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===1950s===
===1950s===
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* Conservatism reaches a low ebb in the U.S. [[Lionel Trilling]] observes that "liberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition", and dismisses conservatism as a series of "irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas."<ref name="trilling">{{cite book | first = Lionel | last = Trilling | authorlink = Lionel Trilling | title = The liberal imagination: essays on literature and society | year = 1950 | isbn = 9781590172834}}</ref><ref name="cbs-buckley">{{cite news | publisher = [[CBS News]] | title = Buckley: A History Changer | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/29/usnews/whispers/main3893843.shtml | date = February 11, 2009 | first = Michael | last = Barone}}</ref>
* Conservatism reaches a low ebb in the U.S. <ref name="cbs-buckley">{{cite news | publisher = [[CBS News]] | title = Buckley: A History Changer | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/02/29/usnews/whispers/main3893843.shtml | date = February 11, 2009 | first = Michael | last = Barone}}</ref>
; 1952
; 1952
*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] leads moderate and liberal Republicans to victory over Sen. [[Robert A. Taft]], the conservative champion.<ref>James T. Patterson, ''Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft'' (1972)</ref> Ike then wins the presidency in a landslide by denouncing the failures of the Truman Administration in terms of "Korea, Communism and Corruption."<ref>Stephen Ambrose, ''Eisenhower Soldier and President'' (2007) p 277 </ref>
*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] leads moderate and liberal Republicans to victory over Sen. [[Robert A. Taft]], the conservative champion.<ref>James T. Patterson, ''Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft'' (1972)</ref> Ike then wins the presidency in a landslide by denouncing the failures of the Truman Administration in terms of "Korea, Communism and Corruption."<ref>Stephen Ambrose, ''Eisenhower Soldier and President'' (2007) p 277 </ref>

Revision as of 05:48, 13 October 2011

The Timeline of modern American conservatism lists important events, developments and occurrences which have significantly affected conservatism in the United States. Since the 1950s, conservatism has been a major influence on American politics. The movement is most closely associated with the Republican Party. Economic conservatives favor limited government and low taxes, while social conservatives focus on moral issues.

The origins of Modern American conservatism can be traced to the late 19th and early 20th centuries when an alliance formed between classical liberals and social conservatives.

Main articles: Conservatism in the United States and History of the United States Republican Party

Timeline

1930s

1934
  • Opposition to New Deal policies first takes shape as the American Liberty League. Led by conservative Democrats, such as Al Smith, it fades after FDR's 1936 landslide and disbands in 1940.[1][2] Businessmen begin organizing their opposition especially to labor unions.[3]
1936
  • President Franklin D. Roosevelt calls his opponents "conservatives" as a term of abuse, they reply that they are "true liberals".[4]
1937
  • FDR's Court Packing plan alienates conservative Democrats.[5]
  • Conservative Republicans (nearly all from the North) and conservative Democrats (most from the South), form the Conservative Coalition and block most new liberal proposals until the 1960s.[6]
  • The Conservative Manifesto rallies the opposition to FDR. It is drafted by Senator Josiah W. Bailey (D-NC) and Arthur H. Vandenberg (R-MI).[7]
1938
  • Politics turns sour for FDR.[8] His union allies in the AFL and CIO battle each other; his attempt to purge the conservatives from the Democratic party fails; the economy takes a nosedive; Republicans make major gains in the 1938 elections.[9]

