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===Stadium construction===
===Stadium construction===
[[Image:Suspension bridge over railway tracks SkyDomeRogersCentre.JPG|right|250px|thumb|A suspension bridge was built over the railway land surrounding the stadium.]]Construction was done by lead contractor EllisDon. Several factors complicated the construction: The lands housed a functioning water pumping station that needed to be relocated, the soil was contaminated from a century of industrial use, railway buildings needed to be torn down or moved, and the site was rich with archaeological finds. One of the most complex issues was moving the John St. pumping station across the street to its new home south of the stadium. Foundations to the stadium were being poured even as the facility (located in the infield area) continued to function, as construction on its new location had yet to be completed.
[[Image:Suspension bridge over all the naked balls railway tracks SkyDomeRogersCentre.JPG|right|250px|thumb|A suspension bridge was built over the railway land surrounding the stadium.]]Construction was done by lead contractor EllisDon. Several factors complicated the construction: The lands housed a functioning water pumping station that needed to be relocated, the soil was contaminated from a century of industrial use, railway buildings needed to be torn down or moved, and the site was rich with archaeological finds. One of the most complex issues was moving the John St. pumping station across the street to its new home south of the stadium. Foundations to the stadium were being poured even as the facility (located in the infield area) continued to function, as construction on its new location had yet to be completed.


Because the stadium was the first of its kind in the world, the architects and engineers kept the design simple (by using a sturdy dome shape) and used proven technologies to move the roof. It was important that the design would work and be reliable as to avoid the various problems that plagued Montreal's [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]]. The 31-storey high roof consists of four panels; one (on the North end) is fixed in place and the other three are moved by electrically driven 'train' engines, that run on high strength railway rails. The roof, which takes 20 minutes to open, was made out of steel trusses covered by corrugated steel cladding, which in turn is covered by a single-ply PVC membrane.
Because the stadium was the first of its kind in the world, the architects and engineers kept the design simple (by using a sturdy dome shape) and used proven technologies to move the roof. It was important that the design would work and be reliable as to avoid the various problems that plagued Montreal's [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]]. The 31-storey high roof consists of four panels; one (on the North end) is fixed in place and the other three are moved by electrically driven 'train' engines, that run on high strength railway rails. The roof, which takes 20 minutes to open, was made out of steel trusses covered by corrugated steel cladding, which in turn is covered by a single-ply PVC membrane.

Revision as of 20:04, 28 February 2013

"SkyDome" redirects here. For other uses, see SkyDome (disambiguation).

Template:Distinguish2

Rogers Centre
Map
Former namesSkyDome (1989–2005)
LocationOne Blue Jays Way
Toronto, Ontario M5V 1J3
Coordinates43°38′29″N 79°23′21″W / 43.64139°N 79.38917°W / 43.64139; -79.38917
OwnerRogers Communications
OperatorRogers Stadium Limited Partnership
CapacityBaseball: 49,260 (3,434 seats in private boxes)
Canadian football: 31,074 (expandable to 52,230)[4]
American football: 54,000[5]
Soccer: 47,568
Basketball: 22,911 (expandable to 28,708)[6]
Concerts: 10,000-55,000
Record attendanceWrestleMania X8: 68,237 (March 17, 2002)
Field sizeLeft Field Line - 328 feet (100 m)
Left-Centre Power Alley - 375 feet (114 m)
Centre Field - 400 feet (122 m)
Right-Centre Power Alley - 375 feet (114 m)
Right Field Line - 328 feet (100 m)
Backstop - 60 feet (18 m)
SurfaceAstroTurf (1989–2004)
FieldTurf (2005–2010)
AstroTurf GameDay Grass 3D (2010–present)
Construction
Broke groundOctober 3, 1986
OpenedJune 3, 1989
Construction cost$570 million
($1.2 billion in 2024 dollars[1])
ArchitectRobbie Young + Wright
Brisbin Brook Beynon
IBI Group Architects
Structural engineerAdjeleian Allen Rubeli Ltd.[2]
Services engineerThe Mitchell Partnership Inc.[3]
General contractorEllisDon Construction
Tenants
Toronto Blue Jays (MLB) (1989–present)
Toronto Argonauts (CFL) (1989–present)
Toronto Raptors (NBA) (1995–1999)
International Bowl (2007–2010)
Buffalo Bills (NFL) (2008–2017) (Bills Toronto Series)

Rogers Centre (originally known as SkyDome) is a multi-purpose stadium in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada situated next to the CN Tower near the shores of Lake Ontario. Opened in 1989, it is home to the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball and the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. From 2008 to 2012, the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League played at the stadium for eight games (five regular-season and three pre-season) as part of the Bills Toronto Series. While it is primarily a sports venue, it also hosts other large-scale events such as conventions, trade fairs, concerts, funfairs, and monster truck shows.

