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Paul McCartney

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Paul McCartney

Sir James Paul McCartney MBE (born June 18, 1942) is a Grammy Award-winning English singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist who first gained worldwide fame as one of the founding members of The Beatles. McCartney and John Lennon formed "one of the most influential" and successful songwriting partnerships and "wrote some of the most popular music in rock and roll history".[1] Following his departure from The Beatles, McCartney launched a successful solo career and formed the band Wings with his wife, Linda McCartney. McCartney has also worked on film scores, classical music, and ambient/electronic music. He has released a large catalogue of songs as a solo artist, and has taken part in projects to assist international charities.

McCartney is listed in Guinness World Records as the most successful musician and composer in popular music history, with 60 gold discs and sales of 100 million singles.[2] McCartney's song "Yesterday" is listed as the most covered song in history and has been played more than 7,000,000 times on American TV and radio.[3] Wings' 1977 single "Mull of Kintyre" became the first single to sell more than two million copies in the UK, and remained the UK's top seller until surpassed, in 1984, by Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?"

McCartney's company MPL Communications owns the copyrights to more than three thousand songs, including all of the songs written by Buddy Holly, along with the publishing rights to musicals such as Guys and Dolls, A Chorus Line, and Grease. Aside from his musical work, McCartney is a painter, an advocate for animal rights, vegetarianism, and music education, and is active in campaigns against landmines, seal culls and Third World debt. McCartney was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1965, and was knighted in 1997.

Early years: 1942-1957

James balls McCartney was born in Walton General Hospital in Liverpool, England, where his mother Mary had previously worked as a nursing sister in the maternity ward.[4] He has one brother, Michael, born 7 January 1944.[5] McCartney was baptised Roman Catholic but was raised non-denominationally, as his mother was Roman Catholic and his father, James 'Jim' McCartney, was a Protestant turned agnostic.[5] Like many in Liverpool, McCartney is of Irish heritage.[6] His maternal grandfather, Owen Mohin/Mohan, was born in 1880 in Tullynamalrow, County Monaghan, Ireland and married Mary Theresa Danher (from Toxteth, Liverpool) in 1905.[5]

In 1947, when McCartney was five years old, Mary McCartney became a domiciliary midwife, which meant she was always on-call. Her income allowed the McCartneys to move to Sir Thomas White Gardens and live in a rent-free flat owned by her employers. They moved again, to 72 Western Avenue, and then to 12 Ardwick Road,[7] which was part of a new council estate. Money was always a problem in the McCartney household, as Jim McCartney only earned up to £6.00 a week, which was less than his wife earned.[8]

The Liverpool Institute which McCartney and Harrison attended.

McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary school, the Joseph Williams Junior School, and passed the 11-plus exam in 1953. Of the 90 children that took the exam, only three others passed, gaining all four places at the Liverpool Institute.[9] He met George Harrison on the bus to the Institute, as he lived nearby.[10] Passing the 11-plus exam meant that McCartney and Harrison did not have to go to a Secondary modern school, where most pupils attended until they were eligible to work. It also meant that Grammar school pupils had to find new friends—such was the division between the two school systems.[11]

In 1955, the McCartney family moved to 20 Forthlin Road (in Allerton), which is now owned by The National Trust.[12] Mary McCartney rode a bicycle to houses where she was needed as a midwife, and McCartney's earliest memory is of her leaving when it was snowing heavily.[13] On 31 October 1956, when McCartney was 14, Mary McCartney (who was a heavy smoker) died of an embolism after a mastectomy operation to stop the spread of her breast cancer.[14] The early loss of his mother later connected McCartney with John Lennon, whose mother, Julia, died when Lennon was 17.[15]

McCartney's father was a trumpet player and pianist, who had led "Jim Mac's jazz Band" in the 1920s, and encouraged his two sons to be musical.[16] Jim had an upright piano in the front room he bought from Harry Epstein's store, and McCartney's grandfather, Joe McCartney, played an E-flat tuba.[17][18] Jim McCartney used to point out the different instruments in songs on the radio, and often took Paul to local brass band concerts.[18] After the death of his wife Mary, Jim McCartney gave Paul a nickel-plated trumpet, but when skiffle music became popular, McCartney swapped the trumpet for a £15 Framus Zenith (model 17) acoustic guitar.[19][20]

McCartney, being left handed, found the Zenith impossible to play. He then saw a poster advertising Slim Whitman and realised that Whitman played left-handed, with his guitar strung the opposite way to a right-handed player.[20][21] McCartney wrote his first song ("I Lost My Little Girl") on the Zenith, and also played his father's Framus Spanish guitar when writing early songs with John Lennon.[22] He later started playing piano and wrote "When I'm Sixty-Four".[23] His father advised him to take some music lessons, which he did. But McCartney realised that he preferred to learn 'by ear' and never paid attention in music classes.[24][25]

1957-1960: The Quarrymen and The Silver Beetles

Main articles: The Quarrymen and Lennon/McCartney
File:Elvismccartney.jpg
'Elvis McCartney' drawing by Klaus Voormann.

The fifteen-year-old McCartney met Lennon and The Quarrymen at the Woolton (St. Peter's church hall) fête on 6 July 1957.[26] At the start of their friendship Lennon's Aunt Mimi disapproved of McCartney because he was, she said, "working class", and called McCartney, "John's little friend".[27] McCartney's father told Paul that John would get him "into trouble", although he later allowed The Quarrymen to rehearse in the front room at 20 Forthlin Road.[28][29]

McCartney formed a close working relationship with Lennon and they collaborated on many songs. He convinced Lennon to allow Harrison to join the Quarrymen after Lennon's initial reluctance (because of Harrison's young age) when Lennon heard Harrison play at a rehearsal in March 1958.[30] Harrison joined the group as lead guitarist, followed by Lennon's art school friend, Stuart Sutcliffe, on bass, with whom McCartney later bickered regarding Sutcliffe's musical ability.[31][32] By May 1960, they had tried several new names, including The Silver Beetles (and played a tour with Johnny Gentle, in Scotland) but changed it to The Beatles for their performances in Hamburg, in August 1960.[33][34]

1960-1970: The Beatles

Main articles: The Beatles and The Beatles discography
File:Beatles James Paul McCartney 1964.jpg
McCartney in February 1964.

Allan Williams started managing The Beatles in May 1960, booking them into Bruno Koschmider's Indra club in Hamburg. McCartney's father was reluctant to let the teenage Paul go to Hamburg until Paul pointed out that he would earn two pounds and ten shillings per day. As this was more than he earned himself, Jim finally agreed.[35]

The Beatles first played at the Indra club, sleeping in small, dirty rooms in the Bambi Kino, and then moved (after the closure of the Indra) to the larger Kaiserkeller.[36] In October 1960, they left Koschmider's club and worked at the "Top Ten Club", which was run by Peter Eckhorn.[37][38] When McCartney and Pete Best went back to the Bambi Kino to get their belongings they found it in almost total darkness. As a snub to Koschmider, they found a condom, attached it to a nail on the concrete wall of their room, and set fire to it. There was no real damage, but Koschmider reported them for attempted arson. McCartney and Best spent three hours in a local jail and were deported, as was George Harrison, for working under the legal age limit.[39] Lennon's work permit was revoked a few days later and he went home by train, but Sutcliffe had tonsilitis and stayed in Hamburg, and then flew home.[40]

The group reunited in December 1960, and on 21 March 1961, played their first of many concerts at Liverpool's Cavern club.[41][42] McCartney realised that other Liverpool bands were playing the same cover songs as The Beatles, which prompted him and Lennon to write more original material.[43] The Beatles returned to Hamburg in April 1961, and recorded 'My Bonnie' with Tony Sheridan.[44] Sutcliffe left the band after the end of their contract, so Paul reluctantly took over bass.[45] He first played a 'Rosetti Solid 7' bass upside-down, but later bought a left-handed Höfner.[46][47] On 1 October 1961, McCartney went with Lennon (who paid for the trip) to Paris for two weeks.[48]

Brian Epstein first saw The Beatles play at the Cavern club on 9 November 1961, and later signed them to a management contract.[49] Their road manager, Neil Aspinall, drove The Beatles to London on 31 December 1961, where they auditioned the next day, but were rejected by Decca Records.[50] In April 1962, they went back to Hamburg to play at the Star-Club, and learned of Stuart Sutcliffe's death a few hours before they arrived.[51] Epstein sacked Pete Best before The Beatles signed a record contract on 9 May 1962, with Parlophone Records, after having been rejected by many record companies.[52] "Love Me Do" was released on 5 October 1962, featuring McCartney singing solo on the chorus line.[53]