1940s

  • As Republican Senator from Ohio (1939-53) Robert A. Taft leads the conservative opposition to liberal policies (apart from public housing and aid to education, which he supported). Taft opposed much of the New Deal, American entry into World War II, NATO, and sending troops to the Korea War. He was not so much as an "isolationist" but more a staunch opponent of the ever-expanding powers of the White House. The growth of this power, Taft feared, would lead to dictatorship or at least spoil American democracy, republicanism and civil virtue.[10]
  • Leo Strauss (1899-1973), a refugee from Nazi Germany, teaches political philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York (1939-49) and the University of Chicago (1949-1958). Many of his students become leaders of Neoconservatism.[11]
1940
1943
  • Medical missionary Walter Judd (1898-1994) enters Congress (1943-63) and defines the conservative position on China as all-out support for the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-sheck and opposition to the Communists under Mao. Judd redoubled his support after the Nationalists in 1949 fled to Formosa (Taiwan).[13]
  • The American Enterprise Institute (AEI) founded in Washington "to defend the principles and improve the institutions of American freedom and democratic capitalism—limited government, private enterprise, individual liberty and responsibility, vigilant and effective defense and foreign policies, political accountability, and open debate."[14]
1944
  • Friedrich Hayek, a British libertarian economist, publishes Road to Serfdom, which is widely read in America and Britain. He warns that well-intentioned government intervention in the economy is a slippery slope that will lead to tight government controls over people's lives, just as medieval serfdom had done.[15] Hayek wins the Nobel Prize in economics in 1974.[16]
  • Liberal icon Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected to fourth Presidential term, defeating liberal Republican Tom Dewey, governor of New York. Conservatives blame big city bosses and labor unions PACs (Political Action Committees).[17]
1945
1946
  • Milton Friedman (1912 – 2006) appointed professor of economics at the University of Chicago.[19] Previously a Keynesian, Friedman moves right under the influence of his close friend George Stigler (1911-1991). He founds the market-oriented Chicago School of Economics which reshapes conservative economic theory. Stiger opposed regulation of industry as counterproductive; Friedman undermines Keynesian macroeconomics[20]. Friedman wins the Nobel Prize in 1976; others of the Chicago School who win the Nobel in Economics include Stigler, Ronald Coase (b. 1910); Gary Becker (b. 1930); and Robert Lucas, Jr. (b. 1937), among others.
  • Republicans score a landslide victory in off-year elections, and set about enacting a conservative agenda in the 80th Congress.[21]
1947
  • Passage of the Taft-Hartley Act, designed by conservatives to create what they considered a proper balance between the rights of management and labor.[22]
1948
  • Deep South Democrats lead by Strom Thurmond split from the National Democratic Party to form the pro-segregation States' Rights Democratic Party or Dixiecrat party. They are protesting support for civil rights legislation in the party platform. They make Thurmond their nominee for president in the election. Nearly all return to the Democratic party in 1949.[23]
  • Liberal Republican Tom Dewey again wins the Republican nomination, to the frustration of conservatives.[24] Pundits are astonished when he loses to incumbent Democrat Harry S. Truman.

1950s

1950
  • Conservatism reaches a low ebb in the U.S. [25]
1952
  • Dwight D. Eisenhower leads moderate and liberal Republicans to victory over Sen. Robert A. Taft, the conservative champion.[26] Ike then wins the presidency in a landslide by denouncing the failures of the Truman Administration in terms of "Korea, Communism and Corruption."[27]
1953
Russell Kirk
1955
1958
  • Businessman Robert W. Welch Jr. (1899–1985) founds the John Birch Society, an anti-Communist secret group with chapters across the country. Welch used an elaborate control system that enabled him to keep a very tight rein on each chapters. Its major activities were circulating petitions and supporting the local police. It became a favorite target of attack from the left and was disowned by many of the prominent conservatives of the day.[33]
  • In a deep economic recession the Democrats score a landslide victory, defeating many old-guard conservative Republicans. The new Congress has large Democratic majorities: 282 Democrats to 154 GOP in the House, 64 to 34 in the Senate. Nevertheless, the new Congress fails to pass any major liberal legislation as most committee chairs are Southern Democrats who support the Conservative Coalition.[34]
  • Two Republicans score upsets in the face of the landslide, liberal Nelson A. Rockefeller as governor of New York, and Barry Goldwater as Senator from Arizona; both become presidential prospects

1960s

Movement conservatism emerged first as grassroots activists emerged in reaction to liberal and New left agendas. It developed a structure that supported Goldwater in 1964 and Reagan in 1976-80. By the late 1970s local evangelical churches had joined the movement.[35][36]

