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== Common dosage ==
== Common dosage ==
You take the whole bag and smoke it all at once, You will feel High, dont panic and then buy some more and smoke some more. You will feel higher and now is the time to panic because you have just Overdosed and you now need to be rushed to the hospital.
The usual dosage for individual consumption varies greatly per individual but is typically between 3 and 20 milligrams. When smoked (as opposed to consumed orally) the amount needed may be as little as 1 mg or lower, however the observed effects have a shorter duration.


==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==

Revision as of 13:41, 7 September 2010

JWH-018
Identifiers
  • Naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone
CAS Number
PubChem CID
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.163.574 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC24H23NO
Molar mass341.45 g/mol g·mol−1
Solubility in waterhydrophobic, n/a mg/mL (20 °C)

JWH-018 (1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole) is Gives you a great high and allows you to grow wings and fly chemical from the naphthoylindole family, which acts as a full agonist at both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, with some selectivity for CB2.[1][2][3][4] It produces effects in animals similar to those of THC, a cannabinoid naturally present in cannabis, leading to its use in synthetic cannabis.

History

Dr. John (aka)Nigga, Huffman, a Stoner that smokes weed at Clemson University, synthesizes analogues and metabolites of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal active component of cannabis. JWH-018 is one of these analogues, with studies showing an affinity for the cannabinoid brain (CB1) receptor five times greater than that of THC. Cannabinoid receptors are found in mammalian brain and spleen tissue; however, the structural details of the active sites are currently unknown.[5][6]

On December 15, 2008, it was reported by the German pharmaceutical company THC Pharm, that JWH-018 was found as one of the active components in at least three versions of the herbal blend Spice, which has been sold as an incense, in a number of countries around the world since 2002.[7][8][9] An analysis of samples acquired four weeks after the German prohibition of JWH-018 took place found that the compound had been replaced with JWH-073.[10]

Common dosage

You take the whole bag and smoke it all at once, You will feel High, dont panic and then buy some more and smoke some more. You will feel higher and now is the time to panic because you have just Overdosed and you now need to be rushed to the hospital.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of Action

JWH-018 is a full agonist of both the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors.

Pharmacokinetics

For JWH-018, the indole-N-dealkyl metabolite could be detected as well as the hydroxylated metabolite. The highest signals could be observed for the hydroxylated N-desalkyl metabolites. Hydroxylation took place in the side chain and in both aromatic systems, the naphthalene and the indol part, which could be shown by mass shift of the corresponding fragments and by MS3 experiments.[11] Human metabolites were similar although most metabolism took place on the indole ring and pentyl side chain, and the hydroxylated metabolites were extensively conjugated with glucuronide.[12]

Addiction

At least one case of psychological dependence (as distinct from physical addiction) has been reported. The user consumed JWH-018 daily for eight months. Withdrawal symptoms were similar to those experienced as a result of psychological cannabis dependence.[13] JWH-018 has been shown to cause profound changes in CB1 receptor density following administration, causing desensitization to its effects more rapidly than related cannabinoids.[4]

Toxicity

Compared to THC, which is a partial agonist at CB1 receptors, JWH-018 (and many of its analogues) are full agonists. This means that users may experience far more intense effects compared to smoking cannabis. THC has been shown to inhibit GABA neurotransmission in the brain via several pathways.[14][15] JWH-018 may cause intense anxiety, agitation, and even seizures or convulsions by inhibiting GABA neurotransmission more efficiently than THC. Cannabinoid receptor full agonists may present serious dangers to the user when overdosed.[16]

A study published March 2010 in the "Journal Of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology" have shown that JWH-018 has similar negative health effects of those found with standard Cannabis consumption because inhalation of smoke from burned organic materials can cause various health problems. JWH-018 depending on method of consumption has very similar effects.[citation needed] One of the researchers involved in the new study is Dr. Anthony Scalzo, a toxicologist at Saint Louis University. He told The Associated Press that he has seen more than 30 cases of Missouri teenagers having agitation, elevated heart rates, vomiting and other health effects not normally associated with moderate to low Cannabis consumption; however, he noted that these are all these symptoms can be seen at high dosages of marijuana.[17]