The stadium was renamed "Rogers Centre" following the purchase of the stadium by Rogers Communications, which also bought the Toronto Blue Jays, in 2005.[7] The venue was noted for being the first stadium to have a fully retractable motorized roof, as well as for the 348-room hotel attached to it, with 70 rooms overlooking the field. It is also the most recent North American major-league stadium built to accommodate both football and baseball. The stadium will be the centrepiece of the 2015 Pan American Games as the site of the opening and closing ceremonies.[8]

History

The SkyDome, called the Rogers Centre since 2005, was designed by architect Rod Robbie and structural engineer Michael Allen and was constructed by the EllisDon Construction company of London, Ontario and the Dominion Bridge Company of Lachine, Quebec. The stadium's construction lasted about two and a half years, from October 1986 to May 1989. The approximate cost of construction was C$570 million ($1.2 billion in 2024 dollars[1]) which was paid for by the federal government, Ontario provincial government, the City of Toronto, and a large consortium of corporations.[9]

The CN Tower viewed from the Rogers Centre

Background

The idea for building an enclosed sports venue came following the Grey Cup game in November 1982, held at the outdoor Exhibition Stadium. The game was plagued by terrible weather that affected the patrons, who were viewing from stands that were not sheltered. Thousands spent most of the game in the concession section of the stadium, the crowd was drenched, and the washrooms were overflowing, which was on the whole a bad experience for the fans. In attendance that day was then-Ontario Premier Bill Davis, and the poor conditions were seen by over 7,862,000 television viewers in Canada (at the time the largest TV audience ever in Canada).[10] The following day, at a rally at Toronto City Hall, tens of thousands of people who were there to see the Toronto Argonauts began to chant, "We want a dome! We want a dome!" So too did others who began to discuss the possibility of an all-purpose, all-weather stadium.

Seven months later, in June 1983, Premier Davis formally announced that a three-person committee would look into the feasibility of building a domed stadium at Exhibition Place. The committee consisted of Paul Godfrey, Larry Grossman and former Ontario Hydro chairman Hugh Macaulay.[11]

Over the next few years various tangible projects emerged, including a large indoor stadium at Exhibition Place with an air-supported dome, similar to BC Place in Vancouver. In 1985, an international design competition was launched to design a new stadium, along with selection of a site for the stadium. Some of the proposed sites included Exhibition Place, Downsview Airport, and York University. The final site was located at the base of the CN Tower not far from Union Station, a major railway and transit hub. The land was a major Canadian National Railway rail switching yard encompassing the CNR Spadina Roundhouse (the desolate downtown lands were part of a master plan for revitalizing the area which includes CityPlace). The price would be $150 million. Ultimately the Robbie/Allen concept won because it provided the largest roof opening of all the finalists, and it was the most technically sound.

Stadium construction

File:Suspension bridge over all the naked balls railway tracks SkyDomeRogersCentre.JPG
A suspension bridge was built over the railway land surrounding the stadium.

Construction was done by lead contractor EllisDon. Several factors complicated the construction: The lands housed a functioning water pumping station that needed to be relocated, the soil was contaminated from a century of industrial use, railway buildings needed to be torn down or moved, and the site was rich with archaeological finds. One of the most complex issues was moving the John St. pumping station across the street to its new home south of the stadium. Foundations to the stadium were being poured even as the facility (located in the infield area) continued to function, as construction on its new location had yet to be completed.

Because the stadium was the first of its kind in the world, the architects and engineers kept the design simple (by using a sturdy dome shape) and used proven technologies to move the roof. It was important that the design would work and be reliable as to avoid the various problems that plagued Montreal's Olympic Stadium. The 31-storey high roof consists of four panels; one (on the North end) is fixed in place and the other three are moved by electrically driven 'train' engines, that run on high strength railway rails. The roof, which takes 20 minutes to open, was made out of steel trusses covered by corrugated steel cladding, which in turn is covered by a single-ply PVC membrane.

Stadium financing

Overhead view of Rogers Centre with the roof closed, as seen from the CN Tower

The stadium was funded by a public/private partnership, with the government paying the largest percentage of the tab. The initial cost was greatly underestimated, with the final tab coming in at C$570 million ($1.2 billion in 2024 dollars[1]). All three levels of government (Metro Toronto, Provincial, Federal) initially contributed $30 million ($63 million in 2024 dollars[1]). This does not include the actual value of the land the stadium sits on (as it was part of a deal with the Crown agency – CN Rail). Canada's three main breweries (Labatt's, Molson, and Carling O'Keefe) each paid $5 million ($10.5 million in 2024 dollars[1])to help fund the stadium. In addition 28 Canadian corporations (selected by invitation only – no tendering of contract) also contributed $5 million, for which they received one of the 161 Skyboxes with four parking spaces (for ten years, with an opportunity for renewal) and a 99 year exclusive option on stadium advertising. Skyboxes initially leased for $150,000 up to $225,000 ($315,040 to $472,560 in 2024 dollars[1]) a year in 1989 – plus the cost of tickets for all events.

But the financing was not without controversy. First of all there was no public tender for supplies and equipment. Secondly, companies that paid the $5 million fee received 100% stadium exclusivity for the life of their contract that could be extended up to 99 years. Some of the companies that signed on included Coca-Cola, TSN and CIBC. This exclusivity even extended to advertising. This was most notable when Pepsi was banned from raising promotional banners during a Madonna concert performance. Many companies signed on without the contracts being bid on. Pepsi stated at the time that had they known the terms of the contract they would have paid far more than $5 million for the rights. Local media like NOW Magazine called the amount charged "scandalously low" (Now Dec 3-9, 1998).