1960
  • Conservatives are angered when GOP presidential nominee Richard M. Nixon strikes a deal with liberal leader Nelson Rockefeller. Led by Goldwater, conservatives vow to organize at the grass roots and take control of the GOP.[37]
  • Barry Goldwater publishes The Conscience of a Conservative. The book reignites the American conservative movement which rallies behind the charismatic Arizona Senator.[38]
  • Buckley forms a youth group called the Young Americans for Freedom; it helps Goldwater win the 1964 nomination but is otherwise ineffective and collapses in internal bickering.[39]
  • Frank S. Meyer's article, "Freedom, Tradition, Conservatism", published in Modern Age, argues that traditional conservatism and libertarianism share a common philosophical heritage. The concept comes to be known as "fusionism" and unites the two strands of thought.[40]
1961
1962
  • English political philosopher Michael Oakeshott publishes Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays, securing his position as one of the most important conservative thinkers of the 20th century.[42]
1963
  • Governor of Alabama, Democrat George Wallace, electrifies the white South by proclaiming "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!" Wallace's angry populist anti-elitist rhetoric appeals to the poor farmers and workers who comprise a major part of the New Deal Coalition. He does well in Democratic primaries in the industrial North as well as the rural South. He exploits distrust of government, racial fear, anticommunism and a yearning for "traditional" American values.[43]
1964
Presidential Election, 1964. Goldwater only won his home state of Arizona and five states in the Deep South.
  • Goldwater defeats a series of liberal contenders to win the GOP presidential nomination and launch a conservative crusade. he is defeated in a massive landslide.[44]
  • The American Conservative Union, the oldest conservative lobbying organization in the United States is founded by William F. Buckley, Jr.
  • George Wallace gives a speech condemning the Civil Rights Act of 1964, claiming that it would threaten individual liberty, free enterprise and private property rights and that "The liberal left-wingers have passed it. Now let them employ some pinknik social engineers in Washington, D.C., To figure out what to do with it."[45]
  • The American Spectator monthly political magazine is founded by Emmett Tyrrell; its name until 1977 was The Alternative: An American Spectator.[46]
1965
  • Buckley gains national attention by running for mayor of New York City on the ticket of the new Conservative Party of New York State. He loses but gains visibility and respectability for the cause in the aftermath of Goldwater's defeat.[47]
1967
1969

1970s

File:149976 173192362705430 173189892705677 510135 6299935 n.jpg
National Right to Life Committee founder and former president Dr. Mildred Jefferson

Neoconservatism emerges as American liberals become disenchanted with Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society's welfare programs.

1971
1972
1973
William Buckley and Ronald Reagan were two of the most visible conservatives of the 1970s and 1980s; 1986 photo
1974
  • January 22: the first March for Life, in Washington, attracts 20,000 people.
  • Robert Grant founds the American Christian Cause as an effort to institutionalize the Christian Right as a politically active social movement.[54]
1977
1978
  • California unleashes a tax revolt, with Proposition 13 to limit property taxes, promoted by Howard Jarvis (1903 – 1986), a long-time activist. The movement was backed by the United Organizations of Taxpayers, the Los Angeles Apartment Owners Association, and realtors' associations.[57] Preconditions included steadily rising property taxes, "stagflation" and growing anger at government waste. California's tax revolt was followed by 30 other states.[58]
  • Robert Grant, Paul Weyrich, Terry Dolan, Howard Phillips, and Richard Viguerie found Christian Voice, to recruit, train, and organize Evangelical Christians to participate in elections. Grant later ousts the others.[59]
1979

1980s

Washington For Jesus, Washington D.C., 1980
First inaugural address of Ronald Reagan, 1981
Credit: Zginder

The decade is marked by the rise of the Religious Right and the Reagan Revolution. A priority of Reagan's administration is defeating communism.

