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This is a record of material that was recently featured on the Main Page as part of Did you know (DYK). Recently created new articles, greatly expanded former stub articles and recently promoted good articles are eligible; you can submit them for consideration.

Archives are generally grouped by month of Main Page appearance. (Currently, DYK hooks are archived according to the date and time that they were taken off the Main Page.) To find which archive contains the fact that appeared on Did you know, go to article's talk page and follow the archive link in the DYK talk page message box.

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Did you know...

...that the Swedish narrow-gauge railroad Upsala-Lenna Jernväg includes the biggest remaining steam locomotive (pictured) built for 891 mm rail gauge?

...that the Brothers Grimm were amongst the Göttingen Seven, university teachers who protested changes to the constitution of the Kingdom of Hanover in 1837?

...that when the RMS Titanic was built in Belfast in 1912, the largest shipyard in the world was in Belfast?

...that Vortex I, which took place in Oregon in 1970, remains the only state-sponsored rock festival in United States history?

...that Colombian National Police Sub-Intendant Jhon Frank Pinchao was kidnapped by the FARC guerrilla for almost 9 years, until finally escaping in 2007?

...that a 1973 book on Prem Rawat, Who Is Guru Maharaj Ji?, featured an introduction by American anti-Vietnam War activist Rennie Davis?

...that the satirical magazine The Georgetown Heckler changed its name from The Georgetown Lampoon after being threatened with a lawsuit by the Harvard Lampoon?

...that British architect Sir Colin Wilson, known for designing the new British Library near St Pancras station, donated his collection of modern art to the Pallant House Gallery in Chichester?

...that many of the earliest known copies of the New Testament are remains of papyrus books from Oxyrhynchus in Egypt (papyrus pictured)?

...that in the Roman Empire, ten year celebrations called "decennalia" originated after Augustus refused the lifetime supremacy offered to him?

...that although it was not particularly well-known in Bulgariauntil the late 19th century, today Bulgarian beer is one of the country's most popular alcoholic beverages?

...that the Duke of Wellington had not seen Kitty Pakenham for ten years when he proposed marriage to her in 1806?

...that the Northeastern United States was struck by a major tornado outbreak on July 10, 1989?

...that, like Aphrodite bathing in the sea at Paphos, Hera too renewed her maidenhood annually, in the spring of Kanathos?

...that nutritionist-turned-molecular biologist Thomas H. Jukes was one of the few scientists ever to have a regular column in the journal Nature?

...that the Green Knight (pictured) of medieval literature is thought by many scholars to represent the Devil due to its strange color?

...that John J. Clague won the Logan Medal, the highest award of the Geological Association of Canada, in 2007?

...that 5-HT₃ antagonists, effective for treating the nausea and vomiting of chemotherapy, have no effect on motion sickness?

...that the fifth-century Syriac Curetonian Gospels found in Egypt represent a considerably older, independent textual tradition of the four gospels?

...that alpine skier Jean Saubert won one-third of all medals earned by the entire United States Olympic team at the 1964 Winter Olympics?

...that Californian politician Lou Papan received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in 1996?

...that Romulus Whitaker won the Whitley Award for establishing a rainforest research station at Agumbe in India to conserve King Cobras?

...that the House of Gediminas ruled Lithuania from 1285 to 1572?

...that The Geysers, a geothermal power field located north of San Francisco, California, (power plant pictured) is the largest geothermal development in the world?

...that Betty Roberts was the first woman to serve on Oregon's Supreme Court?

...that Swearing on the Horns is a Highgate pub tradition that dates back to the 1600s?

...that the autobiography of Italian sculptor Raffaello da Montelupo contains the only known contemporary reference to Michelangelo's natural left-handedness?

...that the Rusty-barred Owl is one of the only two members of the Strix genus of birds to be found in South America?

...that William Moore was the earliest settler of Skagway, the famous gold rush town in the Klondike Gold Rush?

...that the European fascist alliance New European Order split in 1955 due to a dispute over the issue of whether South Tyrol should be Italian or Austrian?

...that the Sauk Rapids Tornado of 1886 changed the economic structure of central Minnesota after it destroyed at least 109 commercial or public buildings in Sauk Rapids (devastation pictured)?

