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Article 301 states that ''"a person who publicly insults the Turkish nation, the State of the Republic of Turkey, or the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]], shall be punishable by imprisonment of between six months and two years." '' and also that ''"expressions of thought intended to criticise shall not constitute a crime."'
Article 301 states that ''"a person who publicly insults the Turkish nation, the State of the Republic of Turkey, or the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]], shall be punishable by imprisonment of between six months and two years." '' and also that ''"expressions of thought intended to criticise shall not constitute a crime."'

They must stop producing fake LACOSTE and other Fakemons !


The EU was especially critical of this law during the September 2005 trial of novelist [[Orhan Pamuk]] over comments that recognized the deaths of thirty thousand Kurds and a million Armenians. Enlargement commissioner Olli Rehn and members of the European Parliament called the case "regrettable", "most unfortunate", and "unacceptable".<ref name="bbc3">{{cite news|last=Dymond|first=Jonny|title=EU blasts Turkish author's trial|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4243102.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2005-09-13|accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref> After the case was dropped three months later, Turkey's Foreign Minister [[Abdullah Gül]] indicated that Turkey may abandon or modify Article 301, stating that "there may be need for a new law".<ref name="gul301">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4565466.stm|title=Turkey insult law 'may be dumped'|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2005-12-28|accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref> In September 2006, the European Parliament called for the abolition of laws, such as Article 301, "which threaten European free speech norms".<ref name="bbc2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5385954.stm|title=New EU warning on Turkey reforms|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2006-09-27|accessdate=2007-07-08}}</ref> On April 30, 2008, the law was reformed.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7375327.stm BBC: EU hails Turkey free speech move. April 30, 2008.]</ref> According to the reform, it is now a crime to explicitly insult the "Turkish nation" rather than "Turkishness"; opening court cases based on Article 301 require the approval of the Justice Minister; and the maximum punishment has been reduced to two years in jail.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/>
The EU was especially critical of this law during the September 2005 trial of novelist [[Orhan Pamuk]] over comments that recognized the deaths of thirty thousand Kurds and a million Armenians. Enlargement commissioner Olli Rehn and members of the European Parliament called the case "regrettable", "most unfortunate", and "unacceptable".<ref name="bbc3">{{cite news|last=Dymond|first=Jonny|title=EU blasts Turkish author's trial|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4243102.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2005-09-13|accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref> After the case was dropped three months later, Turkey's Foreign Minister [[Abdullah Gül]] indicated that Turkey may abandon or modify Article 301, stating that "there may be need for a new law".<ref name="gul301">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4565466.stm|title=Turkey insult law 'may be dumped'|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2005-12-28|accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref> In September 2006, the European Parliament called for the abolition of laws, such as Article 301, "which threaten European free speech norms".<ref name="bbc2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5385954.stm|title=New EU warning on Turkey reforms|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2006-09-27|accessdate=2007-07-08}}</ref> On April 30, 2008, the law was reformed.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7375327.stm BBC: EU hails Turkey free speech move. April 30, 2008.]</ref> According to the reform, it is now a crime to explicitly insult the "Turkish nation" rather than "Turkishness"; opening court cases based on Article 301 require the approval of the Justice Minister; and the maximum punishment has been reduced to two years in jail.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/>

Revision as of 11:52, 24 June 2009

Accession of Turkey to the European Union
StatusCandidate
Application
Screened & negotiations commence
Chapters closed1
Memberships & Treaties
Association Agreement
Economic and monetary policy
Travel
Energy
Foreign and military policy
Human rights and international courts
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Impact (27+1)
Population446,828,803
Area4,233,262 km2
1,634,472 mi2
HDI0.896
GDP (PPP)$25.399 trillion
GDP per capita (PPP)$56,928
GDP$17.818 trillion
GDP per capita$39,940
Gini30.0
Official Languages24


Turkey's application to accede to the European Union (previously the European Communities) was made on 14 April 1987. Turkey has been an associate member of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since 1963.[1] After the eleven founding members, Turkey was one of the first countries to become a member of the Council of Europe in 1949, and was also a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1961[2] and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in 1973. The country has also been an associate member of the Western European Union since 1992, and is a part of the "Western Europe" branch of the Western European and Others Group (WEOG) at the United Nations. Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and was officially recognised as a candidate for full membership on 12 December 1999, at the Helsinki summit of the European Council. Negotiations were started on 3 October 2005, and the process is likely to take at least a decade to complete.[3] The membership bid has become a major controversy of the ongoing enlargement of the European Union.