In a CBC Television interview in the days before the stadium, a member of the general public goes on to ponder "It will be interesting to see five years from now whose stadium it will be, Toronto's dome or a business centre like TD Centre". The stadium was completed two months late, having been planned to open for the first regular season Toronto Blue Jays game. Because of its location south of major railway corridor, new pedestrian connections had to be built; the infrastructure was part of the reason for the high cost of the stadium. Skywalk is a (1/2 km – est.) enclosed walkway that leads from the base of the CN Tower and via a bridge connects to Union Station (and is part of the PATH network). The John St. bridge was built to provide North/South passage over the rail tracks linking Front Street with the stadium.

SkyDome opening

"The Audience" - A sculpture by Michael Snow adorning the façade on the northwest corner of Rogers Centre.

The stadium officially opened on June 3, 1989, and hosted an official grand opening show: "The Opening of SkyDome: A Celebration". It was broadcast on CBC television the following evening hosted by Brian Williams. With a crowd of over 50,000 in attendance, it was the first test of the new facility. The event was a showcase of Canadian talent, and included performances from a wide variety of acts. The celebrities consisted of Alan Thicke, Oscar Peterson, Andrea Martin of SCTV, impersonator André-Philippe Gagnon and rock band Glass Tiger. The roof was opened by the Premier of the Province, David Peterson, who pointed a laser pen at the ceiling to officially 'open' it. The roof opened, exposing the crowd to a downpour of rain. This while a crowd of famous Canadians sang a song on stage that was written specifically for the opening, with the lyrics: "Open up, Open up the Dome". Yet as the crowd got increasingly wet, they could be heard chanting "Close the roof". But Stadco president Chuck Magwood insisted that the roof fully open. And once open, a group of civilian skydivers flew into the now soaked stadium often skidding across the concrete floor to the cheers of the audience. By the time the roof had opened, most of the crowd had sought refuge in the concourse areas and beneath the overhangs of the various parts of the structure.

The event was broken down into the following acts:

The Opening of SkyDome – A Celebration

  • Act I – "Prelude to Forever" – "Oscar Peterson will perform this original composition with the Toronto Symphony."
  • Act II – A Tribute to the Builders of SkyDome – "An Olympic-style entrance of those who represent the thousands of people responsible for the building of SkyDome."
  • Act III – The Way We Were – "Featuring Theresa Pitt, the lead in Toronto’s company of Cats (the musical)."
  • Act IV – "We are Toronto" – "From a small settlement and a few hundred settlers, Toronto has become a true window to the world. The people of Toronto representing sixty-eight nations will celebrate the Opening of SkyDome in their native costumes."
  • Act V – "Open up the Dome" – "Liberty Silver and Tommy Ambrose will perform this very special celebration number and will be joined by our 3,500 volunteer performers."
  • Act VI – "Open up the Dome" Finale – "Our host Alan Thicke will re-introduce the performers and will join in a final celebration of the Opening of SkyDome."[citation needed]

Financial problems and fallout

The SkyDome logo (1989-2005).
Michael Snow's sculpture 'Red, Orange and Green' (1992) at Rogers Centre

The stadium would later become a thorn in the side of David Peterson's Ontario Liberal government for its overspending in the venture. The Ontario Liberal Party was defeated by the Ontario New Democratic Party in the 1990 Ontario election. A review by the new Bob Rae government in October 1990 revealed that the stadium was so in debt that it would have to be booked 600 days a year to turn a profit. The stadium had only made $17 million in its first year of operations, while servicing the debt was costing $40 million. It was determined that the abrupt late inclusion by Stadco of a luxurious hotel and health club added an additional $112 million to the cost of the building.

As the province slipped into a recession, Bob Rae appointed University of Toronto professor Bruce Kidd and Bob White (then president of the Canadian Auto Workers) to the Stadco board to help deal with the stadium's growing debt. But by this time it was too late to reverse the costs. The completed stadium started life with a $165 million debt that ballooned to $400 million by 1993. The stadium became a huge liability to the Government of Ontario, and as the economy soured, so did public support for the so-called "white elephant". In March 1994, Bob Rae's Ontario NDP government paid off all outstanding debts from the government treasury and sold the stadium for the massively discounted price of $151 million to a private consortium (including Labatt's parent company – Interbrew).[citation needed]

In November 1998, the stadium filed for bankruptcy protection. One of the main reasons was that most of the Skybox contracts were up for renewal. Most of the 161 Skybox tenants had signed on for 10 year leases; this oversight in business planning, and a marked decrease in interest in the stadium's two sports teams, resulted in a massive decrease in the amount companies were willing to pay for a Skybox. In addition, the Air Canada Centre was under construction just down the road, and selling highly desired boxes for the civic favourite Toronto Maple Leafs and new upstart Toronto Raptors, who originally played in the SkyDome since their establishment in 1995. Many companies could not justify owning box suites at both stadiums. That same month, the Blue Jays re-signed on for an additional ten years in the facility.[citation needed]

In late 1998, Sportsco International LP bought the stadium out of bankruptcy protection for $85 million.

Purchase and renaming

The Rogers Centre logo is large enough to be seen from several kilometres away.

In 2004, Rogers Communications, parent company of the Blue Jays, acquired SkyDome from Sportsco for about $25 million – about 4% of the cost of construction.