...that at least 36 vases painted by the Athenian Meidias Painter are still in existence more than 2,400 years after they were created?

...that Mary Brunner, a member of the "Manson family", was incarcerated after a shootout with police at a robbery?

...that Irish writer and trade unionist Brian Behan once took part in a swearing match at the British Museum?

...that unemployment protection in Italy is guaranteed by the Italy's constitution?

...that Superman stops a mad scientist and his army of robots in the 1941 animated short film The Mechanical Monsters?

...that Saskatchewan Highway 58 travels the Missouri Coteau to an important shore bird site on Canada's second largest saline lake?

...that the Jesus Army, a British Christian outreach organisation, has been condemned by the Cult Information Centre, another British charity?

...that Russian photography pioneer Karl Bulla (pictured) left more than 200,000 glass negatives that are now in the public domain?

...that 13 rioters convicted by a jury of their peers were later pardoned for their actions in the Muncy Abolition Riot of 1842?

...that British art historian Sir Oliver Nicholas Millar GCVO served in the Royal Household for 41 years, becoming the first Director of the Royal Collection in 1987?

...that Robert S. Vance was the third American federal judge to be assassinated as the result of his judicial service?

...that over four hundred 4000-year-old carved stone balls have been uncovered in archaeological digs in Scotland?

...that the Judaic legal fiction of Prozbul protects both the poor and wealthy from the effects of the Sabbatical Year?

...that Sammy Ellis won 22 games and made the All-Star team for the Cincinnati Reds in 1965 despite allowing the most Earned Runs in the league?

...that the 1912 comic strip Polly and Her Pals by Cliff Sterrett was the first to have a female protagonist?

...that the highest wooden sculpture of Bodhisattva in the world (pictured) is housed in Puning Temple of China?

...that the New York Giants of NFL won the first Super Bowl in their franchise history during their 1986 season?

...that bread and beer were the two basic staples of Ancient Egyptian cuisine?

...that the first computer simulations of galaxy mergers were conducted by Alar Toomre in the 1970s?

...that the Crotalus tigris has the highest toxicity of venoms among rattlesnakes, even though it has a low venom yield?

...that one of the finest naturalistic Late Antique ivory diptychs (pictured) was found in a well at the abbey of Montier-en-Der, originally called Puteolus ("little well")?

...that German-born Richard Lieber started the trend of American state parks having inns and charging fees for using the parks, so that citizens would appreciate them more?

...that BBC radio presenter Margaret Hubble presented Woman's Hour alongside Marjorie Anderson and Jean Metcalfe in the 1950s?

...that major portions of Japanese writer Shōko Ieda's 1991 book Yellow Cab, about the eponymous sexual stereotype of Japanese women, were later denounced as "fraudulent" by her research assistant?

...that Swindon's Link Centre (pictured) contains the tallest climbing wall in England?

...that Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia was exiled for life, after marrying a commoner of black ancestry?

...that the 1942 animated short film Japoteurs features a scene similar to the one in Superman Returns in which Superman catches an airplane in mid-air?

...that Beechy, Saskatchewan, despite only having a population of 243, is home to former provincial Leader of the Opposition and Saskatchewan Party founder Elwin Hermanson?

...that the story of Kamsa and Bar Kamsa is the most famous Jewish legend regarding the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem?

...that an endoclip (pictured) is used to close two mucosal surfaces in the gastrointestinal tract without the need for surgery and suturing?

...that the Kraków szopka is a unique Polish Christmas tradition that portrays artistic intepretations of buildings of Kraków along nativity scenes?

...that the biggest walk-through aviary in India is located on the shore of the Karanji Lake in Mysore?

...that Shinozaki Mamoru was credited as the "Japanese Schindler" for saving thousands of Chinese and Eurasians during the Japanese Occupation of Singapore?

...that the Romanian poet Mehmet Niyazi, a major figure in Crimean Tatar literature, was expelled from Crimea three times during his lifetime?

...that on average, laying the track leading up to the final spike of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway cost $112,000 a mile?

...that the Defense Production Administration, a branch of the U.S. government set up to oversee defense production during wartime mobilization, was abolished after only two years?

...that the Center Region of Argentina produces 90% of the country's vegetable oil?