History

Background

One of a number of posters created to promote the Marshall Plan in Europe, featuring Turkey
Turkey joined the Council of Europe in 1949 and is regarded as a founding member of the organization

The modern Republic of Turkey is the successor state to the Ottoman Empire, which controlled much of southeastern Europe between the late 14th and the early 20th centuries. After the Empire's collapse following World War I, Turkish revolutionaries led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk emerged victorious in the Turkish War of Independence, establishing the modern Turkish Republic as it currently exists today. Atatürk, then Prime Minister and later President of Turkey, implemented a series of reforms that modernized the country and moved it more towards European culture.[4] During World War II, Turkey remained neutral until February 1945, when it joined the Allies. During the Cold War, Turkey allied itself with the United States and Western Europe. The country took part in the Marshall Plan of 1947, became a member of the Council of Europe in 1949,[5] and a member of NATO in 1952.[6]

1960s - 1990s

Turkey first applied for associate membership in the European Economic Community in 1959, and on 12 September 1963 signed the "Agreement Creating An Association Between The Republic of Turkey and the European Economic Community", also known as the Ankara Agreement. This agreement came into effect the following year on 12 December 1964. The Ankara Agreement sought to integrate Turkey into a customs union with the EEC whilst acknowledging the final goal of membership.[4] In November 1970, a further protocol called the "Additional Protocol" established a timetable for the abolition of tariffs and quotas on goods traded between Turkey and the EEC.[4]

1980 saw a temporary stop in relations as a result of the 1980 Turkish military coup following political and economic instability, though the recommencement of multiparty elections in 1983 saw Turkish-EEC relations fully restored. On 14 April 1987, Turkey submitted its application for formal membership into the European Community. The European Commission responded in December 1989 by confirming Ankara’s eventual membership but also by deferring the matter to more favorable times, citing Turkey’s economic and political situation, as well its poor relations with Greece and the conflict with Cyprus as creating an unfavorable environment with which to begin negotiations.[7] This position was confirmed again in the Luxembourg European Council of 1997 in which accession talks were started with central and eastern European states and Cyprus, but not Turkey. During the 1990s, Turkey proceeded with a closer integration with the European Union by agreeing to a customs union in 1995. Moreover, the Helsinki European Council of 1999 proved a milestone as the EU recognised Turkey as a candidate on equal footing with other potential candidates.

2000s

The next significant step in Turkish-EU relations came with the December 2002 Copenhagen European Council.[citation needed] According to it, "the EU would open negotiations with Turkey 'without delay' if the European Council in December 2004, on the basis of a report and a recommendation from the Commission, decides that Turkey fulfills the Copenhagen political criteria."[citation needed]

With the 2002 election of the pro-European Justice and Development Party (AKP) led by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, a number of reforms led to increasing stability both politically and economically.[citation needed] In 2004, as part of the drive to enter a reunified Cyprus into the EU, the Turkish government supported the UN-backed Annan Plan for Cyprus. This plan was accepted by Turkish Cypriots, but rejected by the Greek Cypriots.[8] At the same time, a three-decade-long period of chronic inflation ended, with inflation reduced to 6% from annual levels of 75% during the mid-1990s.[9]

The political reform program of the Erdoğan government continued. This included the abolition of capital punishment, crackdown on torture, and more rights for its Kurdish population.[citation needed] In response to these developments, the European Commission recommended that the negotiations should begin in 2005, but also added various precautionary measures. The EU leaders agreed on 16 December 2004 to start accession negotiations with Turkey from 3 October 2005.[citation needed] Despite an offer from the Austrian People's Party and the German Christian Democratic Union of a privileged partnership status, a less than full membership, EU accession negotiations were officially launched.[citation needed]

Turkey's accession talks have since been dogged by a number of domestic and external problems. Both Austria and France have said they would hold a referendum on Turkey's accession. In the case of France, a change in its Constitution was made to impose such a Referendum. [10] The issue of Cyprus continues to be a major obstacle to negotiations.[citation needed] European officials have commented on the slowdown in Turkish reforms which, combined with the Cyprus problem, led the EU’s Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn in March 2007 to warn of an impeding ‘train crash’ in the negotiations.[11] Due to these setbacks, negotiations again came to a halt in December 2006, with the EU freezing talks in 8 of the 35 key areas under negotiation.[citation needed]

