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{{distinguish|text=[[Richard Bronson]] or [[Richard Brandon]]}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}

{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Richard Branson
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Richard Branson March 2015 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Branson at [[Chatham House]] in March 2015
| birth_name = Richard Charles Nicholas Branson
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|7|18|df=yes}}<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | surname = BRANSON | othernames = Sir Richard (Charles Nicholas) | id = U8562 | volume = 2014 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]}} {{subscription required}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]], [[London]], England
| residence = [[Necker Island (British Virgin Islands)|Necker Island]], [[British Virgin Islands]]
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| known_for = Founding [[Virgin Group]]
| years_active = 1966–present
| criminal_charge = [[Fraud]] of [[Excise duties]] and [[Purchase Tax]]
| criminal_penalty = Probation and repayment restitution
| criminal_status = Sentence completed
| children = 2
| parents = Edward James Branson <br/> [[Eve Branson]]
| relatives = [[Right Honourable]] [[G. A. H. Branson|Sir George Arthur Harwin Branson]] (grandfather)
| alias = Old Beardie<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/sir-richard-no-virgin-when-it-comes-to-airport-lounge-launches-with-laughs-20150909-gjiy7w.html|title=Sir Richard no Virgin when it comes to airport lounge launches with laughs|first=Tony|last=Moore|date=9 September 2015|website=Brisbane Times|accessdate=5 May 2018}}</ref>
| networth = <!--No increase/decrease symbol-->[[US$]]5.1 billion (April 2018)<ref name="Richard Branson">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/richard-branson/|title=Richard Branson|publisher=|accessdate=5 May 2018}}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|Kristen Tomassi|1972|1979|end=divorced}} <br/> {{marriage|Joan Templeman<br>|20 December 1989}}
| signature = Richard Branson signature.png
}}

'''Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson''' (born 18 July 1950) is a British [[business magnate]], investor, author and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]].<ref>List of companies related to Richard Branson - http://www.flixens.com/director/richard-charles-nicholas-branson</ref> He founded the [[Virgin Group]], which controls more than 400 companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-home/article-23897620-londons-1000-most-influential-people-2010-tycoons-and-retailers.do |title=London's 1000 most influential people 2010: Tycoons & Retailers |work=Evening Standard |location=London |date=26 November 2010 |accessdate=11 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303202728/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-home/article-23897620-londons-1000-most-influential-people-2010-tycoons-and-retailers.do |archivedate= 3 March 2011 |df= }}</ref>

Branson expressed his desire to become an entrepreneur at a young age. His first business venture, at the age of 16, was a magazine called ''Student''. In 1970, he set up a mail-order record business. He opened a chain of record stores, Virgin Records—later known as [[Virgin Megastores]]—in 1972. Branson's Virgin brand grew rapidly during the 1980s, as he set up [[Virgin Atlantic]] [[airline]] and expanded the [[Virgin Records]] [[music label]]. In 2004, he founded spaceflight corporation [[Virgin Galactic]], based at [[Mojave Air and Space Port]], noted for the [[SpaceShipTwo]] [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|suborbital]] [[spaceplane]] designed for [[space tourism]].

In March 2000, Branson was [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom|knighted]] at Buckingham Palace for "services to entrepreneurship".<ref>{{cite news|title=Virgin tycoon is knighted|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/695511.stm|agency=BBC|date=3 January 2016}}</ref> For his work in retail, music and transport (with interests in land, air, sea and space travel), his taste for adventure, and for his humanitarian work, he has become a prominent global figure.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barling|first1=Julian|title=The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior: Volume Two: Macro Approaches|publisher=SAGE|page=383}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thirty of the very best of British|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10050832/Thirty-of-the-very-best-of-British.html|agency=The Telegraph|date=13 November 2016}}</ref> In 2007, he was placed in ''[[Time magazine]]'''s list of the [[Time 100|100 Most Influential People in The World]].

In June 2018, ''[[Forbes]]'' listed Branson's estimated net worth at [[United States dollar|US$]]5.1 billion.<ref name="Richard Branson"/>

==Early life==
Branson was born in [[Blackheath, London]], the eldest of three children of [[Eve Branson]] (''née'' Evette Huntley Flindt; born 1924), a former ballet dancer and air hostess, and Edward James Branson (1918–2011), a [[barrister]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/8501350/Edward-Branson.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Edward Branson | date=8 May 2011}}<br>- "Births", ''[[The Times]]'', 12 July 1950, pg. 1</ref><ref name="fdnr1">[https://www.virgin.com/richard-branson/finding-my-roots] ''[[Finding Your Roots]]'', 2 February 2016, PBS</ref> He has two younger sisters.<ref name=SagaMar13>{{cite news|url=https://www.saga.co.uk/saga-magazine/2013/march/eve-branson.aspx|title=Like mother, like son|author=Nina Myskow|date=13 March 2013|publisher=Saga magazine|accessdate=5 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105104205/https://www.saga.co.uk/saga-magazine/2013/march/eve-branson.aspx|archivedate=5 November 2014}}</ref> His grandfather, the [[Right Honourable]] [[G. A. H. Branson|Sir George Arthur Harwin Branson]], was a judge of the [[High Court of Justice]] and a [[Privy Councillor]].<ref>"Forthcoming Marriages", ''[[The Times]]'', 22 June 1949, pg.7.</ref> Branson was educated at [[Scaitcliffe School]], a [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|prep school]] in Surrey, before briefly attending Cliff View House School in [[Sussex]].<ref name=TimesSep98>Richard Branson. "At school I was dyslexic and a dunce.", ''The Times'', London, 11 September 1998, pg. 19</ref>

His third great-grandfather, John Edward Branson, left England for [[India]] in 1793; John Edward's father, Harry Wilkins Branson, later joined him in [[Madras]]. On the show ''[[Finding Your Roots]]'', Branson was shown to have 3.9% South Asian (Indian) DNA, likely through intermarriage.<ref name=fdnr1/> He attended [[Stowe School]], an [[Independent school (United Kingdom)|independent school]] in [[Buckinghamshire]] until the age of sixteen.<ref name=TimesSep98/>

Branson has [[dyslexia]] and had poor academic performance; on his last day at school, his headmaster, [[Robert Drayson]], told him he would either end up in prison or become a millionaire.<ref name=TimesSep98/> Branson's parents were supportive of his endeavours from an early age.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shavinina|first=Larisa V|title=Micro-social factors in the development of entrepreneurial giftedness: the case of Richard Branson|journal=High Ability Studies|date=December 2006|volume=17|issue=2}}</ref> His mother was an entrepreneur; one of her most successful ventures was building and selling wooden tissue boxes and wastepaper bins.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Virgin Way: Everything I know about leadership|last=Branson|first=Richard|publisher=Portfolio/Penguin|year=2014|isbn=|location=New York|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref> In London he started off [[squatting]] between 1967 and 1968.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/jul/21/3|title=
Famous faces who took rent-free route|date=21 July 1999|publisher=Guardian}}</ref>

== Early business career ==
After failed attempts to grow and sell both [[Christmas trees]] and [[budgerigars]], Branson launched his first successful business, a magazine named Student, in 1966. The first issue of ''Student'' appeared in January 1968, and a year later, Branson's net worth was estimated at £50,000. Branson started his record business from the church where he ran ''Student'' magazine. He interviewed several prominent personalities of the late 1960s for the magazine including [[Mick Jagger]] and [[R. D. Laing]].<ref name="Branson2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWxnDythozIC|title=Losing My Virginity|author=Richard Branson|date=4 August 2011|publisher=Ebury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4464-8334-3}}</ref> Branson advertised popular records in ''Student'', and it was an overnight success.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/richard-branson-fails-virgin-companies-that-went-bust-2012-4?op=1|title=RICHARD BRANSON'S FAILS: 14 Virgin Companies That Went Bust|author=Mallory Russell|date=21 April 2012|publisher=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> His business sold records for considerably less than the "High Street" outlets, especially the chain [[W. H. Smith]]. Branson once said, "There is no point in starting your own business unless you do it out of a sense of frustration." At the time, many products were sold under restrictive marketing agreements that limited discounting, despite efforts in the 1950s and 1960s to limit so-called [[resale price maintenance]].<ref>Another example was the [[Net Book Agreement]], which limited the ability of book outlets, including discount book clubs, to offer deep discounts.</ref>

Branson eventually started a record shop in [[Oxford Street]] in [[London]]. In 1971, he was questioned in connection with the selling of records that had been declared export stock. The matter was never brought before a court because Branson agreed to repay any unpaid VAT of 33% and a £70,000 fine. His parents re-mortgaged the family home in order to help pay the settlement.<ref name="ReferenceA">Richard Branson – ''Losing my Virginity''</ref>

==''Virgin''==
{{Main|Virgin Group|Timeline of Richard Branson's business ventures}}

===1972–1980: Founding of ''Virgin Records''===
[[File:The Manor Studios.jpg|thumb|[[The Manor Studio]], Richard Branson's [[recording studio]] in the [[manor house]] at the village of [[Shipton-on-Cherwell]] in [[Oxfordshire]].]]Earning enough money from his record store, Branson in 1972 launched the record label [[Virgin Records]] with [[Nik Powell]]. The name "Virgin" was suggested by one of Branson's early employees because they were all new at business.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Branson bought a country estate north of [[Oxford]] in which he installed a residential [[recording studio]], [[The Manor Studio]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.biography.com/people/richard-branson-9224520|title=Richard Branson Biography|accessdate=16 September 2014|publisher=[[A&E Television Networks]]|website=The Biography.com website}}</ref> He leased studio time to fledgling artists, including multi-instrumentalist [[Mike Oldfield]], whose debut album ''[[Tubular Bells]]'' (1973) was the first release for Virgin Records and became a chart-topping best-seller.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03cw8g0|title=Tubular Bells: The Mike Oldfield Story|publisher=BBC|accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref>

Virgin signed such controversial bands as the [[Sex Pistols]], which other companies were reluctant to sign. Virgin Records would go on to sign other artists including the [[Rolling Stones]], [[Peter Gabriel]], [[XTC]], [[Japan (band)|Japan]], [[UB40]], [[Steve Winwood]] and [[Paula Abdul]], and to become the world's largest independent record label.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/197616|title=Richard Branson The P.T. Barnum of British Business|last=|first=|date=2008|website=|publisher=|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> It also won praise for exposing the public to such obscure avant-garde music as [[Faust (band)|Faust]] and [[Can (band)|Can]]. Virgin Records also introduced [[Culture Club]] to the music world.

Branson's net worth was estimated at £5 million by 1979, and a year later, Virgin Records went international.

=== 1981–1987: Package holiday industries and ''Virgin Atlantic Airways'' success ===
Branson's first successful entry into the airline industry was during a trip to Puerto Rico. His flight was cancelled, so he decided to charter his own plane the rest of the way and offer a ride to the rest of the stranded passengers for a small fee in order to cover the cost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/richard-branson-entrepreneur-visionary-2011-5/|title=Richard Branson: How a Cancelled Flight Led To The World's Greatest Travel Empire|last=Zeveloff|first=J|date=May 2011|website=|publisher=|access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref>

In 1982, Virgin purchased the gay nightclub [[Heaven (nightclub)|Heaven]]. In 1991, in a consortium with [[David Frost]], Branson made an unsuccessful bid for three [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] franchisees under the [[CPV-TV]] name. The early 1980s also saw his only attempt as a producer—on the novelty record "[[Baa, Baa, Black Sheep]]", by Singing Sheep in association with Doug McLean and Grace McDonald. The recording was a series of sheep baa-ing along to a drum-machine-produced track and reached number 42 in the UK charts in 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epnofny.com/epnmag/blog/2012/12/02/entrepreneur-guru-sir-richard-branson/ |title=Entrepreneur Guru Sir Richard Branson |publisher=EPN |date=2 December 2012 |accessdate=22 April 2015}}</ref>

Branson formed [[Virgin Atlantic Airways]] and Virgin Cargo in 1984. He formed [[Virgin Holidays]] in 1985.

=== 1988–2000: Telecoms ventures and worldwide impact ===
In 1992, to keep his airline company afloat, Branson sold the Virgin label to [[EMI]] for £500&nbsp;million.<ref name="bbcprofile">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3693588.stm|title=Profile: Richard Branson|date=27 September 2004|accessdate=3 May 2010|publisher=The BBC}}</ref> Branson said that he wept when the sale was completed because the record business had been the very start of the Virgin empire. In 1993, Branson took what many saw as being one of his riskier business exploits by entering into the railway business. [[Virgin Trains]] won the franchises for the former [[Inter-city rail|Intercity]] [[West Coast Main Line|West Coast]] and Cross-Country sectors of [[British Rail]]. He created [[V2 Records]] in 1996 in order to re-enter the music business, owning 5% himself.<ref name="solarnav">{{cite web|url=http://www.solarnavigator.net/sponsorship/richard_branson.htm|title=Richard Branson and Virgin-Probably Britains best known Entrepreneur|publisher=Solar Navigator.net|accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref> Virgin also acquired European [[short-haul]] airline Euro Belgian Airlines and renamed it [[Virgin Express]].

A series of disputes in the early 1990s caused tension between Virgin Atlantic and [[British Airways]], which viewed Virgin as an emerging competitor. Virgin subsequently accused British Airways of poaching its passengers, [[hacker (computer security)|hacking]] its computers, and leaking stories to the press that portrayed Virgin negatively. After the so-called campaign of "dirty tricks", British Airways settled the case, giving £500,000 to Branson, a further £110,000 to his airline, and had to pay legal fees of up to £3&nbsp;million. Branson distributed his compensation (the so-called "BA bonus") among his staff.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/aug/02/theairlineindustry.britishairways|title=Row over dirty tricks led to decade of hostilities|author=Lee Glendinning|date=2 August 2007|work=The Guardian|accessdate=31 August 2011|location=London}}</ref>

Branson launched [[Virgin Mobile]] in 1999, and [[Virgin Blue]] in Australia (now named [[Virgin Australia]]) in 2000.