...that John Vesey, a 16th-century bishop of Exeter, had a fordkeeper's cottage built along Plants Brook to help provide security for travelers on the Wylde Green Road?

...that Pokey Allen, former head coach of the Portland State Vikings football team, appeared in television commercials threatening to have himself shot out of a cannon into the backyards of anyone not buying season tickets?

...that after an ultimatum by the Chicago White Stockings to pull his African American players from the active roster, baseball manager Charlie Morton put Moses Fleetwood Walker back on despite having given him time off for injuries?

...that classification of the Yellow-crowned Amazon (pictured) is so problematic that some authorities divide it into three separate species?

...that Isaac Ironside, a politician in Sheffield, attempted to implement ideas originating from Robert Owen and from Toulmin Smith's localist theories?

...that some of the disused railway stations between Plymouth in Devon and Penzance in Cornwall, England, were closed during the "Beeching Axe" in the 1960s?

...that from 1950 to 1953, the Office of Defense Mobilization was one of the most powerful agencies in the U.S., controlling almost every facet of the economy?

...that Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard created a belief system regarding sexual activity?

...that American thoroughbred race horse Little Current received the 1974 Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3-Year-Old Male Horse despite having his racing career ended mid-season by a bone chip in his leg?

...that the Tibetan Tree of physiology (pictured) thangka describes a detailed account of anatomical knowledge gained through ritual human dissection?

...that chief justice Frederick Richard Jordan once decided that the government of New South Wales had "no business" refusing a water irrigation licence just because the applicant was Italian?

...that Bertie Smalls, considered by many as Britain's first supergrass, avoided jail by informing on his partners-in-crime, despite having led them in an armed bank robbery?

...that the non-fiction book All Gods Children was cited by a report of the American Psychiatric Association, to describe coercive persuasion?

...that Georgian theatre director Kote Marjanishvili's use of puppetry in his adaptation of Oedipus Rex was inspired by a similar set-up in Edward Gordon Craig's 1911 adaptation of Hamlet?

...that John Constable did full-size oil sketches before starting all his largest "six-footer" paintings?

...that at the age of 21, Roman Emperor Nero (pictured) instituted the games of Juvenalia in recognition of the first shaving of his beard?

...that the Mills District, Minneapolis is an area of massive transformation of abandoned flour mills to new museums, parks, theaters, and condominiums?

...that in the Indian Gaarudi Gombe ceremonial dance, dancers are required to wear full-body doll-suits made of bamboo sticks?

...that in 2003, aged 70, former English Football League and international soccer referee Pat Partridge took over as linesman in a non-league match he was watching, after the original linesman took over from the injured referee?

...that Cameroon's Western High Plateau has a rainy season that lasts nine months?

...that a tiger-haunted jungle was cleared to make way for the wide grassy stretch of the Maidan park of Kolkata?

...that "Anytime You Need" was the first Eurovision Song Contest entry to feature lyrics in Armenian?

...that an average of 90,000 people a month walk, jog, cycle or skate along Florida's Pinellas Trail?

...that when Captain Linda Garcia Cubero (pictured) graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1980, she was the first Latina to graduate from any U.S. military service academy?

...that John Martin Scripps was the first Briton in Singapore to be sentenced to death by hanging?

...that the 2800 verses of the Mohanatarangini make it the longest work by Kanaka Dasa, a 16th century saint and one of the foremost names in Kannada literature?

...that the ethnically-fueled 1989 Sukhumi riots in the Soviet Union's Abkhaz ASSR left eighteen dead and almost 450 injured?

...that Christopher Buckley's novel Florence of Arabia was an homage to Fern Holland, one of the first U.S. civilians to be killed in the Iraq War?

...that the Imperial Russian statesman and sociologist Paul von Lilienfeld laid out his theories on organicism when he served as the governor of Courland?

...that the Gaussian Network Model has a wide range of applications from enzymes composed of a single domain, to large macromolecular assemblies, such as ribosomes and viral capsids?

...that 18th century Franco-Portuguese industrialist Jácome Ratton (pictured) left a vivid account of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake in his memoirs and was exiled to the Azores during the Napoleonic Wars?

...that Rotylenchulus reniformis, a roundworm found in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world, is a major parasite of crop plants?

...that Robert Harrill, ironically known as the "Fort Fisher Hermit," received thousands of visitors per year and was once the second most popular tourist attraction in North Carolina?

