People's Bank of China

Coordinates: 39°54′24″N 116°21′14″E / 39.90667°N 116.35389°E / 39.90667; 116.35389
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This article is about the central bank of the People's Republic of China. For the commercial bank, see Bank of China. For the monetary authority in Taiwan, see Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
People's Bank of China
中国人民银行
Zhōngguó Rénmín Yínháng
File:The People's Bank of China (PBC) badge.svg
Logo of the People's Bank of China


Beijing Headquarters of the People's Bank of China
Headquarters
CoordinatesBeijing
39°54′24″N 116°21′14″E / 39.90667°N 116.35389°E / 39.90667; 116.35389
Established1 December 1948; 75 years ago (1948-12-01)
OwnershipState Council of the People's Republic of China
Key people
Central bank of People's Republic of China
CurrencyRenminbi (RMB)
CNY (ISO 4217)
ReservesUS$3.357 trillion (2020)[1]
Reserve requirements8.45% (December 2021)[2]
Bank rate2.75% (August 2022)[3]
WebsitePBC.gov.cn (in English)
People's Bank of China
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese中国人民银行
Traditional Chinese中國人民銀行
Literal meaningChina People Bank
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese人民银行
Traditional Chinese人民銀行
Literal meaningPeople Bank
Second alternative Chinese name
Chinese央行
Literal meaningCentral Bank
Tibetan name
Tibetanཀྲུང་གོ་མི་དམངས། མི་རྣམས།དངུལ་ཁང་།
Zhuang name
ZhuangCunghgoz Yinzminz Yinzhangz
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicДундад Улсын Ардын Банк
Mongolian scriptᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ
ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ
ᠪᠠᠩᠬᠢ
Uyghur name
Uyghurجۇڭگو خەلق بانكا‎
Portuguese name
PortugueseBanco Popular da China
Politics of China
Leadership
Leadership generations
Succession of power
National leaders
Orders of precedence
Related systems
Communist Party
History
National People's Congress (14th)
State representative
Executive organ
Military organ
Supervisory organ
Judicial organs
United front
Historical parties:
Propaganda
Cross-Strait relations
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flag China portal

The People's Bank of China (officially PBC[4] or informally PBOC;[5] Chinese: 中国人民银行) is the central bank of the People's Republic of China, responsible for carrying out monetary policy and regulation of financial institutions in mainland China, as determined by the People's Bank Law and the Commercial Bank Law. It is a cabinet-level executive department of the State Council.[6]

History

The bank was established on December 1, 1948, based on the consolidation of the Huabei Bank, the Beihai Bank and the Xibei Farmer Bank. The headquarters was first located in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, and then moved to Beijing in 1949. Between 1950 and 1978 the PBC was the only bank in the People's Republic of China and was responsible for both central banking and commercial banking operations. All other banks within Mainland China such as the Bank of China were either organized as divisions of the PBC[7] or were non-deposit taking agencies.[8][9]

From 1952 to 1955 government shares were added to private banks to make state-private banks, until under the first Five Year plan from 1955 to 1959 the PBC had complete control of the private banks, making them branches of the PBC, closely resembling the vision of Vladimir Lenin. With aid from the Soviet Union, the shares of private enterprises and with them industrial output followed a similar path, forming a Soviet-style planned economy.

With the exception of special allocations for rural development, the monolithic PBC dominated all business transactions and credit until 1978,[10] when, as part of the Chinese economic reforms, the State Council split off the commercial banking functions of the PB into four independent but state-owned banks, including the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), the Bank of China (BOC), the Agricultural Bank of China (ABC), and the China Construction Bank (CCB).[11] In 1983, the State Council promulgated that the PBC would function as the central bank of China.

Chen Yuan was instrumental in modernizing the bank in the early 1990s. Its central bank status was legally confirmed on March 18, 1995 by the 3rd Plenum of the 8th National People's Congress, and was granted a higher degree of independence than other State Council ministries by an act that year.[12] In 1998, the PBC underwent a major restructuring. All provincial and local branches were abolished, and the PBC opened nine regional branches, whose boundaries did not correspond to local administrative boundaries. In 2003, the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress approved an amendment law for strengthening the role of PBC in the making and implementation of monetary policy for safeguarding the overall financial stability and provision of financial services.