=== 2001–2007: Entry into space travel and ''Virgin Media'' ===
On 25 September 2004, Branson announced the signing of a deal under which a new [[space tourism]] company, [[Virgin Galactic]], will license the technology behind [[SpaceshipOne]]—funded by [[Microsoft]] co-founder [[Paul Allen]] and designed by aeronautical engineer [[Burt Rutan]]—to take paying passengers into [[suborbital]] [[Outer space|space]]. Virgin Galactic (wholly owned by Virgin Group) plans to make flights available to the public with tickets priced at US$200,000 using the [[Scaled Composites White Knight Two]].<ref name=sn20131111>
{{cite news |last=Klotz|first=Irene |title=Profile : Sir Richard Branson, Founder, Virgin Galactic |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/features/38109profile-sir-richard-branson-founder-virgin-galactic |accessdate=27 November 2013 |newspaper=Space News |date=11 November 2013 }}</ref> The spacecraft, [[SpaceShipTwo]], is manufactured by [[The Spaceship Company]], which was founded by Branson and Rutan and is now solely owned by Virgin Galactic. In 2013, Branson said that he planned to take his two children, 31-year-old Holly and 28-year-old Sam, on a trip to outer space when they ride the SpaceShipTwo rocket plane on its first public flight, then planned for 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyle|first=Alan|title=First family of space: Richard Branson and kids will blaze new trail|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/first-family-space-richard-branson-kids-will-blaze-new-trail-8C11566225|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=4 December 2013}}</ref> As part of his promotion of the firm, Branson has added a variation of the Virgin Galactic livery to his personal business jet, the [[Dassault Falcon 900EX]] "Galactic Girl" (G-GALX).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://gadling.com/2008/08/04/sir-richard-bransons-private-jet/ |title= Sir Richard Branson’s Private Jet |date= 4 August 2008 |author= Grant Martin |publisher= Gadling }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Windows Seat |url= http://www.traveldaily.com.au/photos/window-seat-2/194910 |date= 29 January 2011 |work= Window Seat |publisher= Travel Daily }}</ref>

He was ninth in [[Sunday Times Rich List|''The Sunday Times'' Rich List 2006]] of the wealthiest people or families in the UK, worth slightly more than £3&nbsp;billion. Branson wrote in his autobiography of the decision to start an airline.

{{quote|My interest in life comes from setting myself huge, apparently unachievable challenges and trying to rise above them ... from the perspective of wanting to live life to the full, I felt that I had to attempt it.|sign=|source=}}

In 2006, the airline was merged with [[SN Brussels Airlines]] forming [[Brussels Airlines]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/virgin-express-creates-brussels-airline-566542.html|title=Virgin Express creates Brussels airline|date=17 March 2004|work=The Independent|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> It also started a national airline based in Nigeria, called [[Virgin Nigeria]], which ceased operations in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8089858.stm|title=Virgin to sell Nigerian airline|date=8 June 2009|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> Another airline, [[Virgin America]], began flying out of [[San Francisco International Airport]] in August 2007.

Branson's next venture with the Virgin group was [[Virgin Fuels]], which was set up to respond to [[global warming]] and exploit the recent spike in fuel costs by offering a revolutionary, cheaper fuel for automobiles and, in the near future, aircraft. Branson has stated that he was formerly a [[Climate change denial|global warming sceptic]] and was influenced in his decision by a breakfast meeting with [[Al Gore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2477400 |title=ABC News: Breakfast With Al Gore Persuades Branson to Pledge Billions to Global Warming |publisher=ABC News |date=22 September 2006 |accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref>

On 21 September 2006, Branson pledged to invest the profits of Virgin Atlantic and Virgin Trains in research for environmentally-friendly fuels. The investment is estimated to be worth $3&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/index.php?menuID=1&subID=770 | title=Come fly with me, come give it away | accessdate=23 September 2006 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65U04AmZI?url=http://www.theweek.co.uk/index.php?menuID=1&subID=770 | archivedate=16 February 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=46071
|title = Virgin Group to Invest $3&nbsp;Billion in Renewable Energy
|accessdate = 12 October 2006
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/65U05IyW0?url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/home
|archivedate = 16 February 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

On 4 July 2006, Branson sold his [[Virgin Mobile]] company to UK cable TV, broadband, and telephone company NTL/[[NTL:Telewest]] for almost £1&nbsp;billion. A new company was launched with much fanfare and publicity on 8 February 2007, under the name [[Virgin Media]]. The decision to merge his Virgin Media Company with NTL was to integrate both of the companies' compatible parts of commerce. Branson used to own three-quarters of Virgin Mobile, whereas now he owns 15 percent of the new Virgin Media company.<ref name="Perry">{{Cite news| last = Fryer| first =Pat | title = Uma Thurman to promote Virgin Media| publisher=earthtimes.org| date = 23 January 2007| url = http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/23001.html| accessdate =2 February 2007}}</ref>

In 2006, Branson formed [[Virgin Comics]] and Virgin Animation, an entertainment company focused on creating new stories and characters for a global audience. The company was founded with author [[Deepak Chopra]], filmmaker [[Shekhar Kapur]], and entrepreneurs [[Sharad Devarajan]] and [[Gotham Chopra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jan/07/pressandpublishing.virginrichardbranson|title=Branson launches Virgin Comics with India appeal|last=Teather|first=David|date=7 January 2006|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> Branson also launched the [[Virgin Health Bank]] on 1 February 2007, offering parents-to-be the opportunity to store their baby's [[umbilical cord]] blood [[stem cells]] in private and public stem-cell banks.
In June 2006, a tip-off from Virgin Atlantic led both UK and US competition authorities to investigate price-fixing attempts between Virgin Atlantic and British Airways. In August 2007, British Airways was fined £271&nbsp;million over the allegations. Virgin Atlantic was given immunity for tipping off the authorities and received no fine—a controversial decision the Office of Fair Trading defended as being in the public interest.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ruth Sunderland |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/airlines/story/0,,2141647,00.html |title=OFT defends 'snitch' policy |date=5 August 2007|accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref>[[File:AlbertoHazan RichardBranson2007 PermissionOTRS2011060910009523.jpg|thumb|right|Branson with Alberto Hazan in June 2007 helping launch [[Virgin Radio Italia]]]]On 9 February 2007, Branson announced the setting up of a new global science and technology prize—The [[Virgin Earth Challenge]]—in the belief that history has shown that prizes of this nature encourage technological advancements for the good of mankind. The Virgin Earth Challenge was to award $25&nbsp;million to the individual or group who are able to demonstrate a commercially viable design that will result in the net removal of anthropogenic, atmospheric greenhouse gases each year for at least ten years without countervailing harmful effects. This removal must have long-term effects and contribute materially to the stability of the Earth's climate. Branson also announced that he would be joined in the adjudication of the prize by a panel of five judges, all world authorities in their respective fields: [[Al Gore]], [[Sir Crispin Tickell]], [[Tim Flannery]], [[James E. Hansen]], and [[James Lovelock]].

In July 2007, Branson purchased his Australian home, [[Makepeace Island]], in [[Noosa]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Sir Richard Branson's paradise island|url=http://www.cnngo.com/sydney/visit/richard-bransons-paradise-island-rent-269659|journal=CNN GO|publisher=CNN International|date=20 July 2011|accessdate=23 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615192531/http://www.cnngo.com/sydney/visit/richard-bransons-paradise-island-rent-269659|archive-date=15 June 2012|dead-url=yes}}</ref> In August 2007, Branson announced that he bought a 20-percent stake in Malaysia's [[AirAsia X]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2813816/Virgin-Group-buys-AirAsia-X-stake.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | title=Virgin Group buys AirAsia X stake | first=Emma | last=Thelwell | date=10 August 2007 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref>

On 13 October 2007, Branson's Virgin Group sought to add [[Northern Rock]] to its empire after submitting an offer that would result in Branson personally owning 30% of the company and changing the company's name from Northern Rock to [[Virgin Money]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Teather|first1=David|last2=Finch|first2=Julia|last3=Wearden|first3=Graeme|url=http://money.guardian.co.uk/news_/story/0,,2190411,00.html |title=Branson dangles offer for Northern Rock |work=The Guardian |date= 13 October 2007|accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref> The ''[[Daily Mail]]'' ran a campaign against his bid; [[Vince Cable]], financial spokesperson for the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], suggested in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] that Branson's criminal conviction for tax evasion might be felt by some as a good enough reason not to trust him with public money.<ref>{{cite news|author=Phillip Inman |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/dec/13/northernrock.creditcrunch |title=Northern Rock bidder threatens to pull out unless takeover date set, Business |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date= 12 December 2007|accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref>

=== 2008–present: Hotels, healthcare and charitable influence ===
On 10 January 2008, Branson's [[Virgin Care|Virgin Healthcare]] announced that it would open a chain of health care clinics that would offer conventional medical care alongside homeopathic and complementary therapies, a development that was welcomed by [[Ben Bradshaw]], the UK's health minister.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Barker |first1= Alex |last2= Timmins |first2= Nick |date= 10 January 2008 |title= Branson launches healthcare business |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7f5d8f32-bfa0-11dc-8052-0000779fd2ac.html |work= [[Financial Times]] |accessdate= 7 April 2013 }}</ref>

Plans where GPs could be paid for referring [[National Health Service]] (NHS) patients to private Virgin services were abandoned in June 2008. The BMA warned the plan would "damage clinical objectivity", there would be a financial incentive for GPs to push patients toward the Virgin services at the centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthcarerepublic.com/news/829970 |title=Virgin amends its profit plans |publisher=/ Healthcare Republic |date=11 July 2008 |accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref> Plans to take over an NHS Practice in Swindon were abandoned in late September 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nursinginpractice.com/default.asp?title=VirgindropsGPpracticeplans&page=article.display&article.id=13581 |title=Virgin drops GP practice plans |publisher=/ Nursing in Practice |date=22 September 2008 |accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref>

[[File:RichardBransonVAOCApr09.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Branson in April 2009 at the launch of Virgin America in [[Orange County, California]]]]In February 2009, Branson's Virgin organisation was reported as bidding to buy the former [[Honda in Formula One|Honda Formula One]] team. Branson later stated an interest in [[Formula One]], but claimed that, before the Virgin brand became involved with Honda or any other team, Formula One would have to develop a more economically efficient and environmentally responsible image. At the start of the 2009 Formula One season on 28 March, it was announced that Virgin would be sponsoring the new [[Brawn GP]] team,<ref>[http://www.crash.net/f1/News/144459/1/bransons_virgin_group_to_sponsor_brawn_gp.html Branson's Virgin Group to sponsor Brawn GP], www.crash.net</ref> with discussions also under way about introducing a less "dirty" fuel in the medium term.<ref>[http://bleacherreport.com/articles/146360-virgin-become-brawn-gps-title-sponsor Virgin Become Brawn Gp's Title Sponsor], Bleacher Report</ref> After the end of the season and the subsequent purchase of Brawn GP by Mercedes Benz, Branson invested in an 80% buyout of Manor Grand Prix,<ref name="F1News">{{cite web |url=http://formula-1.updatesport.com/news/article/1244801351/formula_one/F1headlines/FIA-release-2010-entry-list/view.html |title=UpdateF1 >> Formula 1 News > FIA release 2010 entry list |publisher=Formula-1.updatesport.com |date=12 June 2009 |accessdate=1 November 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728053711/http://formula-1.updatesport.com/news/article/1244801351/formula_one/F1headlines/FIA-release-2010-entry-list/view.html |archivedate=28 July 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/76653 |title=Virgin set for Manor GP move |work=Autosport |accessdate=14 September 2010 |date=3 July 2009}}</ref> with the team being renamed [[Virgin Racing]].

In 2010, [[Virgin Hotels]] was launched under the [[Virgin Group]]. In February 2018, Branson announced the first Virgin hotel would open in Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/richard-branson-chooses-edinburgh-for-first-uk-virgin-hotel-1-4679167|title=Richard Branson chooses Edinburgh for first UK Virgin hotel|publisher=|accessdate=5 May 2018}}</ref>

Branson and [[Tony Fernandes]], owner of [[Air Asia]] and [[Lotus F1 Racing]], had a bet for the [[2010 F1 season]] where the losing team's boss should work on the winner's airline during a charity flight dressed as a stewardess. Fernandes escaped as the winner of the bet, as Lotus Racing ended tenth in the championship, while Virgin Racing ended twelfth and last. Branson kept his word after losing the bet, as he served his duty as a stewardess on an [[Air Asia]] flight between Perth and Kuala Lumpur on 12 May 2013.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-22499827 Virgin's Sir Richard Branson turns stewardess after losing bet], BBC News</ref>
[[File:5.3.10RichardBransonByDavidShankbone.jpg|thumb|upright|Branson at the [[Time (magazine)|Time 100 Gala]] in May 2010. Known for his informal dress code, this was a rare occasion he didn't wear an open shirt.]]
In 2010, Branson became patron of the UK's [[Gordon Bennett Cup in ballooning|Gordon Bennett]] 2010 gas balloon race, which has 16 hydrogen balloons flying across Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gordonbennett2010.com |title=Welcome!, 54th Coupe Aéronautique Gordon Bennett 2010 Official Site |publisher=Gordonbennett2010.com |accessdate=14 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002183128/http://www.gordonbennett2010.com/ |archivedate=2 October 2010 }}</ref>

In April 2012, Virgin Care commenced a five-year contract for provision of a range of health services which had previously been under the aegis of NHS Surrey, the local primary care trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/9176733/NHS-patients-to-be-treated-by-Virgin-Care-in-500m-deal.html|title=NHS patients to be treated by Virgin Care in £500m deal|date=30 March 2012|work=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref> By March 2015 Virgin Care was in charge of over 230 services nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Services/Trusts/Overview/DefaultView.aspx?id=89552|title=Overview – Virgin Care Ltd – NHS Choices|publisher=|accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref>

In July 2012, Branson announced plans to build an [[orbital space launch]] [[Air launch to orbit|system]], designated [[LauncherOne]].<ref name=bbc20120711>
{{cite news |last=Amos|first=Jonathan |title=Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic to launch small satellites |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18801180 |accessdate=13 July 2012 |publisher=BBC News |date=11 July 2012 }}</ref>
Four [[private spaceflight|commercial]] customers have already contracted for launches and two companies are developing standardised [[satellite bus]]es optimised to the design of LauncherOne, in expectation of business opportunities created by the new ''smallsat'' launcher.<ref name=nsj20120711>
{{cite news |title=Virgin Galactic relaunches its smallsat launch business |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2012/07/11/virgin-galactic-relaunches-its-smallsat-launch-business/ |accessdate=11 July 2012 |newspaper=NewSpace Journal |date=12 July 2012 }}</ref>

In August 2012, the franchise for the West Coast Main Line, managed by Virgin Rail since 1997, came to an end. The contract was awarded to FirstGroup after a competitive tender process overseen by the Department for Transport. Branson had expressed his concerns about the tender process and questioned the validity of the business plan submitted by FirstGroup. When Virgin Rail lost the contract, Branson said he was convinced the civil servants had "got their maths wrong". In October, after an investigation into the bidding process, the deal was scrapped. The Transport Secretary [[Patrick McLoughlin]] announced there were "significant technical flaws" in the process and mistakes had been made by transport staff. Virgin Rail continues to operate the West Coast line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19809717|title=West Coast Main Line deal scrapped after contract flaws discovered|publisher=BBC News|date=3 October 2012|accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref>

In September 2014, Branson announced his investment in drone company [[3D Robotics]] stating, "It's amazing to see what a little flying object with a GoPro attached can do. Before they came along the alternative was an expensive helicopter and crew. I'm really excited about the potential 3D Robotics sees in drones. They can do a lot of good in the world, and I hope this affordable technology will give many more people the chance to see our beautiful planet from such a powerful perspective."<ref name="Richard Branson Explains Why He Just Invested In Drones">{{cite web|url= http://www.businessinsider.com/richard-branson-invests-in-3d-robotics-2014-9|title=Richard Branson Explains Why He Just Invested In Drones|accessdate=15 September 2014|work=Business Insider}}</ref>