1980
  • Republicans capture the Senate for the first time since 1952.
1983
1987
  • June 12: In Berlin, President Reagan announces American terms for ending the Cold War, challenging Mikhail Gorbachev to "Tear down this wall!"; Gorbachev allows the Berlin Wall to come down in November 1989, ending Soviet control over Eastern European satellites.[64]
  • Pat Robertson (b. 1930) an Evangelical minister founds the Christian Coalition, which becomes a prominent voice in the Christian Right. Robertson also telecasts news and commentary on his own network, the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), founded in 1961. He runs poorly in the 1988 GOP presidential race and withdraws.[65]
1988

1990s

Clarence Thomas

Conservative think tanks 1990-97 mobilize to challenge the legitimacy of global warming as a social problem. They challenge the scientific evidence; argue that global warming will have benefits; and warn that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.[66]

1991
  • October 15: Clarence Thomas, a black Republican, is confirmed as a Justice of the Supreme Court after extremely controversial hearings that focus less on his strongly conservative beliefs than his relationships with one of his aides, Anita Hill, who accuses him of sexual harassment.[67]
1994
1996

2000s

George W. Bush embodies what he describes as compassionate conservatism, but conservatives find some of his policies controversial. The terror attacks on September 11 provide an opportunity for neoconservatives to have a greater influence on foreign policy.

2001
  • January 20: George W. Bush becomes president after highly contentious recount in Florida.
  • 9-11 terrorists attacks redefine conservative role in foreign policy. Americans of all stripes support War in Afghanistan.
2002
2003
2004
2006
  • Democrats make major gains in off-year elections, attacking the unpopular war in Iraq and the bungling of Hurricane Katrina relief.[70]
  • Conservapedia is founded by Andy Schlafly.
2008
  • August 29: Alaska Governor Sarah Palin becomes the first woman on a national GOP ticket as nominee for Vice President.
  • November 5. Liberal Democrat Barack Obama defeats conservative Republican John McCain by 53% to 46%. Self-identified Conservatives comprise 34% of the voters and support McCain 78%-20%. Liberals comprise 22% of the voters and support Obama 89%-10%. Moderates comprise 44% of the voters and support Obama 69%-39%.[71]
  • November 5: Proposition 8 which prescribes that marriage is between a man and a woman in California is passed with 52.2% of the vote.
2009
Tea Party Protest, Washington D.C.

2010s

2010
  • November 3: GOP candidates, fired up by Tea Party support, make major gains across the country in races for Congress, governorships and state legislatures. Conservative voters (self-identified) comprise 42% of the voters and support GOP House candidates 84%-13%. Liberals comprise 20% of the voters and support Democrats 90%-8%. Moderates comprise 38% of the voters and support the GOP 55%-42%.[73]

See also

Bibliography

  • Allitt, Patrick. The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History (2009)
  • Carlisle, Rodney P. (2005). Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right. Sage Publications. ISBN 1412904099. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Congressional Quarterly. Congress and the Nation: 1945-1964 (1965); Congress and the Nation: 1965-1968 (1969); with new volumes every four years, 1973, 1977... etc. Highly detailed nonpartisan timelines of political activity in Washington.
  • Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Right Made Political History (2007)
  • Filler, Louis. Dictionary of American Conservatism (Philosophical Library, 1987)
  • Frohnen, Bruce et al. eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) ISBN 1-932236-44-9, the most detailed reference
  • Schneider, Gregory. The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution (2009)
  • Story, Ronald (2007). Rise of Conservatism in America, 1945-2000: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 0312450648. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Videos