Future

The earliest date that Turkey could enter the EU is 2013, the date when the next financial perspectives (the EU's six year budgetary perspectives) will come into force. Ankara is currently aiming to comply with EU law by this date,[12] but Brussels has refused to back 2013 as a deadline.[13] It is believed that the accession process will take at least until 2021.[14]

Time Line

31 July 1959 - Turkey applies for associate membership in the European Economic Community.
12 September 1963 - Association Agreement signed, acknowledging the final goal of membership.
1 December 1964 - Association Agreement comes into effect.[4]
23 November 1970 - Protocol signed providing a timetable for the abolition of tariffs and quotas on goods.
1980 - Freeze in relations following the 1980 Turkish coup d'état.
1983 - Relations fully restored following elections.
14 April 1987 - Application for formal membership into the European Community.
18 December 1989 - European Commission refuses to immediately begin accession negotiations, citing Turkey’s economic and political situation, poor relations with Greece and their conflict with Cyprus, but overall reaffirming eventual membership as the goal.
6 March 1995 - European Union-Turkey Customs Union is formed.
12 December 1999 - European Council recognises Turkey as a candidate on equal footing with other potential candidates.
12 December 2002 - European Council states that "the EU would open negotiations with Turkey 'without delay' if Turkey fulfills the Copenhagen criteria".
3 November 2002 - 2002 Turkish general election brings the pro-EU Justice and Development Party (AKP) to power.
2004 - Turkish government and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus back the Annan Plan for Cyprus.
17 December 2004 - European Union agrees to start negotiations.
3 October 2005 - Opening of six chapters of the Acquis: Right of Establishment & Freedom to provide Services, Company Law, Financial Services, Information Society & Media, Statistics and Financial Control.
12 June 2006 - Chapter on Science and Research opened and closed.
11 December 2006 - Continued dispute over Cyprus prompts EU to freeze talks on eight chapters and state no chapters would be closed until a resolution is found.[15]
29 March 2007 - Chapter on Enterprise and Industrial Regulations opened.[16]
25 June 2007 - Chapters on Statistics and Financial Control opened, but the opening of the chapter on economic and monetary policy was blocked by French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[17]
20 December 2007 - Chapters on Health & Consumer Protection and on Trans-European Transport are opened.[18]
19 December 2008 - Chapters on Economic & Monetary Policy and Information Society & Media are opened.[19]

Status of acquis chapters

This article is part of a series about the
Turkey in Europe
Turkey and the European Union
Turkish Institutions for EU Affairs
Turkish–European Integration
Foreign and Military Policies
Economic
Science
Aviation and Transportation
Sports
Media Infrastructure and Entertainment
Historical
map Europe portal
flag Turkey portal
flag European Union portal

Turkish membership issues

To accede to the EU, Turkey must first successfully complete negotiations with the European Commission on each of the 35 chapters of the EU's acquis and then the member states must unanimously agree to Turkish membership. Public opinion in EU countries generally opposes Turkish membership, though with varying degrees of intensity, although political leaders and politicians of the European Union generally support it. The current policy of both the French and Austrian governments is to put the decision to a referendum.[10]

Turkey’s entry into the EU may have profound consequences on the future direction of the EU. The issues mentioned by some of those objecting to Turkey's EU candidacy can be divided among those inherent to Turkey's situation, those that involve internal issues about human rights, democracy, and related matters, and those concerning Turkey's open external disputes with its neighbours. There is much contention over whether some of these arguments are used as proxies to hide a feeling that the country is not culturally European and therefore should be denied entry.

Effect upon the EU

Istanbul
File:Armada Tower Ankara.jpg
Ankara
File:Izmir from Konak Pier.jpg
Izmir

Proponents of Turkey's membership argue that it's a key regional power[20][21] with a large economy and the second largest military force of NATO[22][23] that will enhance the EU's position as a global geostrategic player; given Turkey's geographic location and economic, political, cultural and historic ties in regions with large natural resources that are at the immediate vicinity of the EU's geopolitical sphere of influence; such as the East Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts, the Middle East, the Caspian Sea basin and Central Asia.[24][25]

File:TCDD CAF 1.jpg
The Turkish high-speed railway network can play an important role in improving trade and commerce between the EU and the Middle East
File:TuAF1.jpg
A KC-135R-CRAG Stratotanker of the Turkish Air Force refueling TAI-built F-16 fighter jets

