Pedro Castillo

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For other people named Pedro Castillo, see Pedro Castillo (disambiguation).
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Castillo and the second or maternal family name is Terrones.

His Excellency
Pedro Castillo
OSP OCA
Castillo in November 2021
130th President of Peru
Assumed office
28 July 2021
Prime MinisterGuido Bellido
Mirtha Vásquez
Héctor Valer
Aníbal Torres
Vice PresidentDina Boluarte
Preceded byFrancisco Sagasti
Personal details
Born (1969-10-19) 19 October 1969 (age 54)
Puña, Cajamarca, Peru
Political partyFree Peru (2020–present)
Other political
affiliations		Possible Peru (2005–2017)
Independent (2017–2020)
Spouse
​
(m. 2000)​
Children2
ResidenceGovernment Palace
Alma materCésar Vallejo University (BA, MA)
Signature
WebsitePresidency of the Republic of Peru

José Pedro Castillo Terrones (Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse ˈpeðɾo kasˈtiʝo teˈrones] (listenⓘ); born 19 October 1969), sometimes referred to as "El Profe" ('The Teacher'), is a Peruvian schoolteacher, union leader and politician serving as the 130th president of Peru[1][2] since 28 July 2021, following the 2021 general election.[3][4]

Born to a peasant family in Puña, Cajamarca, Castillo began working in Peru's informal economy as a teenager to earn funds for his studies in education and later returned to his hometown to become a primary school teacher. He attained political prominence as a leading figure in a school teachers' strike in 2017 and ran in the 2021 presidential election as the candidate of the Marxist Free Peru party. Castillo announced his presidential candidacy after seeing his students undergo hardships from the lack of resources in rural Peru, with the election occurring amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and a period of democratic deterioration in the nation. With the support of individuals living in rural and outlying provinces, he placed first in the initial round of the presidential vote and advanced to the second round where he won against his opponent Keiko Fujimori.[5][6] Castillo's victory was confirmed on 19 July 2021, and he was inaugurated on 28 July.[7]

Since taking office, Castillo has distanced himself from Free Peru, adopted more moderate left-wing cabinets and was later described as holding conservative or right-wing political positions.[8][9][10] Going through four cabinets in a little over six months and his choice of appointing close acquaintances as officials led to his government facing the most unstable beginning in more than twenty years, with questions arising about his apparent inexperience for office.[11]

Early life and education

Castillo was born to impoverished illiterate peasant parents in the town of Puña, Tacabamba, Chota Province, Department of Cajamarca.[12][13][14] Cajamarca, despite being the location of South America's largest gold mine, has remained one of the poorest regions in Peru.[13][14] He is the third of his parents' nine children.[13]

His father Ireño Castillo was born on the hacienda of a landowning family where he performed labor-intensive work.[12][15] His family rented land from the landowners until General Juan Velasco Alvarado took power and redistributed property from landowners to peasants, with Ireño receiving a plot of land he had been working on.[12][15] As a child, Castillo balanced his schooling with farm work at home, completing his elementary and high school education at the Octavio Matta Contreras de Cutervo Higher Pedagogical Institute.[15][16] Castillo's daily trek to and from school involved walking along steep cliffside paths for two hours.[15][17]

It was a great accomplishment for me to finish high school, which I did thanks to the help of my parents and my brothers and sisters. I continued my education, doing what I could to earn a living. I worked in the coffee fields. I came to Lima to sell newspapers. I sold ice cream. I cleaned toilets in hotels. I saw the harsh reality for workers in the countryside and the city.

