Soviet Empire. New York; Random House, 1993, p. 191.
  45. ^ No Peter the Great. Vladimir Putin is in the Andropov mold, by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review, 20 September 2004.
  46. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor, The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the successor states Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 449.
  47. ^ Edward Jay Epstein The Andropov Hoax The New Republic 7 February 1983
  48. ^ Miletitch, Nicolas (29 July 2014). "Andropov birth centenary evokes nostalgia for Soviet hardliner". The Daily Star (Lebanon).
  49. ^ "Putin puts Yuri Andropov back on his pedestal". The Irish Times. 16 June 2004.
  50. ^ "Andropov birth centenary evokes nostalgia for Soviet hardliner". Gulf News. 29 July 2014.
  51. ^ a b Кара-Мурза, Владимир (10 February 2009). "Как изменилась оценка обществом ставленников спецслужб в госвласти со времен Андропова?" [How has society's assessment of security services proteges in state power changed since the time of Andropov?] (in Russian). Radio Liberty.
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  53. ^ Arbatov, Georgy (1992). The System: An Insider's Life in Soviet Politics. Times Books. p. 270. ISBN 081291970X.
  54. ^ Neimanis, George (Summer 1993). "The view from inside: A review essay". Journal of Baltic Studies. 24 (2): 201–206. doi:10.1080/01629779300000071.
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  56. ^ Tismaneanu, Vladimir (18 August 2014). "Who was Yuri Andropov? Ideologue, policeman, apparatchik: why a deceased Soviet butcher has an ever-growing mini-cult following". FrontPage Magazine.
  57. ^ a b c d Кашин, Олег (22 May 2008). "Хроника утекших событий. Наталья Горбаневская: немонотонная речь" [A Chronicle of Past Events. Natalya Gorbanevskaya: non-monotonous speech]. Русская жизнь (in Russian).

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Government offices
Preceded by Chairman of the State Committee for State Security
1967–1982 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1982–1984 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
1983–1984 		Succeeded by
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Time's Men of the Year (with Ronald Reagan)
1983 		Succeeded by
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