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{{Infobox Skyscraper
{{Infobox Skyscraper
|building_name=1 World Trade Center<BR>''Freedom Tower''
|building_name=1 World Trade Center<BR>''Freedom Tower''
|image=[[Image:1 World Trade Center.jpg|250px]]
|image=[[Image:Freedom_Tower_New.jpg|250px]]
|caption=
|caption=
|use=[[Office]], [[Dining]], [[Observation]], [[Retail]], [[WTO]]
|use=[[Office]], [[Dining]], [[Observation]], [[Retail]], [[WTO]]

Revision as of 09:36, 10 December 2009

"Freedom Tower" redirects here. For other uses, see Freedom Tower (disambiguation).
For the building complex destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks, see World Trade Center.
1 World Trade Center
Freedom Tower
File:Freedom Tower New.jpg
Map
General information
LocationNew York City, United States
Estimated completionApril 2013 (target)[2]
Opening4Q 2013
Height
Antenna spire1,776 ft (541.3 m)
Roof1,368 ft (417 m)
Top floor1,362 ft (415 m)
Technical details
Floor count108[1]
Floor area2,600,000 sq ft (242,000 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s)David Childs (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill), Thomas Boada
DeveloperPort Authority of New York and Pennsylvania
EngineerWSP Cantor Seinuk

1 World Trade Center, also known by its nickname and former name Freedom Tower,[3] is the main building of the new World Trade Center under construction in Lower Manhattan in New York City, USA.[4] The tower will be located in the northwest corner of the 16-acre (65,000 m²) World Trade Center site, bound by Vesey, West, Washington and Fulton streets.[5] Construction on below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the 1,776-foot (541 m)[6][7] building began on April 27, 2006.[8] On December 19, 2006, the first steel columns were installed in the building's foundation. Three other high-rise office buildings are planned for the site along Greenwich Street, and they will surround the World Trade Center Memorial, which is under construction. The area will also be home to a museum dedicated to the history of the site. On March 26, 2009, the Port Authority said that the building will be known as 'One World Trade Center,' replacing its former name 'Freedom Tower.'[3] When completed, 1 World Trade Center will be among the tallest buildings in the world and the tallest in the United States. [9][10]

History

Following the destruction of the World Trade Center towers in the September 11, 2001 attacks, there was much debate regarding the future of the World Trade Center site. Proposals began almost immediately, and by 2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation organized a competition to determine how to use the land. Public rejection of the first round of designs, the "Preliminary Design Concepts," led to a second, more open competition in December 2002, the "Innovative Design Study," in which a design by Daniel Libeskind was selected. This design went through many revisions,[11] largely because of disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein, who held the lease to the World Trade Center site on September 11, 2001.

A final design for the tower was formally unveiled on June 28, 2006. To satisfy security issues raised by the New York City Police Department, a 187 foot (57 m) concrete base was added in April of that year. The final design included plans to clad the base in glass prisms to address criticism that the base looked like a "concrete bunker." Contrasting with Libeskind's plan, the final design tapers the corners of the base outward as they rise. Its designers stated that the tower will be a "monolithic glass structure reflecting the sky and topped by a sculpted antenna." Commenting on a completion date, Larry Silverstein stated "By 2012 we should have a completely rebuilt World Trade Center more magnificent, more spectacular than it ever was."[12] On April 26, 2006, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey approved a conceptual framework that enabled foundation construction to begin while a formal agreement was drafted on the following day, the 75th anniversary of the opening of the Empire State Building. Construction began with a formal ceremony that took place when the construction team arrived.[13] It is projected that the building's topping out will occur in 2011. The building is projected to be ready for occupancy at some point in 2013.

Architecture

Many remaining vestiges of the concepts drawn from the 2002 competition have since been discarded. 1 World Trade Center will now consist of simple symmetries and a more traditional design intended to bear comparison with selected elements of the existing New York skyline. There will now be a central spire drawing from precedents such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building (and also visually reminiscent of Tower 1 of the old World Trade Center) rather than an off-center spire intended to echo the Statue of Liberty.