—Pedro Castillo[18]

As a teenager and young adult, Castillo traveled throughout Peru to earn funds for his studies.[15][19][18] Beginning at the age of twelve, each year he and his father walked 140 kilometres (87 mi) for seasonal work in the coffee plantations of the Peruvian Amazon.[12][17] Castillo would also sell ice cream, newspapers and clean hotels in Lima.[18] He studied Primary Education at the Octavio Carrera Education Institute of Superior Studies and gained a master's degree in Educational Psychology from the César Vallejo University.[16]

During the internal conflict in Peru that began in the 1980s, Castillo worked in his youth as a patrolman of the Ronda Campesina to defend against the Shining Path.[20][21][22] According to Farid Kahhat, a Peruvian international relations professor interviewed by Jacobin, these groups included members with leftist beliefs combating far-left terrorism, in rural areas not under the reach of the Peruvian government.[23]

From 1995, Castillo worked as a primary school teacher and principal at School 10465 in the town of Puña, Chota. In addition to teaching, he was responsible for cooking for his students and cleaning their classroom.[13][14][16][18] According to Castillo, the community constructed the school after receiving no government assistance.[18] Rural teaching in Peru is poorly paid but highly respected and influential within local communities, which led Castillo to become involved with teachers' unions.[17][24] With Castillo's background of working as a patrolman for the Ronda Campesina and being a schoolteacher – two of the most respected jobs in Peruvian society – Castillo was able to establish a high level of political support.[24]

Activism

Teachers' strike

In an interview with the Associated Press, Castillo said that his motivation for entering politics was seeing his students arrive to school hungry without any benefits while, at the same time, Peru experienced economic growth from mineral wealth.[12] Castillo became a teachers' union leader during the 2017 teachers' strike [es], which sought to increase salaries, pay off local government debt, repeal the Law of the Public Teacher Career and increase the education budget.[25] At the time, the Peruvian government sought to replace a system of career teachers with temporary unskilled educators.[26] The strikes spread through southern Peru and, because of their longevity, Minister of Education Marilú Martens, Prime Minister Fernando Zavala and other government officials jointly announced a package of salary increases and debt relief, though the teachers remained on strike.[27][28]

President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski offered to mediate, inviting the teachers' delegates to meet at the Government Palace to reach a solution; only the leaders of the union's executive committee and its Cuzco leaders were received while representatives of the regions led by Castillo were excluded.[29][30] The strike consequently worsened as teachers from across Peru travelled to Lima to hold marches and rallies in the capital.[31] Keiko Fujimori and her Fujimorist supporters – opponents of the Kuczynski administration – assisted Castillo with the strike in an effort to destabilize the president's government.[17]

On 24 August 2017, the government issued a supreme decree making official the benefits agreed in negotiations,[32] issuing a warning that if teachers did not return to their classrooms by 28 August, they would be fired and replaced.[33] Castillo announced a suspension of the strike on 2 September 2017, but said it was only a temporary suspension.[34][35]

Early political career

In 2002, Castillo unsuccessfully ran for the mayorship of Anguía as the representative of Alejandro Toledo's centre-left party Possible Peru.[15][36] He served as a leading member of the party in Cajamarca from 2005 until the party's dissolution in 2017 following its poor results in the 2016 general election.[15][37] Following his leadership during the teachers' strike, numerous political parties in Peru approached Castillo to promote him as a congressional candidate, though he refused and instead decided to run for the presidency after encouragement from unions.[12]

2021 presidential election

Main article: 2021 Peruvian general election

The 2021 presidential elections occurred amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru and a continuous political deterioration in the nation that led to various crises during the election.[38] These crises created multiple political currents that eventually consolidated into a growing political polarization among Peruvians.[38]

First round

Initial discussions between former Governor of Junín, Vladimir Cerrón of Free Peru and Verónika Mendoza of Together for Peru recommended a leftist coalition to support a single presidential candidate in the 2021 general election. Mendoza's advisors argued that Cerrón's beliefs were too radical and of an antiquated left wing ideology.[39] Mendoza's camp also raised concerns about Cerrón's alleged homophobic and xenophobic rhetoric.[39] Thus in October 2020, Castillo announced his presidential bid, running as the candidate of Free Peru and formally attained the nomination on 6 December 2020, confirming his ticket, which included attorney Dina Boluarte and Vladimir Cerrón. Cerrón was later disqualified by the National Jury of Elections due to a corruption conviction.[20]