In 2014, Branson launched the "Foodpreneur" food and drink-focused start-up competition. Winners were provided with mentorship from Branson, legal support, and brand counseling.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://startups.co.uk/winners-of-richard-bransons-foodpreneur-competition-announced/|title=Winners of Richard Branson’s “Foodpreneur” competition announced}}</ref> The 2014 winners included Proper Beans, Killer Tomato, Sweetpea Pantry and Sweet Virtues. In 2015, the competition expanded to the Virgin StartUp's Foodpreneur Festival. The 2015 winners were given the opportunity to pitch [[Target Corporation]] buyers. The 2015 winners included Pip & Nut, Double Dutch Drinks, Harry Bromptons, Cauli Rice and Mallow and Marsh.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.virgin.com/entrepreneur/richard-branson-announces-2015-foodpreneur-festival-winners|title=Virgin StartUp’s Foodpreneur Festival whet the appetite of hundreds of food and drink entrepreneurs across the UK last Friday as the Festival brought them together for a series of insightful workshops and seminars from the industry’s best and brightest.}}</ref>

In November 2015, Branson announced the addition of Moskito Island to the Virgin Limited Edition portfolio. This resort, The Branson Estate on Moskito Island, offers 11 bedrooms for 22 guests.<ref>{{cite web|last1=McLennan|first1=Leah|title=Inside Richard Branson's new $66,000 a night luxury island hideaway|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-ideas/best-of-travel/inside-richard-bransons-new-66000-a-night-luxury-island-hideaway/news-story/c2a9a1efd6633c2e63ea221de972e0c4|website=News.com.au|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>

In 2017, Virgin Group invested in [[Hyperloop One]], developing a strategic partnership between the two. Branson joined the board of directors,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2017/10/12/hyperloop-one-virgin-group-richard-branson/|title=Hyperloop One Is Now 'Virgin Hyperloop One' Thanks to Richard Branson's Investment|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|date=12 October 2017}}</ref> and in December 2017, became its chairman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hyperloop-one.com/blog/new-chairman-new-funding-new-speed-records|title=New Chairman, New Funding, & New Speed Records|website=Hyperloop One|accessdate=5 May 2018}}</ref> The announced winner of the 2017 Virgin StartUp's Foodpreneur prize was The Snaffling Pig Co., which won a six-week rental space at Intu Lakeside, the retail center with the highest foot traffic in the UK.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://www.virgin.com/entrepreneur/virgin-startup-reveals-virgin-foodpreneur-2017-winner|title=Virgin StartUp and Intu have named The Snaffling Pig Co as the winners of Virgin Foodpreneur 2017.}}</ref>

In October 2017, Branson appeared on the Season 9 Premiere of ''[[Shark Tank]]'' as a guest investor,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.virgin.com/richard-branson/being-shark-day|title=Being a shark on shark day}}</ref> where he invested in Locker Board,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://heavy.com/news/2017/10/locker-board-skateboards-shark-tank-products-episodes-new-season-premiere-9/|title=Locker Board on ‘Shark Tank’: A Look Inside the Skateboard that Fits In a Locker}}</ref> a sustainable line of [[skateboard]]s invented by 11-year-old, Carson Kropfl.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/302158|title=How an Actual Elevator Pitch Led This 12-Year-Old Entrepreneur to Appear on Shark Tank and Partner With Richard Branson}}</ref> Branson told the young business man that he reminded him of himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/portable-skateboard-for-your-locker-on-shark-tank-locker_us_59d4df98e4b08c2a000ddd39|title=Portable Skateboard for Your Locker on Shark Tank - Locker Board|first=Jeremy|last=Alexander|date=4 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=5 May 2018}}</ref> Branson became the richest Shark to have appeared on the show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellmenothing.com/2017/03/27/shark-tank-net-worth-all-sharks/|title=Shark Tank: Net Worth Of All Sharks On The Show Till Date|last=|first=|date=|website=Tell Me Nothing|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

In April 2018, Branson announced the acquisition of the [[Las Vegas]] based [[Hard Rock Cafe|Hard Rock Casino-Hotel]] with plans to re-brand the property under his [[Virgin Hotels]] business.<ref>{{cite news|title=Business Mogul Richard Branson Buys Las Vegas Casino-Hotel|url=https://www.casinoreviews.co.uk/news/casino/business-mogul-richard-branson-buys-las-vegas-casino-hotel.html |date=12 April 2018 |accessdate=18 April 2018}}</ref>

In May 2018, it was announced that he would become a partner in a private equity fund that will be co-managed by Metric Capital. The fund will seek out consumer goods firms to invest in.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43989709|title=Richard Branson to launch investment fund|date=3 May 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/richard-branson-makes-his-first-move-into-private-equity-1.3482899|title=Richard Branson makes his first move into private equity|work=The Irish Times|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

In September 2018, Branson took part in his fourth Virgin Strive Challenge, where he and a core team travelled more than 2,000&nbsp;km from Cagliari in Sardinia to the summit of Mont Blanc entirely under human and sail power. It was a gruelling month-long challenge where they hiked, biked and kayaked across Europe and had a near-miss on Mont Blanc when a rockfall rained down on them as they crossed the perilous Gouter Couloir. They raised more than £1m for Holly and Sam Branson’s charity Big Change, which supports young people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/sir-richard-branson-seconds-from-death-on-charity-mont-blanc-climb-11513576|title=Sir Richard Branson 'seconds from death' on charity Mont Blanc climb|work=Sky News|access-date=29 October 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Failed business ventures ==
Branson has been involved in a number of failed business ventures, such as [[Virgin Cola]], [[Virgin Cars]], Virgin Publishing, Virgin Clothing and <!-- A retailer selling bridal wear. -->Virgin Brides.<ref name="Bower2017">{{cite news|last=Bower|first=Tom|authorlink=Tom Bower |url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news-review/virgins-robinson-crusoe-is-desperate-to-be-adored-g3bg6qcr3|title=Virgin’s Robinson Crusoe is desperate to be adored|work=The Sunday Times|date=12 February 2017|accessdate=12 February 2017}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.virgin.com/entrepreneur/six-memorable-virgin-fails|title=Six memorable Virgin fails|first=Jack|last=Preston|date=18 January 2016|publisher=virgin.com|accessdate=29 November 2018}}</ref>

==World record attempts==

[[File:Virgin Atlantic Flyer.jpg|thumb|The capsule from the Virgin Atlantic Flyer balloon on display at the [[Imperial War Museum]], [[Duxford]], England]]
[[File:Balloon crash Hawaii.jpg|thumb|A 1998 attempt at an around-the-world balloon flight by Branson, Fossett, and Lindstrand ends in the [[Pacific Ocean]] on 25 December 1998]]
Branson made several world record-breaking attempts after 1985, when in the spirit of the [[Blue Riband]] he attempted the fastest Atlantic Ocean crossing. His first attempt in the "Virgin Atlantic Challenger" led to the boat capsizing in British waters and a rescue by RAF helicopter, which received wide media coverage. Some newspapers called for Branson to reimburse the government for the rescue cost. In 1986, in his "Virgin Atlantic Challenger II", with sailing expert Daniel McCarthy, he beat the record by two hours.<ref name=":0">McKenzie, Sheena (25 April 2013) "[http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/25/business/richard-branson-virgin-atlantic-challenger-ii/ Back to the future for Richard Branson's retro 80s speedboat]". CNN Retrieved 30 April 2014.</ref> A year later his [[hot air balloon]] "Virgin Atlantic Flyer" crossed the Atlantic.<ref>{{Cite news| url = http://articles.latimes.com/1987-07-03/news/mn-1079_1_hot-air-balloon|title=Hot-Air Balloonists Crossing Atlantic Break Record |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date =3 July 1987}}</ref>

In January 1991, Branson crossed the Pacific from Japan to Arctic Canada, {{convert|6700|mi|km}}, in a balloon of {{convert|2600000|cuft|m3}}. This broke the record, with a speed of {{convert|245|mph|km/h}}.

Between 1995 and 1998, Branson, [[Per Lindstrand]], [[Vladimir Dzhanibekov]], [[Larry Newman (aviator)|Larry Newman]], and [[Steve Fossett]] made attempts to circumnavigate the globe by balloon. In late 1998, they made a record-breaking flight from Morocco to Hawaii but were unable to complete a global flight before [[Bertrand Piccard]] and [[Brian Jones (aeronaut)|Brian Jones]] in ''[[Breitling Orbiter 3]]'' in March 1999.

In March 2004, Branson set a record by travelling from [[Dover]] to [[Calais]] in a [[Gibbs Aquada]] in 1 hour, 40 minutes and 6 seconds, the fastest crossing of the [[English Channel]] in an [[amphibious vehicle]]. The previous record of six hours was set by two Frenchmen.<ref name="Rick">{{Cite news| last = BBC News| title = Branson sets cross-Channel record|publisher=BBC News | date = 14 June 2004 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/coventry_warwickshire/3805275.stm | accessdate =13 June 2007 }}</ref>
The cast of ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'', [[Jeremy Clarkson]], [[James May]] and [[Richard Hammond]], attempted to break this record in an amphibious vehicle which they had constructed and, while successfully crossing the channel, did not break Branson's record. After being intercepted by the Coast Guard and asked what their intentions were, Clarkson remarked "..our intentions are to go across the Channel faster than 'Beardy' Branson!". The Coast Guard wished them 'Good luck and Bon Voyage'.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVjo6YOT3Zg | title=Crossing the Channel in Car Boats! (HQ) – Top Gear – Series 10 – BBC | accessdate=17 July 2014 }}</ref>

In September 2008, Branson and his children made an unsuccessful attempt at an eastbound record crossing of the Atlantic Ocean under sail in the {{convert|99|ft|m}} [[sloop]] ''Virgin Money''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meeja.com.au/index.php?display_article_id=158 |title=Richard Branson sets out to crack transatlantic sail record |publisher=meeja.com.au |date=3 September 2008 |accessdate=3 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65U06n4kN?url=http://www.meeja.com.au/index.php?display_article_id=158 |archivedate=16 February 2012 }}</ref> The boat, also known as ''Speedboat'', is owned by [[NYYC]] member Alex Jackson, who was a co-skipper on this passage, with Branson and Mike Sanderson. After two days, four hours, winds of [[Beaufort scale|force]] 7 to 9 (strong gale), and seas of {{convert|40|ft|m}}, a 'monster wave' destroyed the [[spinnaker]], washed a ten-man life raft overboard and severely ripped the mainsail. She eventually continued to [[St. George's, Bermuda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyyc.org/archives_public/|title=Virgin Money Is Attempting to Break Transatlantic Passage Record|publisher=nyyc.org|date=23 October 2008|accessdate=23 October 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223022340/http://nyyc.org/archives_public/|archivedate=23 December 2008}}</ref>

==Television, film and print==
[[File:ETalk2008-Sir Richard Branson.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Branson at the [[2008 Toronto International Film Festival]]]]
Branson has guest starred, usually playing himself, on several television shows, including ''[[Friends]]'', ''[[Baywatch]]'', ''[[Birds of a Feather]]'', ''[[Only Fools and Horses]]'', ''[[The Day Today]]'', a special episode of the comedy ''[[Goodness Gracious Me (BBC)|Goodness Gracious Me]]'' and ''[[Tripping Over]]''. Branson made several appearances during the 1990s on the [[BBC]] Saturday morning show ''[[Live & Kicking]]'', where he was referred to as 'the pickle man' by comedy act [[Trev and Simon]] (in reference to [[Branston Pickle]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saturdaymornings.co.uk/bbccatalogueprog.shtml?show=livekicking&number=LCKW533F |title=on |publisher=Saturdaymornings.co.uk |accessdate=14 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104401/http://www.saturdaymornings.co.uk/bbccatalogueprog.shtml?show=livekicking&number=LCKW533F |archivedate=16 July 2011 }}</ref>

Branson also appears in a cameo early in [[XTC]]'s "Generals and Majors" video. He was also the star of a reality television show on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] called ''[[The Rebel Billionaire: Branson's Quest for the Best]]'' (2004), in which sixteen contestants were tested for their entrepreneurship and sense of adventure and only lasted one season.<ref name="Bower2017"/>

His high public profile often leaves him open as a figure of satire—the [[2000 AD (comics)|2000 AD]] series ''[[Zenith (comic)|Zenith]]'' features a parody of Branson as a [[super villain]], as the comic's publisher and favoured distributor and the Virgin group were in competition at the time. He is also caricatured in ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Monty Can't Buy Me Love]]" as the tycoon Arthur Fortune, as the ballooning [[Narcissistic personality disorder|megalomaniac]] Richard Chutney (a pun on Branson, as in [[Branston Pickle]]) in ''[[Believe Nothing]]'', and voiced himself in "[[The Princess Guide]]". The character Grandson Richard 39 in [[Terry Pratchett]]'s Wings is modelled on Branson.

He has a [[cameo appearance]] in several films: ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (2004 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]'' (2004), where he played a hot-air balloon operator, and ''[[Superman Returns]]'' (2006), where he was credited as a 'Shuttle Engineer' and appeared alongside his son, Sam, with a [[Virgin Galactic]]-style commercial suborbital shuttle at the centre of his storyline. He also has a cameo in the [[James Bond]] film ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' (2006). Here, he is seen as a passenger going through [[Miami Airport]] security check-in and being frisked – several Virgin Atlantic planes appear soon after. British Airways edited out Branson's cameo in their in-flight screening of the movie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6579839.stm |title=BA cuts Branson from Bond movie |publisher=BBC News |date=21 April 2007 |accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref> He makes a number of brief and disjointed appearances in the documentary ''[[Derek and Clive Get the Horn]]'' (1979), which follows the exploits of [[Peter Cook]] and [[Dudley Moore]] recording their final comedy album. Branson and his mother were also featured in the documentary film ''Lemonade Stories''. On the TV series ''[[Rove (TV series)|Rove Live]]'' in early 2006, [[Rove McManus]] and Sir Richard pushed each other into a swimming pool fully clothed live on TV during a "Live at your house" episode.

Branson is a ''[[Star Trek]]'' fan and named his new spaceship [[VSS Enterprise|VSS ''Enterprise'']] in honour of the ''Star Trek'' spaceships, and in 2006, reportedly offered actor [[William Shatner]] a ride on the inaugural space launch of Virgin Galactic. In an interview in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, published on 10 August 2009, Shatner claimed that Branson approached him asking how much he would pay for a ride on the spaceship. In response, Shatner asked "how much would you pay ''me'' to do it?"