According to David Childs, the project architect of the new 1 World Trade Center:[14]

Freedom Tower will be a symbol of the entire project, as well as marking the memorial, and it occupies a very important piece of New York City property: the sky. We really wanted our design to be grounded in something that was very real, not just in sculptural sketches. We explored the infrastructural challenges because the proper solution would have to be compelling, not just beautiful. The design does have great sculptural implications, and we fully understand the iconic importance of the tower, but it also has to be a highly efficient building. The discourse about Freedom Tower has often been limited to the symbolic, formal and aesthetic aspects but we recognize that if this building doesn't function well, if people don't want to work and visit there, then we will have failed as architects.

Design

World Trade Center
Towers
Other elements
Artwork
History

1 World Trade Center's program includes 2.6 million square feet (241,000 square meters) of office space, as well as an observation deck, world-class restaurant, parking, and broadcast and antenna facilities, all supported by both above and below-ground mechanical infrastructure for the building and its adjacent public spaces. Below-ground tenant parking and storage, shopping and access to the PATH and subway trains and the World Financial Center are also provided.

A 60-foot-high (18 m) public lobby topped by a series of mechanical floors form a 200-foot-square (61 m) building base. 69 tenant floors rise above the base to 1,120 feet (341 m) elevation. Mechanical floors restaurants and observation decks culminate in an observation deck and glass parapet that mark 1,362 feet (415 m) and 1,368 feet (417 m) respectively — the heights of the original Twin Towers. A shrouded antenna structure supported by cables, engineered by Schlaich Bergermann & Partner rises to a total height of 1,776 feet (541 m), which is symbolic of the year the United States Declaration of Independence was signed (July 4, 1776).

The tower rises from a cubic base whose square plan—200 feet by 200 feet—(61 m by 61 m) will be almost as wide as the 208 feet (63 m) Twin Towers. The base will be clad in more than 2,000 pieces of prismatic glass; each measures 4 feet by 13 feet 4 inches (1.21 m by 4.06 m) with varying depths. It has been designed to draw upon the themes of motion and light; a shimmering glass surface drapes the tower's base and imparts a dynamic fluidity of form whose appearance will reflect its surroundings. Just as the rest of the building, the base will serve as a glowing beacon. Cable-net glass facades on all four sides of the buildings, again designed by Schlaich Bergermann, measure 60 feet (18 m) high and range in width from 30 feet (9 m) on the east and west sides (for access to the restaurant and observation deck, respectively) to 50 feet (15 m) on the north side and 70 feet (21 m) on the south for primary tenant access, activate the building at street level.[citation needed]

As the tower itself rises from this cubic base, its square edges are chamfered back, transforming the square into eight tall isosceles triangles in elevation, or an elongated square antiprism.[15] At its middle, the tower forms a perfect octagon in plan and then culminates in a glass parapet (elevation 1,362 feet (415 m) and 1,368 feet (417 m)) whose plan is a square, rotated 45 degrees from the base. A mast containing an antenna for television broadcasters—designed by a collaboration between SOM, artist Kenneth Snelson (who invented the tensegrity structure), lighting designers and engineers—and secured by a system of cables, rises from a circular support ring, similar to the Statue of Liberty's torch, to a height of 1,776 feet (541 m). The spire will be an intense beam of light that will be lit at night and will likely be visible over a thousand feet (305 m) into the air above the tower.

Other new safety features will include 3 feet (91 cm) thick re-enforced concrete walls for all stairwells, elevator shafts, risers, and sprinkler systems; extremely wide "emergency stairs"; a dedicated set of stairwells exclusively for the use of firefighters; and biological and chemical filters throughout its ventilation system. The building will no longer be 25 feet (8 m) away from West Street—with the redesign and smaller base (the same width and length now as each of the previous towers), 1 World Trade Center will average 90 feet (27 m) away from the street.[16] At its closest point, West Street will be 65 feet (20 m) away. The windows on the side of the building facing in this direction will be equipped with specially tempered blast-resistant plastic, which will look nearly the same as the glass used in the other sides of the building.