Castillo cited the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on his students as a motivation for his presidential run.[13] In response to the pandemic, President Martín Vizcarra initiated national lockdowns in Peru, inhibiting trade and travel to rural Peru.[24] As a result of the lockdowns, individuals in rural regions felt an increased sense of abandonment from the national government, with political groups in these regions beginning to act in autonomous manners and experiencing growth in their legitimacy.[24] Castillo told the Associated Press that he had attempted to continue teaching his students through the lockdowns, but the impoverished local community did not have the resources required for remote learning; almost none of his students had access to a cell phone, and educational tablets promised by the government never arrived.[13] Using this experience of abandonment and distrust of the national government established in urban Lima, Castillo had a genuine ability to relate to rural voters and used his knowledge of their issues to establish support.[24]

During his campaign, Castillo said he would pardon ethnic nationalist Antauro Humala, a ethnocacerist and brother of former President Ollanta Humala, who was sentenced to nineteen years in prison after leading the capture of a police station in Andahuaylas that had resulted in the deaths of four policemen and one gunman.[40][41] At the conclusion of his initial campaign ahead of the first round of voting, Castillo held a rally in the Historic Centre of Lima, beginning at the Plaza San Martín before leading a march on horseback to the Plaza Dos de Mayo, where hundreds of supporters gathered.[21] At the event, he told attendees that if elected, the citizens would supervise his policies, that he would only receive the salary of a teacher and that he sought to reduce the pay of congress and ministers by half.[21]

Trailing throughout the entire campaign, his polling surged during the last weeks of the campaign and on election day, Castillo secured 18% of the vote in the first round, putting him in first place among eighteen candidates. His success was attributed to his focus on the large difference of living standards between Lima and rural Peru, leading to strong support in countryside provinces.[42] He faced the second-placed candidate, Keiko Fujimori, in the second round of voting.[43] Fujimori had also finished second place in the 2011 and 2016 general elections.

After his victory in the first round, Castillo called for Peruvian political forces, including trade unions and Ronda Campesinas, to establish a political agreement, though declined making a roadmap similar to Ollanta Humala's during the 2016 general election.[44][45] He established a political alliance with former left-wing presidential candidate Verónika Mendoza in May 2021, earning her support for his campaign.[46][23]

Second round

Approaching the second round of presidential elections, it became apparent that Castillo's policy proposals would be unlikely to be enacted as president and that he would be vulnerable to Congress; the newly elected Congress of Peru was made of opposing parties, with his party having only over 37 of the 130 seats in congress.[13][47]

Ballot paper for the second round between Castillo and Fujimori

While campaigning, Castillo was insulted on multiple occasions by individuals likening him to Nicolás Maduro, president of Venezuela,[48][49][50] while Free Peru reported that he also received anonymous death threats.[51] Third-place candidate Rafael López Aliaga issued death threats during a demonstration against Castillo, shouting: "Death to communism! Death to Cerrón! Death to Castillo!"[52] Castillo was also criticized for his debate performance with critics raising questions on whether he understood governmental functions.[53]

Castillo would ultimately win the election, handing Fujimori her third consecutive defeat in a presidential election.[7]

Reactions

The transfer of the presidency to Castillo was described by the Institute of Peruvian Studies as "strengthening the current Peruvian democratic regime" as the process was peaceful and contributed to a "more prolonged democratic stability" in Peru in the early twenty-first century.[54] The New York Times reported his victory as the "clearest repudiation of the country’s establishment"[55][56] while the Financial Times compared his style of leadership not to those seen in Cuba or Venezuela but suggested that his governing style would be more similar to that seen in Bolivia during the tenure of Evo Morales.[57]

Following Castillo's surprising success in the first round of elections, the S&P/BVL Peru General Index fell by 3.2% and the Peruvian sol saw its value drop 1.7%, its biggest loss since December 2017, during the first impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski;[58][59] in the week before the run-off vote, the sol continued to post historical lows against the U.S. dollar.[57]