All Lennon-McCartney songs on the first pressing of Please Please Me album (recorded in one day on 11 February 1963)[54] as well as the single "From Me to You", and its B-side, "Thank You Girl", are credited to "McCartney-Lennon", but this was later changed to "Lennon-McCartney".[55] They usually needed an hour or two to finish a song, which were written in hotel rooms after a concert, at Wimpole Street, at Cavendish Avenue, or at Kenwood (John Lennon's house).[56] McCartney also wrote songs for other artists, such as Billy J. Kramer, Cilla Black, Badfinger, and Mary Hopkin.[57]

Lennon, Harrison, and Starr lived in large houses in the 'stockbroker belt' of southern England,[58] but McCartney continued to live in central London: in Jane Asher's parents' house, and then at 7 Cavendish Avenue, St John's Wood, near the Abbey Road Studios.[58] It was at Cavendish Avenue that McCartney bought his first Old English Sheepdog, Martha, which inspired the song, "Martha My Dear".[59]

McCartney often went to nightclubs alone, which offered 'dining and dancing until 4.00 a.m.' and featured cabaret acts.[60] McCartney would get preferential treatment everywhere he went, which he readily accepted.[61] He even once accepted an offer from a policeman to be allowed to park McCartney's car.[60] He later visited gambling clubs after 4 in the morning, such as 'The Curzon House', and often saw Brian Epstein there.[62] The Ad Lib club (above the Prince Charles Theatre at 7 Leicester Place) was later opened for the emerging 'Rock and Roll' crowd of musicians, and tolerated their unusual lifestyle.[63] After the Ad Lib fell out of favour, McCartney moved on to the Scotch of St James, at 13 Masons Yard.[64] He also frequented The Bag O'Nails club at 8 Kingly Street in Soho, London, which is where he met Linda McCartney.[65]

The Beatles stopped touring after their last concert at Candlestick Park, San Francisco, on 29 August 1966. The other three Beatles had often talked about stopping touring, but after the Candlestick Park concert, and after having played so many concerts where they could not be heard, McCartney finally agreed that they should stop playing live concerts.[66]

File:LetItBe.jpg
"Let It Be" album cover.

McCartney was the first to be involved in a musical project outside of The Beatles, when he composed the score for the film The Family Way in 1966. The soundtrack was later released as an album (also called The Family Way), and won the Ivor Novello Award for 'Best Instrumental Theme'. McCartney wrote songs for and produced other artists, including Mary Hopkin, Badfinger, and The Bonzo Dog Band, and in 1966, he was asked by Kenneth Tynan to write the songs for the National Theatre's production of As You Like It by William Shakespeare (starring Laurence Olivier) but declined.[67]

McCartney later attempted to convince The Beatles to return to the stage, and when they had a meeting to sign a new contract with Capitol Records, McCartney suggested "Going back to our roots", to which John Lennon replied, "I think you're mad!"[68] Although Lennon had quit the group in September 1969, and Harrison and Starkey had temporary left The Beatles at various times, McCartney was the one who publicly announced the break-up on 10 April 1970, one week before releasing his first solo album, McCartney.[69] The album included a press-release inside with a self-written interview stating the end of The Beatles and his hopes about the future. The Beatles' partnership was legally dissolved after McCartney filed a lawsuit on 31 December 1970.[70]

1970s: Paul McCartney (solo) and Wings

Main articles: Paul McCartney discography and Wings (band)
File:Mccartneys.jpg
Paul and Linda with Wings at the start of their Wings Over America tour in 1976.

McCartney released his debut McCartney solo album in April 1970, with the announcement that he was leaving The Beatles. He insisted that his wife should be involved in his musical career so that they would not be apart when he was on tour.[71] McCartney's second solo album, Ram (1971) was credited to both Paul and Linda McCartney. Later that year McCartney formed Wings, with guitarist Denny Laine and drummer Denny Seiwell, and released their debut album, Wild Life. In 1972, Wings started an unplanned tour of British universities and small European venues.[72] In February of that year, they released a single called "Give Ireland Back to the Irish",[73] which was banned by the BBC.[74] Wings then embarked on the 26-date Wings Over Europe Tour.

Wings' 1973 album Red Rose Speedway spawned the band's first #1 in England, "My Love".[75] On 16 April, McCartney starred in a TV variety show called James Paul McCartney.[76] The band released Band on the Run,[77] which won two Grammy Awards[78] and is Wings' most lauded work. In October 1972, McCartney recorded the theme song for the James Bond film, Live and Let Die.[72] In 1973, Wings released the single "Jet,"[79] and in 1974, "Band on the Run" (the song) and "Junior's Farm".[80] A jam session—with Lennon and McCartney—was recorded in California, in 1974, and released on the bootleg, A Toot and a Snore in '74. Through 1975, and 1976, Wings embarked on the ambitious Wings Over the World tour, which was released as Wings over America.

In 1977, Wings released "Mull of Kintyre". It stayed at #1 in the UK for nine weeks, and was the highest-selling single in the UK until 1984, when Band Aid's Do They Know It's Christmas beat its record.[74] Wings toured again in 1979, and McCartney organised the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea. McCartney's Rockestra theme won a Grammy award.[72] At Christmas 1979, McCartney released his (solo) Wonderful Christmastime.[81]

Although McCartney's relationship with John Lennon was troubled, they reconciled during the 1970s.[82] McCartney would often call Lennon, but was never sure which reception he would get,[83] such as when McCartney once called Lennon and was told, "You're all pizza and fairytales!"[83] McCartney understood that he could not just phone Lennon and only talk about business, so they often talked about cats, baking bread, or babies.[84]


Solo career

1980s

The Dakota building entrance where John Lennon was shot.

In a 1980 interview, Lennon said that the last time he had seen McCartney was when they had watched the episode of Saturday Night Live (May 1976) where Lorne Michaels had made his $3,200 cash offer to get The Beatles to reunite on the show.[85] McCartney and Lennon had seriously considered going to the studio, but were too tired.[86] On the morning of 9 December, 1980, McCartney awoke to the news that Lennon had been murdered outside his Dakota building home.[87] Lennon's death created a media frenzy around the surviving members of The Beatles.[88] On the evening of 9 December, as McCartney was leaving an Oxford Street recording studio, he was surrounded by reporters and asked for his reaction to Lennon's death. He replied, "I'm very shocked - this is terrible news," and said that he had spent the day in the studio listening to some material because he, "just didn't want to sit at home."[89] When asked why, he replied, "I didn't feel like it," and added, "It's a drag, isn't it?" When published, his "drag" remark was criticised, and McCartney later regretted it. He later said that he had intended no disrespect, and could not say more, after the shock and sadness he felt over Lennon's murder.[90]

In a Playboy interview in 1984, McCartney said that he went home that night and watched the news on television—whilst sitting with all his children—and cried all evening. His last telephone call to John, which was just before Lennon and Yoko released Double Fantasy, was friendly. During the call, Lennon said (laughing) to McCartney, "This housewife wants a career!"[91] which referred to Lennon's "house-husband" years, whilst he was looking after Sean Lennon.[89] McCartney carried on recording after the death of Lennon but did not play any live concerts for some time. He explained that this was because he was nervous that he would be "the next" to be murdered.[90][92] This led to a disagreement with Denny Laine, who wanted to continue touring and subsequently left Wings, which McCartney disbanded in 1981.[92][93]

Like McCartney before it, McCartney played every instrument on the 1980 release McCartney II, with an emphasis on synthesisers instead of guitars.[94][95] The single "Coming Up" reached #2 in Britain (live version) and #1 in the USA.[96] McCartney's next album, 1982's Tug of War, reunited him with Beatles producer George Martin[97] and featured McCartney's duet with Stevie Wonder on "Ebony and Ivory".[98] Two further duets followed - both with Michael Jackson: "The Girl Is Mine",[98] and "Say Say Say,"[98] on 1983's "Pipes of Peace".

File:PressTPCover.jpg
The cover of 1986's Press to Play.