According to Carl Bildt, Swedish foreign minister, "The accession of Turkey would give the EU a decisive role for stability in the eastern part of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, which is clearly in the strategic interest of Europe."[26] One of Turkey's key supporters for its bid to join the EU is the United Kingdom. In May 2008, Queen Elizabeth II said during a visit to Turkey, that "Turkey is uniquely positioned as a bridge between the East and West at a crucial time for the European Union and the world in general."[27]

Upon joining the EU, Turkey's 71 million inhabitants would bestow it the second largest number of MEPs in the European Parliament.[11] Demographic projections indicate that Turkey would surpass Germany in the number of seats by 2020.[11]

Turkey's membership would also affect future enlargement plans, especially the number of nations seeking EU membership,[11] grounds by which Valéry Giscard d'Estaing has opposed Turkey's admission. Giscard has suggested that it would lead to demands for accession by Morocco. Morocco's application is already rejected on geographic grounds, and Turkey, unlike Morocco, has territory in Europe. French President Nicolas Sarkozy (then a candidate) has stated in January 2007 that "enlarging Europe with no limit risks destroying European political union, and that I do not accept...I want to say that Europe must give itself borders, that not all countries have a vocation to become members of Europe, beginning with Turkey which has no place inside the European Union."[28]

EU member states must unanimously agree on Turkey's membership for the Turkish accession to be successful. A number of nations can oppose it, notably Austria, which historically served as a bulwark for Christian Europe against the Ottoman Empire; and France, which is fearful of the prospect of another wave of Muslim immigrants, especially given the poor integration of its existing Muslim minority.

Attempts to change the French constitution to remove the compulsory referendum on all EU accessions after Croatia resulted in a new clause requiring compulsory referendums on the accession of all countries with a population of more than 5% of the EU's total population; this clause would apply to Turkey and Ukraine.[29] The French Senate, however, blocked the change in the French constitution, in order to maintain good relations with Turkey.[30]

File:Istanbulpanoramicview.jpg
Bosphorus Bridge connecting Europe and Asia, with the skyline of Levent financial district in Istanbul, as seen from Çamlıca Hill.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Turkey
See also: European Union-Turkey Customs Union
Levent financial district in Istanbul, the largest city and economic capital of Turkey, and the former capital of the Roman (330-395), Byzantine (395-1204 and 1261-1453), Latin (1204-1261) and Ottoman (1453-1922) empires.

Turkey, a developed country,[31] has the seventh largest economy in the Council of Europe and the fifteenth largest economy in the world.[32] Turkey is a founding member of the OECD and the G-20 major economies.

Turkey's GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 7.4%,[33][34] which made it one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period. And, despite a global economic slowdown in 2008, real GDP growth for the year was a respectable 4.5%.[35] Turkey's economy is no longer dominated by traditional agricultural activities in the rural areas, but more so by a highly dynamic industrial complex in the major cities, mostly concentrated in the western provinces of the country, along with a developed services sector. In 2007, the agricultural sector accounted for 8.9% of the GDP, while the industrial sector accounted for 30.8% and the services sector accounted for 59.3%.[36] The tourism sector has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2008, there were 30,929,192 visitors to the country, who contributed 21.9 billion USD to Turkey's revenues.[37] Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, machine industry and automotive. Turkey has a large and growing automotive industry, which produced 1,147,110 motor vehicles in 2008,[38] ranking as the 6th largest automotive producer in Europe in that year; behind Germany (5,819,614), France (3,174,260), Spain (2,770,435), the United Kingdom (1,648,388), and Italy (1,211,594), respectively.[39] Turkey is also one of the leading shipbuilding nations; in 2007 the country ranked 4th in the world (behind China, South Korea and Japan) in terms of the number of ordered ships, and also 4th in the world (behind Italy, USA and Canada) in terms of the number of ordered mega yachts.[40]

Turkish exports in 2006

Turkey has taken advantage of a customs union with the European Union, signed in 1995, to increase its industrial production destined for exports, while at the same time benefiting from EU-origin foreign investment into the country.[41] In 2008, Turkey's exports reached 132.0 billion USD[42] (main export partners: Germany 11.2%, UK 8%, Italy 6.95%, France 5.6%, Spain 4.3%, USA 3.88%; total EU exports 56.5%.) However, larger imports amounting to about 201.8 billion USD[36] threaten the balance of trade (main import partners: Russia 13.8%, Germany 10.3%, China 7.8%, Italy 6%, USA 4.8%, France 4.6%, Iran 3.9%, UK 3.2%; total EU imports 40.4%; total Asia imports 27%).[43][44]