Most regional leaders and some in Europe, such as Pedro Sánchez of Spain, extended congratulations and wished Castillo the best on being the president of the bicentennial of Peru.[60] Former Bolivian President Evo Morales congratulated Castillo, stating that Castillo "won with our proposal" and that he had spoken to him on the phone previously.[61] Former Uruguayan president José Mujica also shared approval of Castillo's success in the first round of elections, warning Castillo to "not fall into authoritarianism", while participating in a Facebook live video call with him.[62][63] Colombian president Iván Duque and Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso congratulated Castillo on July for his proclamation.[64]

President of Peru

Main article: Presidency of Pedro Castillo
Castillo speaking during his inaugural address

Castillo was officially designated as president-elect of Peru on 19 July 2021 only a week before he was to be inaugurated.[65] Days before his designation, Castillo and his economic advisor Pedro Francke met with Ambassador Liang Yu at the Chinese embassy in Peru to discuss a more rapid introduction of Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccines in Peru.[66] The majority of ministers chosen by Castillo were from interior regions in contrast to previous governments where most ministers originated from Lima.[67] Ministers were mainly from allied leftist and independent organizations, while only three ministers were from Free Peru and another three were previous teachers close to Castillo.[67]

Shortly after his inauguration, the Peruvian press supported Keiko Fujimori by beginning a campaign of fearmongering and disseminating baseless allegations against the Castillo administration without criticizing their origins.[68][26] Though the business and political elite gradually took less extreme positions against Castillo, their actions established an us vs. them mentality amongst the public, fueling further conflicts within Peru's democratic order.[68]

Castillo and his government's political experience and direction has been described as being unclear by observers as he lacked notable political experience prior to his election.[69][70][71][72] In a little more than his government's first six months, four different cabinets were selected after being dissolved following numerous corruption controversies affecting Castillo and his close advisors.[11][69] According to political analyst Gianfranco Vigo, the Castillo administration "is governed not so much by knowledge but rather by closeness".[11] Castillo responded to criticism of his experience in an interview with CNN, saying that governing was "a learning process" and "I wasn't trained to be president", explaining that he did not study abroad by choosing to stay "for the country, for the people".[73] He also stated during the interview that Free Peru leader Vladimir Cerrón had "no influence on cabinet appointments".[73] According to political scientist Paula Távara of Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, "The government is not showing any clear direction, has not yet tackled any of the promised political projects. ... Instead it is sinking into chaos, with new ministers constantly being appointed with no qualifications other than their party membership. Posts are distributed on a whim to forge political alliances."[74]

Removal attempts

In October 2021, the website El Foco released recordings revealing that leaders of the manufacturing employers' organization National Society of Industries (SNI) [es], political leaders and other business executives planned various actions, including funding transportation strikes in November 2021, in order to destabilize the Castillo government and prompt his removal.[75]

Far-right groups of former soldiers have also allied with the political parties Popular Force, Avanza País and Popular Renewal in an effort to remove Castillo, with some veteran leaders seen directly with Rafael López Aliaga and Keiko Fujimori, who recently signed the Madrid Charter promoted by the Spanish political party Vox.[76] These groups directed threats towards Castillo government officials and journalists while also calling for a coup d'état and insurgency.[76] OjoPúblico compared the veteran groups to the Oath Keepers and Proud Boys of the United States, noting a possible threat of an event similar to the 2021 United States Capitol attack occurring in Peru.[76]