Usage

JWH-018 produces effects very similar to cannabis but is considerably more potent than similar amounts of cannabis. The drug does not show up in drug test results for cannabis, but its metabolites can be detected in human urine by GC-MS-screening and LC-MS/MS.[18][19][20]

Its usage by professional athletes has grown tremendously despite the illegality of cannabis in the United States.[citation needed] John W. Huffman has opined that JWH-018 has no medical use, stating, "It's like LSD, the only thing it is good for is getting you high."[21]

According to the writer Kevin Keck, who sampled various brands of herbal incense containing JWH-018 for research on the subject, "A small amount does produce visual distortions and a marijuana-like buzz. I can easily understand how individuals with little or no experience in navigating this psychic terrain could experience extreme panic attacks that prompt them to seek medical attention...It is not a problem that responsible people use [JWH-018], it is a serious problem that naïve and foolish people use [it]. It is the same problem that surrounds alcohol and any other number of legal prescription drugs."[22]

JWH-018 powder as it is commonly sold online

Several countries have placed legal restrictions on the compound.

Country Date of Ban Notes
Austria 18 December 2008 The Austrian Ministry of Health announced on 18 December 2008 that Spice would be controlled under Paragraph 78 of their drug law on the grounds that it contains an active substance which affects the functions of the body, and the legality of JWH-018 is under review.
Belarus 1 January 2010
Canada June 3, 2010 The Chemical JWH-018 is controlled in Canada under schedule II of the CDSA. Also note the Most current CDSA can be found here[23]
France February 24, 2009 [24][25]
Germany 22 January 2009 [26]
Ireland 11 May 2010 An immediate ban was announced on 11 May 2010 by Minister for Health Mary Harney.[27]
Italy 2 July 2010 [28]
Latvia 28 November 2009
Poland [24]
South Korea 1 July 2009 [29]
Sweden 30 July 2009 The bill was accepted on 30 July 2009 and was in effect on 15 September 2009.[30]
Estonia 24 July 2009
Romania 15 February 2010
Russia 22 January 2010
Ukraine 31 May 2010
United Kingdom 23 December 2009 [31]

United States

JWH-018 is currently not federally controlled in the U.S., but the Drug Enforcement Administration labeled it a "drug and chemical of concern" in 2009. March 2009: DEA Microgram Bulletin "INTELLIGENCE ALERT".[32]

While remaining legal under federal law, several states have passed or proposed legislative action against spice and some cannabinoids:

State Status Notes
Alabama Illegal On April 22, 2010, HB 697[33] passed the Alabama legislature, banning the possession of the following substances:

1) Trade name HU-210

2) Trade name JWH-018

3) Trade name JWH-073

4) Salvia divinorum or salvinorum A. That is, all parts of the plant presently classified botanically as salvia divinorum, whether growing or not, the seeds thereof, any extract from any part of such plant, and every compound, manufacture, salts, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such plant, its seeds or extracts.

Alaska Unregulated
American Samoa Unregulated
Arizona Unregulated
Arkansas Temporary Emergency Ban/Municipal Restrictions On July 2, 2010, the sale of (but not possession of) K2-like products containing JWH-018 and JWH-073 were banned during an emergency meeting of the Arkansas State Board of Health, citing concerns regarding the safety of these products. Twenty-six suspected medical incidents involving the use of synthetic marijuana products have been reported to Arkansas' Poison Control Center,[34] by comparison there were 40,000 incidents for alcohol. The temporary ban is only in effect for 120 days until a permanent law can be passed during the 2011 legislative session, so the products may once again be sold before a permanent ban is in place.[35] Possession of these products is still illegal in certain cities and counties which have enacted local bans.
California Unregulated
Colorado Unregulated
Connecticut Unregulated
Delaware Unregulated
District of Columbia Unregulated
Florida Legislation Proposed
Georgia Illegal K2 Spice is now illegal in Georgia. JWH-018 is illegal in Georgia as of July 15, 2010.[36]