File:BEKO stand at the international fair.jpg
Turkish brands like BEKO and Vestel are among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in Europe

Turkey's per-capita GDP places it among the upper-middle income countries. In 2006, Eurostat calculated the minimum monthly wage in Turkey as €331, which was larger than the minimum monthly wage in nine European Union member states, namely Bulgaria (€82), Romania (€90), Latvia (€129), Lithuania (€159), Slovakia (€183), Estonia (€192), Poland (€234), Hungary (€247) and the Czech Republic (€261).[45]

According to Forbes magazine, Istanbul, Turkey's financial capital, had a total of 35 billionaires as of March 2008 (up from 25 in 2007), ranking 4th in the world behind Moscow (74 billionaires), New York City (71 billionaires) and London (36 billionaires), while ranking above Hong Kong (30 billionaires), Los Angeles (24 billionaires), Mumbai (20 billionaires), San Francisco (19 billionaires), Dallas (15 billionaires) and Tokyo (15 billionaires).[46]

The opening of talks regarding the Economic and Monetary Policy acquis chapter of Turkey's accession bid was expected to begin in June 2007, but were stalled by France.[47]

Population

Further information: Demographics of Turkey
File:Istiklal Avenue in Istanbul on 3 June 2007.jpg
İstiklal Avenue in Istanbul's cosmopolitan Beyoğlu district is visited by an average of 3 million people on weekend days
File:Bağdat Caddesi 3.jpg
Bağdat Avenue in the Kadıköy district of Istanbul, on the Anatolian side, is a popular high street

Statistics show that the birth rate is declining in the entire continent of Europe. Especially in Eastern Europe and Russia, population growth is negative. The EU member states already set a goal to solve the impact of the aging population.[48] Turkey has a young population. This might act as a balance for the increasingly aging populations of the current EU.[49]

As of 2005, the population of Turkey stood at 71.5 million with a yearly growth rate of 1.5%.[50][51] The Turkish population is relatively young, with 25.5% falling within the 0–15 age bracket.[52] Population growth is expected to slow, as Turkey has a sub-replacement fertility level.

According to statistics released by the government in 2005, life expectancy stands at 68.9 years for men and 73.8 years for women, with an overall average of 71.3 years for the populace as a whole.[53] Education is compulsory and free from ages six to 15.

The Turkish people, are an ethnic group, defined more by a sense of sharing a common Turkish culture and having a Turkish mother tongue, than by citizenship, religion or by being subjects to any particular country.

The word Turk or Turkish also has a wider meaning in a historical context because, at times in the past, it has been used to refer to all Muslim inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire irrespective of their ethnicity.[54] The question of ethnicity in modern Turkey is a highly debated and difficult issue. Figures published in several different sources prove this difficulty by varying greatly.[citation needed]

Geography

Further information: Geography of Turkey, Anatolia, Eastern Thrace, and Istanbul
Portion of the walls of Troy (VII), identified as the site of the legendary Trojan War (ca. 1200 BCE)
The Celsus Library in Ephesus, a city that was famous in antiquity for the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) long and 800 km (500 mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape.[55] Turkey's 2D area, inclusive of lakes, is 783,562[56] square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe,[55] thus making Turkey a transcontinental country. Turkey's area makes it the world's 37th-largest country, and is about the size of Metropolitan France and the United Kingdom combined. The 3D area of Turkey (including the curves of mountains and other geological formations) is 814,578 square kilometres.

Ankara, the Turkish capital, is in Anatolia, the Asian part of Turkey. It was established by the Hittites with the name Ankuwash prior to the 13th century BC.[57][58] In the classical period it was known as Ancyra, the capital of the ancient Celtic kingdom of Galatia.

Istanbul, Turkey's most populous city and its cultural and financial centre, is the only metropolis in the world which is situated on two continents (Europe and Asia). In its long history, Istanbul (Constantinople) has served as the capital city of the Roman Empire (330-395), the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire (395-1204 and 1261-1453), the Latin Empire (1204-1261) and the Ottoman Empire (1453-1922). Istanbul was also chosen as the joint European Capital of Culture for 2010.