Four months into his term, Castillo's former presidential challenger Keiko Fujimori announced on 19 November 2021 that her party was pushing forward impeachment proceedings, arguing that Castillo was "morally unfit for office".[77] That day, investigators raided the Government Palace during an influence peddling investigation and found that Castillo's chief of staff Bruno Pacheco had US$20,000 present in his office's bathroom.[78][79] Pacheco said that the money was part of his savings and salary, though he resigned from his position in order to prevent the scandal from affecting Castillo.[78] Days later on 25 November, twenty-eight legislators from Fujimori's party presented a signed motion of impeachment to congress, setting up a vote for opening impeachment proceedings against Castillo.[79] A short time later, controversy arose when newspapers reported that Castillo had met with individuals at his former campaign headquarters in Breña without public record, a potential violation of a recently created, complicated set of transparency regulations.[80] Audios purportedly obtained at the residence and released by América Televisión were criticized and dismissed as a scam.[81] Castillo responded to the impeachment threat stating "I am not worried about the political noise because the people have chosen me, not the mafias or the corrupt".[79] The impeachment proceeding did not occur; 76 voted against proceedings, 46 were in favor and 4 abstained, with a requirement of 52 favoring proceedings not being obtained.[82] Free Peru ultimately supported Castillo through the process and described the vote as an attempted right-wing coup.[83] Castillo responded to the vote stating "Brothers and sisters, let's end political crises and work together to achieve a just and supportive Peru".[82]

Domestic policy

According to Farid Kahhat of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Castillo's economic policy was created in collaboration with Verónika Mendoza, utilizing New Peru economists who have an established history of holding public office.[23] His first Minister of Economy and Finance was Pedro Francke, a former World Bank and Central Reserve Bank of Peru economist who has assisted Castillo with moderating his policies.[84][85] Kahhat explained that Castillo proposed taxing windfall profits, describing such profits as "the product of good international prices and not the merit of the company itself", with such policies being similar to those enacted by President of the United States Jimmy Carter.[23]

Upon taking office, Castillo appointed feminist and pro-LGBT activist Anahí Durand as head of the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations, with Prime Minister Guido Bellido releasing a statement promising to "beat racism, classism, machismo, and homophobia."[86]

Following the death of Abimael Guzmán, the founder of Shining Path, Castillo said his government's "condemnation of terrorism is firm" and he condemned Guzmán, saying he was "responsible for the loss of innumerable lives of our compatriots".[87]

In September 2021, Castillo announced funding of 99 million soles (US$24 million) to provide food for impoverished families, stating "We cannot understand that, despite having so much wealth in the country, it is not balanced with development".[88] As announced during his campaign, he launched an agrarian reform in October 2021, which he promises will not involve expropriations.[89] It includes an industrialization plan for peasants to promote the development of agriculture, and intends to offer poor peasants fairer access to markets.[89]

In November 2021, he announced an increase in the minimum wage from 930 to 1,000 sols ($223 to $250), the sale of the presidential jet acquired in 1995, and a ban on first-class travel for all civil servants.[90] That month, the Central Reserve Bank of Peru reported that from July through September 2021, Peru's GDP grew by 11.4% while beating previous expectations, with Bloomberg saying Peru experienced the fastest growing economy among Latin American nations at the time.[91] The International Monetary Fund supported tax increases on the mining sector in December 2021, reporting that Peru could safely increase taxes since the county had "a tax burden that is lower or similar to other resource-rich countries".[92]

Foreign policy

The newly appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs Héctor Béjar said that Peru would no longer support sanctions against Venezuela and did not clarify his position on recognizing Juan Guaidó.[93] Béjar resigned on 17 August 2021 amid criticism from the opposition and some media over his statement that Peru's navy had been responsible for terrorist acts and that the CIA had created the Shining Path.[94] During his first Foreign Relations Commission with congress, Castillo's second foreign minister Óscar Maúrtua said that Peru would remain a member of the Andean Community, the Pacific Alliance and PROSUR, saying that Castillo's government held the "objective of achieving South American integration, for the benefit of our peoples" while also offering refuge to Afghan refugees following the Fall of Kabul.[95]

Castillo speaking during the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly

For his first international trips, Castillo traveled to Mexico on 17 September 2021 and later to the United States on 19 September.[96] During his tour in the United States, Castillo and economic minister Pedro Francke met with foreign investors, along with representative from the United States Chamber of Commerce, Pfizer and Microsoft.[97][98] Some of Peru's largest investors such as Freeport-McMoRan and BHP shared positive reactions of the Castillo government following their meetings.[97] Castillo later spoke at the seventy-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly on 21 September, proposing the creation of an international treaty signed by world leaders and pharmaceutical companies to guarantee universal vaccine access internationally, stating "On behalf of Peru, I want to propose the signing of a global agreement between Heads of State and patent owners to guarantee universal access to vaccines for all inhabitants, without discrimination or privileges, which would be a sign of our commitment to the health and lives of all peoples".[99][100] Castillo argued that up to this point, "The battle against the pandemic has shown us the failure of the international community to cooperate under the principle of solidarity".[99]

In January 2022, during an interview with CNN en Español, Castillo said that he would consult for a plebiscite in order to grant Bolivia access to the sea. Castillo's remarks received both, positive and negative reactions in Peru.[101]

Political positions

We have fought against terrorism and we will continue to do so. ... We are going to defend the constitutional rights of the country, there is no Chavismo, there is no communism...

—Pedro Castillo[102]

Castillo has been described as a far-left socialist, populist, and social conservative.[117] He has said that he is not a communist or a Chavista.[118] While initially promoting left-wing values on government spending and foreign policy, he was said to be more in line with his right-wing opponents on social issues, opposing the abortion, LGBT rights, same-sex marriage, euthanasia, sex education and the "gender equality approach" in academics.[9][14][112][119][120]

The Economist wrote Castillo "combines radical rhetoric with pragmatism", noting his work with both left and right-wing groups, including Keiko Fujimori's Popular Force, during the 2017 teachers strike.[47] Le Monde diplomatique wrote that Castillo maintained support prior to being elected because his positions were "rather vague".[26] Castillo later distanced himself from the far-left of the Free Peru party, stating that "the one who is going to govern is me" and there will be "no communism" in Peru under his government.[22][121][102] Kahhat said Castillo limited his relationship with Free Peru and separated himself from the party's leader, adding that "it is important to remember that Castillo is a candidate but not a party member. ... we might even say he is more conservative than the ideals of Perú Libre would suggest."[23]

After winning the first round of presidential elections, Castillo presented his ideas in a more moderated manner, maintaining a balance between the leftist ideals of Free Peru and the consensus of Peruvians.[122][123] Following his ascent to the presidency, Free Peru broke from Castillo, believing that he moderated his positions to appease businesses and opposing politicians.[77]

Domestic

Economy

Castillo has expressed his interest in moving Peru more towards a mixed economy.[123] He promised foreign businesses that he would not nationalize companies in Peru, saying that those seeking the nationalization of industry within his party were part of the "leftist fringe".[121] Some of his main economic proposals were to regulate "monopolies and oligopolies" in order to establish a mixed economy and to renegotiate tax breaks with large businesses.[123] Castillo has made statements supporting increased regulation, directly criticizing Chilean companies Saga Falabella and LATAM Airlines Group.[124] Citing the fact that LATAM owes Peru nearly $1 billion, Castillo called for a state-owned national airline.[124] In an interview with CNN, he stated that if elected, he would hold discussions with businesses to ensure "that 70% of profits must remain for the country and that they take 30%, not the other way around as it is today."[20]

Castillo proposed increasing the education and health budgets to at least ten percent of Peru's GDP.[14][119] He received criticism[from whom?] for not clarifying how these policies would be funded, due to the fact that Peru's existing government budget is already fourteen percent of the country's GDP.[119][111] Castillo believes that internet access should be a right for all Peruvians.[123] He proposed a science and technology ministry that would immediately be tasked with combating the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.[123]

Regarding mining in Peru, Castillo supports the extraction of minerals throughout Peru "where nature and the population allow it" and welcomes international investment regarding these projects.[20] For agrarian reform, Castillo proposed making Peru less reliant on importing agricultural goods and incentivizing food production for local use instead of solely for export.[46]