McCartney wrote and starred in the 1984 film Give My Regards to Broad Street. The film and soundtrack featured the US and UK Top 10 hit[99] "No More Lonely Nights", but the film did not do well commercially[100] and received a negative critical response. Roger Ebert awarded the film a single star and wrote, "You can safely skip the movie and proceed directly to the sound track".[101]

In the second half of the decade McCartney would find new collaborators. Eric Stewart had appeared on McCartney's Pipes of Peace album,[102] and he co-wrote most of McCartney's 1986 album, Press to Play.[103] McCartney returned the favour by co-writing two songs for Stewart's band, 10cc: "Don't Break the Promises" (...Meanwhile, 1992), and "Yvonne's the One" (Mirror Mirror, 1995).

In 1988 he released Снова в СССР, which was a collection of old Rock and roll hits - written by others - that McCartney had admired over the years. It was originally released in 1988, in the USSR, but with the addition of one extra track, it was internationally released in 1991.

McCartney also began a musical partnership with singer-songwriter Elvis Costello (Declan Macmanus).[104] The resulting songs would appear on several singles and albums by both artists, notably "Veronica" from Costello's album Spike, and "My Brave Face" from McCartney's Flowers in the Dirt, both released in 1989.[105] Further McCartney/Macmanus compositions for "Flowers in the Dirt" surfaced on the 1991 album Mighty Like a Rose (Costello) and 1993's Off the Ground (McCartney).

1990s

The 'Real Love' single cover.

The 1990s saw McCartney venture into classical music. In 1991 The Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society commissioned a musical piece by McCartney to celebrate its sesquicentennial.[106] McCartney collaborated with Carl Davis to release a Latin-language musical piece called Liverpool Oratorio.[107] EMI Classics recorded the premiere of the oratorio and released it on a 2-CD album.[108] After the 'Oratorio', McCartney released The Leaf, in 1995, which is a solo-piano piece played by Royal College of Music gold-medal winner Anya Alexeyev.[109] The Prince of Wales later honoured McCartney as a Fellow of The Royal College of Music.[108] Other forays into classical music included Standing Stone (1997) and Working Classical (1999).

In the early 1990s, McCartney, Harrison, and Starr reunited to work on Apple's The Beatles Anthology documentary series. It included three double albums of alternative takes, live recordings and remixes of Beatles songs. Anthology 1 was released in 1995, and featured "Free as a Bird", the first of the Beatles "Reunion" tracks, while Anthology 2, released in 1996, included "Real Love" (1996), the second and final in the Reunion series. Both Reunion tracks were completed by adding music to Lennon's demos.

2000s

Wingspan: An Intimate Portrait (2001) is a documentary that features behind-the-scenes films and photographs that Paul and Linda McCartney took of their family and bands.[110] Interspersed throughout the 88 minute film is an interview by Mary McCartney with her father. Mary was the baby photographed inside McCartney's jacket on the back cover of his first solo album, McCartney, and was one of the producers of the documentary.[111]

On 20 October 2001, McCartney took a lead role in organising The Concert for New York City in response to the 11 September terrorist attacks.[112] A few days before the concert, McCartney was involved in a car crash at a crossroads in New York's East Hampton resort. He complained of back pains but did not need hospital treatment.[113]

File:Harrison3.jpg
George Harrison

A few weeks later, on 29 November, McCartney was informed that his former classmate, friend, and ex-Beatles' lead guitarist, George Harrison, had died of cancer. McCartney told Entertainment Tonight, Access Hollywood, Extra and Today that George was like his "baby brother" in The Beatles. Harrison spent his last days in a Hollywood Hills mansion that was once leased by Sir Paul McCartney, and formerly owned by Courtney Love.[114] On 29 November 2002—on the first anniversary of George Harrison's death—McCartney played Harrison’s "Something" on a ukulele at the Concert for George.[115]

In 2002, McCartney went on another World tour, which continued through the following two years. During the tour he contributed to an album titled Good Rockin' Tonight: The Legacy Of Sun Records—which included a version of the Elvis Presley hit "That's All Right (Mama)"—recorded with Presley musicians Scotty Moore and D.J. Fontana.[116] McCartney performed during the pre-game ceremonies at the NFL's Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002, and the Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005. In 2003, McCartney went to Russia to play a concert in Red Square. Vladimir Putin gave McCartney a tour of the Square, and McCartney performed a private version of "Let It Be".[117]

In June 2004, McCartney headlined the Glastonbury Festival (his first British music festival appearance).[118] McCartney and festival organiser Michael Eavis picked up the NME Award on behalf of the Festival which won 'Best Live Event' in the 2005 awards.[119] McCartney performed at the main Live 8 concert on 2 July 2005, playing "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" with U2 to open the Hyde Park event, although Ringo Starr criticised McCartney for not asking him to play.[120]

On 18 June 2006, McCartney celebrated his 64th birthday, as in, "When I'm Sixty-Four". Paul Vallely noted in The Independent:

"Paul McCartney’s 64th birthday is not merely a personal event. It is a cultural milestone for a generation. Such is the nature of celebrity, McCartney is one of those people who has represented the hopes and aspirations of those born in the baby-boom era, which had its awakening in the Sixties."[121]

McCartney joined Jay-Z and Linkin Park onstage at the 2006 Grammy Awards in a performance of "Yesterday" to commemorate the recent passing of Coretta Scott King. McCartney later noted that it was the first time he had performed at the Grammys and quipped, "I finally passed the audition", which was a reference to the John Lennon comment at the end of The Beatles' rooftop concert, which was shown in the Let It Be film: "I'd like to say thank you on behalf of the group and myself and I hope we passed the audition."[122] McCartney was nominated for another Grammy Award for "Jenny Wren"—a song from Chaos and Creation in the Backyard.[123]

Family life

McCartney was the last Beatle to marry. He had a five-year relationship with actress Jane Asher, and they were engaged to be married, until they broke up in 1968.[124] He married American photographer Linda Eastman in 1969. They had three children together, and remained married until Linda's death from breast cancer in 1998. In 2002, McCartney married former model Heather Mills and they had a child in 2003. They announced their separation in 2006.[125]

An article, in 2004, reported widespread animosity towards Paul McCartney's wives. "They [The British public] didn't like me giving up on Jane Asher," McCartney said. "I married a New York divorcee with a child, and at the time they didn't like that."[126]

In 2006, tapes recorded by Peter Cox—with whom Linda McCartney had written a vegetarian cookery book before her death—came to light. The tapes were said to be conversations with Linda discussing her marriage. McCartney reportedly paid £200,000 to Cox for possession of the tapes.[127][128]

Relationship with Jane Asher

Main article: Jane Asher

Paul McCartney first met British actress Jane Asher on 18 April 1963, when The Beatles were performing at the Royal Albert Hall, in London, and a photographer asked them to pose with Asher.[129] She conducted interview with The Beatles by the BBC, and was then photographed screaming at them like a fan. McCartney later persuaded her to become his girlfriend.[130]

McCartney soon met Jane's family: Margaret, Jane's mother, who combined her life as the mother of three children with a full-time career as a music teacher, and Jane's father, Richard, who was a physician. Jane's brother, Peter, was a member of Peter and Gordon, and Jane's younger sister, Clare, was also an actress.[131] McCartney later gave "A World Without Love", to Peter and Gordon.[132] McCartney took up residence at the Ashers' house at 57 Wimpole Street, London, and lived there for nearly three years.[133] During his time there McCartney met writers such as Bertrand Russell, Harold Pinter and Len Deighton.[134] He wrote several songs at the Ashers', including "Yesterday", and worked on songs with John Lennon in the basement music room. Jane inspired many songs, such as, "And I Love Her", "You Won't See Me", and "I'm Looking Through You".[135]

On 13 April 1965, McCartney bought a £40,000 three-storey Regency house, at 7 Cavendish Avenue, London, and spent a further £20,000 renovating it. McCartney created a music room on the top floor of his house, where he worked with John Lennon. He thanked the Ashers by paying for the decoration of the front of their house.[136]

On 15 May 1967, McCartney met American photographer Linda Eastman at a Georgie Fame concert at The Bag O'Nails club in London.[137] Eastman was in the UK on an assignment to take photographs of "Swinging sixties" musicians in London. McCartney and Linda later went to The Speakeasy club on Margaret Street.[138] They met again four days later at the launch party for the Sgt. Pepper album at Brian Epstein's house in Belgravia, but when her assignment was completed, Linda flew back to New York City.[139]

On 25 December 1967, McCartney and Asher announced their engagement, but Asher broke it off in July 1968, after coming back from Bristol to find Paul in bed with another woman.[124] Jane Asher has consistently refused to discuss that part of her life.[140]

Marriage to Linda Eastman

Main articles: Linda McCartney, Heather McCartney, Mary McCartney, Stella McCartney, and James McCartney

In May of 1968, McCartney met Eastman again in New York, when he and Lennon were there to announce the formation of Apple.[141] In September, McCartney phoned Linda Eastman and asked her to fly over to London. He later said that Linda was the woman who "gave me the strength and courage to work again" (after the Beatles break-up).[142] Six months later, McCartney and Eastman were married at a small civil ceremony (when Linda was four months pregnant with McCartney's child) at Marylebone Registry Office on 12 March 1969. Paul adopted Linda's daughter from her first marriage, Heather Louise, and the McCartneys had three children: Mary Anna, Stella Nina,[143] and James Louis. The McCartneys (reportedly) spent less than a week apart during their entire marriage, interrupted only by Paul's incarceration in Tokyo on drug charges in January 1980.