On February 2, 2005, Ted Rogers, President and CEO of Rogers Communications, announced that his company would significantly increase the team payroll for the Toronto Blue Jays some $210 million plus over the next three seasons, beginning in the 2005 season, and announced a three-year corporate contract to change the name of SkyDome to the Rogers Centre. After the purchase Rogers refurbished the stadium by, among other things, replacing the once state-of-the-art Jumbotron with a Daktronics video display, and erecting other new monitors, including several built into the outfield wall. They also installed a new artificial playing surface called FieldTurf.[12] (The Blue Jays were thus the last MLB team to play on AstroTurf; their home venue has since returned to a newer version of AstroTurf that uses sand and rubber-based infill within its fibres. Many former Blue Jays, including the 1987 American League MVP George Bell (outfielder), asserted the old turf at the SkyDome had shortened their careers because it was especially hard on a player's knee and hip joints.)

In May 2005, the Toronto Argonauts agreed to three five-year leases at Rogers Centre, which could see the Argonauts playing out of Rogers Centre up to and including 2019. The team has the option to leave at the end of each of the three lease agreements. The Argos also announced that they will not move into a new stadium that was being planned at York University, a project which York subsequently cancelled.[13]

In November 2005, Rogers Centre received a complete makeover in the 100 Level concourse, making it larger. This required some seats to be removed, which lowered its capacity size. They also renovated 43 luxury boxes and converted some of them into larger party suites that can accommodate as many as 150 people.[14] The Blue Jays had planned for renovations in the winter of 2006 to the Blue Jays' clubhouse and weight room, and possibly the visitors' clubhouse; president Paul Godfrey also mentioned a potential long term project to add a façade to the exterior of the stadium, as its concrete exterior has been criticized for appearing cold and imposing.[15]

In April 2006, the Rogers Centre became one of the first buildings of its size to adopt a completely smoke-free policy in Canada. The Rogers Centre made this decision in advance of an act of provincial legislature that required all Ontario public places to go smoke-free by June 1, 2006. Designated smoking rooms, or "puffers" as they were known, will no longer be available to patrons. As a result, smokers will no longer be able to smoke during events due to the pre-existing no pass-out policy, which does not allow for readmittance to the facility after exiting.

The Rogers Centre was dry on April 7, 2009, as the province of Ontario imposed the first of a three-day alcohol suspension at the stadium, for "infractions (that) took place at certain past events," according to the press release.[16]

Improvements

Since its opening in 1989, numerous changes and improvements have been made to the facility. The below list summarizes some of the more significant improvements:

  • Exterior roof lighting, which can be programmed for themes and/or events.
  • The Blue Jays clubhouse was substantially renovated, including a larger training room, an open concept lounge and personal lockers. In total, the clubhouse expanded from 12,000 sq feet to 24,000 sq feet.
  • Main level concourse expansion, making the space brighter, more fan-friendly with expanded wheelchair seating.
  • The FieldTurf was upgraded to AstroTurf Gameday Grass (2010).
  • The main video board was upgraded from a JumboTron to a modern Daktronics video board, measuring 33 feet by 110 feet (2005).
  • In 2007, Rogers Centre unveiled an expanded Jays Shop - Stadium Edition, an 8,000 square foot retail space along the main concourse.
  • Two screens were built into the outfield fence that each measure 10 feet by 65 feet. These screens provide player stats, out-of-town scores and other information related to the game and league.
  • A continuous, ribbon-style video board was installed on the facing of the 300 Level, providing stats and scores.
  • Installation of 150 new 42-inch flat-screen video monitors in the main and second level concourses, bringing the number of stadium monitors to around 300.
  • Upgrade of the entire field lighting system in a two-month conversion process with all 840 of the 2,000-watt bowl lights replaced.

Etymology

The name "SkyDome" was coined by Kellie Watson, a private citizen of the town of Wallaceburg, Ontario, who entered a province-wide "name the stadium" contest in 1987. Sponsored by the Toronto Sun, ballots were offered for people to submit their suggested name. Over 150,000 entries were received with 12,897 different names. The selection committee narrowed it down to four choices: "Towerdome", "Harbourdome", "SkyDome", and simply "the Dome". The judges' final selection was SkyDome. Over 2,000 people proposed SkyDome, and as a result a winning name was drawn from all the similar entries. Premier David Peterson chose a name from a lottery barrel. The selected winner won lifetime seats to any event at SkyDome (including concerts). The two seats are located just behind home plate. In the press conference announcing the name, Chuck Magwood (president of the Stadium Corporation of Ontario) commented: "The sky is a huge part of the whole roof process. The name has a sense of the infinite and that's what this is all about".

Stadium features

Several restaurants have views of events, Windows restaurant looks onto the playing field.

The venue was the first major team sports arena in North America to sport a functional, fully retractable roof (Montreal's Olympic Stadium also had a retractable roof, but due to operational issues, it was replaced with a permanent roof). The roof is composed of four panels and covers an area of 345,000 square feet (32,100 m2). The two middle panels slide laterally to stack over the north semi-circular panel, and then the south semi-circular panel rotates around the stadium and nests inside the stack. It takes 20 minutes for the roof to open or close.[17]

Even though the retractable roof would in theory permit the use of natural grass, in practice it is not feasible since the stadium was designed as a closed structure with a roof that opens, and as such the interior was not intended or built to deal with weather. As a result, the stadium has always used artificial turf. The original AstroTurf installation was replaced with FieldTurf from 2005 to 2010. The FieldTurf took about 40 hours to remove for events such as concerts or trade shows, as it used 1,400 trays that needed to be stacked and transported off the field. Prior to the 2010 baseball season, to reduce the amount of time required to convert the playing field, a new, roll-based version of AstroTurf was installed. Similar to FieldTurf, the current installation uses a sand and rubber-based infill within the synthetic fibres.[18] The Rogers Centre is one of two remaining venues in Major League Baseball using artificial turf (the other one is Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida), and the only one without a dirt infield.