Governance

A main proposal of Castillo is to elect a Constituent Assembly to replace the constitution inherited from Alberto Fujimori's regime, with Castillo saying "it serves to defend corruption at macro scale."[14][125][126] Castillo has said that, in his efforts to rewrite the Peruvian constitution, he would respect the rule of law by utilizing existing constitutional processes and call for a constitutional referendum to determine whether a constituent assembly should be formed or not; to hold a referendum, Castillo would require a majority vote from congress, which is unlikely and limits his chances of changing the constitution.[127][23][123] All proposed reforms would also have to be approved by congress.[123]

At an event called “ Citizen Proclamation – Oath for Democracy”, Castillo signed an agreement vowing to respect democracy, stating "I swear with all my heart, I do swear with all my heart, that I will respect true democracy and equal rights and opportunities of the Peruvian people, without any discrimination and favoritism".[127] Castillo also promised at the event to respect the presidential term limit of a five-year tenure, saying that if elected, he would not adjust mechanisms to extend the presidential period and would leave office on 28 July 2026.[127] Other statements by Castillo included respecting the separation of powers and recognizing the autonomy of constitutional entities.[127]

Social

Proposed social policies from Castillo include creating paramilitary groups and militarizing Peruvian youth in order to promote a revolutionary experience, calling for citizens to arm themselves in order to provide justice through "socialist administration."[112] He has called for Peru to leave the American Convention on Human Rights and to reinstate the death penalty in the country.[128] Castillo has also called for stricter regulations on the media in Peru as well.[14]

According to Castillo, issues of abortion and LGBT rights in Peru "are not a priority."[13] His "Socialist woman" proposal was described as "a deeply patriarchal, gender-normative view of society disguised under seemingly liberating language" by Javier Puente, assistant professor of Latin American Studies at Smith College, while the rest of his program did not include any policies regarding LGBT groups, vulnerable populations in Peru.[112]

Castillo announced during his inauguration that youths who do not work or study would have to serve in the military. Currently, there is no mandatory service in Peru and it was unclear whether Castillo would introduce conscription.[129][130]

International

Latin America

Castillo embracing President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro, who said the Peruvian president held "conservative values"

Castillo defended the government of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela, describing it as "a democratic government",[120][128][131] while his Free Peru party shared praise for the policies of Fidel Castro and Hugo Chávez.[58] After winning the first round of presidential elections, Castillo stated regarding Venezuela that "[t]here is no Chavismo here", saying of President Maduro "if there is something he has to say concerning Peru, that he first fix his internal problems."[121][62] He also called on Maduro to take Venezuelan refugees back to their native country, saying that Venezuelans arrived in Peru "to commit crimes."[62] Castillo described the Venezuelan refugee crisis as an issue of "human trafficking", and said that he would give Venezuelans who commit crimes seventy-two hours to leave Peru.[112][128][62]

Venezuela's opposition leader Juan Guaidó, who was recognized as legitimate president of Venezuela by Peru in amidst the Venezuelan presidential crisis beginning in 2019, wished that Castillo would "decide for the good of freedom" after President Nicolás Maduro's foreign minister Jorge Arreaza attended Castillo's inauguration.[132][133] Guaidó warned that the Lima Group could be renamed "Quito Group" if Peru recognizes Maduro.[132] Castillo has called for plans to "deactivate" the group.[134][135]

In November 2021, Castillo announced the rejection of the 2021 Nicaraguan general election results, saying the were not "free, fair and transparent elections". In addition, he supported the pressure measures against the government of Daniel Ortega by the Organization of American States.[136]

At a bilateral meeting with far-right president of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro on 3 February 2022, Castillo was seen embracing his Brazilian counterpart – wearing the Peruvian leader's straw chotano hat – while Bolsonaro said Castillo was a defender of freedom and "conservative values".[9][137] Bolsonaro and Castillo also discussed a proposed highway through the Amazon rainforest, removing bureaucratic trade regulations and increasing drug trade monitoring.[10]

Europe

Not unlike Mexico's Andrés Manuel López Obrador and other Latin American left-wing politicians, Castillo has been openly critical of Spain's colonial history and King Felipe VI.[138]

Controversies

Terruqueo target

When you go out to ask for rights, they say that you are a terrorist, ... I know the country and they will not be able to shut me up, ... The terrorists are hunger and misery, abandonment, inequality, injustice.