"Ultra-clear" glass, as opposed to reflective or tinted glass, is proposed for the tower's windows. This will benefit internal daylight propagation; at this stage it is unclear how the corresponding issue of solar heat gain will be addressed. 1 World Trade Center will be green in several ways. Although the roof area of any tower is comparatively limited, the building will implement a rainwater recycling scheme involving rainwater collection. 1 World Trade Center is on track for a Gold Certification by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design.[17]

"Its structure is designed around a strong, redundant steel moment frame consisting of beams and columns connected by a combination of welding and bolting. Paired with a concrete-core shear wall, the moment frame lends substantial rigidity and redundancy to the overall building structure while providing column-free interior spans for maximum flexibility."[17]

Like all of the new facilities at the World Trade Center site, 1 World Trade Center will be heated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities located on site.[18]

Height

The roof (including a 33' 4" parapet) of the top floor of 1 World Trade Center will be 1,368 feet (417 m), the same as the original One World Trade Center.[19] With its spire height (the criteria of two categories of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat), 1 World Trade Center will stand at a symbolic 1,776 feet (541 m), marking 1776, the year of the signing of the American Declaration of Independence.

1 World Trade Center was originally planned to be the tallest building in the world, but will no longer obtain this title, as the Burj Dubai has already broken the record for the tallest building at 2,684 feet (818 m).

With a pinnacle height of 1,776 feet (541 m), 1 World Trade Center will surpass the Taipei 101 (1,667 feet (508 m)) to become the tallest all-office building in the world. It will also be the tallest building in the Americas and the second-tallest free-standing structure in the Americas, surpassed only by the CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario (1,815 feet (553 m))). The Chicago Spire (with a planned height of 2,000 feet (610 m)) was expected to exceed the height of 1 World Trade Center but its construction has been halted due to financial difficulties and its completion remains uncertain.

The World Trade Center's South Tower had an outdoor rooftop observation deck at 1,380 feet (420 m) and another indoor observation deck at 1,310 feet (399 m).[20] 1 World Trade Center's indoor observation deck, at a height of 1,266 feet (386 m), will not be as high as either of the observation decks destroyed in the South Tower.[17]

Space allotment

1 World Trade Center will have a top floor denoted as 108.[21] The first office floor of the building atop the 200 foot square base will be designated as Floor 20 and the building will have 94 usable above-ground floors.[22][23] 69 floors will be designated as office floors,[24] and a restaurant will make up Floors 100 and 101, while an observation deck will be at Floor 102.[25] Additionally, roughly 55,000 square feet (5,100 m2) of retail space will exist below-grade, part of an overall 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of retail space to be spread throughout the site both in the below-grade concourses and on the lower floors of Towers 2, 3, and 4.[26]

Tenants

The State of New York has agreed to a 15-year lease of 415,000 square feet (38,550 square meters) of space inside 1 WTC, with an option to extend the term of the lease and occupy up to 1,000,000 square feet (92,900 square meters).[27] The General Services Administration (GSA) has agreed to lease approximately 645,000 square feet (59,900 square meters) of space,[18][27] New York State's Office of General Services (OGS) plans to lease approximately 412,000 square feet (38,275 square meters) of space. In April 2008, the Port Authority announced that it was seeking a bidder to operate an 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2) observation deck on the tower's 102nd floor.[28]

The building's first lease was announced on March 28, 2009, as a joint project between the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and Vantone Industrial Co. based in Beijing, that will create a 190,810 sq ft (17,727 m2) "China Center", a business and cultural facility located between floors 64 and 69, that is said will represent business and cultural communities in China and serve as a hub for Chinese firms developing United States operations, as well as for US companies that wish to conduct business in China. The lease is for 20 years and 9 months.[29]

The chairman of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey has stated that "One World Trade Center" is the name "that we're using" and that the name is the "easiest for people to identify with."[30][31]

Construction history

2004 to 2006

The symbolic cornerstone of 1 World Trade Center was laid down in a ceremony on July 4, 2004[32] and further construction of the tower was stalled until 2006. The cornerstone was temporarily removed from the site on June 23, 2006.[33] The project had been delayed due to acrimonious disputes over money, security, and design but the last major issues were resolved on April 26, 2006 with a deal between developer Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. During the summer of 2006, test explosives were detonated at the World Trade Center construction site, testing the use of charges to clear bedrock for 1 World Trade Center’s foundation. Three to four controlled explosions per day followed on alternating weekdays for approximately two months after.

2006 to 2007

One World Trade Center Tower Construction as of August 7, 2007.