Notes

  1. ^ Frederick Rudolph, "The American Liberty League, 1934-1940," American Historical Review 56 (October 1950): 19-33, in JSTOR
  2. ^ George Wolfskill, The Revolt of the Conservatives: A History of the American Liberty League, 1934-1940 (1962)
  3. ^ Kim Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal (2009)
  4. ^ O'Connor, Brendan. A political history of the American welfare system: when ideas have consequences. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, p. 38 ISBN 0742526682[1]
  5. ^ Jeff Shesol, Supreme Power: Franklin Roosevelt vs. the Supreme Court (2010)
  6. ^ James T. Patterson, "A Conservative Coalition Forms in Congress, 1933-1939," Journal of American History Vol. 52, No. 4 (Mar., 1966), pp. 757-772 in JSTOR
  7. ^ John Robert Moore, "Senator Josiah W. Bailey and the "Conservative Manifesto" of 1937," Journal of Southern History Vol. 31, No. 1 (Feb., 1965), pp. 21-39 in JSTOR
  8. ^ William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal: 1932-1940 (1963) pp 231-74
  9. ^ Milton Plesur, "The Republican Congressional Comeback of 1938," Review of Politics, Oct 1962, Vol. 24 Issue 4, pp 525-562 in JSTOR
  10. ^ Geoffrey Matthews, "Robert A. Taft, the Constitution and American Foreign Policy, 1939-53," Journal of Contemporary History, July 1982, Vol. 17 Issue 3, pp 507-522
  11. ^ John P. East, "Leo Strauss and American Conservatism," Modern Age, Winter 1977, Vol. 21 Issue 1, pp 2-19 online
  12. ^ The Atlantic, April, 1940 online
  13. ^ Lee Edwards, Missionary for Freedom: The Life and Times of Walter Judd (1990)
  14. ^ Murray L. Weidenbaum, The competition of ideas: the world of the Washington think tanks (2009) p. 23
  15. ^ F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (1944; 2nd ed. 2010); 2nd ed. by Bruce Caldwell with prepublication reports on Hayek's manuscript, and forewords to earlier editions by John Chamberlain, Milton Friedman, and Hayek himself.
  16. ^ Nicholas Wapshott, Keynes Hayek: The Clash That Defined Modern Economics (2011)
  17. ^ David M. Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944 (2011)
  18. ^ Israel M. Kirzner, Ludwig von Mises: the man and his economics (2001)
  19. ^ He retired in 1977 and moved to the Hoover Institution at Stanford. Milton and Rose Friedman, Two Lucky People: Memoirs (1999)
  20. ^ Alan O. Ebenstein, Milton Friedman: A Biography (2009)
  21. ^ Susan M. Hartmann, Truman and the 80th Congress (1971)
  22. ^ Harry A. Brown, and Emily Clark Millis, From the Wagner Act to Taft-Hartley: A Study of National Labor Policy and Labor Relations (1965)
  23. ^ Kari A. Frederickson, The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-1968 (2000)
  24. ^ Michael Bowen, The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party (2011)
  25. ^ Barone, Michael (February 11, 2009). "Buckley: A History Changer". CBS News.
  26. ^ James T. Patterson, Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft (1972)
  27. ^ Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower Soldier and President (2007) p 277
  28. ^ W. Wesley McDonald, Russell Kirk and the Age of Ideology (2004)
  29. ^ Lee Edwards, Educating for Liberty: The first Half-century of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute (2003)
  30. ^ John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (1990)
  31. ^ Jennifer Burns, Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right (2009)
  32. ^ James T. Kloppenberg, "Review: In Retrospect: Louis Hartz's The Liberal Tradition in America," Reviews in American History Vol. 29, No. 3 (Sept 2001), pp. 460-478 in JSTOR
  33. ^ Jonathan Schoenwald, A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism (2002) pp 62–99
  34. ^ Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1945-1964 (1965) pp 28-34
  35. ^ Rick Perlstein, "Thunder on the Right: The Roots of Conservative Victory in the 1960s," OAH Magazine of History, Oct 2006, Vol. 20 Issue 5, pp 24-27
  36. ^ James A. Hijiya, "The Conservative 1960s," Journal of American Studies, Aug 2003, Vol. 37 Issue 2, pp 201-28
  37. ^ Laura Jane Gifford, The Center Cannot Hold: The 1960 Presidential Election and the Rise of Modern Conservatism (2009)
  38. ^ Robert Alan Goldberg, Barry Goldwater (1995)