There are a total of 5,700 club seats and 161 luxury suites at the Rogers Centre. The complex had a Hard Rock Café restaurant until December 2009 when the restaurant closed after its lease expired.[19] The Renaissance Toronto Hotel is also located within Rogers Centre, with 70 rooms overlooking the field.[20]

Over $5 million of artwork was commissioned in 1989:

  • The Audience – by Michael Snow is a collection of larger than life depictions of fans located above the northeast and northwest entrances. Painted gold, the sculptures show fans in various acts of celebration.
  • A Tribute to Baseball – by Lutz Haufschild – located above the Southeast and Southwest entrances of Gate 5.
  • The Art of the Possible – by Mimi Gellman – located inside along the north side of the concourse on Level 100. The glass and steel sculpture incorporates the signatures of 2000 builders of SkyDome, and is a tribute to their work. Some of the artifacts found during excavation such as musket balls and pottery have also been included. The brightly illuminated sculpture became an issue to baseball players when the stadium first opened. The bright lights were considered a distraction to batters.
  • Salmon Run – by Susan Schelle, located outside by the South East entrance in Bobbie Rosenfeld Park; it is a large fountain that has various stainless steel salmon cutouts.
  • Spiral Fountain – by Judith Schwarz.[21]

Seating capacity

Baseball

  • 50,516 (1989–1998)[22]
  • 45,100 (1999–2002)[22]
  • 50,516 (2003–2004)[22]
  • 50,598 (2005–2006)[22]
  • 48,900 (2007)[23]
  • 49,539 (2008–2010)[24]
  • 49,260 (2011–present)[25]

Football

Rogers Centre videoboard

Rogers Centre videoboard.

The main video screen in the Rogers Centre is called the Rogers Centre videoboard. The screen is 33 feet (10 m) high and 110 feet (34 m) across. The panel is made up of modular LED units that can be replaced unit by unit, and can be repaired immediately should it be damaged during an event. Originally, this screen was a Sony JumboTron before it was replaced. There are also two ribbon boards made up of LED that run along the East and West sides of the stadium interior. They are each 434 feet (132 m) long by 3.5 feet (1.1 m) high. In addition, there are two videoboards that make up parts of the left and right outfield walls while in baseball mode. These are 65 feet (20 m) wide by nearly 10 feet (3.0 m) high.

The videoboard and the stadium played host to several serial television events, including the series finales for Cheers and Star Trek: The Next Generation, along with live coverage of the funeral of Princess Diana.

Stadium usage

Sports

Besides baseball and Canadian football, Rogers Centre was the original home of the National Basketball Association's Toronto Raptors, who played at the venue from November 1995 to February 1999, while the Air Canada Centre was being built. It proved to be somewhat problematic as a basketball venue, even considering that it was only a temporary facility. For instance, many seats that were theoretically in line with the court were so far away that fans needed binoculars to see the action. Other seats were so badly obstructed that fans sitting there could only watch the game on the replay boards.

For most games, Rogers Centre seated 22,900 people. However, the Raptors sometimes opened the upper level when popular opponents came to town, expanding capacity to 29,000.

Rogers Centre has also hosted exhibition soccer, cricket, Gaelic football, Hurling, Australian rules football, tennis and four NCAA International Bowl games. The 1992 World Series and 1993 World Series were played at Rogers Centre. The World Wrestling Federation hosted WrestleMania VI and WrestleMania X8 at Rogers Centre in 1990 and 2002. As well, the WWF held its largest crowd for Monday Night Raw in February 1999.[27]

On May 31, 1997, the venue hosted a post Olympic track and field event that pitted Olympic track champions Donovan Bailey and Michael Johnson, in a 150m race that was billed as a competition for the title of the "World's Fastest Man". Bailey won the race, completing it in a time of 15 seconds and winning the 1.5 million dollar prize. Johnson pulled up lame at the 110m mark claiming a quadriceps injury.

Soccer matches have been regularly held in recent years; they had been rarely played at the venue when its AstroTurf surface had been in place.[28] On June 8, 2005, an international soccer friendly between Serbia-Montenegro and Italy took place, ending in a 1–1 draw.[28]

Rogers Centre is the site of several major high school and collegiate sporting competitions Prentice Cup for baseball and, from 1989 to 2003, the Vanier Cup championship of Canadian Interuniversity Sport football (then SkyDome). Since 2008, the Rogers Centre is the host of the Greater Toronto high school's Metro Bowl.[29]

Toronto Argonauts vs. Hamilton Tiger-Cats, October 27, 2005

In January 2007, Rogers Centre played host to the first ever International Bowl, an NCAA college football game between Western Michigan University and the University of Cincinnati. In 2008, Rutgers played Ball State in the second International Bowl. The University at Buffalo Bulls and the University of Connecticut Huskies played in the third International Bowl on January 3, 2009. In November 2007, it hosted the 95th Grey Cup, its first since 1992 and third all-time. It was also the venue for the 43rd Vanier Cup on Friday November 23, just two days before Grey Cup Sunday. It was the 16th Vanier Cup hosted at SkyDome/Rogers Centre, returning after a three-year absence in which it was hosted by Hamilton, Ontario (2004 and 2005) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (2006). It was the 56th Grey Cup hosted by the city of Toronto since the championship's inception in 1909, and the 40th Vanier Cup hosted by the Toronto since that championship's inception in 1965.