On November 18, 2006, 400 cubic yards (306 cubic meters) of concrete were poured onto the foundation of the 1 World Trade Center carried by as many as 40 trucks. On December 17, 2006, a ceremony was held in Battery Park City, with the public invited to sign a 30-foot (9 m) steel beam.[34] This beam, the first to be installed, was welded on to the Freedom Tower's base on December 19, 2006.[35] On January 9, 2007, a second set of beams was welded to the top of the first set.

February 2007 estimates put the cost for construction of 1 WTC at $3 billion, or $1,150 per square foot ($12,380 per square meter).[36] Approximately $1 billion of insurance money recouped by Silverstein is slated for construction of the Freedom Tower.[36] The State of New York is expected to provide $250 million toward construction costs, and the Port Authority would finance another $1 billion for 1 WTC, through bonds.[37]

In 2007, Tishman Construction Corporation of New York completed a row of steel columns at the perimeter of the construction site. Two tower crane bases were erected, each base containing a functioning luffing-jib tower crane. By the end of 2007, the tower’s footings and foundations were nearly complete.[38]

2008

In January 2008, two construction cranes were placed at the construction site of 1 World Trade Center. The tower's concrete core began the same year on the basement floors, but began rising in the first months of 2008.[38] By February 22, 2008, 9,400 tons of the nearly 50,000 tons of steel necessary for the Freedom Tower had been ordered.[39] By March 13, 2008, the steel for the tower had reached 70 feet (21 m) high, 10 feet (3.0 m) below street level.[40][41] From late March through early April, a 40-foot (12 m) tall mockup of a section of the tower's wall with 24 windows was tested by Construction Consulting Laboratory West in Ontario, California. The two weeks of testing were done to make sure the all-glass exterior of the tower will be able to withstand earthquakes and extreme weather conditions.[42] Testing also took place on another full-scale mockup in a rural area south of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Both mockups passed the tests.[43] In the middle of April, a batch of concrete had to be replaced after it failed a stress test April 15.[44]

On May 17, 2008, the tower's steel breached street level when new sections were bolted to two of the 24 jumbo steel columns marking the building's footprint. The new column sections brought the height of the structure up to 15 feet (4.6 m) above street level.[45] In June, the chamfered steel skeleton of the tower's concrete base had begun to take shape.[46] By the end of the month, the concrete had been poured for the floor of the tower's basement level B3.[47] In his June 30, 2008 World Trade Center Rebuilding Assessment to New York Governor David Paterson, Port Authority executive director Chris Ward noted that "approximately 90 percent of the Freedom Tower contracts have been bid or are ready to award."[48] By August, 1 WTC had reached Template:Ft to m above street level.[49] During its September 16 meeting, the Port Authority board approved contracts for security and building management systems;[50] 95% of the contracts needed to complete the tower had now been signed.[51] The $20 million security contract includes sophisticated video analysis in which computers would alert security personnel to abnormal situations automatically.[52] On October 10, Collavino Construction poured an additional 520 cubic yards of concrete for the tower's concrete core, which was thereby raised from four inches (102 mm) below street level to 13 feet (4.0 m), eight inches (203 mm) above street level.[53]

2009

One World Trade Center Site on July 12, 2009.

On February 11, 2009, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey website posted a picture of 1 WTC showing that it was 105 feet (32 m) above street level.[54] On April 20, 2009, a picture was posted showing that one of the cranes jumped up 68 feet.[55] On July 2, 2009, over 1200 cubic yards of concrete were poured to form parts of the street-level plaza. As of July 31 the building was 105 ft above street level.[56]

On August 13, the builders of 1 WTC set a 70-ton piece of steel into place—the largest column installed yet at the building. All twenty-four of the columns had been installed at the end of October. Each steel column—made at a factory in Luxembourg—is about 60 feet long. The columns at the bottom of the tower's foundation are about 35 feet long.[57]

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey cited in the 3rd Quarter Annual Report for 2009 that steel erection should commence by January of 2010. Afterwards, the typical floor construction can begin.[58]

Future progress

1 WTC was expected to reach rooftop level by the end of 2010 with topping out by 2011. However in an October 2, 2008 follow-up report by Ward, the estimated completion of the tower was pushed back to some time between the second and fourth quarter of 2013 with a total budget of $3.1 billion and the use of 46,000 tons of steel.[2]