  39. ^ Gregory L. Schneider, Cadres for Conservatism: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of the Contemporary Right (1998)
  40. ^ Bliese, John R. E. The Greening Of Conservative America. Westview Press, 2002 ISBN 0813340322 p. 4-5
  41. ^ David Marley, -Pat Robertson: an American life (2007) p. 97
  42. ^ Paul Franco, Michael Oakeshott: An Introduction (2004)
  43. ^ Dan T. Carter. The politics of rage: George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics, LSU Press, 2000. pg. 12.
  44. ^ Rick Perlstein, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (2004)
  45. ^ Geroge C. Wallace "The Civil Rights Movement: Fraud, Sham, and Hoax" July 4, 1964
  46. ^ R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr., ed., Orthodoxy: The American Spectator's 20th Anniversary Anthology (1987)
  47. ^ Jonathan Schoenwald, A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism (2002) pp 162–89
  48. ^ Bernard Rostker, I want you!: the evolution of the All-Volunteer Force (2006) pp 66-70, 749
  49. ^ Jennifer Burns, Goddess of the market: Ayn Rand and the American Right (2009) p 257
  50. ^ Donald T. Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade (Princeton University Press, 2005) pp 212-42
  51. ^ Donald E. Abelson, Do think tanks matter?: assessing the impact of public policy institutes (2002)
  52. ^ Donald T. Critchlow, The politics of abortion and birth control in historical perspective (1995) p 140
  53. ^ John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (2001) pp 356-7
  54. ^ Glenn H. Utter and John Woodrow Storey, The religious right: a reference handbook (2001) p. 88
  55. ^ Dan Gilgoff, The Jesus Machine: How James Dobson, Focus on the Family, and Evangelical America Are Winning the Culture War (2008)
  56. ^ Roger Chapman, ed. Culture wars: an encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices (2010) vol. 1 p. 55
  57. ^ Daniel A. Smith, "Howard Jarvis, Populist Entrepreneur: Reevaluating the Causes of Proposition 13," Social Science History, Summer 1999, Vol. 23 Issue 2, pp 173-220 in JSTOR
  58. ^ Ballard C. Campbell, "Tax revolts and political change," Journal of Policy History, Jan 1998, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp 153-78
  59. ^ Glenn H. Utter and John Storey, eds. The religious right: a reference handbook (2001) p 123
  60. ^ R. Emmett Tyrrell, After the Hangover: The Conservatives' Road to Recovery (2010) p. 36
  61. ^ Susan Harding, The book of Jerry Falwell: fundamentalist language and politics (2001) p. 285
  62. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=xCwnKFcYEtwC&pg=PT202&dq=washington+for+jesus+500,000&hl=en&ei=h9uSTrT-M6KnsAKNqeXCAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&sqi=2&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=washington%20for%20jesus%20500%2C000&f=false
  63. ^ Goldman, Ralph Morris (2002). The Future Catches Up: Transnational Parties and Democracy. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 418. ISBN 9780595228881.
  64. ^ Romesh Ratnesar, Tear down this wall: a city, a president, and the speech that ended the Cold War (Simon and Schuster, 2009) p 6
  65. ^ David Harrell Jr., Pat Robertson: A Life and Legacy (2010)
  66. ^ Aaron M. McCright and Riley E. Dunlap, "Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative Movement's Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy," Social Problems, Aug 2003, Vol. 50 Issue 3, pp 348-73 in JSTOR
  67. ^ Dan Thomas, Craig McCoy and Allan McBride, "Deconstructing the Political Spectacle: Sex, Race, and Subjectivity in Public Response to the Clarence Thomas/Anita Hill "Sexual Harassment" Hearings," American Journal of Political Science Vol. 37, No. 3 (Aug., 1993), pp. 699-720 in JSTOR
  68. ^ http://www.heritage.org/Research/Lecture/The-Contract-with-America-Implementing-New-Ideas-in-the-US
  69. ^ John C. Green, Mark J. Rozell and Clyde Wilcox, The Values Campaign?: The Christian Right and the 2004 Elections (2006)
  70. ^ David B. Magleby and Kelly D. Patterson, eds. The Battle for Congress: Iraq, Scandal, and Campaign Finance in the 2006 Election (2008)
  71. ^ See Exit Poll results
  72. ^ Scott Rasmussen and Doug Schoen, Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System (2010).
  73. ^ See 2010 Exit Polls

External links

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