The National Football League's Buffalo Bills announced its intentions to play five "home" games (and three pre-season games) in Rogers Centre in October 2007; the first of these regular-season games took place on December 7 of the 2008 NFL season versus the Miami Dolphins.[30] It marked the first time an NFL team has established a "home" stadium outside the United States. The Bills played a preseason game against the Pittsburgh Steelers at the Rogers Centre on August 14, 2008. (See Bills Toronto Series for more information regarding this.)

In 2007, Bruce Power, Canada's largest private nuclear operating company, struck a deal with the Toronto Blue Jays that would allow the energy producing company to power the Rogers Centre with emissions-free electricity.

Games in the first round of the 2009 World Baseball Classic were played at the Rogers Centre.[31]

On July 16, 2010, the stadium hosted a friendly soccer match between England's Manchester United F.C. and Scotland's Celtic F.C. Manchester United F.C. defeated Celtic F.C. with a score of 3–1. On 21 July 2012 the stadium hosted the friendly between Toronto FC and Liverpool FC, a match that finnished in a 1-1 draw..

On April 30, 2011, Ultimate Fighting Championship hosted their first event in Ontario's history, UFC 129. Originally set up for 42,000 seats, the event sold out on the first day of ticket sales. Changes were made to accommodate another 13,000 seats. Fans responded bringing the total seat sales to 55,000 — breaking previous UFC records.

By the 2015 Pan American Games, the Rogers Centre will be used for the opening and closing ceremonies.

Concerts

The stadium has several concert configurations, including smaller Theatre (capacity 5,000 to 7,000) and Concert Hall (formerly SkyTent; capacity 10,000 to 25,000).[32] Due to the design of the stadium and building materials used, the acoustics have been known to be rather poor, and the loudness/quality can vary greatly around the stadium. Its popularity with artists and fans has diminished over the years, with most stadium concerts taking place at the Air Canada Centre, since it opened. The SkyTent, a group of acoustical curtain sails that is hoisted on rigging above the floor, is used to help reduce sound distortion and improve sound quality by dampening reverberations around the stadium.[33]

Soon after its opening, the stadium became a popular venue for large-scale rock concerts and is the largest indoor concert venue in Toronto.[34] Artists have included Bruce Springsteen, U2 with two concerts in 2009, as well as their concert in 2011, all part of their 360° Tour.[35][36][37] Bon Jovi performed two sellout shows on July 20 and 21, 2010 at the Rogers Centre as part of The Circle Tour.[38]

One of the more notable concerts, as shown in the documentary Truth or Dare, was Madonna's 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour show.[39] The touring show had become extremely controversial, due to the risqué visuals and performances. When the concert arrived in Toronto, police were alerted that the show might violate local obscenity laws. The police were on site for the concert and threatened charges without changes. The show went on as planned, however, without any legal action taken.

Other uses

Rogers Centre contains 143,000 sq ft (13,300 m2)* of exhibition space, allowing it to host a variety of events year-round.

It is home to several annual auto shows, with the Canadian International AutoShow in February and Importfest in October. Disney on Ice, Monster Jam, Supercross and circuses have also used the venue. The Opening Ceremonies of the XVI International AIDS Conference were held at Rogers Centre on August 13, 2006.[40]

It has also hosted many public speakers, including appearances by the Dalai Lama, Christian Evangelist Billy Graham, Nelson Mandela, and J. K. Rowling, for a book reading.[41]

In addition to being a venue that hosts sports, concerts and other events, the Rogers Centre also houses the head offices of a number of businesses. The Toronto Blue Jays have its office headquarters located in the building and until 2008, the Toronto Argonauts did as well. It is also the home of the head offices of Ticketmaster Canada and Zuffa Canada.[42][43][44]

Rogers Centre is the home of the main Ticketmaster outlet (ticket centre) for eastern Canada, located at the south end of the building beside Gate 9. As well, the building contains the Toronto Renaissance Hotel, a Premier Fitness/Health Club, a Rogers Plus store, (formerly) a Hard Rock Cafe, and Windows Restaurant. Starting in 2006, the Hard Rock Cafe only opened when there was a performance in the building, and closed altogether in 2009.[45] On non-event days, there are daily tours of the Rogers Centre.

Attendance records

Atlanta Braves vs. Toronto Blue Jays in the SkyDome on July 19, 1999.

Timeline

Panoramic view of Blue Jays game with open roof.

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The Toronto Argonauts hosting the Montreal Alouettes at Rogers Centre, home of the 100th Grey Cup.