Linda McCartney died in Tucson, Arizona, on 17 April, 1998.[144] McCartney denied rumours that her death was an assisted suicide.[144][145]

McCartney now has four grandchildren: Mary's two sons Arthur Alistair Donald (born 3 April 1999) and Elliot Donald (born 1 August 2002) and Stella's son Miller Alasdhair James Willis (born 25 February 2005)[146] and daughter Bailey Linda Olwyn Willis (born 8 December 2006—the 26th anniversary of John Lennon's murder).[147]

Marriage to Heather Mills

Main article: Heather Mills McCartney

After having sparked the interest of the tabloids about his appearances with Heather Mills at events, McCartney appeared publicly beside Miss Mills at a party in January 2000, to celebrate her 32nd birthday.[148][149] On 11 June 2002, McCartney married Mills, a former model and anti-landmines campaigner, in an elaborate ceremony at Castle Leslie in Glaslough, County Monaghan, Ireland where more than 300 guests were invited, and the reception included a vegetarian banquet.[150] In October 2003, Mills McCartney gave birth to a daughter, Beatrice Milly McCartney.[151] The baby was reportedly named after Heather's late mother Beatrice and Sir Paul's Aunt Milly.[152]

On 29 July, 2006, British newspapers announced that Sir Paul had filed for divorce, which sparked a press furore.[153][154]

Classical music, Electronica, Film, and the Arts

During his time in The Beatles, McCartney was often seen at major cultural events, such as the launch party for The International Times, and at The Roundhouse (28 January and 4 February 1967).[155] He also delved into the visual arts, becoming a close friend of leading art dealers and gallery owners, explored experimental film, and regularly attended movie, theatrical and classical music performances. His first contact with the London avant-garde scene was through John Dunbar, who introduced him to the art dealer Robert Fraser, who in turn introduced Paul to an array of writers and artists. McCartney later became involved in the renovation and publicising of the Indica Gallery in Mason's Yard, London—John Lennon first met Yoko Ono at the Indica.[156][157] The Indica Gallery brought McCartney into contact with Barry Miles, whose underground newspaper, The International Times, McCartney helped to start.[158] Miles would become de facto manager of The Beatles' short-lived Zapple Records label, and wrote McCartney's official biography, Many Years From Now (1998).

McCartney has also written and released several pieces of modern classical music and ambient electronica, besides writing poetry and painting. McCartney is lead patron of the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts, which is an arts school in the building formerly occupied by the Liverpool Institute for Boys. The 1837 building, which McCartney had attended during his schooldays, had become derelict by the mid-1980s. On 7 June 1996, Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the redeveloped building.

Classical music

The Anglican Cathedral in Liverpool, where the Liverpool Oratorio was premiered.

McCartney's first complete foray into classical music was the quasi-autobiographical Liverpool Oratorio (1991), a collaborative composition with Carl Davis. The Oratorio was premiered in Liverpool's Anglican Cathedral,[159] and had its North American premiere in Carnegie Hall in New York on 18 November 1991, with Davis conducting.[160] McCartney's singers and musicians included the opera singers: Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, Sally Burgess,[161] Jerry Hadley and Willard White, with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra and the choir of Liverpool Cathedral.[162] In 1997, McCartney made his second venture into classical music with Standing Stone, which was commissioned by EMI Records to mark EMI's 100th anniversary in the autumn of 1997.[163][162] In 1999, McCartney released Working Classical.[164]

In 2000, McCartney released A Garland for Linda; a choral tribute album, with compositions from eight other contemporary composers.[165][166] The music was performed by "The Joyful Company of Singers" to raise funds for The Garland Appeal, which is a fund to aid cancer sufferers.[167]

In March 2006, McCartney finished composing a 'modern classical' musical work named Ecce Cor Meum [Behold My Heart]. It was recorded with the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields, and the boys of King's College Choir and Magdalen College, Oxford, and was premiered at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 3 November, 2006.[168][169]

Electronica

After the recording of "Yesterday" in 1965, McCartney contacted the BBC Radiophonic Workshop in Maida Vale, London, to see if they could record an electronic version of the song,[170] but never followed it up.[170] When visiting John Dunbar's flat in London, McCartney would take along tapes he had compiled at Jane Asher's house.[171] The tapes were mixes of various songs, musical pieces and comments made by McCartney that he had Dick James make into a demo record for him.[172] He later made tape loops by recording voices, guitars and bongos on a Brenell tape machine, and splicing the various loops together. He reversed the tapes, speeded them up, and slowed them down to create the effects he wanted (which were later used on Beatles recordings). McCartney referred to them as electronic symphonies and was heavily influenced by John Cage at the time.[173]

In the spring of 1966, McCartney rented a ground floor and basement flat from Ringo Starr at 34 Montagu Square,[174] which was used by McCartney as a small demo studio for poets and avant-garde musicians to record in.[175] Apple Records later created their own Zapple sub-label.[175]

In 1995, McCartney recorded a radio series called "Oobu Joobu"[176][177] for the American network Westwood One,[178] which McCartney described as being "wide-screen radio".[178][179]

During the 1990s, McCartney collaborated with Youth of Killing Joke under the name of The Fireman,[180] and have released two ambient albums; Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest (in 1994) and Rushes, in 1998. In 2000, he released an album, Liverpool Sound Collage,[181] with Super Furry Animals and Youth, utilising collage and musique concrete techniques which fascinated him in the mid-1960s. Most recently, in 2005, he has worked on a project with bootleg producer and remixer Freelance Hellraiser, under the name Twin Freaks.[182]

Film

McCartney was interested in animated films as a child, and later had the financial resources to ask Geoff Dunbar to direct a short, animated film called the Rupert and the Frog Song in 1981. McCartney wrote the music, the script, was the producer, as well as adding some of the characters voices.[183] Dunbar worked again with McCartney on an animated film about the work of French artist Honore Daumier, in 1992, which won the both of them a Bafta award.[184] They also worked on Tropic Island Hum, in 1997.[185] In 1995, McCartney directed a short documentary about The Grateful Dead.[186][187]

Painting

In 1966, McCartney met art gallery-owner Robert Fraser, whose flat was visited by many well-known artists.[188] McCartney met Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Peter Blake, and Richard Hamilton there, and learned about art appreciation.[188] McCartney later started buying paintings by Magritte, and used Magritte's painting of an apple for the Apple Records logo.[189] He now owns Magritte's easel and spectacles.[190]

McCartney's love of painting surfaced after watching artist Willem de Kooning paint, in Kooning's Long Island barn.[191] McCartney took up painting in 1983.[192] In 1999, he exhibited his paintings (featuring McCartney's portraits of John Lennon, Andy Warhol, and David Bowie) for the first time in Siegen, Germany, and included photographs by Linda. He chose the gallery because Wolfgang Suttner (local events organiser) was genuinely interested in his art, and the positive reaction led to McCartney showing his work in UK galleries.[193] The first UK exhibition of McCartney's work was opened in Bristol, England with more than 500 paintings on display. McCartney had previously believed that "only people that had been to Art school were allowed to paint" - as John Lennon had.[193]

In October, 2000, Yoko Ono and McCartney presented art exhibitions in New York and London. McCartney said,

I've been offered an exhibition of my paintings at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool where John and I used to spend many a pleasant afternoon. So I'm really excited about it. I didn't tell anybody I painted for 15 years but now I'm out of the closet.[194][195]

Writing and poetry

File:July 1946.jpg
McCartney's English teacher, Alan Durband, in 1946.