While operating with some degree of autonomy, the PBC does not have central bank independence and is politically required to implement the policies of the Chinese Communist Party.[13]

Management

The top management of the PBC are composed of the governor and a certain number of deputy governors. The governor of the PBC is appointed or removed by the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee. The candidate for the governor of the PBC is nominated by the Premier of the People's Republic of China and approved by the National People's Congress. When the National People's Congress is in adjournment, the Standing Committee sanctions the candidacy for the governor of the PBC. The deputy governors of the PBC are appointed to or removed from office by the Premier of the State Council.

The PBC adopts the governor responsibility system under which the governor supervises the overall work of the PBC while the deputy governors provide assistance to the governor to fulfill his or her responsibility.

The current governor is Yi Gang. Deputy governors of the management team include: Wang Huaqing, Pan Gongsheng, Fan Yifei, Guo Qingping, Zhang Xiaohui, and Yang Ziqiang.[14] Former top-level managers include: Ms. Hu Xiaolian, Liu Shiyu, Li Dongrong and Ms. Jin Qi.

Structure

People's Bank of China Tianjin branch, formerly the Central Bank Tientsin Branch building until 1949, now a protected heritage site

The PBC has established 9 regional branches, one each in Tianjin, Shenyang, Shanghai, Nanjing, Jinan, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Xi'an, 2 operations offices in Beijing and Chongqing, 303 municipal sub-branches and 1809 county-level sub-branches.

It has 6 overseas representative offices (PBC Representative Office for America, PBC Representative Office (London) for Europe, PBC Tokyo Representative Office, PBC Frankfurt Representative Office, PBC Representative Office for Africa, Liaison Office of the PBC in the Caribbean Development Bank).

The PBC consists of 18 functional departments (bureaus) as below:[15]

  • General Administration Department
  • Legal Affairs Department
  • Monetary Policy Department
  • Financial Market Department
  • Financial Stability Bureau
  • Financial Survey and Statistics Department
  • Accounting and Treasury Department
  • Payment System Department
  • Technology Department
  • Currency, Gold and Silver Bureau
  • State Treasury Bureau
  • International Department
  • Internal Auditing Department
  • Personnel Department
  • Research Bureau
  • Credit Information System Bureau
  • Anti-Money Laundering Bureau (Security Bureau)
  • Education Department of the CPC PBC Committee

The following enterprises and institutions are directly under the PBC:[16]

  • China Anti-Money Laundering Monitoring and Analysis Center
  • PBC Graduate School
  • China Financial Publishing House
  • Financial News
  • China National Clearing Center
  • China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation
  • China Gold Coin Incorporation
  • China Financial Computerization Corporation
  • China Foreign Exchange Trade System

Microfinance

Financial inclusion

The PBC is active in promoting financial inclusion policy and a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion.[17]

List of governors

No. Name Took office Left office Premier Notes
1 Nan Hanchen October 1949 October 1954 Zhou Enlai
2 Cao Juru October 1954 October 1964 Zhou Enlai
3 Hu Lijiao October 1964 1966 Zhou Enlai
Position abolished during Cultural Revolution
4 Chen Xiyu May 1973 January 1978 Zhou Enlai
Hua Guofeng
5 Li Baohua January 1978 April 1982 Hua Guofeng
Zhao Ziyang
6 Lü Peijian April 1982 March 1985 Zhao Ziyang
7 Chen Muhua March 1985 April 1988 Zhao Ziyang State Councilor (1982–1988)
8 Li Guixian April 1988 July 1993 Li Peng State Councilor (1988–1998)
9 Zhu Rongji July 1993 June 1995 Li Peng First-ranked Vice-Premier (1993–1998)
10 Dai Xianglong June 1995 December 2002 Li Peng
Zhu Rongji
11 Zhou Xiaochuan December 2002 March 2018 Zhu Rongji
Wen Jiabao
Li Keqiang		 Vice Chairman of the CPPCC
National Committee (2013–2018)
12 Yi Gang March 2018 Incumbent Li Keqiang Serves under party branch secretary Guo Shuqing

Interest rates

See also: Monetary policy of China

Previously, interest rates set by the bank were always divisible by nine, instead of by 25 as in the rest of the world.[18][19] However, since the central bank began to increase rates by 0.25 percentage points on October 19, 2010, this is no longer the case.