Facts and figures

Baseball firsts

First game

Date: June 5, 1989

Final score: Milwaukee Brewers 5, Toronto Blue Jays 3

Umpires: Rocky Roe (home), Mike Reilly (first base), Rich Garcia (second base), Dale Scott (third base)

Managers: Cito Gaston (Blue Jays), Tom Trebelhorn (Brewers)

Starting pitchers: Jimmy Key (Blue Jays), Don August (Brewers)

Attendance: 48,378

Batting

Batter: Paul Molitor, Brewers

Blue Jays Batter: Junior Félix

Hit: Paul Molitor, Brewers (double)

Run: Paul Molitor, Brewers

Blue Jays Run: George Bell

RBI: Gary Sheffield, Brewers

Blue Jays RBI: Fred McGriff

Single: Kelly Gruber, Blue Jays

Double: Paul Molitor, Brewers

Triple: Jay Buhner, Mariners (June 18, 1989)

Home run: Fred McGriff, Blue Jays (June 5, 1989)

Grand slam:

Inside-the-park home run:

Stolen base: Fred McGriff, Blue Jays (June 5, 1989)

Sacrifice hit: Robin Yount, Brewers (June 5, 1989)

Sacrifice fly: Robin Yount, Brewers (June 5, 1989)

Cycle: George Brett, Royals (July 25, 1990)

Blue Jays cycle: Jeff Frye (August 17, 2001)

Pitching

Win: Don August

Blue Jays Win: John Cerutti (June 7, 1989)

Loss: Jimmy Key

Opposing Loss: Chris Bosio, Brewers (June 7, 1989)

Shutout: Bert Blyleven, Angels (July 18, 1989)

Blue Jays Shutout:

Save: Dan Plesac, Brewers (June 5, 1989)

Blue Jays Save: David Wells (June 9, 1989)

Hit by pitch:

Wild pitch:

Balk:

No-hitter: Dave Stewart, Athletics (June 29, 1990)

The field level seating rotates on tracks to reconfigure for football and baseball.
  • The stadium roof has a patent, preventing its design from being easily copied: U.S. Patent #05167097. The patent was officially registered on December 1, 1992, to dome designers, architect Rod Robbie and structural engineer Michael Allen.
  • To accommodate American fans, United States currency is accepted throughout the stadium.[56]
  • The original mascot of the stadium was a turtle by the name of Domer.
  • When the retractable roof is open, people standing on the observation deck of the nearby CN Tower can look down on the field.
  • 50 million people have visited SkyDome/Rogers Centre.
  • When the roof is open, 91% of the seats and 100% of the field is open to the sky, covering an area of 3.2 hectares (8 acres).
  • The roof weighs 11,000 tons, and is held together by 250,000 bolts.
  • The stadium's inward-looking hotel rooms have regular two-way windows, yielding instances of what some could consider indecent exposure. When SkyDome first opened, a couple engaging in sexual intercourse was televised on the scoreboard Jumbotron during a baseball game. Days later, a man was caught masturbating during a game in full view of the packed stands. The man, later tracked down by a Sports Illustrated reporter, calmly said, "I thought they were one-way windows." Patrons now have to sign contracts stipulating that they will not perform any lewd acts within view of the stadium.
  • When the stadium first opened, the Toronto Transit Commission was worried about the challenge of moving the large crowds. As a way to streamline the entry to the subway and to encourage public transit use to the stadium, all tickets for the first 30 days also worked as a Metropass.
  • The stadium corporation has been requested to help in the planning of other venues from the U.S., Netherlands, England, Australia, New Zealand, to Singapore, China and Germany (Source Rogers Centre Press release).
  • It was the most expensive stadium in both the CFL and Major League Baseball, constructed at a price of C$570 million (C$1.2 billion in 2024 dollars[1]). This record was passed by the New Yankee Stadium at a cost of US$1.5 billion. If Montreal's Olympic Stadium (which used to be the home field of the Expos, only used for CFL playoff games since the late 2000s) were counted, it would take the title, with a 1976 cost of C$1.6 billion (C$3.36 billion in 2024 dollars[1]).