When McCartney was young, his mother read him poems, and encouraged him to read books. McCartney's father was interested in crosswords, and invited the two young McCartneys (Paul and Michael) to solve them with him, so as to increase their "word power".[196] McCartney was later inspired - in his school years - by Alan Durband, who was McCartney's English literature teacher at the Liverpool Institute.[197] Durband was a co-founder and fund-raiser at the Everyman Theatre in Liverpool, where Willy Russell also worked, and introduced McCartney to Geoffrey Chaucer's works.[198] McCartney later took his A-level exams, but only passed one subject, which was either English, or Art.[199][200]

In 2001 McCartney published 'Blackbird Singing' (a volume of poems some of which were lyrics to his songs) and gave readings in Liverpool and New York.[201] Some of them were serious; "Here Today" (about John Lennon) and some humourous ("Maxwell's Silver Hammer").[202] In the foreword of the book, McCartney explained that when he was a teenager, he had "an overwhelming desire" to have a poem of his published in the school magazine. He wrote something "deep and meaningful", but it was rejected, and he feels that he has been trying to get some kind of revenge ever since. His first "real poem" was about the death of his childhood friend, Ivan Vaughan.[203]

In October 2005, McCartney released a children's book called "High In The Clouds: An Urban Furry Tail".[204][205] McCartney said - in a press report about the release of the High In The Clouds book - that he had loved reading for as long as he could remember.[206] McCartney collaborated with author Philip Ardagh and animator Geoff Dunbar to write the book.[207]

Lifestyle

McCartney's lifestyle was greatly altered by the success of The Beatles, and the income he earned. The availability of the first oral contraceptive and illegal drugs changed many people's opinions - including McCartney's - about life, marriage, and sexual relationships.[208]

Recreational drug use

McCartney's introduction to drugs started in Hamburg, Germany. As The Beatles had to play for hours, they were often given "Prellies" (Preludin) by German customers, or by Astrid Kirchherr (whose mother bought them). McCartney would usually take one, but Lennon would often take four or five.[209]

After having been introduced to cannabis, by Bob Dylan in New York, in 1964, McCartney remembered getting "very high" and giggling.[210] McCartney's use of cannabis became regular, and any future Beatles/McCartney lyrics containing the words "high", or "grass", were written as a reference to cannabis. The song, Got to Get You into My Life, was written as a direct reference.[211] John Dunbar's flat at 29 Lennox Gardens, in London, became a regular hang-out for McCartney, where he talked to musicians, writers and artists, and smoked cannabis.[172]

Dick Lester said that during the filming of Help!, he overheard "two beautiful women", trying to cajole Paul into taking heroin, but McCartney refused, although The Beatles occasionally smoked a spliff in the car on the way to the studio during the filming of Help!, which often made them forget their lines.[212]

In 1965, Barry Miles introduced McCartney to Hash Brownies by using a recipe for Hash fudge he found in the Alice B. Toklas Cookbook.[213] McCartney was introduced to cocaine by Robert Fraser, and it was available during the recording of the Sgt. Pepper album.[214][215] McCartney admitted sniffing heroin with Fraser, but did not feel any effect, and never took it again.[216]

McCartney's attitude about cannabis was made public in the 1960s, when McCartney added his name to an advertisement in The Times, on 24 July 1967, which asked for the legalisation of cannabis, the release of all prisoners imprisoned because of possession, and research into marijuana's medical uses. The advertisement was sponsored by a group called Soma, and was signed by 65 people, including The Beatles, Brian Epstein, Graham Greene, R.D. Laing, 15 doctors, and two MPs.[217] On a sailing trip to Greece in 1967 with The Beatles, McCartney said the whole band sat around and took acid, although McCartney first took it with Tara Browne, in 1966.[218][219] He took his second "trip" with John Lennon on 21 March 1967, after a studio session.[220] McCartney was the first British pop star openly to admit to using LSD, in an interview in the now-defunct "Queen" magazine.[221] His admission was followed by a TV interview in the UK on Independent Television News on 19 June 1967, when McCartney was asked about his admission of LSD use:

I was asked a question by a newspaper, and the decision was whether to tell a lie or tell him the truth. I decided to tell him the truth...but I really didn't want to say anything, you know, because if I had my way I wouldn't have told anyone. I'm not trying to spread the word about this. But the man from the newspaper is the man from the mass medium. I'll keep it a personal thing if he does too, you know...if he keeps it quiet. But he wanted to spread it so it's his responsibility, you know, for spreading it, not mine.

In spite of his statements then, and his admission (in 2004) that he had used cocaine, McCartney was not arrested by Norman Pilcher's Drug Squad, as had Lennon, Harrison, Donovan, and several members of The Rolling Stones.[222] In 1972, however, Police found cannabis plants growing on his Scottish farm.[223]

On 16 January 1980, Wings went to Tokyo for 11 concerts in Japan.[77] Whilst going through customs, officials found 7.7 ounces (218.3 g) of cannabis in McCartney's luggage.[77] He was arrested and taken to a Tokyo prison whilst the Japanese government decided what to do. McCartney had been previously denied a visa to Japan (in 1975) because he had been convicted twice in Europe for possession of cannabis.[224] Public figures called for a trial by jury of McCartney for drug-smuggling. If convicted, he would have faced up to seven years in prison.[77] The members of Wings cancelled the tour and left Japan. After his week in jail, McCartney was released and deported. He was told that he would not be welcome in Japan again, although a decade later he played a concert in Tokyo.[77]

Meditation

On 24 August 1967, McCartney met the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi at the London Hilton, and later went to Bangor, in north Wales, to attend a weekend 'initiation' conference.[225] McCartney said that although he does not meditate daily, he still uses the mantra that the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi gave him in Bangor.[226] The time McCartney later spent in India at the Maharishi's ashram was highly productive, as practically all of the songs that would later be recorded for The White Album and Abbey Road were composed there by McCartney, Lennon, or both together.[227] Although McCartney was told that he was never to repeat the mantra to anyone else, he did tell Linda McCartney,[228] and said he meditated a lot whilst he was in prison, in Japan.[226]

Activism

Paul and Linda McCartney became outspoken vegetarians and animal-rights activists. They said that their vegetarian instincts were realised when they happened to see lambs in a field as they ate a meal of lamb.[229] McCartney has also credited the 1942 Disney film Bambi - in which the young deer's mother is shot by a hunter - as the original inspiration for him to take an interest in animal rights.[230] In his first interview after Linda's death, he promised to continue working for animal rights.[231][232]

In 1999, McCartney spent £3,000,000 to make sure Linda McCartney's food range remains free of GM ingredients.[233] In 2002, McCartney gave his support to a campaign against a proposed ban on the sale of certain vitamins, herbs and mineral products in the European Union.[234] Following his marriage to Heather Mills, McCartney joined with her to campaign against landmines;[235][236] both husband and wife are patrons of Adopt-A-Minefield.[237] In 2003, he played a personal concert for the wife of a wealthy banker and donated his one million dollars to the charity.[238] He also wore an anti-landmines t-shirt on the Back in the World tour.[237]

In 2006, the McCartneys travelled to Prince Edward Island to bring international attention to the seal hunt. Their arrival sparked attention in Newfoundland and Labrador where the hunt is of economic significance.[239] The couple also debated with Newfoundland's Premier Danny Williams on the CNN show Larry King Live; they stated that the fishermen should quit hunting seals and begin a seal watching business.[240] McCartney has also criticised China's fur trade,[241][242] and supports the Make Poverty History campaign.[243]

McCartney has been involved with a number of charity recordings and performances. In 2004, he donated a song to an album to aid the "US Campaign for Burma", in support of Burmese Nobel Prize winner Suu Kyi,[244] and he had previously been involved in the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, Ferry Aid, Band Aid, Live Aid, and the recording of "Ferry Cross the Mersey" (released 8 May, 1989) following the Hillsborough disaster.[245][246]

Business

McCartney is today one of Britain's wealthiest men, with an estimated fortune of £760 million.[247] In addition to his interest in The Beatles' Apple Corps, McCartney's MPL Communications owns a significant music publishing catalogue,[248] with access to over 25,000 copyrights.[249][250]

McCartney earned £40 million in 2003, making him Britain's highest media earner.[251] This rose to £48.5 million by 2005.[252] In the same year he joined the top American talent agency Grabow Associates, who arrange private performances for their richest clients.[253]

The Beatles Catalogue

Main articles: Apple Corps and Northern Songs
File:Beatles-singles-iwanttoholdyourhand-1.jpg
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" cover.