Turkey is home to two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus and the Mausoleum of Maussollos in Halicarnassus (Bodrum). Turkey is also home to two of the five patriarchal sees of the ancient Pentarchy: The Patriarchate of Constantinople (Istanbul) and the Patriarchate of Antioch (Antakya). All of the first seven Ecumenical Councils that are accepted by both the Eastern and the Western churches were held in the cities of present-day Turkey.

Turkey's membership would mean that the European Union's external borders would reach Syria, Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. The lands to the south and southeast of Turkey, known as the Fertile Crescent, are home to the first human settlements in history, where agriculture and civilization began in the 9th millennium BC. The ancient Neolithic city of Çatalhöyük in Anatolia dates from the 8th millennium BC.

File:BodrumPano.jpg
Panoramic view of Bodrum, ancient Halicarnassus, the city of Herodotus and the home of the Mausoleum of Maussollos, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Panoramic view of Alanya on the Turkish Riviera, inhabited since the Hittites and famous today for its natural beauty and historic monuments
Panoramic view of the Pontic Mountains and the Alpine landscape of Turkey's Black Sea coast

Foreign relations with EU member states

Main article: Foreign relations of Turkey

Cyprus

Further information: [[:Cyprus dispute]]

The island of Cyprus is still divided after the Turkish invasion in 1974, following a coup d'etat by Nikos Sampson against the Cypriot government of Archbishop Makarios III and fully supported by the Greek military junta of 1967-1974 in Athens under its de facto leader Brigadier General Dimitrios Ioannides. Turkey's original intention, which was declared on July 20, 1974, by the Prime Minister of that period, Bülent Ecevit, was to prevent the island's annexation to Greece and to bring an end to the Cypriot intercommunal violence which took place between 1963 and 1974.[59] Since 1974, Turkey refuses to acknowledge the Republic of Cyprus (an EU member since 2004) as the sole authority on the island, and recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in the north. Turkey and Turkish Cypriots backed the 2004 Annan Plan for Cyprus aimed at the reunification of the island, but the plan was subsequently rejected by Greek Cypriots on the grounds that it did not meet their needs. According to Greek Cypriots, the latest proposal included maintained residence rights for the many Anatolian Turks that were brought to Cyprus after the invasion and their descendants, and Greek Cypriots who lost their property after the Turkish invasion would be granted only a restricted right of return.[citation needed] Although the outcome received much criticism in the EU as well, the Republic of Cyprus was admitted into the EU a week after the referendum.

The Turkish government has refused to officially recognise the state of Republic of Cyprus until the removal of the political and economic blockade on the TRNC. Turkey's non-recognition of the Republic of Cyprus has led to complications within the Customs Union. Under the customs agreements Turkey already signed as a precondition to start negotiations in 2005, it is obliged to open its ports to Cypriot planes and vessels, but Turkey refuses this and insists it will only do so after the EU proposal to open up direct trade with the Turkish Cypriots and provide €259,000,000 in funds to help them upgrade their infrastructure is fulfilled. Greek Cypriots have subsequently threatened to veto accession talks unless Turkey complies.[citation needed]

Greece

Further information: [[:Greco-Turkish relations]]

Greece has been supportive overall of Turkish membership, with Greek Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis declaring, "Full compliance, full accession" in December 2006.[60] In 2005 the European Commission referred to relations between Turkey and Greece as "continuing to develop positively"[61] while also citing the lack of progress made by Turkey in dropping their claim of casus belli over a dispute about territorial waters boundaries.[61]

Religion

Further information: Religion in Turkey and Secularism in Turkey
View of the Ottoman Neo-Baroque style Ortaköy Mosque on the Bosporus, as seen from the Ortaköy pier square
The Church of St. Peter in Antakya (Antioch) was established by Peter the Apostle and is the location where the followers of Jesus were called Christians for the first time in history

Turkey has a secular constitution, with no official state religion.[62] Nominally, though, 99% of the Turkish population is Muslim[63][64] of whom over 70% belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. A sizeable minority, about over 25% of the Muslim population, is affiliated with the Shi'a Alevi sect.[65] The Bektashi belong to a Sufi order of Islam that is indigenous to Turkey, but also has numerous followers in the Balkan peninsula, particularly in Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria. The Christians (Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, Gregorian, Syriac, Protestant) and Jews (Sephardic, Ashkenazi) are the two other sizable religious minorities in the country. Turkey would be the first Muslim-majority country to join the European Union, although Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina, also Muslim-majority, have been recognized as potential candidate countries.[66]