—Pedro Castillo[13]

During the internal conflict in Peru in the 1980s and 1990s, the government, military, and media in Peru described individuals left on the political spectrum as being a threat to the nation, with many students, professors, union members, and peasants being jailed or killed for their political beliefs.[139] Such sentiments continued for decades into the 2021 election, with Peru's right-wing elite and media organizations collaborating with Fujimori's campaign by appealing to fear when discussing Castillo, linking him to armed communist groups through a fearmongering political attack known as a terruqueo.[140][22][23][139][141][142] The terreuqueo was also used beside classist and racist rhetoric against Castillo.[140]

In 2017, Castillo's participation in the teacher's strike was criticized by Minister of the Interior Carlos Basombrío Iglesias, who said Castillo was involved with MOVADEF, a group consisting of former members of Shining Path. Castillo said he was not involved with MOVADEF or the militant teachers' union faction CONARE and that those factions should not be involved in teaching.[143][144] In June 2018, Hamer Villena Zúñiga, the leader of the United Union of Workers in Education of Peru (SUTEP), stated that Castillo's sister, María Doraliza Castillo Terrones, was a member of MOVADEF.[145] In 2018 and 2020, the newspaper Peru.21 accused Castillo of being linked to Shining Path, publishing documents and noting his alleged participation in virtual meetings with the organization's leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.[146][147][148]

Claims linking Castillo to MOVADEF and Shining Path have been refuted by Castillo himself and major media outlets. With Castillo being a member of the Ronda Campesina – which often partnered with the Peruvian Armed Forces to defend rural communities against guerrilla groups – allegations by Peruvian journalists of his links to Shining Path were contradictory.[149] The Guardian described links to Shining Path as "incorrect", while the Associated Press said that allegations by Peruvian media of links to Shining Path were "unsupported".[150][151] The Economist wrote that at the same time Castillo allegedly worked with groups linked to Shining Path, he was also partnering with right-wing legislators from Popular Force, Keiko Fujimori's party, in the same capacity.[47]

Complaint before the Public Ministry

According to Public Records, Castillo founded a company called Consorcio Chotano de Inversionistas Emprendedores JOP S.A.C., which he did not indicate in his resume presented to the National Jury of Elections. Yeni Vilcatoma, a former congresswoman of the Fujimorist Popular Force party, filed a complaint for the public prosecution which opened a preliminary investigation,[152] Within the context campaign of the second round, Keiko Fujimori distanced herself from Vilcatoma and denounced her saying: "I like to win political competitions on the field."[153] Castillo said that he did not list the company because he did not remember its existence since it never operated; it is indicated that he invested 18,000 soles.[154][155] This was made public after the complaint made by journalist and columnist Alfredo Vignolo,[156] who later denounced that he received death threats through social networks by supporters of Castillo.[157]

Personal life

Castillo is married to Lilia Paredes, a teacher, and they have two children together.[13][15] Castillo says he is Catholic while his wife and children are evangelical.[13][158] He is a teetotaler, practicing abstinence from consuming alcohol.[159] His family lives in a nine-room home in the Chugur District tending a farm with cows, pigs, corn, and sweet potatoes.[13][15] Castillo often wears a straw hat called a chotano, a poncho, and sandals constructed from old tires.[13][160]

Electoral history

Election results
Year Office Party Votes for Castillo % Outcome Position
2002 Anguía Mayor's Office Possible Peru 104 8.821% not elected 4[161]
2021 President of Peru (Second round) Free Peru 8,836,380 50.126% elected 1[162][163]

Awards

References

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Bibliography

External links

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