Northern Songs was established in 1963, by Dick James, to publish the songs of Lennon/McCartney.[254] The Beatles' partnership was replaced in 1968 by a jointly-held company, Apple Corps, which continues to control The Beatles' commercial interests. Northern Songs was purchased by Associated TeleVision (ATV) in 1969, and was sold in 1985 to Michael Jackson. For many years McCartney was unhappy about Jackson's purchase and handling of Northern Songs.[255]

MPL Communications

Main article: MPL Communications

MPL Communications is an umbrella company for McCartney's business interests, which owns a wide range of copyrights,[256] as well as the publishing rights to musicals,[257] and controls 25 subsidiary companies.[258]

In 2006, the Trademarks Registry reported that MPL had started a process to trademark Paul McCartney's name.[259] The 2005 films, Brokeback Mountain[260] and Good Night and Good Luck, feature MPL copyrights.[261]

Pseudonyms

Over the years, McCartney has released work under a number of pseudonyms. Prior to the success of The Beatles, McCartney would sometimes use the stage name Paul Ramone or Ramon. In 1964, McCartney wrote Peter and Gordon's first three hit singles; "A World Without Love", "Nobody I Know", and "I Don't Want To See You Again". Curious to see if their next single would sell without his name as writer, Paul wrote "Woman" for them, but credited it to 'Bernard Webb' ('A. Smith' in the U.S.). Nevertheless, it was also a hit.

In 1968 he produced the song "I'm The Urban Spaceman" by the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, and was credited as "Apollo C. Vermouth" due to contractual restrictions.[262] In 1974, he recorded an instrumental, "Walking in the Park with Eloise",[263] which had been written by his father, James. The song (with B-side, "Bridge Over The River Suite") was released on a 1974 single by "The Country Hams", which featured Paul, Linda, Floyd Cramer and Chet Atkins. Both tracks were later featured on the CD Wings at the Speed of Sound.[264] In 1977, McCartney released an orchestral version (with no vocals) of the Ram album, under the name "Percy 'Thrills' Thrillington".[265]

Achievements and critique

Critique

Stella McCartney once asked her father if he was the same famous 'Paul McCartney' that she had heard about at school. He replied that there is a difference between the public McCartney and the private McCartney, who is "just this kid from Liverpool".[266]

McCartney wrote in the concert programme for his 1989 World Tour that Lennon received all the credit for being the avant-garde Beatle,[158] and McCartney was known as 'baby-faced', which he disagreed with.[267] People also assumed that Lennon was the 'hard-edged one', and McCartney was the 'soft-edged' Beatle,[15] although McCartney admitted to 'bossing Lennon around', and saying things like, "Where's yer dad, you bastard?" as well being sarcastic about Lennon's mother 'living in sin'.[268]

Linda McCartney said that McCartney had a 'hard-edge'—and not just on the surface—which she knew about after all the years she had spent living with him.[15][269] McCartney seemed to confirm this edge when he commented that he sometimes meditates, which he said is better than "sleeping, eating, or shouting at someone".[228]

In June 1983, McCartney released "We All Stand Together" from the animated film Frog Chorus, which was commercially successful, but was widely ridiculed as being "one of the worst songs in recent years".[270]

Record-breaker

"Yesterday" single cover.

McCartney is listed in The Guinness Book Of Records[271] as the most successful musician and composer in popular music history,[272] with sales of 100 million singles and 60 gold discs.[273][274]

He has achieved twenty-nine number-one singles in the U.S., twenty of them with The Beatles, the rest with Wings and as a solo artist.[272] McCartney has been involved in more number-one singles in the United Kingdom than any other artist under a variety of credits, although Elvis Presley has achieved more as a solo artist. McCartney has achieved 24 number-ones in the U.K.: solo (1), Wings (1), with Stevie Wonder (1), Ferry Aid (1), Band Aid (1), Band Aid 20 (1) and The Beatles (17).[275] McCartney is the only artist to reach the U.K. number one as a soloist ("Pipes of Peace"), duo ("Ebony and Ivory" with Stevie Wonder), trio ("Mull of Kintyre", Wings), quartet ("She Loves You", The Beatles), quintet ("Get Back", The Beatles with Billy Preston) and sextet ("Let It Be" with Ferry Aid).

McCartney's song "Yesterday" is the most covered song in history with more than 2,000 recorded versions[276] and has been played more than 7,000,000 times on American TV and radio, for which McCartney was given an award.[277] After its 1977 release the Wings single "Mull of Kintyre" became the highest-selling record in British chart history, and remained so until 1984.[74]

On 2 July, 2005, he was involved with the fastest-released single in history. His performance of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" with U2 at Live 8[278] was released only 45 minutes after it was performed, before the end of the concert. The single reached number six on the Billboard charts just hours after the single release, and hit number one on numerous online download charts across the world.[279]

McCartney played for the largest stadium audience in history when 184,000 people paid to see him perform at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro on 21 April, 1990,[280] and he played his 3,000th concert in front of 60,000 fans in St Petersburg, Russia, on 20 June, 2004.[281] Over his career, McCartney has played 2,523 gigs with The Beatles, 140 with Wings, and 325 as a solo artist.[282]

Awards

The Beatles received their MBEs at Buckingham Palace.

On 12 June 1965 McCartney and the three other Beatles were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE); they received their insignia from the Queen at an investiture at Buckingham Palace on 26 October. On 11 March 1997, he was knighted for his "Services to music". He dedicated his knighthood to fellow Beatles John Lennon, George Harrison, Ringo Starr, and to the people of Liverpool.[283]

McCartney is the only Beatle to have been nominated for an Academy Award, for songs in the films Vanilla Sky and Live and Let Die. He also received an honorary Doctorate of Music from the University of Sussex.

In February 1990, McCartney was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award,[284] and, in March 1999, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist, after having been inducted with The Beatles in 1988.

The minor planet 4148, discovered on 11 July 1983 by E. Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory, was named 'McCartney' in honour of Sir Paul.[285]

Discographies and song samples

These pages detail McCartney's recorded work with The Beatles, Wings, and his solo output from the 1960s to the present day:

Song samples

Many Beatles compositions are attributed solely or predominantly to McCartney. Following are samples for some of these. Among others are "Can't Buy Me Love", "Fool on the Hill", "Hello, Goodbye", "Hey Jude", "Let It Be", and "The Long and Winding Road".