The New York Daily News reported on August 4, 2009 that construction projects were even further behind schedule than officials acknowledged. 1 WTC is reportedly not to be completed until 2018, a full 17 years after the destruction of the World Trade Center.[59] In addition to the delays of 1 WTC, the Transit Hub is not expected to be ready until 2018 and the September 11 memorial is not expected to be completed until 2013.[60] The Port Authority of New York has strongly disputed these reports and announced that they will be able to meet the original deadlines they set for the tower and memorial.[61]

  • Concrete construction, as of October 7, 2006
    Concrete construction, as of October 7, 2006
  • Steel Installation, as of March 26, 2007
    Steel Installation, as of March 26, 2007
  • Foundation Construction, as of October 7, 2007
    Foundation Construction, as of October 7, 2007
  • Construction progress as of January 21, 2008
    Construction progress as of January 21, 2008
  • Concrete foundation as of April 20, 2008
    Concrete foundation as of April 20, 2008
  • Construction progress as of September 10, 2008
    Construction progress as of September 10, 2008
  • World Trade Center above street level, February 28, 2009
    World Trade Center above street level, February 28, 2009
  • 1 World Trade Center Construction as viewed from street level, July 29, 2009
    1 World Trade Center Construction as viewed from street level, July 29, 2009
  • The final lobby column was installed, October 31, 2009
    The final lobby column was installed, October 31, 2009

Controversy

Further information: [[:World Trade Center rebuilding controversy]]

The design of 1 WTC has generated some controversy due to the limited number of floors in the previous design (82) that were designated for office space and other amenities. The overall office space of the entire rebuilt world trade center will be over 3 million square feet less than that of the old one. The floor limit was imposed by Silverstein, who expressed concern that higher floors would be a liability in another major accident or terrorist attack. In a subsequent redesign, the highest occupiable space became comparable to the World Trade Center.

After the destruction of the Twin Towers there was an unofficial movement (which as of June 2009 is still active)[62] to rebuild the lost towers instead of building a single tower. Developer Donald Trump also unveiled a twin design, but he was not affiliated with the official project. The twin design would look similar to the original twin towers, but the buildings would be considerably taller with improved safety measures and would feature much larger windows.

Former New York Governor George Pataki faced accusations of cronyism for supposedly using his influence to get the winning architect's bid picked as a personal favor for a close friend.[63]

The base of the tower (fortified because of security concerns) has also been a source of controversy. A number of critics (notably Deroy Murdock of the National Review) have suggested that it is alienating and dull, and reflects a sense of fear rather than freedom, leading them to dub the project "the Fear Tower."[64][65] Nicolai Ouroussoff, the architecture critic for the New York Times, calls the tower base decorations a "grotesque attempt to disguise its underlying paranoia".[66]

Key people

Larry Silverstein

Larry Silverstein of Silverstein Properties, the leaseholder and developer of the complex, will retain control of the surrounding buildings, while the Port Authority gets full control of the tower itself. Silverstein signed a 99-year lease for the World Trade Center site in July 2001. Silverstein's insurance payout has been a subject of public discourse, as he maintained that the two planes constituted two separate attacks and sued for an extra $3.5 billion. Silverstein has pledged to support the reconstruction and remains actively involved in most aspects of the redevelopment process.

David Childs

David Childs, one of Larry Silverstein's favorite architects, initially came on board thanks to Silverstein's insistence, and developed a proposal for 1 WTC in collaboration with Daniel Libeskind, a design which was revised in May 2005 to address security concerns. He is the project architect of the new 1 WTC, and is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day design development from rough inception to final completion.

Daniel Libeskind

Daniel Libeskind won the 2002 competition to develop a master plan for the World Trade Center's redevelopment.

The award-winning modern architect Daniel Libeskind won the invitational competition to develop a master plan for the World Trade Center's redevelopment in 2002. He included an initial proposal for the design of 1 WTC, a building with aerial gardens and windmills with an off-center spire. It was also Libeskind who denied a request to place the tower in a more rentable location next to the PATH station and instead placed it a block west because in profile it would line up and resemble the Statue of Liberty. Although these designs have since been changed, his contributions continue to shape the design and development at Ground Zero, as they are revised to meet economic and security realities.