PBC latest interest rate changes:[20]

Change date Interest rate
August 25, 2015 4.600%
June 27, 2015 4.850%
May 10, 2015 5.100%
February 28, 2015 5.350%
November 21, 2014 5.600%
July 6, 2012 6.000%
June 8, 2012 6.310%
July 7, 2011 6.560%
April 6, 2011 6.310%
February 9, 2011 6.060%
December 26, 2010 5.810%

Reserve requirement ratio

PBC latest reserve requirement ratio (RRR) changes:

Change date Reserve requirement ratio Extra cash for financial system
December 2008 21.0%
December 2011 20.5% 350 billion yuan ($55 billion)[21]
May 2012 20.0% 400 billion yuan ($63.4 billion)[22]
February 2015 19.5% 600 billion yuan ($96 billion)[23]
April 2015 18.5% 1.5 trillion yuan ($240 billion)[24]
August 2015 18.0% 650 billion yuan ($101 billion)

Foreign-exchange reserves

Foreign-exchange reserves from 2004:[25][26]

Year & month Foreign-exchange reserves (US$ billion)
2004-01 415.7
2004-02 426.6
2004-03 439.8
2004-04 449
2004-05 458.6
2004-06 470.6
2004-07 483
2004-08 496.2
2004-09 514.5
2004-10 542.4
2004-11 573.9
2004-12 609.9
2005-01 623.6
2005-02 642.6
2005-03 659.1
2005-04 670.8
2005-05 691
2005-06 711
2005-09 769
2005-12 818.9
2006-01 845.2
2006-02 853.7
2006-03 875.1
2006-04 895
2006-05 925
2006-06 941.1
2006-07 954.6
2006-08 972
2006-09 987.9
2006-10 1009.6
2006-11 1038.8
2006-12 1066.3
2007-01 1104.7
2007-02 1157.4
2007-03 1202
2007-04 1246.6
2007-05 1292.7
2007-06 1332.6
2007-07 1385.2
2007-08 1408.6
2007-09 1433.6
2007-10 1454.9
2007-11 1497
2007-12 1528.2
2008-01 1589.8
2008-02 1647.1
2008-03 1682.2
2008-04 1756.7
2008-05 1797
2008-06 1808.8
2008-07 1845.2
2008-08 1884.2
2008-09 1905.6
2008-10 1879.7
2008-11 1884.7
2008-12 1946
2009-01 1913.5
2009-02 1912.1
2009-03 1952.7
2009-04 2008.9
2009-05 2089.5
2009-06 2131.6
2009-07 2174.6
2009-08 2210.8
2009-09 2272.6
2009-10 2328.3
2009-11 2388.8
2009-12 2399.2
2010-01 2415.2
2010-02 2424.6
2010-03 2447.1
2010-04 2490.5
2010-05 2439.5
2010-06 2454.3
2010-07 2538.9
2010-08 2547.8
2010-09 2648.3
2010-10 2760.9
2010-11 2767.8
2010-12 2847.3
2011-01 2931.7
2011-02 2991.4
2011-03 3044.7
2011-06 3197.5
2011-07 3245.3
2011-08 3262.5
2011-09 3201.7
2011-10 3273.8
2011-11 3220.9
2011-12 3181.1
2012-01 3253.6
2012-02 3309.7
2012-03 3305
2012-04 3298.9
2012-05 3206.1
2012-06 3240
2012-07 3240
2012-08 3272.9
2012-09 3285.1
2012-10 3287.4
2012-11 3297.7
2012-12 3311.6
2013-01 3410
2013-02 3395.4
2013-03 3442.6
2013-04 3534.5
2013-05 3514.8
2013-06 3496.7
2013-07 3547.8
2013-08 3553
2013-09 3662.7
2013-10 3736.6
2013-11 3789.5
2013-12 3821.3
2014-01 3866.6
2014-02 3913.7
2014-03 3948.1
2014-04 3978.8
2014-05 3983.9
2014-06 3993.2
2014-07 3966.3
2014-08 3968.8
2014-09 3887.7
2014-10 3852.9
2014-11 3847.4
2014-12 3843
2015-01 3813.41
2015-02 3801.5
2015-03 3730.04
2015-04 3748.14
2015-05 3711.14
2015-06 3693.84
2015-07 3651.31
... ...
2017-05 3053.57
2017-06 3056.79
2017-07 3080.72
2017-08 3091.53
2017-09 3108.51
2017-10 3109.21
2017-11 3119.28
2017-12 3139.95
2018-01 3161.46
2018-02 3134.48
2018-03 3142.82