In August 2007, Branson announced on ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' that he had named a new aircraft Air Colbert. He later doused political satirist and talk show host [[Stephen Colbert]] with water from his mug. Branson subsequently took a retaliatory splash from Colbert. The interview quickly ended, with both laughing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comedycentral.com/motherload/index.jhtml?ml_video=91955
|title=Colbert Report – Richard Branson
|publisher=Comedy Central
|date=26 May 2011
|accessdate=11 June 2011}}</ref> as shown on the episode aired on [[Comedy Central]] on 22 August 2007. The interview was promoted on ''The Report'' as the ''Colbert-Branson Interview Trainwreck''. Branson then made a cameo appearance in ''[[The Soup]]'', playing an intern working under [[Joel McHale]] who had been warned against getting into water fights with Stephen Colbert, and being subsequently fired.

In March 2008, he launched [[Virgin Mobile]] in India; during that period, he made a cameo appearance in [[Bollywood]] film ''[[London Dreams]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20080304-2.html |title=Neha Dhupia swept off her feet by Richard Branson : Bollywood News |publisher=ApunKaChoice.Com |date=4 March 2008 |accessdate=14 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513211035/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20080304-2.html |archivedate=13 May 2011 }}</ref> In July 2010, Branson narrated Australian sailor [[Jessica Watson]]'s documentary about her solo sailing trip around the world.

In April 2011, Branson appeared on [[CNN]]'s Mainsail with [[Kate Winslet]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/CNNI/Programs/main.sail | title=Show Pages – MainSail | date=31 May 2011}}</ref> Together they re-enacted a famous scene from the 1997 film ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' for the cameras.<ref>{{cite web |author=TheHyperbot1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zf9W7w_9T1U |title=Branson, Winslet – Titanic Scene |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=22 April 2011 |accessdate=11 June 2011}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=YouTube is not an ideal source.|date=November 2018}} On 17 August 2011, he was featured in the premier episode of [[Hulu]]'s first long-form original production entitled, ''[[A Day in the Life (2011 TV series)|A Day in the Life]]''.<ref name=MSADITL>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/17/morgan-spurlock-a-day-in-the-life_n_929008.html|title=Morgan Spurlock 'A Day in the Life': Original Series Premieres on Hulu (VIDEO)|accessdate=8 September 2011|date=17 August 2011|work=[[Huffington Post]]|first=Gazelle|last=Emami}}</ref>

At the 2012 [[Pride of Britain Awards]] on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] on 30 October, Branson, along with [[Michael Caine]], [[Elton John]], [[Simon Cowell]] and [[Stephen Fry]], recited [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s poem "[[If—]]" in tribute to the 2012 British [[Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic]] and [[Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]] athletes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Britain's biggest stars record iconic poem 'If' as tribute to Olympic heroes|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/britains-biggest-stars-record-iconic-poem-tribute-olympic-111750818.html|work=Yahoo.com.|date=10 November 2014}}</ref>

==Humanitarian initiatives==
In the late 1990s, Branson and musician [[Peter Gabriel]] discussed with [[Nelson Mandela]] their idea of a small group of leaders working to solve difficult global conflicts.<ref name = prelders>[http://www.looktothestars.org/news/6353-help-free-the-children-with-richard-branson Help Free The Children With Richard Branson], www.looktothestars.org</ref> On 18 July 2007, in [[Johannesburg]], South Africa, Mandela announced the formation of a new group, [[The Elders (organization)|The Elders]]. [[Kofi Annan]] served as Chair of The Elders and [[Gro Harlem Brundtland]] as Deputy Chair. The Elders is funded by a group of donors, including Branson and Gabriel.

[[File:ICMEC Board.jpg|thumb|300px|Richard Branson with his mother Eve, and the Board of Directors of the [[International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children]]]]
In 1999, Branson became a founding sponsor of the [[International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children]] ("ICMEC"), the goal of which is to help find missing children, and to stop the exploitation of children, as his mother Eve became a founding member of ICMEC's Board of Directors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icmec.org/missingkids/servlet/NewsEventServlet?LanguageCountry=en_X1&PageId=4888 |title=- International Children's Organization Expands Global Reach With Four New Board Members |publisher= |accessdate=2 June 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029054446/http://www.icmec.org/missingkids/servlet/NewsEventServlet?LanguageCountry=en_X1&PageId=4888 |archivedate=29 October 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdBNBdYKNC4C&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&dq=eve+branson+icmec&source=bl&ots=D9gkGzxTJv&sig=VVskIY1F-vOhF_Zrq0tiTPUp3gQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9EJAVNeaMurfsAS744LoBw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=eve%20branson%20icmec&f=false|title=Mum's the Word|publisher=|accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref>

Through the Carbon War Room, founded in 2009, the entrepreneur sought solutions for global warming and the energy crisis. "We all have a part to play, but I believe entrepreneurs will have a really significant role to play in bringing investment and commercial skills to help develop the new technologies needed to grow a post-carbon economy", he said in his interview with ''[[Vision (magazine)|Vision]]''. Through Carbon War Room initiative he has focused efforts on finding sustainable alternatives for three industry sectors: shipping, energy efficiency and aviation and renewable jet fuels.<ref name="vision.ae">{{cite web|url=http://vision.ae/focus/exclusive_interview_sir_richard_branson|title=Sir Richard Branson interview – Vision Magazine|publisher=|accessdate=2 June 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527110825/http://vision.ae/focus/exclusive_interview_sir_richard_branson|archivedate=27 May 2015}}</ref>

He also launched Virgin Startup, an official delivery partner for the UK's Start Up Loans programme. Through this new organisation, he was to provide loans to entrepreneurs between the ages of 18 and 30 UK-wide. A pilot of the scheme, which ran over 11 months, injected £600,000 into 100 businesses.<ref name="vision.ae"/>

Branson's other work in South Africa includes the [[Branson School of Entrepreneurship]], set up in 2005 as a partnership between [[Virgin Unite]], the non-profit foundation of Virgin, and entrepreneur [[Taddy Blecher]], the founder of [[CIDA City Campus]], a university in Johannesburg. The school aims to improve economic growth in South Africa by supporting start-ups and micro-enterprises with skills, mentors, services, networks and finance arrangements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginunite.com/Templates/News.aspx?nid=96e9b78a-cc3b-4c6e-b4e4-bc0ba18184c1&cid=f010e54f-209d-4736-8586-0a24ae2f35b2&id=85b159fd-d3cd-482f-b2a4-fd47945eb87a/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130205141252/http://www.virginunite.com/Templates/News.aspx?nid=96e9b78a-cc3b-4c6e-b4e4-bc0ba18184c1&cid=f010e54f-209d-4736-8586-0a24ae2f35b2&id=85b159fd-d3cd-482f-b2a4-fd47945eb87a/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=5 February 2013 |title=Virgin Unite |publisher=Virgin Unite |accessdate=14 September 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Telegraph 2009">{{cite news|last1=Ruddick|first1=Graham|title=Sir Richard Branson teaches African entrepreneurs Dragons' Den-style|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/supportservices/5906838/Sir-Richard-Branson-teaches-African-entrepreneurs-Dragons-Den-style.html|accessdate=3 July 2014|publisher=The Telegraph|date=25 July 2009}}</ref> Fundraising activity to support the school is achieved by [[Sunday Times Fast Track 100|''The Sunday Times'' Fast Track 100]], sponsored by [[Virgin Group]], at its yearly event, where places to join Richard Branson on trips to South Africa to provide coaching and mentoring to students are auctioned to attendees. In 2009, Jason Luckhurst and Boyd Kershaw of Practicus, Martin Ainscough of the Ainscough Group and Matthew Riley of Daisy Communications helped raise £150,000 through the auction.<ref>[http://www.athletepromotions.com/celebrity/Richard-Branson-appearance-booking-agent.php Richard Branson appearances booking agent], www.athletepromotions.com</ref>

In March 2008, Branson hosted an environmental gathering at his private island, [[Necker Island (British Virgin Islands)|Necker Island]], in the Caribbean with several prominent entrepreneurs, celebrities, and world leaders. They discussed global warming-related problems facing the world, hoping that the meeting would be a precursor to future discussions regarding similar problems. Former British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]], Wikipedia co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]], and [[Larry Page]] of [[Google]] were in attendance.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/22/business/worldbusiness/22deal.html "Thinking Green While Sifting Through the Sand"] ''The New York Times'' article published 22 March 2008</ref>

On 8 May 2009, Branson took over [[Mia Farrow]]'s [[hunger strike]] for three days in protest of the Sudanese government expulsion of aid groups from the [[Darfur]] region.<ref>{{cite press release | title= Farrow ends Darfur protest fast| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8041777.stm|publisher=BBC |date= 9 May 2009 | accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> In 2010, he and the Nduna Foundation (founded by [[Amy Robbins (philanthropist)|Amy Robbins]]), and Humanity United (an organization backed by Pam Omidyar, the wife of [[eBay]] founder [[Pierre Omidyar]]) founded Enterprise Zimbabwe.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/21/business/global/21branson.html?_r=0 New York Times: "Branson Charity Focuses Aid Effort on Zimbabwe" By STEPHANIE STROM] 20 September 2010</ref>

[[File:Richard Branson UN Conference on Sustainable Development 2012.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Branson at the [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development]] in 2012.]]
Branson is a signatory of [[Global Zero (campaign)|Global Zero]] campaign, a non-profit international initiative for the elimination of all nuclear weapons worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|title=Group Offers Plan to Eliminate Nukes by 2030 |url=http://www.globalzero.org/files/pdf/NYT_Jun29_09_AP_Syndicated.pdf |work=The New York Times |date=29 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513205939/http://www.globalzero.org/files/pdf/NYT_Jun29_09_AP_Syndicated.pdf |archivedate=13 May 2011 |df= }}</ref> Since its launch in Paris in December 2008,<ref>{{cite news|last=Corera|first=Gordon|title=Group seeks nuclear weapons ban|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7774584.stm|publisher=BBC|date=10 December 2008}}</ref> Global Zero has grown to 300 leaders, including current and former heads of state, national security officials and military commanders, and 400,000 citizens worldwide; developed a practical step-by-step plan to eliminate nuclear weapons; launched an international student campaign with 75 campus chapters in eight countries; and produced a documentary film, ''[[Countdown to Zero]]'', in partnership with [[Lawrence Bender]] and [[Participant Media]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Clift|first=Eleanor|title=A Good Start: 'Global Zero' reminds us that eradicating nuclear weapons should still be our ultimate goal | url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/236133 | newspaper=Newsweek}}</ref>

Since 2010, Branson has served as a Commissioner on the [[Broadband Commission for Digital Development]], a UN initiative which promotes universal access to broadband services.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.broadbandcommission.org/commissioners.html
|title=Commissioners
|publisher=Broadbandcommission.org
|accessdate=11 June 2011
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514094219/http://www.broadbandcommission.org/commissioners.html
|archivedate=14 May 2010
}}</ref> In 2011, Branson served on the [[Global Commission on Drug Policy]] with former political and cultural leaders of Latin America and elsewhere, "in a bid to boost the effort to achieve more humane and rational drug laws."<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/2011/jan/26/exworld_leaders_form_global_drug
|title=Ex-World Leaders Form Global Drug Policy Commission
|last=Smith
|first=Phillip
|publisher=stopthedrugwar.org
|date=27 January 2011
|accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref>

In December 2013, Branson urged companies to boycott [[Uganda]] because of its "anti-homosexuality bill". Branson stated that it would be "against my conscience to support this country...governments must realize that people should be able to love whoever they want."<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/131226/richard-branson-condemns-uganda-over-anti-gay-bill|title= Richard Branson condemns Uganda over anti-gay bill |publisher=Global Post |date=26 December 2013 }}</ref>

In 2014, Branson joined forces with [[African Wildlife Foundation]] and partner WildAid for the "Say No" Campaign, an initiative to bring public awareness to the issues of wildlife poaching and trafficking.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.awf.org/projects/say-no-campaign |title=Say No Campaign | publisher=African Wildlife Foundation | accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref>

Branson is an opponent of the [[death penalty]], stating: "the death penalty is always cruel, barbaric and inhumane. It has no place in the world."<ref>{{cite news|title=The death penalty has no place in the world|url=http://www.virgin.com/richard-branson/the-death-penalty-has-no-place-in-the-world-0|publisher=Virgin.com|date=30 September 2015}}</ref> The U.S. is one of the few countries that practiced the death penalty in 2015, and on 30 September 2015 Branson released a letter in support of American inmate [[Richard Glossip]] on the day he was due to be executed, buying an ad in ''[[The Oklahoman]]'' newspaper which had advocated the execution.<ref name="death penalty">{{cite news|title=Pope Francis and Sir Richard Branson appeal for Oklahoma inmate's life|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/sep/30/richard-glossip-oklahoma-execution|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Branson stated the evidence against Glossip was flawed and that "every person is deserving of a fair trial", adding: "Your state is about to execute a man whose guilt has not been proven beyond a reasonable doubt."<ref name="death penalty"/>

In October 2018, Branson spoke out for [[Jamal Khashoggi]], a Saudi journalist allegedly killed by Saudi authorities in the Saudi consulate in [[Istanbul]], Turkey by suspending his advisory role from [[Saudi Arabia]]'s biggest Red Sea tourism project. He issued a statement saying, "The disappearance of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, if proved true, would clearly change the ability of any of us in the West to do business with the [[Saudi Government]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/11/business/branson-saudi-khashoggi/index.html|title=Richard Branson temporarily suspends ties with Saudi government|publisher=CNN|accessdate=12 October 2018}}</ref>

===Climate change pledge===
In 2006, Branson made a high-profile pledge to invest $3 billion toward addressing [[global warming]] over the course of the following decade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5368194.stm |title=Branson makes $3bn climate pledge |website=www.bbc.co.uk |accessdate=29 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/21/science/22warmcnd.html |title= Branson Pledges Billions to Fight Global Warming |website=www.nytimes.com |accessdate=29 February 2016}}</ref> However, author and activist [[Naomi Klein]] has criticised Branson for contributing "well under $300 million" as of 2014, far below the originally stated goal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/13/richard-branson-failed-climate-change-pledge |title= Richard Branson failed to deliver on $3bn climate change pledge |website=www.theguardian.com |accessdate=29 February 2016}}</ref> Additionally, Klein says Virgin airlines' [[greenhouse gas]] emissions increased considerably in the years following his pledge.<ref>{{cite book |last=Klein |first=Naomi |authorlink=Naomi Klein |date=2014 |title=This Changes Everything}}</ref>