Dan Tishman

Dan Tishman, along with his father John Tishman, builder of the original World Trade Center, is leading the construction management effort for Tishman Realty & Construction, the selected builder for 1 WTC.

See also

References

  1. ^ Skyscraperpage.com: One WTC
  2. ^ a b Ward, Chris (2008). World Trade Center Report: A Roadmap Forward (PDF) (Report). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. p. 26. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
  3. ^ a b "Freedom Tower has a new preferred name". Associated Press. March 26, 2009. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey chairman Anthony Coscia says the agency refers to the building as One World Trade Center. He says it's the building's legal name and "the one that's easiest for people to identify with."(dead link)
  4. ^ "Freedom Tower: About the Building". Silverstein Properties. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
  5. ^ "Building Features". wtc.com. 2007. Retrieved March 19, 2007. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help)
  6. ^ "Building of N.Y. Freedom Tower begins". Associated Press. 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2009. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ Charles V. Bagli (2006). "U.S. and New York Plan to Occupy Freedom Tower". New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2009. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  8. ^ Amy, Westfeldt (April 27, 2006). "Construction Begins at Ground Zero". Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved January 18, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |curly= (help)
  9. ^ Skyscraperpage.com, tallest buildings in NY
  10. ^ Skyscraperpage.com Tallest buildings under construction in the world
  11. ^ New York Times: "Freedom Tower's Evolution"
  12. ^ "Architects in New York unveil new Freedom Tower". Reuters. June 29, 2006.
  13. ^ "Trucks roll to begin Freedom Tower construction". New York Daily News. April 27, 2006.
  14. ^ Interview with David Childs (cont'd) Accessed October 12, 2007
  15. ^ http://www.glasssteelandstone.com/BuildingDetail/439.php
  16. ^ "SOM Freedom Tower Fact Sheet" (PDF) (Press release). Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. June 2005.
  17. ^ a b c http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/freedom_tower.html
  18. ^ a b Dunlap, David W. (July 9, 2008). "Answers About Ground Zero Rebuilding". New York Times. New York, New York: New York Times Co. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  19. ^ "Redesign Puts Freedom Tower on a Fortified Base". New York Times. June 30, 2005. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
  20. ^ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802EED7133CF932A25757C0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all
  21. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/03/27/no.freedom.tower/index.html
  22. ^ http://www.wtc.com/about/freedom-tower/freedom-tower-design
  23. ^ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E6D6123FF935A15754C0A9639C8B63
  24. ^ http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/20080641318904?f=rss
  25. ^ "Revised design for Freedom Tower unveiled". New York Times. June 28, 2006.
  26. ^ Freedom Tower || About the World Trade Center || World Trade Center ||
  27. ^ a b "Gov. Pataki, Governor Corzine, Mayor Bloomberg Announce Agreements to Occupy Freedom Tower". US States News. September 17, 2006.
  28. ^ Feiden, Douglas (April 10, 2008). "Freedom Tower to open observation deck on 102nd floor". Daily News. New York, New York: Mortimer Zuckerman.
  29. ^ "Owners drop Freedom Tower name for new WTC skyscraper". CNN. March 28, 2009.
  30. ^ "Freedom Tower has a new preferred name". Associated Press. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009. Officials heading the agency that owns the site confirmed Thursday that the name had long ago taken second place to its official title: One World Trade Center.
  31. ^ "The World Trade Centre Slow building". The Economist. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2009. The Port Authority is not willing to risk public money. It has its own problems. Last month it quietly renamed the Freedom Tower "One World Trade Centre," which is the legal address. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 71 (help)
  32. ^ "Governor Pataki, Governor McGreevey, Mayor Bloomberg Lay Cornerstone for Freedom Tower" (Press release). Office of the Governor of New York State. July 4, 2004.