Jesus and the twelve Apostles depicted on the walls of an early Christian cave church in Cappadocia

The number of practising Muslims, Christians, Jews or followers of other faiths is not known, because newborn babies are automatically registered to the faith of their parents (in most cases the father) and this remains as such on their identification papers, unless they have it changed or removed with a court's order after reaching the age of 18. Official population census polls in Turkey do not include information regarding a person's religious belief or ethnic background due to the regulations set by the Turkish constitution, which defines all citizens of the Republic of Turkey as Turkish in terms of nationality, regardless of faith or race.[67]

There is a strong tradition of secularism in Turkey. The state has no official religion nor promotes any, and actively monitors the area between the religions.[68] The constitution recognizes the freedom of religion for individuals, whereas religious communities are placed under the protection of the state; but the constitution explicitly states that they cannot become involved in the political process (by forming a religious party, for instance) or establish faith-based schools. No party can claim that it represents a form of religious belief; nevertheless, religious sensibilities are generally represented through conservative parties.[68] Turkey prohibits by law the wearing of religious headcover and theo-political symbolic garments for both genders in government buildings, schools, and universities;[69] the law was upheld by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights as "legitimate" in the Leyla Şahin v. Turkey case on 10 November 2005.[70]

Article 301

Main articles: Censorship in Turkey and Article 301

Article 301 states that "a person who publicly insults the Turkish nation, the State of the Republic of Turkey, or the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, shall be punishable by imprisonment of between six months and two years." and also that "expressions of thought intended to criticise shall not constitute a crime."'

The EU was especially critical of this law during the September 2005 trial of novelist Orhan Pamuk over comments that recognized the deaths of thirty thousand Kurds and a million Armenians. Enlargement commissioner Olli Rehn and members of the European Parliament called the case "regrettable", "most unfortunate", and "unacceptable".[71] After the case was dropped three months later, Turkey's Foreign Minister Abdullah Gül indicated that Turkey may abandon or modify Article 301, stating that "there may be need for a new law".[72] In September 2006, the European Parliament called for the abolition of laws, such as Article 301, "which threaten European free speech norms".[73] On April 30, 2008, the law was reformed.[74] According to the reform, it is now a crime to explicitly insult the "Turkish nation" rather than "Turkishness"; opening court cases based on Article 301 require the approval of the Justice Minister; and the maximum punishment has been reduced to two years in jail.[74]

Kemal Kerinçsiz, an ultra-nationalist lawyer, and other members of Büyük Hukukçular Birliği (Great Jurists Union) headed by Kerinçsiz, have been "behind nearly all of [Article 301] trials."[75] In January 2008, Kerinçsiz was arrested for participating in an ultra-nationalist underground organization, Ergenekon, allegedly behind the attacks on the Turkish Council of State and Cumhuriyet newspaper,[76] the assassination of several Christian missionaries and Armenian-Turkish journalist Hrant Dink,[77] as well as allegedly plotting the assassination of Nobel laureate Orhan Pamuk.[78][79]

Women's rights

Eighteen female MPs joined the Turkish Parliament with the 1935 general elections, at a time when women in a significant number of other European countries had no voting rights. In 1993 Tansu Çiller became the first female Prime Minister of Turkey.

Turkey was one of the first countries in Europe to give women the right to vote, in 1930, for municipal elections. In 1934 this right was expanded for the parliamentary (national) elections, while women were also given the right for becoming elected as MPs in the Turkish Parliament, or for being appointed as Ministers, Prime Minister, Speaker of the Parliament and President of the Republic. Eighteen female MPs joined the Turkish Parliament with the 1935 general elections, at a time when women in a significant number of other European countries had no voting rights. In 1993 Tansu Çiller became the first female Prime Minister of Turkey.

In its second report on women's role in social, economic and political life in Turkey, the European Parliament emphasized that respecting human rights, including women’s rights, is a condition sine qua non for Turkey's membership of the EU. According to the report, Turkey's legal framework on women's rights "has in general been satisfactory, but its substantive implementation remains flawed.