Notes

  1. ^ "The Lennon-McCartney Songwriting Partnership" bbc.co.uk, 4 November 2005. Retrieved: 14 December 2006
  2. ^ "Paul McCartney: When I'm 64". The Independent. Retrieved: 17 June 2006
  3. ^ "The BMI Top 100 Songs" Retrieved: 11 February 2004.
  4. ^ Spitz 2006. p75
  5. ^ a b c Miles 1998. p4.
  6. ^ Miles 1998. p3.
  7. ^ Miles 1998. pp5-9.
  8. ^ Miles 1998. p5.
  9. ^ Miles 1998. p9.
  10. ^ Spitz 2006. p125
  11. ^ Spitz 2006. pp82-83
  12. ^ Photo of Forthlin Road Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  13. ^ Miles 1998. p6.
  14. ^ Miles 1998. p20.
  15. ^ a b c Miles 1998. p31.
  16. ^ Miles 1998. p22.
  17. ^ Spitz 2006. P71
  18. ^ a b Miles 1998. pp23-24.
  19. ^ Spitz 2006. p86
  20. ^ a b Miles 1998. p21.
  21. ^ Larkin, Colin. The Guinness Who's Who Of Country Music: Slim Whitman entry, Guinness Publishing, 1993. ISBN 0851127266
  22. ^ Early guitars McCartney played Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  23. ^ Miles 1998. p23.
  24. ^ Miles 1998. pp22-23.
  25. ^ McCartney never paid attention in music classes FemaleFirst. Retrieved: 2 October 2006
  26. ^ Spitz 2006. p93
  27. ^ Miles 1998. p44.
  28. ^ Miles 1998. pp32-38.
  29. ^ Inside ForthlinRoad Retrieved: 12 November 2006
  30. ^ Spitz 2006. pp126-127
  31. ^ Miles 1998. pp47-50.
  32. ^ Cynthia Lennon “John” 2006. p94.
  33. ^ Cynthia “John” 2006. p67.
  34. ^ Coleman, Ray (1984). Lennon: The Definitive Biography. Pan Books. p212.
  35. ^ Miles 1998. p57.
  36. ^ Miles 1998. pp57-8.
  37. ^ Cynthia Lennon “John” 2006. p93.
  38. ^ Miles 1998. pp71-72.
  39. ^ Miles 1998. pp72-73.
  40. ^ Cynthia Lennon “John” 2006. p79.
  41. ^ Cynthia Lennon “John” 2006. p84.
  42. ^ Lewisohn 2002. p80
  43. ^ Miles 1998. pp81-82.
  44. ^ Cynthia Lennon “John” 2006. p97.
  45. ^ Miles 1998. p74.
  46. ^ Babiuk. pp 49-50.
  47. ^ Rosetti Solid 7 Retrieved: 14 December 2006
  48. ^ Cynthia Lennon “John” 2006. p99.
  49. ^ Miles 1998. p85.
  50. ^ Miles 1998. p89
  51. ^ Cynthia Lennon “John” 2006. p109.
  52. ^ Spitz 2006. p330
  53. ^ Miles 1998. p91
  54. ^ Miles 1998. p93
  55. ^ The Beatles : Day-by-Day, Song-by-Song, Record-by-Record, by Cross, Craig, iUniverse.com, 14 May 2005, ISBN 0-595-34663-4
  56. ^ Miles 1998. p149
  57. ^ Miles 1998. pp180-181
  58. ^ a b Miles 1998. pp166-167
  59. ^ Miles 1998. p262
  60. ^ a b Miles 1998. p129
  61. ^ Miles 1998. pp130-131
  62. ^ Miles 1998. p131
  63. ^ Miles 1998. pp132-133
  64. ^ Miles 1998. p134
  65. ^ The Bag o’Nails bbc.co.uk: 13 May 2003. Retrieved: 16 November 2006
  66. ^ Miles 1998. pp293-295.
  67. ^ Miles 1998. p124
  68. ^ Wingspan 2001. p9
  69. ^ Spitz 2006. p858.
  70. ^ Spitz 2006. p808.
  71. ^ Lewisohn 2002, p48.
  72. ^ a b c Paul McCartney biography(2003). MPL Communications. Retrieved: 11 November 2006.
  73. ^ BBC Radio Leeds interview Retrieved: 21 November 2006
  74. ^ a b c The seven ages of Paul McCartney, BBC News, 2006-06-17. Retrieved: 11 June 2006.
  75. ^ Bob Edwards (April 4, 1998). "Linda McCartney Dies". Morning Edition (NPR). {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  76. ^ James Paul McCartney (TV), Internet Movie Database. Retrieved: 11 June 2006.
  77. ^ a b c d e McGee, Garry (2003). Band on the Run: A History of Paul McCartney and Wings. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 0-87833-304-5.
  78. ^ Lewisohn 2002. p88
  79. ^ “Jet” chart postion Retrieved: 16 November 2006
  80. ^ Paul McCartney discography Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  81. ^ Wonderful Christmastime Retrieved: 27 November 2006
  82. ^ Miles 1998. p587
  83. ^ a b Miles 1998. p588
  84. ^ Miles 1998. p590
  85. ^ Playboy interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. "The Beatles Ultimate Experience Database". Playboy Press (1980). Retrieved: 11 June 2006.
  86. ^ Miles 1998. p592
  87. ^ Bresler, Fenton (1990). Who Killed John Lennon? reprinted. St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-92367-8.
  88. ^ The Last Day in the Lifetime.com. Retrieved: 6 December 2006
  89. ^ a b Miles 1998. p593
  90. ^ a b Miles 1998. p594
  91. ^ McCartney’s 1984 Playboy Interview Retrieved: 14 November 2006
  92. ^ a b Bonici, Ray. Paul McCartney Wings It Alone, Music Express issue #56, 1982. Retrieved: 11 June 2006.
  93. ^ Lewisohn 2002. p168.
  94. ^ Holden, Stephen. Paul McCartney: McCartney II review. Rolling Stone #322, 1980-07-22. Retrieved: 11 June 2006.
  95. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. McCartney II review. All Music Guide. Retrieved: 11 June 2006.
  96. ^ “Coming Up” chart posotion Retrieved: 16 November 2006
  97. ^ Calkin, Graham. Tug of War. Graham Calkin's Beatles Pages. Retrieved: 11 June 2006.
  98. ^ a b c UK top 40 database Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  99. ^ “No more Lonely Nights” chart position in US Retrieved: 16 November 2006
  100. ^ “Broad Street” a flop bbc.co.uk: 17 June 2006. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  101. ^ Ebert, Roger (1984-01-01). Give My Regards to Broad Street review. RogerEbert.com. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved: 11 June 2006.
  102. ^ Pipes of Peace, 9 August 1993, Catalogue number: CDP7892672
  103. ^ Press to Play, 9 August 1993, Catalogue number: CDP7892692
  104. ^ Interview with McManus-Costello about McCartney Retrieved: 7 December 2006
  105. ^ McCartney and Costello collaborations Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  106. ^ Contemporary Authors Online, Thomson Gale, 2006.
  107. ^ "McCartney seeks chorus of approval for Latin piece". Vancouver Sun. 3 August, 2006. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Retrieved: 10 November 2006
  108. ^ a b "Paul McCartney." Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, Vol. 24. Thomson Gale, 2005.
  109. ^ Anya Alexeyev’s web page Retrieved: 28 November 2006
  110. ^ Wingspan, DVD, Catalogue number: 4779109, 19 November 2001
  111. ^ Lewisohn 2002. p21
  112. ^ Various Artists, The Concert for New York City, 01/29/2002, COLUMBIA, 054205 (1C2D54205 Discs: 2
  113. ^ McCartney car crashbbc.co.uk, Monday, 29 October, 2001. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  114. ^ George’s last daysbbc.co.uk
  115. ^ The Concert for George, Cat. No: 0349702412
  116. ^ Good Rockin' Tonight: The Legacy Of Sun Records (DVD) Director: Bruce Sinofsky, 8 October, 2002
  117. ^ McCartney plays Red Square Saturday, 24 May, 2003. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  118. ^ NME.com "McCARTNEY WOWS GLASTO". New Musical Express. IPC Media. 27 July, 2004. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  119. ^ New Musical Express, NME.com 17 February 2005
  120. ^ "Starr Slams McCartney for not inviting him to Live 8". 10 July, 2005. Retrieved 2006-05-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  121. ^ Paul McCartney: When I'm 64 by Paul Vallely - The Independent, 16 June 2006. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  122. ^ Spitz 2006. p817.
  123. ^ Chaos and Creation in the Backyard, McCartney's web page Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  124. ^ a b Miles 1998. p452
  125. ^ Whitall, Susan, "Women swoon as Paul McCartney is single again", The Detroit News, 24 May 2006(link) Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  126. ^ "McCartney's lament: I can't buy your love", Sydney Morning Herald, 12 June 2004. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  127. ^ The Linda tapes The Daily Mail - 29 October 2006. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  128. ^ McCartney buys tapes Ireland on-line - 6 November, 2006. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  129. ^ Miles 1998. p101.
  130. ^ Miles 1998. p102.
  131. ^ Miles 1998. p104.
  132. ^ Miles 1998. p112.
  133. ^ Miles 1998. p106.
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  138. ^ Deep Purple Atlas. 48 Margaret Street, London.The Deep Purple Appreciation Society. Retrieved: 11 June 2006.
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  142. ^ "SEQUEL: ALL TOGETHER NOW Thirty years later, the surviving Beatles get back to where they once belonged". People. February 14, 1994. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  143. ^ Stella triumphs in New York bbc.co.uk - 21 October, 2000. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  144. ^ a b Linda’s death bbc.co.uk - 23 April, 1998. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  145. ^ Linda’s Obituary bbc.co.uk - 19 April, 1998. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  146. ^ Sir Paul and Lady Heather McCartney Marriage Profile Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  147. ^ Stella McCartney has a baby girl Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  148. ^ Heather Mills web page Retrieved: 2 November 2006
  149. ^ "Heather Mills." Biography Resource Center Online. Gale Group, 2000.