==Politics==
In the 1980s, Branson was briefly given the post of "litter Tsar" by [[Margaret Thatcher]]—charged with "keeping Britain tidy".<ref>{{Cite news|first= David|title=Britsaver-an accident waiting to happen. |url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/columnists/article745236.ece |accessdate=27 August 2007 | work=The Times | location=London | date=3 December 2005 |postscript= <!--None--> | last=Byers}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Heintke |first=Martina |title=Sir Richard Branson |url=http://www.pointmade.co.uk/news_letters_6.htm |accessdate=27 August 2007 |postscript=<!--None-->|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070817055553/http://www.pointmade.co.uk/news_letters_6.htm |archivedate = 17 August 2007}}</ref> In 2005, he declared that there were only negligible differences between the two main parties on economic matters.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/frontpage/4450641.stm | title=Labour and Tories same – Branson | accessdate=23 September 2006 |publisher=BBC News | date=15 April 2005}}</ref> He was suggested as a candidate for [[Mayor of London]] before the [[London mayoral election, 2000|first 2000 election]], with polls indicating he would be a viable candidate, but he did not express interest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Do Blacks Need a New London Mayor? |url=http://www.thechronicle.demon.co.uk/archive/londmayo.htm |accessdate=27 August 2007 |format= – <sup>[https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3ADo+Blacks+Need+a+New+London+Mayor%3F&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup> |postscript= <!--None-->|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061003034349/http://www.thechronicle.demon.co.uk/archive/londmayo.htm |archivedate = 3 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Londoners snub politicians for mayor |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/london_referendum/84708.stm |accessdate=27 August 2007 |publisher=BBC News | date=28 April 1998 |postscript= <!--None-->}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Who's in the running for mayor? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/london_referendum/73363.stm |accessdate=27 August 2007 |publisher=BBC News | date=10 April 1998 |postscript= <!--None-->}}</ref>

Branson has supported continuing British membership of the [[European Union]] and was opposed to the [[United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016|2016 referendum]].<ref>Stadlen, Matthew. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/10406991/An-EU-vote-ridiculous.html "An EU vote? ridiculous"]. ''The Telegraph''. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2014.</ref> On 28 June 2016, interviewed for ITV's ''[[Good Morning Britain (2014 TV programme)|Good Morning Britain]]'', he said that his company had lost a third of its value as a result of the referendum result and that a planned venture, employing over 3,000 people, which he had announced before the referendum, had been shelved. He gave his backing for a second referendum.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/video/2016/jun/28/richard-branson-virgin-group-lost-a-third-of-value-since-brexit-vote-video|title=Richard Branson: Virgin Group lost a third of value since Brexit vote - video|first=|last=|newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 June 2016|publisher=|accessdate=28 June 2016}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
[[File:RichardBransonSanDiego8Jul13.jpg|thumb|upright|Branson at a conference in San Diego, California, on 8 July 2013]]
In 1993, Branson was awarded an honorary degree of [[Doctor of Technology]] from [[Loughborough University]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.keynotes.org/speaker/RichardBranson| title=Keynote Speaker Videos on Trend Hunter | accessdate=17 December 2015|publisher=keynotes.org}}</ref>

In the [[2000 New Year Honours|New Years Honours list]] dated 30 December 1999, [[Elizabeth II]] signified her intention to confer the honour of [[Knight Bachelor]] on him for his "services to entrepreneurship".<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/55710/supplements/1 Official announcement knighthood]. ''[[The London Gazette]]''. 30 December 1999.</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/12/99/new_years_honours/584131.stm | title=New Years Honours | accessdate=23 September 2006 |publisher=BBC News | date=31 December 1999}}</ref> He was knighted by [[Charles, Prince of Wales]] on 30 March 2000 at an investiture in [[Buckingham Palace]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/695511.stm | title=Virgin tycoon is knighted | accessdate=15 January 2011 |publisher=BBC News | date=30 March 2000}}</ref> Also in 2000, Branson received the [[Tony Jannus Award]] for his accomplishments in commercial air transportation.

In 2000, Branson was inducted into the [[International Air & Space Hall of Fame]] at the [[San Diego Air & Space Museum]].<ref>Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. ''These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame''. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-57864-397-4}}.</ref>

Branson appears at No. 85 on the 2002 list of [[100 Greatest Britons]] on the [[BBC]] and voted for by the public. Branson was also ranked in 2007's ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine "Top 100 Most Influential People in the World". On 7 December 2007, United Nations [[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary General]] [[Ban Ki-Moon]] presented Branson with the [[United Nations Correspondents Association]] [[Citizen of the World]] Award for his support for environmental and humanitarian causes.<ref>{{Cite news|title= UNITED NATIONS CORRESPONDENTS ASSOCIATION (UNCA) AWARDS CITIZEN OF THE WORLD AWARD TO RICHARD BRANSON AND HONOURS OTHER LEADING JOURNALISTS|url= http://www.maximsnews.com/107mnundecember06unitednationscorrespondentsassociationdinner.htm|publisher=MaximsNews Network|date= 7 December 2007|accessdate=12 December 2007 }}</ref>

On 24 January 2011, Branson was awarded the German Media Prize (organised by "[[Media Control Charts]]"), previously handed to former US president [[Bill Clinton]] and the [[Dalai Lama]]. On 14 November 2011, Branson was awarded the ISTA Prize by the International Space Transport Association in The Hague for his pioneering achievements in the development of suborbital transport systems with "Virgin Galactic".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/voyages/la-premiere-assurance-pour-les-voyageurs-de-l-espace-voit-le-jour-14-11-2011-1721019.php|title=La première assurance pour les voyageurs de l'espace voit le jour|date=14 November 2011|work=[[Le Parisien]]|language=French|accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref>
On 11 February 2012, Branson was honoured with the [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]' President's Merit Award for his contributions to the music industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/news/the-recording-academy-clive-davis-partner-for-pre-grammy-gala|title=The Recording Academy, Clive Davis Partner For Pre-GRAMMY Gala|work=The GRAMMYs|accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref>

On 2 June 2013, Branson received an honorary degree of [[Doctor Honoris Causa]] from [[Kaunas Technology University]] in [[Kaunas]], Lithuania.<ref>[http://en.ktu.lt/content/news/sir-richard-branson-will-be-awarded-title-honorary-doctor-ktu Sir Richard Branson Awarded the Title of Honorary Doctor of KTU | KAUNAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102040409/http://en.ktu.lt/content/news/sir-richard-branson-will-be-awarded-title-honorary-doctor-ktu |date=2 November 2014 }}. En.ktu.lt. Retrieved on 18 July 2013.</ref> On 15 May 2014, Branson received the 2014 Business for Peace Award, awarded annually by [[the Business for Peace Foundation]] in Oslo, Norway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessforpeace.no/announcing-the-2014-business-for-peace-honourees/ |title=Meet the 2014 Honourees &#124; Business for Peace Foundation |publisher=Businessforpeace.no |date=11 April 2014 |accessdate=26 May 2014}}</ref>

On 21 September 2014, Branson was recognized by ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' as the most admired business person over the last five decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1339457/richard-branson-tops-most-admired-boss-poll|title=Richard Branson Tops 'Most Admired' Boss Poll|work=Sky News|accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref> On 9 October 2014, Branson was named as the No. 1 LGBT ally by the OUTstanding organisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/3528e7e2-495d-11e4-9d7e-00144feab7de.html#axzz3KbI4TbwZ|title=LGBT ally Branson leads OUTstanding Allies rankings|work=Financial Times|accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref> On 29 October 2015, Branson was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 1 in the list of 100 Most Influential British Entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://richtopia.com/inspirational-people/100-influential-british-entrepreneurs|title=British Entrepreneurs Top 100: From Lord Sugar to Victoria Beckham, These Are the Most Influential Entrepreneurs in the UK|work=Richtopia|accessdate=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609191820/http://richtopia.com/inspirational-people/100-influential-british-entrepreneurs|archive-date=9 June 2016|dead-url=yes}}</ref> In October 2015, Branson received the International Crisis Group Chairman's Award at the United Nations Development Programme's In Pursuit of Peace Awards Dinner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/speeches/2015/10/26/helen-clark-speech-presenting-sir-richard-branson-with-the-international-crisis-group-chairman-s-award-in-pursuit-of-peace-awards-dinner.html|title=Helen Clark: Speech presenting Sir Richard Branson with the International Crisis Group Chairman's Award "In Pursuit of Peace" Awards Dinner|work=UNDP|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===Tax evasion===
In 1971, Branson was convicted and briefly jailed for tax evasion, having fraudulently obtained export documents for records to be sold on the domestic market in order to avoid paying [[Purchase Tax]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/business/how_failure_breeds_success/2014/05/richard_branson_tax_fraud_how_a_youthful_indiscretion_helped_create_a_billionaire.html|title=A Portrait of the Billionaire as a Young Tax Cheat|first=Jordan|last=Weissmann|date=27 May 2014|publisher=|accessdate=5 May 2018|via=Slate}}</ref><ref name="guardianlv.com">{{cite web|url=http://guardianlv.com/2014/05/richard-branson-from-tax-fraud-to-billionaire/|title=Richard Branson : From Tax Fraud to Billionaire · Guardian Liberty Voice|date=29 May 2014|publisher=|accessdate=5 May 2018}}</ref> Customs officials caught onto the scheme and executed a [[sting operation]], marking records bought for the international market with [[invisible ink]] and subsequently buying them on the domestic market. Branson was advised of the sting by an anonymous tip-off and attempted to dispose of the evidence, but this was unsuccessful.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="guardianlv.com"/>

Branson's business empire is owned by a complicated series of [[offshore trust]]s and companies. ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' stated that his wealth is calculated at £3&nbsp;billion; if he were to retire to his Caribbean island and liquidate all of this, he would pay relatively little in tax.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2483988_2,00.html |title=The Sunday Times: Britain |accessdate=1 January 2007 |work=The Times |location=London |first=Roland |last=Watson }}</ref>{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Branson has been criticised for his business strategy, and has been accused of being a [[carpetbagger#United Kingdom|carpetbagger]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/21/richard-branson-northern-rock|title=Is Richard Branson all he's cracked up to be?|last=Chakrabortty|first=Aditya|date=21 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=7 April 2013}} Branson's reply is here [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/23/nonsense-virgin-success-dependent-on-state].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/24/richard-branson-defence-virgin-trains|title=Don't be fooled by Richard Branson's defence of Virgin trains|author=Aditya Chakrabortty|date=24 June 2013|work=[[The Guardian|guardian.co.uk]]|accessdate=27 June 2013}} Branson's response is here [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/20/virgin-trains-handouts-track].</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aditya Chakrabortty|date=10 June 2013|title=The truth about Richard Branson's Virgin Rail profits|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/10/truth-richard-branson-virgin-rail-profits|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=27 June 2013}}</ref> Branson responded that he is living on Necker for health rather than tax reasons.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/oct/13/richard-branson-tax-exile-virgin |title=Richard Branson denies being a tax exile |last1=Garside |first1=Juliette |date=13 October 2013 |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |accessdate=16 October 2013}}</ref>

In 2013, Branson described himself as a "tax exile", having saved millions in tax by surrendering his British citizenship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/businessclub/10376341/Ive-been-a-tax-exile-for-seven-years-says-Branson.html|title=I’ve been a tax exile for seven years, says Branson|first=Roland|last=Gribben|date=13 October 2013|publisher=|accessdate=5 May 2018|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> This was echoed by [[Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer]], Labour's [[John McDonnell]], in 2016, amid calls for his knighthood to be revoked.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/704616/sir-richard-branson-jeremy-corbyn-virgin-knighthood-tax-exile-john-mcdonnell|title=‘Tax exile’ Richard Branson facing calls for his knighthood to be scrapped|first=Jack|last=Fenwick|date=28 August 2016|publisher=|accessdate=5 May 2018}}</ref>

=== Promotion of SeaWorld ===
Branson has been criticised by the Whale and Dolphin Conservation organisation for profiting from selling trips to [[SeaWorld]] and similar themed parks that hold dolphins, whales and other sea life in captivity for entertainment purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/10664715/Richard-Branson-criticised-for-selling-SeaWorld-trips.html|title=Richard Branson criticised for selling SeaWorld trips|website=www.telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.whales.org/campaigns/stop-selling-trips-to-seaworld-sir-richard-branson|title=STOP SELLING TRIPS TO SEAWORLD SIR RICHARD BRANSON|website=www.uswhales.org|publisher=WDC|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref>

===Assault claim===
In November 2017, singer Antonia Jenae, a backing singer for [[Joss Stone]], claimed Branson sexually assaulted her at Necker Island. A spokesperson for Branson confirmed to ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' newspaper that members of the band had been invited for a party on the island in 2010, but that he and friends and family in attendance had "no recollection" of the events.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/25/sir-richard-branson-has-no-recollection-alleged-incident-necker/|title=Sir Richard Branson has 'no recollection' of alleged incident at Necker Island|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=25 November 2017}}</ref> Branson later apologised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/news/a843901/sir-richard-branson-joss-stone-antonia-jenae-alleges-assault/|title=Richard Branson apologises after singer alleges assault|date=25 November 2017|publisher=digitalspy.com|accessdate=3 November 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Sir Richard Branson photo by Priory Studios.jpg|thumb|right|Branson kite surfing at Necker Island]]
Branson married Kristen Tomassi in 1972 and divorced her in 1979. He has a daughter Holly (b. 1981) and a son Sam (b. 1985) with his second wife, Joan Templeman, whom he met in 1976. He stated in an interview with [[Piers Morgan]] that he and Joan also had a daughter named Clare Sarah, who died when she was four days old in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.babychums.com/2009/02/richard-bransons-baby-death-talks-to-piers-morgan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012210520/http://www.babychums.com/2009/02/richard-bransons-baby-death-talks-to-piers-morgan/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=12 October 2009 |title=Piers Morgan interviews Richard Branson, Richard talks about death of baby |publisher=Baby Chums |date=22 February 2009 |accessdate=14 September 2010 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.virgin.com/news/65-things-youve-always-wanted-to-know-about-richard-branson|title=65 things you’ve always wanted to know about Richard Branson|date=17 July 2015|publisher=|accessdate=5 May 2018}}</ref> They were married in 1989 on Necker Island.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3437438/Joan-won-heart-feeling-wasn-t-instantly-mutual-Richard-Branson-reveals-wooed-wife-love-note-mark-40-years-including-blagging-free-trip-Necker-Island.html|title=Richard Branson pens anniversary love letter to his wife Joan|work=Mail Online|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref>

In 1998, Branson released his [[autobiography]], titled ''[[Losing My Virginity]]'', an international best-seller.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bestsellersreviews.com/losing-my-virginity-how-ive-survived-had-fun-and-made-a-fortune-doing-business-my-way-richard-branson-1999
|title=Losing My Virginity – How I've Survived, Had Fun, And Made a Fortune Doing Business My Way
|publisher=Bestsellersreviews.com
|date=3 July 2010
|accessdate=11 June 2011}}</ref> Branson was deeply saddened by the disappearance of fellow adventurer [[Steve Fossett]] in September 2007; the following month he wrote an article for [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]], titled "My Friend, Steve Fossett".<ref>{{cite news|last=Branson |first=Richard |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1670216,00.html |title=My Friend, Steve Fossett|work=Time |date=10 October 2007 |accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref>

In 2013, Branson became President of the Old Stoic Society of [[Stowe School]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/old-stoics-have-birthday-teese-8881545.html|title=Old Stoics have birthday Teese|date=15 October 2013|work=London Evening Standard|accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> In March 2015, Branson said that almost all drug use should be decriminalised in the UK, following [[Drug policy of Portugal|the example of Portugal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/mar/03/uk-should-begin-decriminalising-drugs-richard-branson-nick-clegg|title=UK should begin decriminalising drugs, say Richard Branson and Nick Clegg|author=Patrick Wintour|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref>