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h 1688 to 1923: Geloso, Vincent, A Price Index for Canada, 1688 to 1850 (December 6, 2016). Afterwards, Canadian inflation numbers based on Statistics Canada tables 18-10-0005-01 (formerly CANSIM 326-0021) "Consumer Price Index, annual average, not seasonally adjusted". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 17, 2021. and table 18-10-0004-13 "Consumer Price Index by product group, monthly, percentage change, not seasonally adjusted, Canada, provinces, Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  2. ^ "Adjeleian Allen Rubeli - Skydome". Aar.on.ca. 2006-01-29. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  3. ^ "Rogers Centre - The Mitchell Partnership" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  4. ^ "2007 Grey Cup game sold out". Canadian Football League. Retrieved November 20, 2007. The capacity crowd at Rogers Centre on Sunday will be 52,230.
  5. ^ "McKelvin's Kickoff Return TD Helps Bills Down Steelers 24-21 In Rogers Centre Exhibition - CityNews". Citynews.ca. August 14, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  6. ^ "SkyDome". Basketball.ballparks.com. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  7. ^ "Rogers Purchases SkyDome". July 1, 2005. Retrieved February 6, 2008.
  8. ^ "Rogers Centre Among Venues Proposed for 2015 Pan Am Games". Biz Bash Toronto. Retrieved November 7, 2009. Rogers Centre, Ontario Place Among Venues Proposed for 2015 Pan Am Games
  9. ^ Romell, Rick. "Tax money for stadium site backed". Milwaukee Sentinel 16 May 1989: 1-6.
  10. ^ Canadian Football League, Canada.
  11. ^ Miller, David (October 7, 1984). Battle Is On for Right to Build Our Domed Stadium. Toronto Star. pg A1, A13.
  12. ^ "Goodbye Skydome, hello Rogers Centre". CBC News. February 2, 2005. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
  13. ^ [1][dead link]
  14. ^ "Blue Jays continue renovations to Rogers Centre; Changes create a more fan-friendly environment". April 3, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
  15. ^ Harrison, Ian (November 16, 2005). "Rogers Centre undergoing makeover". MLB.com. Retrieved July 25, 2006.
  16. ^ "ROGERS CENTRE | Rogers Centre announces dates for alcohol service suspension". Newswire.ca. April 3, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  17. ^ "Rogers Centre - Facts". Rogerscentre.com. Rogers Stadium Limited Partnership. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
  18. ^ Lott, John (February 3, 2010). "Blue Jays hoping to gain some level footing". National Post. Retrieved February 8, 2010. [dead link]
  19. ^ "Hard Times Shut Down Hard Rock at the Dome". Toronto Star. June 17, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  20. ^ "Renaissance Toronto Hotel Downtown hotel room amenities and highlights". July 1, 2005. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
  21. ^ "History". Rogers Centre. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  22. ^ a b c d Lowry, Phil (2006). Green Cathedrals: The Ultimate Celebrations of All 273 Major League and Negro League Ballparks Past and Present. New York City: Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-62229-7.
  23. ^ "Rogers Centre". Mo Alleman. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  24. ^ toronto. "Jays Want to Hear 49,539 People". Jaysjournal.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  25. ^ "Toronto Blue Jays Rogers Centre". The Ballpark Guide. 1989-06-02. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  26. ^ "2011, 2013 Gold Cup". Bigsoccer.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  27. ^ "WrestleMania — The Venues and Attendance of Every WrestleMania". About.com. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
  28. ^ a b YouTube (2005). "Italija - SCG u Torontu (golovi)". Retrieved July 10, 2011.
  29. ^ "Metro Bowl to Have a U.S. Flavour". Toronto Star. November 7, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  30. ^ Gaughan, Mark and Sullivan, Jerry. Bills have deal in place for Toronto games. The Buffalo News. January 30, 2008.
  31. ^ "Rogers Centre to host WBC games in '09". Sportsnet.ca. July 31, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  32. ^ "Theatre Concert". Rogers Centre. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  33. ^ "The Rogers Centre : One Blue Jay Way, Toronto, Ontario". Glass Steel and Stone. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  34. ^ "Deadmau5 leaves em' raving - Music". Toronto.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  35. ^ Harper, Kate (September 16, 2009). "Rogers Centre Dome Opening For U2's Toronto Shows". Chart Communications Inc. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  36. ^ CP24.com (September 17, 2009). "Dome open for 2nd concert in history as 60K fans rock out with U2". CTVglobemedia. Retrieved October 2, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  37. ^ U2 A De-Lux Excursion (2009). "U2 360° TOUR :: 2009 :: > Toronto Thursday, September 17, 2009". U2 A De-Lux Excursion. Retrieved October 2, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ "Events - Bon Jovi Welcomes Fans Into The Circle With 2010-2011 World Tour". Rogers Centre. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  39. ^ "ROGERS CENTRE | Rogers Centre and Blue Jays celebrate anniversary". Newswire.ca. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  40. ^ "in the Community". Rogers Centre. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  41. ^ "Atwood lends voice to World Book Night". Toronto Star. March 5, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
  42. ^ "Ticketmaster Canada Ltd.: Company Overview". BusinessWeek.com. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  43. ^ "Ticketmaster Canada Privacy Policy". Ticketmaster Canada. March 3, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
  44. ^ "UFC opening Canadian office in Toronto".
  45. ^ "Hard times shut down Hard Rock at the dome". thestar.com. 2009-06-17. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  46. ^ Hollinger, Herb (June 10, 1995). "Graham recuperation won't derail Southern Baptist Convention date" (PDF). Baptist Press. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
  47. ^ Canadian Press (April 19, 2010). "Jays pound Royals in front of smallest-ever crowd at Dome". TSN. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
  48. ^ "Bombers finally win in SkyDome". Cbc.ca. July 13, 2001. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  49. ^ "1995 Buffalo Bills". Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  50. ^ MMAWeekly (February 12, 2011). "UFC 129 Sold Out, Shatters Records With 55,000 Tickets". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  51. ^ Kepner, Tyler (2009-03-08). "A Room With a View in Toronto - NYTimes.com". Bats.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  52. ^ Weekly World News - Google Books. Books.google.ca. July 10, 1990. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  53. ^ "Skydome is Falling! Skydome is Falling!". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. June 23, 1995.
  54. ^ "SkyDome roof shreds". CBC News. April 12, 2001.
  55. ^ Blue Jays Work the Bugs Out http://articles.latimes.com/2001/aug/04/sports/sp-30584
  56. ^ "Visitor Information". Rogers Centre. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
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