  150. ^ Uebelherr, Jan (August 21,2006). "They can't work it out; For these couples, summer wasn't all sunshine". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  151. ^ Heather Mills profile, Hello! Magazine (link This source dates the birth as 28 October 2003. An article in The Sun says 30 October (link).
  152. ^ King, Larry (30 October 2003). "Legal Analysis of Scott Peterson Preliminary Hearing Day Two; Interview With Paul Burrell". CNN Larry King Live (transcript). {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  153. ^ Pete Norman. "Paul McCartney Files For Divorce". People. Retrieved: 10 November 2006
  154. ^ The Times called it "one of the most high-profile marriage breakdowns in history". Stowe, Marilyn, "My advice to Sir Paul? Pay up now - and get a gagging order", The Times (London), 18 October2006. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  155. ^ “The Carnival of Light” interview Retrieved: 16 November 2006
  156. ^ The Unknown Paul McCartney, by Ian Peel, Paperback, Reynolds & Hearn Ltd, 7 November, 2002 ISBN 1-903111-36-6
  157. ^ Indica Gallery bbc.co.uk - 12 November, 2006. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  158. ^ a b Miles 1998. p232
  159. ^ Liverpool's Anglican Cathedral Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  160. ^ Liverpool Oratorio, Paul McCartney (with Carl Davis) 30 September 1996, Cat. No. CDS7543712 ,2 CDs
  161. ^ Sally Burgess’ page Retrieved: 30 November 2006
  162. ^ a b Oratorio and StandingStone premiers bbc.co.uk - 4 July, 2003. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  163. ^ Standing Stone (Foster, LSO), Producer: John Fraser, 29 September 1997, Catalogue number: CDC5564842,
  164. ^ Working Classical, Paul McCartney, Producer: John Fraser, Cat. number: CDC556897218 October 1999
  165. ^ A Garland for Linda bbc.co.uk - May 17, 1999. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  166. ^ A Garland for Linda, Paul McCartney, EMI - Catalogue No.: CDC 5 56961 2, Recorded in All Saints Church, Tooting, London. 1999
  167. ^ Garland for Linda cancer fund Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  168. ^ Ecce Cor Meum [Jewel Case], 25 September 2006, Catalogue number: EMI 3704242
  169. ^ Ecce Cor Meum Performancebbc.co.uk - 4 November 2006. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
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  177. ^ Oobu Joobu bbc.co.uk 9 November, 2006
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  179. ^ Oobu Joobu track list Retrieved: 9 November 2006
  180. ^ “The Unknown Paul McCartney” review bbc.co.uk. Retrieved: 16 November 2006
  181. ^ Liverpool Sound Collage (CD) Capitol, 26 September, 2000
  182. ^ Twin Freaks LP Parlophone, Cat. No. 311 30011, 4th June 2005. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  183. ^ Geoff Dunbar Interview Retrieved: 23 November 2006
  184. ^ Animated film won a Bafta bbb.co.uk Sunday, 29 February, 2004. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  185. ^ Tropic Island Hum Covers Retrieved: 23 November 2006
  186. ^ The Biography Channel Retrieved: 5 January 2007
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  194. ^ McCartney and Yoko art exhibitions, 20 October, 2000 Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  195. ^ Walker Gallery Exhibition: 24 May - 4 August 2002 Retrieved: 2 November 2006
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  201. ^ 'Blackbird Singing' Poem Book - Saturday 14 October, 2006. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  202. ^ Blackbird Singing - Poems and Lyrics 1965-1999, Paul McCartney, Faber and Faber, 4 March 2002, ISBN 0-571-20992-0
  203. ^ McCartney’s foreword to “Blackbird singing” Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  204. ^ High in the clouds, Paul McCartney and Philip Ardagh, Faber Children's Books, 5 October 2006, ISBN 0-571-22502-0
  205. ^ “High in the clouds” Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  206. ^ “High in the Clouds” press release Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  207. ^ Geoff Dunbar IMDb Retrieved: 27 January 2007
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  217. ^ Paul McCartney’s arrest in Japan Retrieved: 27 January 2007
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  222. ^ McCartney’s drug use Retrieved: 27 January 2007
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  224. ^ Sir Paul reveals Beatles drug use Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  225. ^ Beatles in Bangor bbc.co.uk 16 November, 2006. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
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  229. ^ Linda McCartney, by Danny Fields, Time Warner Paperbacks, 1 February 2001, ISBN 0-7515-2985-0
  230. ^ ‘Bambi’ was cruel bbb.co.uk 12 December 2005. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  231. ^ McCartney vows to keep animal rights torch alight bbc.co.uk - 5 August 1998. Retrieved: 29 January 2007
  232. ^ "Babe actor arrested after protest", BBC News, 4 July 2001, passim. (link)
  233. ^ GM-free ingredients bbc.co.uk - 10 June, 1999
  234. ^ Protest at ban on ‘mineral’ products, BBC News, 19 November, 2002
  235. ^ McCartney calls for landmine ban
  236. ^ McCartney biog, plus ‘landmines’ commentbbc.co.uk - Friday, 20 April, 2001
  237. ^ a b http://landmines.org.uk/299
  238. ^ McCartney plays for Ralph Whitworth
  239. ^ Paul and Heather call for seal cull ban, Friday, 3 March 2006 Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  240. ^ Interview transcript, McCartney and Heather, Larry King Live, Seal cullCNN - Aired 3 March, 2006 - 21:00 ET
  241. ^ "McCartney attacks China over fur"bbc.co.uk - 28 November, 2005
  242. ^ The McCartneys' call for ban on fur trade
  243. ^ Make Poverty History Retrieved: 2 December 2006
  244. ^ US campaign for Burma protest bbb.co.uk 20 June, 2005
  245. ^ Concert for Kampuchea 9 November, 2006
  246. ^ Ferry Aid Single covers 9 November, 2006
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  248. ^ List of MPL subsidiary companies Retrieved: 20 November 2006
  249. ^ List of MPL subsidiary companies Retrieved: 20 November 2006
  250. ^ Song catalogue Retrieved: 7 December 2006
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  252. ^ 48 million in 2005 The Telegraph 18/05/2006
  253. ^ Guest speaker Evening News - Sat 21 May 2005
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  255. ^ McCartney talking about The Beatles catalogue Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  256. ^ MPL music publishing Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  257. ^ McCartney and the Musical “Grease” Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  258. ^ List of MPL subsidiary companies Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  259. ^ Trademark The Guardian - Saturday 14 October, 2006
  260. ^ Brokeback Mountain web page Retrieved: 5 December 2006
  261. ^ ‘Goodnight and Good Luck’ Retrieved: 5 December 2006
  262. ^ Inside The Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band, (DVD) Catalogue number: CRP1848, 22 August 2005
  263. ^ “Walking in the Park with Eloise” Apple, 18th October 1974, Catalogue No: EMI 2220
  264. ^ Wings At The Speed Of Sound, (CD) June 1993; Cat. number CDP78914027
  265. ^ Thrillington, EMI, Catalogue number: CZ543, Original Release: 17 May, 1977
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  269. ^ The Linda McCartney Tapes Retrieved: 5 November 2006
  270. ^ “We All Stand Together” from the "Frog Chorus" bbc.co.uk: 2 August, 2004
  271. ^ Guinness Book of Records Retrieved: 27 January 2007
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  274. ^ 100 million records sold Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  275. ^ Number 1 singles Retrieved: 27 January 2007
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  277. ^ "McCartney's Yesterday earns US accolade", Sigourney's Hollywood star, BBC News, 1999-12-17. Retrieved: 11 June 2006.
  278. ^ Live 8 (DVD) Various Artists, 7 November, 2005, Cat. No: ANGELDVD5
  279. ^ Live 8 singlebbc.co.uk, Wednesday 13 July, 2005
  280. ^ One Year Ago: Internet Gives McCartney All-Time Largest Album Promo Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  281. ^ Sir Paul hits 3,000 in Russia Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  282. ^ 3,000 concerts played (20 June, 2004) Retrieved: 27 January 2007
  283. ^ "Beatle McCartney knighted Sir Paul by the Queen". CNN. 11 March, 1997. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  284. ^ Brown, Mark (May 4, 2002). "SOMEWHERE MAN WITH A TOUR TO RAVE ABOUT, MCCARTNEY'S STILL GOING PLACES". News Popular Music Critic. Denver Rocky Mountain News. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  285. ^ Planet called McCartney Retrieved: 27 January 2007

References

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