  33. ^ "Cornerstone of Freedom Tower removed". CBS News. June 25, 2006.
  34. ^ Chan, Sewell (December 18, 2006). "Messages of Love and Hope on a Freedom Tower Beam". The New York Times.
  35. ^ "First Freedom Tower Beam Rises At Ground Zero". WCBS-TVV. December 19, 2006.
  36. ^ a b Nordenson, Guy (February 16, 2007). "Freedom From Fear". The New York Times.
  37. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (February 13, 2007). "Spitzer, in Reversal, Is Expected to Approve Freedom Tower, Officials Say". The New York Times.
  38. ^ a b "Statement by Port Authority Regarding Preparation of Towers 3 and 4 Bathtub at WTC Site to Allow Silverstein Properties to Begin Construction in January" (Press release). Port Authority of New York & New Jersey. December 31, 2007.
  39. ^ Westfeldt, Amy (February 22, 2008). "Long Journey of Freedom Tower Steel". Associated Press.
  40. ^ Ritter, Ian (March 13, 2008). "Silverstein: WTC Still on Track for 2012 Finish". GlobeSt.com.
  41. ^ "Rising from the Pit". WTC.com. March 17, 2008.
  42. ^ Topousis, Tom (April 1, 2008). "'FREEDOM' RATTLED". New York Post. New York, New York: News Corporation.
  43. ^ Dunlap, David W. (April 9, 2008). "Replicas of New Tower Endure Nature's Fury and a Test Blast". New York Times. New York, New York: New York Times Co.
  44. ^ "Weak Concrete Foundation Removed From Freedom Tower". NY1. New York, New York. April 16, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
  45. ^ Dunlap, David W. (May 19, 2008). "Not Yet on the Skyline, but Above Street Level". New York Times. New York, New York: New York Times Co.
  46. ^ Dunlap, David W. (June 19, 2008). "Chamfer, Anyone? Cutting Corners on a Large Scale". New York Times. New York, New York: New York Times Co. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  47. ^ Dunlap, David W. (July 3, 2008). "The Choreography (Quickly!) of Concrete". New York Times. New York, New York: New York Times Co. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
  48. ^ Ward, Chris (2008). World Trade Center Site Update (PDF) (Report). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. p. 13. Retrieved June 30, 2008.
  49. ^ Frazier, Michael (August 17, 2008). "Construction progress slow at World Trade Center site". Newsday. Melville, New York: Newsday Inc.
  50. ^ "Port Authority Board Takes Action on Several items" (Press release). Port Authority of New York & New Jersey. September 16, 2008.
  51. ^ Hennelly, Bob (September 16, 2008). "Port Authority Approves Freedom Tower Contracts". WNYC. Retrieved September 18, 2008.
  52. ^ Dunlap, David W. (September 24, 2008). "Unblinking Eyes, for $20 Million, at Freedom Tower". New York Times. New York, New York: New York Times Co. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
  53. ^ Dunlap, David W. (October 20, 2008). "Phantom Freedom Tower Visible to All". New York Times. New York, New York: New York Times Co. Retrieved October 21, 2008.
  54. ^ "Image Gallery". New York, New York: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. February 11, 2009. Retrieved February 21, 2009.
  55. ^ http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/video-gallery.html
  56. ^ Gallons and Gallons of Concrete Shape Plaza at Ground Zero - City Room Blog - NYTimes.com
  57. ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32391977/ns/us_news-life/
  58. ^ [http://www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/pdf/3Q2009_Report.pdf/World Trade Center Quarterly Report 3rd Quarter 2009 - Panynj.gov]
  59. ^ http://gothamist.com/2009/08/04/more_wtc_squabbling_freedom_tower_m.php
  60. ^ http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/08/04/national/main5211477.shtml
  61. ^ "Report: Freedom Tower Far Behind Schedule (2018?)", WCBS-TV New York, August 4, 2009, archived from the original on August 16, 2009, retrieved August 14, 2009 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  62. ^ "Thousands Sign Petition To Rebuild".
  63. ^ "America's Freedom Tower?". MSNBC. February 17, 2005.
  64. ^ New York Times letters to the editor: Taking the Measure of the New Freedom Tower
  65. ^ Deroy Murdock on World Trade Center on National Review Online
  66. ^ Design Strikes a Defensive Posture - The Green Zone - Freedom Tower - Caltrans District 7 - New York Times
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freedom Tower.

40°42′46.8″N 74°0′48.6″W / 40.713000°N 74.013500°W / 40.713000; -74.013500

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