Wobbie was here !"[80]

Conscientious objectors

Turkey is one of the two states (with Azerbaijan) among the 47 members of the Council of Europe which has refused to recognize the status of conscientious objectors or give them an alternative to military service.[81]

Public reactions

In the EU

Public opinion in EU countries generally opposes Turkish membership, though with varying degrees of intensity. The Eurobarometer September-October 2006 survey [82] shows that 59% of EU-27 citizens are against Turkey joining the EU, while only about 28% are in favour. Nearly all citizens (about 9 in 10) expressed concerns about human rights as the leading cause. In the earlier March-May 2006 Eurobarometer, citizens from the new member states were more in favour of Turkey joining (44% in favour) than the old EU-15 (38% in favour). At the time of the survey, the country whose population most strongly opposed Turkish membership was Austria (con: 81%), while Romania was most in favour of the accession (pro: 66%). On a wider political scope, the highest support comes from the Turkish Cypriot Community (pro: 67%) (which is not recognised as sovereign state and is de facto not EU territory and out of the European institutions). These communities are even more in favour of the accession than the Turkish populace itself (pro: 54%).[83] Opposition in Denmark to Turkish membership was polled at 60% in October 2007, despite the Danish government's support for Turkey's EU bid.[84]

In Turkey

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The opening of membership talks with the EU in December 2004 was celebrated by Turkey with much fanfare,[85] but the Turkish populace has become increasingly skeptical as negotiations are delayed based on what it views as lukewarm support for its accession to the EU and alleged double standards in its negotiations particularly with regard to the French and Austrian referendums. A mid-2006 Eurobarometer survey revealed that 43% of Turkish citizens view the EU positively; just 35% trust the EU, 45% support enlargement and just 29% support an EU constitution.[86]

Official point of view

  • Former French President Jacques Chirac, a supporter of the accession of Turkey into the EU, had to agree that the amendment to the French constitution authorising the ratification of the proposed European Constitution[87] contains a clause saying that a referendum is required before France can give its approval to Turkey or other future candidates to the European Union (the amendment excludes states that have already signed agreements).[88] Some politicians opposed to the constitutional treaty, such as Philippe de Villiers, argued that the treaty paved the way to Turkish membership, which they deem highly undesirable.
  • Current French President, Nicolas Sarkozy, unlike his predecessor, opposes the entrance of Turkey in the European Union, but wishes Turkey to remain a partner of Europe. He has also often mentioned geographical reasons to justify his position, thus saying "I do not believe that Turkey belongs to Europe, and for a simple reason: because it is in Asia Minor. What I wish to offer Turkey is a true partnership with Europe, but not integration into Europe".[89]
  • Former Austrian Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel has said that he may hold a referendum on the issue. Recently, Austrian President Heinz Fischer has strongly suggested a pan-European referendum on the issue, given its great importance for the future of the EU. Recent Greek governments supported Turkish membership hoping that Turkey would soften up its stance in a number of issues of conflict between Turkey and Greece during the process of and after joining the EU. However, opinion polls from the end of December 2004 show that opposition is twice as strong among the Greek public as support.[citation needed]
  • European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso said that Turkey is not ready to join the EU "tomorrow nor the day after tomorrow", but its membership negotiations should continue. He also called on France and other member states to honour the decision to continue accession talks, describing it as a matter of credibility for the Union.[90]
  • The EU Progress Report from 9 November 2005 stated that:

"On 29 July 2005, Turkey signed the Additional Protocol adapting the EC Turkey Association Agreement to the accession of 10 new countries on 1 May 2004. At the same time, Turkey issued a declaration stating that signature of the Additional Protocol did not amount to recognition of the Republic of Cyprus. On 21 September, the EU adopted a counter-declaration indicating that Turkey’s declaration was unilateral, did not form part of the Protocol and had no legal effect on Turkey’s obligations under the Protocol. The EU declaration stressed that recognition of all Member States was a necessary component of the accession process. It also underlined the need for supporting the efforts of the Secretary General of the UN to bring about a comprehensive settlement of the Cyprus problem which would contribute to peace, stability and harmonious relations in the region."[91]

  • In November 2006, the BBC reported that the European Commission members had decided to suspend parts of the talks with Turkey regarding accession, as Turkish officials said that they will not open Turkish ports to traffic from Republic of Cyprus until the EU eases its embargo on Turkish-controlled northern Cyprus.[92]
  • During his 2009 campaign, Geert Wilders, an MP of the Netherlands and leader of the Dutch Freedom Party, stated, “Turkey as [an] Islamic country should never be in the EU, not in 10 years, not in a million years.”[93]

See also

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