[37]

Guam Unregulated
Hawaii Illegal possessing it in Hawaii became a felony on August 1, 2010 [38]
Idaho Unregulated
Illinois Legislation Passed, Impending Enaction Date: January 1, 2011 To be effective on 1/1/2011, House Bill 4578 signed into law 7/26/2010 to add to the state list of controlled substances[39]
Indiana Municipal Restrictions Sale, use and/or possession is illegal or restricted in the cities of Fort Wayne, Kendallville, New Haven, Ligonier, the town of Avilla and in Allen, Boone, Henry and Morgan Counties. [40]
Iowa Temporary Emergency Ban As of July 21, 2010, the Iowa Board of Pharmacy voted to reclassify JWH-018 and other synthetic cannabinoids as Schedule I controlled substances.[41]
Kansas Illegal In February 2010, two Kansas stores selling an herbal blend containing the product were raided by the DEA, who confiscated all of their JWH-018 stock.[42]

A new law in Kansas has passed that will ban designer cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-073, HU-210 along with stimulant BZP and TFMPP.

Kentucky Illegal In a vote taken on April 1, 2010, 79-10 voted to blanket ban all synthetic cannabinoid agonists, making it a class A misdemeanor to manufacture or traffic. Governor Steve Beshear signed HB265 into law on April 13, 2010.[43]
Louisiana Illegal As of June 18, 2010, Louisiana passed bill HB 173 [44] banning JWH-018, JWH-073, and CP 47,497 as well as most of the herbal ingredients found in incense blends. The Legislature also passed HB 121 [45] and SB 37,[46] which include synthetic cannabinoids. According to the Louisiana State Constitution, "All laws enacted during a regular session of the legislature shall take effect on August fifteenth of the calendar year in which the regular session is held... However, any bill may specify an earlier or later effective date."[47] None of the bills specify a different date.
Maine Unregulated
Maryland Legislation Proposed A bill banning JWH-018 and JWH-073 for Baltimore County only will be submitted by the 2nd District Councilman on September 7, 2010.
Massachusetts Unregulated
Michigan Legislation Proposed A bill to make the product illegal was introduced to the Michigan Legislature in April by Rep. Rick Jones, R-Grand Ledge [48]
Minnesota Municipal Restrictions Sale, possession and use is illegal or restricted in the cities of Duluth and Princeton. [49] [50]
Mississippi Illegal Bill passed by governor Hailey Barbour on September 3, 2010 banning sales and possession statewide.
Missouri Illegal As of March 28, 2010, The Missouri House approved its version of a bill, by a 142-10 vote, that would outlaw synthetic compounds that mimic the effects of marijuana.[51]

As of April 4, 2010, the bill is awaiting Senate approval.

The bill passed final approval and has been sent to the governor. If signed it will take effect on Aug 28th, 2010.[52]

The bill has passed and the ban takes effect 28 August.[53]