Branson was ordained as a minister by the [[Universal Life Church Monastery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=0dfe492e-8f7f-4226-baaf-6543f54570fb|title=If This Were Anyone Else, It Would All Be Very Strange|publisher=|accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref> Branson is also an experienced [[kitesurf]]er, holding some world records in the sport.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-kent-18664278|title=Branson sets kitesurfing record|date=1 July 2012|accessdate=5 May 2018|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/richard-branson-kite-surf-world-record-2014-10|title=BRANSON: How 3 Bikini-Clad Women Helped Me Set Another Guinness World Record|publisher=|accessdate=5 May 2018}}</ref> In August 2016, Branson was injured while riding his bicycle in the British Virgin Islands and suffered torn ligaments and a [[Zygomatic bone|cracked cheek]] as a result. He was taken to hospital in Miami for X-rays and scans.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37198354|title=Sir Richard Branson 'thought he would die in bike crash|work=BBC News|date=26 August 2016|accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, Branson's Necker Island home was left uninhabitable after [[Hurricane Irma]] hit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-41224243|title=Hurricane Irma wrecks Sir Richard Branson's Necker Island home|work=BBC News|accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref> It is the second time the Necker Island home has been severely damaged after the building caught fire when it was struck by [[lightning]] caused by [[Hurricane Irene]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14616123|title=Twenty people escape fire at Branson's holiday home|accessdate=6 April 2018|date=August 2011|work=BBC News}}</ref>

==Influences==
Branson has stated in a number of interviews that he has been much influenced by non-fiction books. He most commonly mentions [[Nelson Mandela]]'s autobiography, [[Long Walk to Freedom (book)|''Long Walk to Freedom'']], explaining that Mandela was "one of the most inspiring men I have ever met and had the honour to call my friend." Owing to his interest in humanitarian and ecological issues, Branson also lists [[Al Gore]]'s best-selling book, ''[[An Inconvenient Truth (book)|An Inconvenient Truth]]'', and ''[[The Revenge of Gaia]]'' by [[James Lovelock]] amongst his favourites. According to Branson's book, ''Screw It, Let's Do It: Lessons in Life'', he is also a fan of [[Jung Chang]]'s ''[[Wild Swans]]'' and [[Antony Beevor]]'s ''[[Stalingrad (book)|Stalingrad]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Branson's reading influences |url=http://www.infloox.com/person?id=7bb9503d |publisher=Infloox.com |accessdate=26 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905035652/http://www.infloox.com/person?id=7bb9503d |archivedate=5 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Branson |first=Richard |year=2011 |origyear=2006 |title=Screw It, Let's Do It: Lessons in Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8klTYCfVzEC&pg=PA105#v=twopage&q&f=false |location=New York |publisher=Random House |page=105 |isbn=9780753547458 |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> In fiction, Branson has long admired the character [[Peter Pan]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Branson |first=Richard |date=12 November 2012 |title=Richard Branson on How to Use Age to Your Advantage |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/224902 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201015724/http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/224902 |archivedate=1 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |work=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]] |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> and in 2006 he founded [[Liquid Comics|Virgin Comics LLC]], stating that Virgin Comics will give "a whole generation of young, creative thinkers a voice".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gardner |first=Chris |date=5 January 2006 |title=Branson Taking a Passage to India |url=https://variety.com/2006/scene/markets-festivals/branson-taking-a-passage-to-india-1117935558/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsarama.com/virgincomics/virgincomics.htm |title=Branson Enters Comics with Virgin Comics, Virgin Animation |accessdate=7 February 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111162748/http://www.newsarama.com/virgincomics/virgincomics.htm |publisher=[[Newsarama]] |archivedate=11 January 2006 }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
| last = Branson | first = Richard
| title = Losing My Virginity: How I've Survived, Had Fun, and Made a Fortune Doing Business My Way
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mJUVkgAACAAJ
| year = 1998
| publisher = Virgin Books
| isbn = 978-0-7535-1955-4
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Branson | first = Richard
| title = Screw It, Let's Do It
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=moYGODR04iIC
| year = 2006
| publisher = Virgin Books
| isbn = 978-0-7535-1149-7
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Branson | first = Richard
| title = Business Stripped Bare
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WkVy6_BIhNwC
| year = 2008
| publisher = Virgin Books
| isbn = 978-0-7535-1503-7
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Branson | first = Richard
| title = Reach for the Skies: Ballooning, Birdmen and Blasting Into Space
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E15L9Wnxxg4C
| year = 2010
| publisher = Virgin Books
| isbn = 978-1-905264-91-9
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Branson | first = Richard
| title = Screw Business as Usual
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8xFbl2Y9Ha0C
| year = 2011
| publisher = Portfolio/Penguin
| isbn = 978-1-59184-434-1
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Branson | first = Richard
| title = Like a Virgin: Secrets They Won't Teach You at Business School
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bc15LsEzPbMC
| year = 2013
| publisher = Virgin Books
| isbn = 978-0-75351-992-9
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Branson | first = Richard
| title = The Virgin Way: How to Listen, Learn, Laugh and Lead
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jkp1AgAAQBAJ
| year = 2014
| publisher = Virgin Books
| isbn = 978-1-90526-490-2
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Branson | first = Richard
| title = Finding My Virginity
| url = https://books.google.hu/books?id=4TcnDwAAQBAJ
| year = 2017
| publisher = Ebury Publishing
| isbn = 978-0-75355-108-0
| ref = harv
}}
** Also published as: ''The Virgin Way: If It's Not Fun, It's Not Worth Doing''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Virgin-Way-Its-Worth-Doing/dp/1591847982|title=The Virgin Way: If It's Not Fun, It's Not Worth Doing|date=20 October 2015|publisher=Portfolio|accessdate=5 May 2018|via=Amazon}}</ref> and ''The Virgin Way: Everything I Know About Leadership''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Virgin-Way-Everything-About-Leadership/dp/1591847370|title=The Virgin Way: Everything I Know About Leadership|date=9 September 2014|publisher=Portfolio|accessdate=5 May 2018|via=Amazon}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Richard_Branson.ogg|2012-05-08}}
{{commons category}}
* {{Twitter}}
* [http://www.virgin.com/richard-branson Branson's blog on virgin.com]
* {{TED speaker}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009mdsv Richard Branson] interview on BBC Radio 4 ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', 9 June 1990

{{Virgin Group}}
{{Virgin Galactic}}
{{The Spaceship Company}}
{{Shark Tank}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Branson, Richard}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century British businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century British businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:21st-century English writers]]
[[Category:Britannia Trophy winners]]
[[Category:British music industry executives]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British technology company founders]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from London]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in aviation]]
[[Category:English autobiographers]]
[[Category:English aviators]]
[[Category:English balloonists]]
[[Category:English billionaires]]
[[Category:English chief executives]]
[[Category:English company founders]]
[[Category:English investors]]
[[Category:English male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:English non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:English philanthropists]]
[[Category:Formula E team owners]]
[[Category:Formula One team owners]]
[[Category:Giving Pledgers]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:People educated at Stowe School]]
[[Category:People from Blackheath, London]]
[[Category:People in the space industry]]
[[Category:Rugby league chairmen and investors]]
[[Category:Segrave Trophy recipients]]
[[Category:Space advocates]]
[[Category:Virgin Group]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]
[[Category:People diagnosed with dyslexia]]
[[Category:Businesspeople awarded knighthoods]]

Revision as of 19:52, 21 December 2018

Richard Branson
Branson at Chatham House in March 2015
Born
Richard Charles Nicholas Branson

(1950-07-18) 18 July 1950 (age 74)[1]
Blackheath, London, England
Other namesOld Beardie[2]
OccupationBusinessman
Years active1966–present
Known forFounding Virgin Group
Criminal charge(s)Fraud of Excise duties and Purchase Tax
Criminal penaltyProbation and repayment restitution
Criminal statusSentence completed
Spouse(s)
Kristen Tomassi
(m. 1972; div. 1979)

Joan Templeman
(m. 1989)
Children2
Parent(s)Edward James Branson
Eve Branson
RelativesRight Honourable Sir George Arthur Harwin Branson (grandfather)
Signature

Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (born 18 July 1950) is a British business magnate, investor, author and philanthropist.[4] He founded the Virgin Group, which controls more than 400 companies.[5]

Branson expressed his desire to become an entrepreneur at a young age. His first business venture, at the age of 16, was a magazine called Student. In 1970, he set up a mail-order record business. He opened a chain of record stores, Virgin Records—later known as Virgin Megastores—in 1972. Branson's Virgin brand grew rapidly during the 1980s, as he set up Virgin Atlantic airline and expanded the Virgin Records music label. In 2004, he founded spaceflight corporation Virgin Galactic, based at Mojave Air and Space Port, noted for the SpaceShipTwo suborbital spaceplane designed for space tourism.

In March 2000, Branson was knighted at Buckingham Palace for "services to entrepreneurship".[6] For his work in retail, music and transport (with interests in land, air, sea and space travel), his taste for adventure, and for his humanitarian work, he has become a prominent global figure.[7][8] In 2007, he was placed in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Influential People in The World.

In June 2018, Forbes listed Branson's estimated net worth at US$5.1 billion.[3]

Early life

Branson was born in Blackheath, London, the eldest of three children of Eve Branson (née Evette Huntley Flindt; born 1924), a former ballet dancer and air hostess, and Edward James Branson (1918–2011), a barrister.[9][10] He has two younger sisters.[11] His grandfather, the Right Honourable Sir George Arthur Harwin Branson, was a judge of the High Court of Justice and a Privy Councillor.[12] Branson was educated at Scaitcliffe School, a prep school in Surrey, before briefly attending Cliff View House School in Sussex.[13]

His third great-grandfather, John Edward Branson, left England for India in 1793; John Edward's father, Harry Wilkins Branson, later joined him in Madras. On the show Finding Your Roots, Branson was shown to have 3.9% South Asian (Indian) DNA, likely through intermarriage.[10] He attended Stowe School, an independent school in Buckinghamshire until the age of sixteen.[13]

Branson has dyslexia and had poor academic performance; on his last day at school, his headmaster, Robert Drayson, told him he would either end up in prison or become a millionaire.[13] Branson's parents were supportive of his endeavours from an early age.[14] His mother was an entrepreneur; one of her most successful ventures was building and selling wooden tissue boxes and wastepaper bins.[15] In London he started off squatting between 1967 and 1968.[16]

Early business career

After failed attempts to grow and sell both Christmas trees and budgerigars, Branson launched his first successful business, a magazine named Student, in 1966. The first issue of Student appeared in January 1968, and a year later, Branson's net worth was estimated at £50,000. Branson started his record business from the church where he ran Student magazine. He interviewed several prominent personalities of the late 1960s for the magazine including Mick Jagger and R. D. Laing.[17] Branson advertised popular records in Student, and it was an overnight success.[18] His business sold records for considerably less than the "High Street" outlets, especially the chain W. H. Smith. Branson once said, "There is no point in starting your own business unless you do it out of a sense of frustration." At the time, many products were sold under restrictive marketing agreements that limited discounting, despite efforts in the 1950s and 1960s to limit so-called resale price maintenance.[19]

Branson eventually started a record shop in Oxford Street in London. In 1971, he was questioned in connection with the selling of records that had been declared export stock. The matter was never brought before a court because Branson agreed to repay any unpaid VAT of 33% and a £70,000 fine. His parents re-mortgaged the family home in order to help pay the settlement.[20]

Virgin

1972–1980: Founding of Virgin Records

The Manor Studio, Richard Branson's recording studio in the manor house at the village of Shipton-on-Cherwell in Oxfordshire.

Earning enough money from his record store, Branson in 1972 launched the record label Virgin Records with Nik Powell. The name "Virgin" was suggested by one of Branson's early employees because they were all new at business.[20] Branson bought a country estate north of Oxford in which he installed a residential recording studio, The Manor Studio.[21] He leased studio time to fledgling artists, including multi-instrumentalist Mike Oldfield, whose debut album Tubular Bells (1973) was the first release for Virgin Records and became a chart-topping best-seller.[22]

Virgin signed such controversial bands as the Sex Pistols, which other companies were reluctant to sign. Virgin Records would go on to sign other artists including the Rolling Stones, Peter Gabriel, XTC, Japan, UB40, Steve Winwood and Paula Abdul, and to become the world's largest independent record label.[23] It also won praise for exposing the public to such obscure avant-garde music as Faust and Can. Virgin Records also introduced Culture Club to the music world.

Branson's net worth was estimated at £5 million by 1979, and a year later, Virgin Records went international.

1981–1987: Package holiday industries and Virgin Atlantic Airways success

Branson's first successful entry into the airline industry was during a trip to Puerto Rico. His flight was cancelled, so he decided to charter his own plane the rest of the way and offer a ride to the rest of the stranded passengers for a small fee in order to cover the cost.[24]

In 1982, Virgin purchased the gay nightclub Heaven. In 1991, in a consortium with David Frost, Branson made an unsuccessful bid for three ITV franchisees under the CPV-TV name. The early 1980s also saw his only attempt as a producer—on the novelty record "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep", by Singing Sheep in association with Doug McLean and Grace McDonald. The recording was a series of sheep baa-ing along to a drum-machine-produced track and reached number 42 in the UK charts in 1982.[25]

Branson formed Virgin Atlantic Airways and Virgin Cargo in 1984. He formed Virgin Holidays in 1985.

1988–2000: Telecoms ventures and worldwide impact

In 1992, to keep his airline company afloat, Branson sold the Virgin label to EMI for £500 million.[26] Branson said that he wept when the sale was completed because the record business had been the very start of the Virgin empire. In 1993, Branson took what many saw as being one of his riskier business exploits by entering into the railway business. Virgin Trains won the franchises for the former Intercity West Coast and Cross-Country sectors of British Rail. He created V2 Records in 1996 in order to re-enter the music business, owning 5% himself.[27] Virgin also acquired European short-haul airline Euro Belgian Airlines and renamed it Virgin Express.

A series of disputes in the early 1990s caused tension between Virgin Atlantic and British Airways, which viewed Virgin as an emerging competitor. Virgin subsequently accused British Airways of poaching its passengers, hacking its computers, and leaking stories to the press that portrayed Virgin negatively. After the so-called campaign of "dirty tricks", British Airways settled the case, giving £500,000 to Branson, a further £110,000 to his airline, and had to pay legal fees of up to £3 million. Branson distributed his compensation (the so-called "BA bonus") among his staff.[28]

Branson launched Virgin Mobile in 1999, and Virgin Blue in Australia (now named Virgin Australia) in 2000.