See also

References

  1. ^ "Total reserves (includes gold, current US$) - China | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  2. ^ Xie, Stella Yifan (December 6, 2021). "China Moves to Boost Slowing Economy". WSJ. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  3. ^ "China cuts interest rate to shore up sagging economy". AP NEWS. Associated Press. August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  4. ^ "Home > About PBC". People's Bank of China. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  5. ^ Reuters (May 4, 2022). "China's PBOC pledges policy support to counter pandemic woes". Reuters. Retrieved May 31, 2022. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  6. ^ Becky Chiu, Mervyn Lewis 2006. Reforming China's State-owned Enterprises and Banks. p. 203. https://books.google.com/books?id=-GTCsC6AqVUC&pg=PA203
  7. ^ "History of Bank of China", Boc.cn, Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  8. ^ "History", China Construction Bank webpage. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  9. ^ Zimmerman, James M. (2005). James M. Zimmerman 2010. China Law Deskbook. p.449. ISBN 9781616327897.
  10. ^ Becky Chiu, Mervyn Lewis 2006. Reforming China's State-owned Enterprises and Banks. p.188-189. https://books.google.com/books?id=-GTCsC6AqVUC&pg=PA188
  11. ^ Zimmerman, James M. (2005). James M. Zimmerman 2010. China Law Deskbook. p.450. ISBN 9781616327897.
  12. ^ Becky Chiu, Mervyn Lewis 2006. Reforming China's State-owned Enterprises and Banks. p.203. https://books.google.com/books?id=-GTCsC6AqVUC&pg=PA203
  13. ^ Wei, Lingling (December 8, 2021). "Beijing Reins In China's Central Bank". WSJ. Retrieved December 17, 2021. Beijing has little tolerance for any talk of central-bank independence; the monetary authority, just like any other part of the government, answers to the party.
  14. ^ "Management Team", Pbc.gov.cn, November 23, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  15. ^ The People's Bank of China. "Management and Organizational Structure". Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  16. ^ The People's Bank of China. "Enterprises and Institutions directly under the PBC". Retrieved May 29, 2012.
  17. ^ "AFI members". AFI Global. October 10, 2011. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  18. ^ "Calendar, Abacus Help Determine Size of Chinese Rate Increases". Bloomberg. May 18, 2007.
  19. ^ "Viewpoint: The "divisible by nine" rule". Info.gov.hk. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  20. ^ "PBC base interest rate – Chinese central bank's interest rate", Global-rates.com. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  21. ^ "China's Reserve-Ratio Cut May Signal Economic Slowdown Deepening". Bloomberg.com. November 30, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  22. ^ "China Lowers Banks' Reserve Requirements to Support Growth". Bloomberg.com. May 12, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  23. ^ Wei, Lingling (February 5, 2015). "China Cuts Reserve Requirement Ratio". Wsj.com. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  24. ^ "Economists React: China's Aggressive Cut in Banks' Reserve Requirement Ratio". Blogs.wsj.com. April 20, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  25. ^ "China Monthly Foreign Exchange Reserves Analysis – CNGFOREX". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
  26. ^ "China's foreign exchange reserves". Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.

Further reading

  • Stephen Bell and Hui Feng. The Rise of the People's Bank of China: The Politics of Institutional Change (Harvard University Press; 2013) 384 pages; Recent history; uses interviews with key figures

External links

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