Montana Unregulated
Nebraska Unregulated
Nevada Unregulated
New Hampshire Unregulated
New Jersey Unregulated
New Mexico Unregulated
New York Legislation Proposed
North Carolina Unregulated
North Dakota Illegal As of February 25, 2010, the North Dakota Board of Pharmacy issued an emergency order banning the substance. That emergency order was made permanent at an April meeting.[54]
Northern Marianas Islands Unregulated
Ohio Unregulated
Oklahoma Legislation Passed, Impending Enaction Date: November 1, 2010 To be effective on 11/1/2010, House Bill 3241 signed into law 4/28/2010 to add to the state list of controlled substances[55]
Oregon Unregulated
Pennsylvania Unregulated
Puerto Rico Unregulated
Rhode Island Unregulated
South Carolina Unregulated
South Dakota Unregulated
Tennessee Illegal The governor signed bills (SB2982 and HB2968) on 05/26/2010 banning JWH-018 and several other substances. The substances became illegal on July 1, 2010 per law.[56]
Texas Municipal Restrictions No state regulation, but possession and use is illegal or restricted in the cities of Allen, Cleburne, Commerce(Must be 21)[57] Dallas, Duncanville, Ennis, Frisco, Greenville,[57] Longview, Mansfield, McKinney, Mineral Wells, Plano, Troup, Tyler, Sulphur Springs,[57], Van Alstyne and Watauga.[58][59][60][61]
Utah Legislation Proposed As of March 28, 2010, A bill creating a state drug advisory panel that could recommend the outlawing of spice is awaiting Gov. Gary Herbert's signature.[62] On May 12, 2010, Salt Lake City police officers conducted a city-wide crackdown asking local shopkeepers to voluntarily remove it from their shelves.[63]
Vermont Unregulated
Virginia Unregulated
Virgin Islands Unregulated
Washington Unregulated
West Virginia Unregulated
Wisconsin Municipal Restrictions Sale, possession and use is illegal or restricted in the City of Eau Claire. [64]
Wyoming Unregulated

See also

References

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  2. ^ US patent 6900236, Alexandros Makriyannis, Hongfeng Deng, "Cannabimimetic indole derivatives", issued 2005-05-31 
  3. ^ US patent 7241799, Alexandros Makriyannis, Hongfeng Deng, "Cannabimimetic indole derivatives", issued 2007-07-10 
  4. ^ a b B.K. Atwood et. al., "JWH018, a common constituent of 'Spice' herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist." British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 160, No. 3. 585-593. 2010.[1]
  5. ^ "Clemson University :: Department of Chemistry". Clemson.edu. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  6. ^ 11:10. "Drugs Forum". Drugs Forum. Retrieved 2010-08-23. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  7. ^ Gefährlicher Kick mit Spice Template:De icon
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  9. ^ Spice enthält chemischen Wirkstoff Template:De icon
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  11. ^ Studies on the metabolism of JWH-018 and of a homologue of CP 47,497, pharmacologically active ingredients of different misused incense (“Spice”) using GC-MS and LC-MSn techniques - T. Kraemer, K.Y. Rust, M.R. Meyer, D.K. Wissenbach, D. Bregel, M. Hopf, H.H. Maurer, J. Wilske (Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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  18. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1002/jms.1558, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1002/jms.1558 instead. Free version
  19. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.3238/arztebl.2009.0464, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2009.0464 instead.
  20. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.003, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.003 instead.
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  25. ^ http://www.afssaps.fr/var/afssaps_site/storage/original/application/d23d05edc58479d91c803b496017f073.pdf
  26. ^ BGBl I Nr. 3 vom 21.01.2009, 22. BtMÄndV vom 19. Januar 2009, S. 49–50.
  27. ^ Many head shop products banned - Irish Times.
  28. ^ http://www.politicheantidroga.it/comunicazione/comunicati/2010/luglio/spice,-n-joy-e-mefedrone-da-oggi-stupefacenti.aspx Template:It icon
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  30. ^ http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/12102/a/130038 Template:Sv icon
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  33. ^ "View HB697" (PDF). Alisondb.legislature.state.al.us. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
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  51. ^ "Spice University - Herbal Incense - K2 - K2 Spice: Missouri close to ban of K2 Incense Spice". K2spice.blogspot.com. 2010-04-04. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  52. ^ BY SARAH D. WIRE/The Associated Press (2010-05-14). "Missouri lawmakers approve bill banning K2". Columbia Missourian. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
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  56. ^ "Tennessee General Assembly » Legislation". Wapp.capitol.tn.gov. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  57. ^ a b c Kellar, Brad (2010-08-25). "Council votes to ban sales of K2 in city » Local News » The Herald Banner, Greenville, TX". Heraldbanner.com. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
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  62. ^ "Spice scare: Utah legislation calls for substance review - The Herald Journal: News". News.hjnews.com. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
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  64. ^ "Others look to ban K2 use and sale similar to Eau Claire - WQOW 18". www.wqow.com. September 2010.
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