2001–2007: Entry into space travel and Virgin Media

On 25 September 2004, Branson announced the signing of a deal under which a new space tourism company, Virgin Galactic, will license the technology behind SpaceshipOne—funded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and designed by aeronautical engineer Burt Rutan—to take paying passengers into suborbital space. Virgin Galactic (wholly owned by Virgin Group) plans to make flights available to the public with tickets priced at US$200,000 using the Scaled Composites White Knight Two.[29] The spacecraft, SpaceShipTwo, is manufactured by The Spaceship Company, which was founded by Branson and Rutan and is now solely owned by Virgin Galactic. In 2013, Branson said that he planned to take his two children, 31-year-old Holly and 28-year-old Sam, on a trip to outer space when they ride the SpaceShipTwo rocket plane on its first public flight, then planned for 2014.[30] As part of his promotion of the firm, Branson has added a variation of the Virgin Galactic livery to his personal business jet, the Dassault Falcon 900EX "Galactic Girl" (G-GALX).[31][32]

He was ninth in The Sunday Times Rich List 2006 of the wealthiest people or families in the UK, worth slightly more than £3 billion. Branson wrote in his autobiography of the decision to start an airline.

My interest in life comes from setting myself huge, apparently unachievable challenges and trying to rise above them ... from the perspective of wanting to live life to the full, I felt that I had to attempt it.

In 2006, the airline was merged with SN Brussels Airlines forming Brussels Airlines.[33] It also started a national airline based in Nigeria, called Virgin Nigeria, which ceased operations in 2009.[34] Another airline, Virgin America, began flying out of San Francisco International Airport in August 2007.

Branson's next venture with the Virgin group was Virgin Fuels, which was set up to respond to global warming and exploit the recent spike in fuel costs by offering a revolutionary, cheaper fuel for automobiles and, in the near future, aircraft. Branson has stated that he was formerly a global warming sceptic and was influenced in his decision by a breakfast meeting with Al Gore.[35]

On 21 September 2006, Branson pledged to invest the profits of Virgin Atlantic and Virgin Trains in research for environmentally-friendly fuels. The investment is estimated to be worth $3 billion.[36][37]

On 4 July 2006, Branson sold his Virgin Mobile company to UK cable TV, broadband, and telephone company NTL/NTL:Telewest for almost £1 billion. A new company was launched with much fanfare and publicity on 8 February 2007, under the name Virgin Media. The decision to merge his Virgin Media Company with NTL was to integrate both of the companies' compatible parts of commerce. Branson used to own three-quarters of Virgin Mobile, whereas now he owns 15 percent of the new Virgin Media company.[38]

In 2006, Branson formed Virgin Comics and Virgin Animation, an entertainment company focused on creating new stories and characters for a global audience. The company was founded with author Deepak Chopra, filmmaker Shekhar Kapur, and entrepreneurs Sharad Devarajan and Gotham Chopra.[39] Branson also launched the Virgin Health Bank on 1 February 2007, offering parents-to-be the opportunity to store their baby's umbilical cord blood stem cells in private and public stem-cell banks.

In June 2006, a tip-off from Virgin Atlantic led both UK and US competition authorities to investigate price-fixing attempts between Virgin Atlantic and British Airways. In August 2007, British Airways was fined £271 million over the allegations. Virgin Atlantic was given immunity for tipping off the authorities and received no fine—a controversial decision the Office of Fair Trading defended as being in the public interest.[40]

Branson with Alberto Hazan in June 2007 helping launch Virgin Radio Italia

On 9 February 2007, Branson announced the setting up of a new global science and technology prize—The Virgin Earth Challenge—in the belief that history has shown that prizes of this nature encourage technological advancements for the good of mankind. The Virgin Earth Challenge was to award $25 million to the individual or group who are able to demonstrate a commercially viable design that will result in the net removal of anthropogenic, atmospheric greenhouse gases each year for at least ten years without countervailing harmful effects. This removal must have long-term effects and contribute materially to the stability of the Earth's climate. Branson also announced that he would be joined in the adjudication of the prize by a panel of five judges, all world authorities in their respective fields: Al Gore, Sir Crispin Tickell, Tim Flannery, James E. Hansen, and James Lovelock.

In July 2007, Branson purchased his Australian home, Makepeace Island, in Noosa.[41] In August 2007, Branson announced that he bought a 20-percent stake in Malaysia's AirAsia X.[42]

On 13 October 2007, Branson's Virgin Group sought to add Northern Rock to its empire after submitting an offer that would result in Branson personally owning 30% of the company and changing the company's name from Northern Rock to Virgin Money.[43] The Daily Mail ran a campaign against his bid; Vince Cable, financial spokesperson for the Liberal Democrats, suggested in the House of Commons that Branson's criminal conviction for tax evasion might be felt by some as a good enough reason not to trust him with public money.[44]

2008–present: Hotels, healthcare and charitable influence

On 10 January 2008, Branson's Virgin Healthcare announced that it would open a chain of health care clinics that would offer conventional medical care alongside homeopathic and complementary therapies, a development that was welcomed by Ben Bradshaw, the UK's health minister.[45]

Plans where GPs could be paid for referring National Health Service (NHS) patients to private Virgin services were abandoned in June 2008. The BMA warned the plan would "damage clinical objectivity", there would be a financial incentive for GPs to push patients toward the Virgin services at the centre.[46] Plans to take over an NHS Practice in Swindon were abandoned in late September 2008.[47]

Branson in April 2009 at the launch of Virgin America in Orange County, California

In February 2009, Branson's Virgin organisation was reported as bidding to buy the former Honda Formula One team. Branson later stated an interest in Formula One, but claimed that, before the Virgin brand became involved with Honda or any other team, Formula One would have to develop a more economically efficient and environmentally responsible image. At the start of the 2009 Formula One season on 28 March, it was announced that Virgin would be sponsoring the new Brawn GP team,[48] with discussions also under way about introducing a less "dirty" fuel in the medium term.[49] After the end of the season and the subsequent purchase of Brawn GP by Mercedes Benz, Branson invested in an 80% buyout of Manor Grand Prix,[50][51] with the team being renamed Virgin Racing.

In 2010, Virgin Hotels was launched under the Virgin Group. In February 2018, Branson announced the first Virgin hotel would open in Edinburgh.[52]

Branson and Tony Fernandes, owner of Air Asia and Lotus F1 Racing, had a bet for the 2010 F1 season where the losing team's boss should work on the winner's airline during a charity flight dressed as a stewardess. Fernandes escaped as the winner of the bet, as Lotus Racing ended tenth in the championship, while Virgin Racing ended twelfth and last. Branson kept his word after losing the bet, as he served his duty as a stewardess on an Air Asia flight between Perth and Kuala Lumpur on 12 May 2013.[53]

Branson at the Time 100 Gala in May 2010. Known for his informal dress code, this was a rare occasion he didn't wear an open shirt.

In 2010, Branson became patron of the UK's Gordon Bennett 2010 gas balloon race, which has 16 hydrogen balloons flying across Europe.[54]

In April 2012, Virgin Care commenced a five-year contract for provision of a range of health services which had previously been under the aegis of NHS Surrey, the local primary care trust.[55] By March 2015 Virgin Care was in charge of over 230 services nationwide.[56]

In July 2012, Branson announced plans to build an orbital space launch system, designated LauncherOne.[57] Four commercial customers have already contracted for launches and two companies are developing standardised satellite buses optimised to the design of LauncherOne, in expectation of business opportunities created by the new smallsat launcher.[58]

In August 2012, the franchise for the West Coast Main Line, managed by Virgin Rail since 1997, came to an end. The contract was awarded to FirstGroup after a competitive tender process overseen by the Department for Transport. Branson had expressed his concerns about the tender process and questioned the validity of the business plan submitted by FirstGroup. When Virgin Rail lost the contract, Branson said he was convinced the civil servants had "got their maths wrong". In October, after an investigation into the bidding process, the deal was scrapped. The Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin announced there were "significant technical flaws" in the process and mistakes had been made by transport staff. Virgin Rail continues to operate the West Coast line.[59]

In September 2014, Branson announced his investment in drone company 3D Robotics stating, "It's amazing to see what a little flying object with a GoPro attached can do. Before they came along the alternative was an expensive helicopter and crew. I'm really excited about the potential 3D Robotics sees in drones. They can do a lot of good in the world, and I hope this affordable technology will give many more people the chance to see our beautiful planet from such a powerful perspective."[60]

In 2014, Branson launched the "Foodpreneur" food and drink-focused start-up competition. Winners were provided with mentorship from Branson, legal support, and brand counseling.[61] The 2014 winners included Proper Beans, Killer Tomato, Sweetpea Pantry and Sweet Virtues. In 2015, the competition expanded to the Virgin StartUp's Foodpreneur Festival. The 2015 winners were given the opportunity to pitch Target Corporation buyers. The 2015 winners included Pip & Nut, Double Dutch Drinks, Harry Bromptons, Cauli Rice and Mallow and Marsh.[62]

In November 2015, Branson announced the addition of Moskito Island to the Virgin Limited Edition portfolio. This resort, The Branson Estate on Moskito Island, offers 11 bedrooms for 22 guests.[63]

In 2017, Virgin Group invested in Hyperloop One, developing a strategic partnership between the two. Branson joined the board of directors,[64] and in December 2017, became its chairman.[65] The announced winner of the 2017 Virgin StartUp's Foodpreneur prize was The Snaffling Pig Co., which won a six-week rental space at Intu Lakeside, the retail center with the highest foot traffic in the UK.[66]

In October 2017, Branson appeared on the Season 9 Premiere of Shark Tank as a guest investor,[67] where he invested in Locker Board,[68] a sustainable line of skateboards invented by 11-year-old, Carson Kropfl.[69] Branson told the young business man that he reminded him of himself.[70] Branson became the richest Shark to have appeared on the show.[71]

In April 2018, Branson announced the acquisition of the Las Vegas based Hard Rock Casino-Hotel with plans to re-brand the property under his Virgin Hotels business.[72]

In May 2018, it was announced that he would become a partner in a private equity fund that will be co-managed by Metric Capital. The fund will seek out consumer goods firms to invest in.[73][74]

In September 2018, Branson took part in his fourth Virgin Strive Challenge, where he and a core team travelled more than 2,000 km from Cagliari in Sardinia to the summit of Mont Blanc entirely under human and sail power. It was a gruelling month-long challenge where they hiked, biked and kayaked across Europe and had a near-miss on Mont Blanc when a rockfall rained down on them as they crossed the perilous Gouter Couloir. They raised more than £1m for Holly and Sam Branson’s charity Big Change, which supports young people.[75]

Failed business ventures

Branson has been involved in a number of failed business ventures, such as Virgin Cola, Virgin Cars, Virgin Publishing, Virgin Clothing and Virgin Brides.[76][77]

World record attempts

The capsule from the Virgin Atlantic Flyer balloon on display at the Imperial War Museum, Duxford, England
A 1998 attempt at an around-the-world balloon flight by Branson, Fossett, and Lindstrand ends in the Pacific Ocean on 25 December 1998

Branson made several world record-breaking attempts after 1985, when in the spirit of the Blue Riband he attempted the fastest Atlantic Ocean crossing. His first attempt in the "Virgin Atlantic Challenger" led to the boat capsizing in British waters and a rescue by RAF helicopter, which received wide media coverage. Some newspapers called for Branson to reimburse the government for the rescue cost. In 1986, in his "Virgin Atlantic Challenger II", with sailing expert Daniel McCarthy, he beat the record by two hours.[78] A year later his hot air balloon "Virgin Atlantic Flyer" crossed the Atlantic.[79]

In January 1991, Branson crossed the Pacific from Japan to Arctic Canada, 6,700 miles (10,800 km), in a balloon of 2,600,000 cubic feet (74,000 m3). This broke the record, with a speed of 245 miles per hour (394 km/h).

Between 1995 and 1998, Branson, Per Lindstrand, Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Larry Newman, and Steve Fossett made attempts to circumnavigate the globe by balloon. In late 1998, they made a record-breaking flight from Morocco to Hawaii but were unable to complete a global flight before Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones in Breitling Orbiter 3 in March 1999.

In March 2004, Branson set a record by travelling from Dover to Calais in a Gibbs Aquada in 1 hour, 40 minutes and 6 seconds, the fastest crossing of the English Channel in an amphibious vehicle. The previous record of six hours was set by two Frenchmen.[80] The cast of Top Gear, Jeremy Clarkson, James May and Richard Hammond, attempted to break this record in an amphibious vehicle which they had constructed and, while successfully crossing the channel, did not break Branson's record. After being intercepted by the Coast Guard and asked what their intentions were, Clarkson remarked "..our intentions are to go across the Channel faster than 'Beardy' Branson!". The Coast Guard wished them 'Good luck and Bon Voyage'.[81]

In September 2008, Branson and his children made an unsuccessful attempt at an eastbound record crossing of the Atlantic Ocean under sail in the 99 feet (30 m) sloop Virgin Money.[82] The boat, also known as Speedboat, is owned by NYYC member Alex Jackson, who was a co-skipper on this passage, with Branson and Mike Sanderson. After two days, four hours, winds of force 7 to 9 (strong gale), and seas of 40 feet (12 m), a 'monster wave' destroyed the spinnaker, washed a ten-man life raft overboard and severely ripped the mainsail. She eventually continued to St. George's, Bermuda.[83]

Television, film and print

Branson at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival

Branson has guest starred, usually playing himself, on several television shows, including Friends, Baywatch, Birds of a Feather, Only Fools and Horses, The Day Today, a special episode of the comedy Goodness Gracious Me and Tripping Over. Branson made several appearances during the 1990s on the BBC Saturday morning show Live & Kicking, where he was referred to as 'the pickle man' by comedy act Trev and Simon (in reference to Branston Pickle).[84]

Branson also appears in a cameo early in XTC's "Generals and Majors" video. He was also the star of a reality television show on Fox called The Rebel Billionaire: Branson's Quest for the Best (2004), in which sixteen contestants were tested for their entrepreneurship and sense of adventure and only lasted one season.[76]

His high public profile often leaves him open as a figure of satire—the 2000 AD series Zenith features a parody of Branson as a super villain, as the comic's publisher and favoured distributor and the Virgin group were in competition at the time. He is also caricatured in The Simpsons episode "Monty Can't Buy Me Love" as the tycoon Arthur Fortune, as the ballooning megalomaniac Richard Chutney (a pun on Branson, as in Branston Pickle) in Believe Nothing, and voiced himself in "The Princess Guide". The character Grandson Richard 39 in Terry Pratchett's Wings is modelled on Branson.

He has a cameo appearance in several films: Around the World in 80 Days (2004), where he played a hot-air balloon operator, and Superman Returns (2006), where he was credited as a 'Shuttle Engineer' and appeared alongside his son, Sam, with a Virgin Galactic-style commercial suborbital shuttle at the centre of his storyline. He also has a cameo in the James Bond film Casino Royale (2006). Here, he is seen as a passenger going through Miami Airport security check-in and being frisked – several Virgin Atlantic planes appear soon after. British Airways edited out Branson's cameo in their in-flight screening of the movie.[85] He makes a number of brief and disjointed appearances in the documentary Derek and Clive Get the Horn (1979), which follows the exploits of Peter Cook and Dudley Moore recording their final comedy album. Branson and his mother were also featured in the documentary film Lemonade Stories. On the TV series Rove Live in early 2006, Rove McManus and Sir Richard pushed each other into a swimming pool fully clothed live on TV during a "Live at your house" episode.

Branson is a Star Trek fan and named his new spaceship VSS Enterprise in honour of the Star Trek spaceships, and in 2006, reportedly offered actor William Shatner a ride on the inaugural space launch of Virgin Galactic. In an interview in Time magazine, published on 10 August 2009, Shatner claimed that Branson approached him asking how much he would pay for a ride on the spaceship. In response, Shatner asked "how much would you pay me to do it?"

In August 2007, Branson announced on The Colbert Report that he had named a new aircraft Air Colbert. He later doused political satirist and talk show host Stephen Colbert with water from his mug. Branson subsequently took a retaliatory splash from Colbert. The interview quickly ended, with both laughing[86] as shown on the episode aired on Comedy Central on 22 August 2007. The interview was promoted on The Report as the Colbert-Branson Interview Trainwreck. Branson then made a cameo appearance in The Soup, playing an intern working under Joel McHale who had been warned against getting into water fights with Stephen Colbert, and being subsequently fired.

In March 2008, he launched Virgin Mobile in India; during that period, he made a cameo appearance in Bollywood film London Dreams.[87] In July 2010, Branson narrated Australian sailor Jessica Watson's documentary about her solo sailing trip around the world.

In April 2011, Branson appeared on CNN's Mainsail with Kate Winslet.[88] Together they re-enacted a famous scene from the 1997 film Titanic for the cameras.[89][better source needed] On 17 August 2011, he was featured in the premier episode of Hulu's first long-form original production entitled, A Day in the Life.[90]

At the 2012 Pride of Britain Awards on ITV on 30 October, Branson, along with Michael Caine, Elton John, Simon Cowell and Stephen Fry, recited Rudyard Kipling's poem "If—" in tribute to the 2012 British Olympic and Paralympics athletes.[91]

Humanitarian initiatives

In the late 1990s, Branson and musician Peter Gabriel discussed with Nelson Mandela their idea of a small group of leaders working to solve difficult global conflicts.[92] On 18 July 2007, in Johannesburg, South Africa, Mandela announced the formation of a new group, The Elders. Kofi Annan served as Chair of The Elders and Gro Harlem Brundtland as Deputy Chair. The Elders is funded by a group of donors, including Branson and Gabriel.

Richard Branson with his mother Eve, and the Board of Directors of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children

In 1999, Branson became a founding sponsor of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children ("ICMEC"), the goal of which is to help find missing children, and to stop the exploitation of children, as his mother Eve became a founding member of ICMEC's Board of Directors.[93][94]

Through the Carbon War Room, founded in 2009, the entrepreneur sought solutions for global warming and the energy crisis. "We all have a part to play, but I believe entrepreneurs will have a really significant role to play in bringing investment and commercial skills to help develop the new technologies needed to grow a post-carbon economy", he said in his interview with Vision. Through Carbon War Room initiative he has focused efforts on finding sustainable alternatives for three industry sectors: shipping, energy efficiency and aviation and renewable jet fuels.[95]

He also launched Virgin Startup, an official delivery partner for the UK's Start Up Loans programme. Through this new organisation, he was to provide loans to entrepreneurs between the ages of 18 and 30 UK-wide. A pilot of the scheme, which ran over 11 months, injected £600,000 into 100 businesses.[95]

Branson's other work in South Africa includes the Branson School of Entrepreneurship, set up in 2005 as a partnership between Virgin Unite, the non-profit foundation of Virgin, and entrepreneur Taddy Blecher, the founder of CIDA City Campus, a university in Johannesburg. The school aims to improve economic growth in South Africa by supporting start-ups and micro-enterprises with skills, mentors, services, networks and finance arrangements.[96][97] Fundraising activity to support the school is achieved by The Sunday Times Fast Track 100, sponsored by Virgin Group, at its yearly event, where places to join Richard Branson on trips to South Africa to provide coaching and mentoring to students are auctioned to attendees. In 2009, Jason Luckhurst and Boyd Kershaw of Practicus, Martin Ainscough of the Ainscough Group and Matthew Riley of Daisy Communications helped raise £150,000 through the auction.[98]

In March 2008, Branson hosted an environmental gathering at his private island, Necker Island, in the Caribbean with several prominent entrepreneurs, celebrities, and world leaders. They discussed global warming-related problems facing the world, hoping that the meeting would be a precursor to future discussions regarding similar problems. Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales, and Larry Page of Google were in attendance.[99]

On 8 May 2009, Branson took over Mia Farrow's hunger strike for three days in protest of the Sudanese government expulsion of aid groups from the Darfur region.[100] In 2010, he and the Nduna Foundation (founded by Amy Robbins), and Humanity United (an organization backed by Pam Omidyar, the wife of eBay founder Pierre Omidyar) founded Enterprise Zimbabwe.[101]

Branson at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012.

Branson is a signatory of Global Zero campaign, a non-profit international initiative for the elimination of all nuclear weapons worldwide.[102] Since its launch in Paris in December 2008,[103] Global Zero has grown to 300 leaders, including current and former heads of state, national security officials and military commanders, and 400,000 citizens worldwide; developed a practical step-by-step plan to eliminate nuclear weapons; launched an international student campaign with 75 campus chapters in eight countries; and produced a documentary film, Countdown to Zero, in partnership with Lawrence Bender and Participant Media.[104]

Since 2010, Branson has served as a Commissioner on the Broadband Commission for Digital Development, a UN initiative which promotes universal access to broadband services.[105] In 2011, Branson served on the Global Commission on Drug Policy with former political and cultural leaders of Latin America and elsewhere, "in a bid to boost the effort to achieve more humane and rational drug laws."[106]

In December 2013, Branson urged companies to boycott Uganda because of its "anti-homosexuality bill". Branson stated that it would be "against my conscience to support this country...governments must realize that people should be able to love whoever they want."[107]

In 2014, Branson joined forces with African Wildlife Foundation and partner WildAid for the "Say No" Campaign, an initiative to bring public awareness to the issues of wildlife poaching and trafficking.[108]

Branson is an opponent of the death penalty, stating: "the death penalty is always cruel, barbaric and inhumane. It has no place in the world."[109] The U.S. is one of the few countries that practiced the death penalty in 2015, and on 30 September 2015 Branson released a letter in support of American inmate Richard Glossip on the day he was due to be executed, buying an ad in The Oklahoman newspaper which had advocated the execution.[110] Branson stated the evidence against Glossip was flawed and that "every person is deserving of a fair trial", adding: "Your state is about to execute a man whose guilt has not been proven beyond a reasonable doubt."[110]

In October 2018, Branson spoke out for Jamal Khashoggi, a Saudi journalist allegedly killed by Saudi authorities in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey by suspending his advisory role from Saudi Arabia's biggest Red Sea tourism project. He issued a statement saying, "The disappearance of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, if proved true, would clearly change the ability of any of us in the West to do business with the Saudi Government."[111]

Climate change pledge

In 2006, Branson made a high-profile pledge to invest $3 billion toward addressing global warming over the course of the following decade.[112][113] However, author and activist Naomi Klein has criticised Branson for contributing "well under $300 million" as of 2014, far below the originally stated goal.[114] Additionally, Klein says Virgin airlines' greenhouse gas emissions increased considerably in the years following his pledge.[115]

Politics

In the 1980s, Branson was briefly given the post of "litter Tsar" by Margaret Thatcher—charged with "keeping Britain tidy".[116][117] In 2005, he declared that there were only negligible differences between the two main parties on economic matters.[118] He was suggested as a candidate for Mayor of London before the first 2000 election, with polls indicating he would be a viable candidate, but he did not express interest.[119][120][121]

Branson has supported continuing British membership of the European Union and was opposed to the 2016 referendum.[122] On 28 June 2016, interviewed for ITV's Good Morning Britain, he said that his company had lost a third of its value as a result of the referendum result and that a planned venture, employing over 3,000 people, which he had announced before the referendum, had been shelved. He gave his backing for a second referendum.[123]

Honours and awards

Branson at a conference in San Diego, California, on 8 July 2013

In 1993, Branson was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Technology from Loughborough University.[124]

In the New Years Honours list dated 30 December 1999, Elizabeth II signified her intention to confer the honour of Knight Bachelor on him for his "services to entrepreneurship".[125][126] He was knighted by Charles, Prince of Wales on 30 March 2000 at an investiture in Buckingham Palace.[127] Also in 2000, Branson received the Tony Jannus Award for his accomplishments in commercial air transportation.

In 2000, Branson was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[128]

Branson appears at No. 85 on the 2002 list of 100 Greatest Britons on the BBC and voted for by the public. Branson was also ranked in 2007's Time magazine "Top 100 Most Influential People in the World". On 7 December 2007, United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon presented Branson with the United Nations Correspondents Association Citizen of the World Award for his support for environmental and humanitarian causes.[129]

On 24 January 2011, Branson was awarded the German Media Prize (organised by "Media Control Charts"), previously handed to former US president Bill Clinton and the Dalai Lama. On 14 November 2011, Branson was awarded the ISTA Prize by the International Space Transport Association in The Hague for his pioneering achievements in the development of suborbital transport systems with "Virgin Galactic".[130] On 11 February 2012, Branson was honoured with the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences' President's Merit Award for his contributions to the music industry.[131]

On 2 June 2013, Branson received an honorary degree of Doctor Honoris Causa from Kaunas Technology University in Kaunas, Lithuania.[132] On 15 May 2014, Branson received the 2014 Business for Peace Award, awarded annually by the Business for Peace Foundation in Oslo, Norway.[133]

On 21 September 2014, Branson was recognized by The Sunday Times as the most admired business person over the last five decades.[134] On 9 October 2014, Branson was named as the No. 1 LGBT ally by the OUTstanding organisation.[135] On 29 October 2015, Branson was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 1 in the list of 100 Most Influential British Entrepreneurs.[136] In October 2015, Branson received the International Crisis Group Chairman's Award at the United Nations Development Programme's In Pursuit of Peace Awards Dinner.[137]

Controversies

Tax evasion

In 1971, Branson was convicted and briefly jailed for tax evasion, having fraudulently obtained export documents for records to be sold on the domestic market in order to avoid paying Purchase Tax.[138][139] Customs officials caught onto the scheme and executed a sting operation, marking records bought for the international market with invisible ink and subsequently buying them on the domestic market. Branson was advised of the sting by an anonymous tip-off and attempted to dispose of the evidence, but this was unsuccessful.[138][139]

Branson's business empire is owned by a complicated series of offshore trusts and companies. The Sunday Times stated that his wealth is calculated at £3 billion; if he were to retire to his Caribbean island and liquidate all of this, he would pay relatively little in tax.[140][dead link] Branson has been criticised for his business strategy, and has been accused of being a carpetbagger.[141][142][143] Branson responded that he is living on Necker for health rather than tax reasons.[144]

In 2013, Branson described himself as a "tax exile", having saved millions in tax by surrendering his British citizenship.[145] This was echoed by Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer, Labour's John McDonnell, in 2016, amid calls for his knighthood to be revoked.[146]

Promotion of SeaWorld

Branson has been criticised by the Whale and Dolphin Conservation organisation for profiting from selling trips to SeaWorld and similar themed parks that hold dolphins, whales and other sea life in captivity for entertainment purposes.[147][148]

Assault claim

In November 2017, singer Antonia Jenae, a backing singer for Joss Stone, claimed Branson sexually assaulted her at Necker Island. A spokesperson for Branson confirmed to The Sun newspaper that members of the band had been invited for a party on the island in 2010, but that he and friends and family in attendance had "no recollection" of the events.[149] Branson later apologised.[150]

Personal life

File:Sir Richard Branson photo by Priory Studios.jpg
Branson kite surfing at Necker Island

Branson married Kristen Tomassi in 1972 and divorced her in 1979. He has a daughter Holly (b. 1981) and a son Sam (b. 1985) with his second wife, Joan Templeman, whom he met in 1976. He stated in an interview with Piers Morgan that he and Joan also had a daughter named Clare Sarah, who died when she was four days old in 1979.[151][152] They were married in 1989 on Necker Island.[153]

In 1998, Branson released his autobiography, titled Losing My Virginity, an international best-seller.[154] Branson was deeply saddened by the disappearance of fellow adventurer Steve Fossett in September 2007; the following month he wrote an article for Time magazine, titled "My Friend, Steve Fossett".[155]

In 2013, Branson became President of the Old Stoic Society of Stowe School.[156] In March 2015, Branson said that almost all drug use should be decriminalised in the UK, following the example of Portugal.[157]

Branson was ordained as a minister by the Universal Life Church Monastery.[158] Branson is also an experienced kitesurfer, holding some world records in the sport.[159][160] In August 2016, Branson was injured while riding his bicycle in the British Virgin Islands and suffered torn ligaments and a cracked cheek as a result. He was taken to hospital in Miami for X-rays and scans.[161]

In 2017, Branson's Necker Island home was left uninhabitable after Hurricane Irma hit.[162] It is the second time the Necker Island home has been severely damaged after the building caught fire when it was struck by lightning caused by Hurricane Irene in 2011.[163]

Influences

Branson has stated in a number of interviews that he has been much influenced by non-fiction books. He most commonly mentions Nelson Mandela's autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, explaining that Mandela was "one of the most inspiring men I have ever met and had the honour to call my friend." Owing to his interest in humanitarian and ecological issues, Branson also lists Al Gore's best-selling book, An Inconvenient Truth, and The Revenge of Gaia by James Lovelock amongst his favourites. According to Branson's book, Screw It, Let's Do It: Lessons in Life, he is also a fan of Jung Chang's Wild Swans and Antony Beevor's Stalingrad.[164][165] In fiction, Branson has long admired the character Peter Pan,[166] and in 2006 he founded Virgin Comics LLC, stating that Virgin Comics will give "a whole generation of young, creative thinkers a voice".[167][168]

Bibliography

  • Branson, Richard (1998). Losing My Virginity: How I've Survived, Had Fun, and Made a Fortune Doing Business My Way. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-1955-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Branson, Richard (2006). Screw It, Let's Do It. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-1149-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Branson, Richard (2008). Business Stripped Bare. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-1503-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Branson, Richard (2010). Reach for the Skies: Ballooning, Birdmen and Blasting Into Space. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-1-905264-91-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Branson, Richard (2011). Screw Business as Usual. Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN 978-1-59184-434-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Branson, Richard (2013). Like a Virgin: Secrets They Won't Teach You at Business School. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-75351-992-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Branson, Richard (2014). The Virgin Way: How to Listen, Learn, Laugh and Lead. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-1-90526-490-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Branson, Richard (2017). Finding My Virginity. Ebury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-75355-108-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
    • Also published as: The Virgin Way: If It's Not Fun, It's Not Worth Doing[169] and The Virgin Way: Everything I Know About Leadership[170]

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