...that American evolutionary biologist Jack Lester King co-authored a provocative 1969 paper, "Non-Darwinian Evolution", on the neutral theory of molecular evolution?

...that, while the first model of the Atar Volant series was a simple turbojet engine, the third model was a proper coleopter, an aircraft with an annular wing that is able to land and take-off vertically without need of a runway?

...that the Defense Production Act played a vital role in the establishment of the American domestic aluminum and titanium processing industries in the 1950s?

...that the 200 km/h maximum speed of the Munich-Nuremberg Express (pictured) makes it the only regional train in Germany fast enough to not impede ICE traffic?

...that Himalayan Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) was first brought in the United Kingdom in 1838?

...that the Hukou F-5F crash in May 2007 involved an F-5/F jet fighter hitting a military base on Taiwan while simulating a low attack, killing four people?

...that Joseph Schröter, a 19th century Prussian military doctor, was a noted mycologist who discovered and described many previously unknown species of flora and fungi?

...that Alessandro Striggio's influential Missa sopra Ecco sì beato giorno will be performed in June 2007 after being lost for more than 400 years?

...that Irish cricketer Scott Huey was the last bowler to dismiss Sir Len Hutton in first-class cricket?

...that the Christianization of Lithuania (pictured) was completed in 1413 when Samogitia, the last pagan nation in Europe, was converted?

...that Australian author Ion Idriess wrote an average of one book every ten months for 42 years?

...that the Haberbusch i Schiele company provided food for the entire city of Warsaw during the Uprising of 1944?

...that the spring of the Hell-Bourg village spa on Réunion started to fail around 1920, but an attempt to reopen it with dynamite caused the partial destruction of the spa, while the spring was later buried by a landslide?

...that the Marcab Confederacy was said by Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard to be one of the most powerful galactic civilizations?

...that racist coon songs (sheet music book pictured) paved the way for popular acceptance of ragtime music?

...that with the publication of Deepnirban in 1876, Swarnakumari Devi became the first woman novelist amongst the Bengali people?

...that the non-fiction book Cults: Faith, Healing and Coercion is cited in the definition of Cults, by the American Psychological Association's Encyclopedia of Psychology?

...that Polish composer Roman Palester 's involvment with Radio Free Europe in the early 1950s led to communist officials expunging his name from official publications and prohibiting performances of his work?

...that Reid Stowe and Soanya Ahmad are attempting to circle the globe multiple times in a 1,000 day, non-stop voyage in a gaff-rigged schooner designed and built by Stowe?

...that Clemente Micara was the Vatican’s first envoy to Czechoslovakia?

...that the British Percival P.74 helicopter project (pictured) was canceled in 1956 because the aircraft was unable to fly?

...that Estonian nationalist Aili Jõgi, aged 14, blew up the wooden memorial that preceeded the Bronze Soldier in Tallinn in 1946?

...that in the 1984 Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees case, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a New Jersey gaming law requiring union leaders to be of good moral character?

...that Frederick Bligh Bond enlisted the help of a number of spiritualist mediums to guide his excavations at Glastonbury Abbey?

...that the Six Feet Under episode The Plan has been described as a parody of Werner Erhard's est and The Forum personal development programs?

...that Iowa Stars centre Aaron Gagnon twice lost out on a Western Hockey League award to the Medicine Hat Tigers' Kris Russell before finally winning an award of his own?

...that the House of the Faun, one of the grandest private residences discovered in Pompeii, is named after the statue of a dancing faun (replica pictured), in its central impluvium?

...that NFL hall of famer Bud Grant and MLB hall of famer Dave Winfield both played for the Minnesota Golden Gophers men's basketball team?

...that the land of Haydarpaşa Cemetery, a burial ground in Istanbul, Turkey for British Commonwealth soldiers from three wars, belonged to Suleiman the Magnificent?

...that heavyweight boxer Joe Baksi recorded nine victories in his first year as a professional, including one over future actor Jack Palance?

..that Marie de France's poem "Chevrefoil", one of the 12 Lais of Marie de France, recounts an episode from the legend of Tristan and Iseult?

...that 47 people were killed in a gun turret explosion (pictured) onboard USS Iowa on April 29, 1989?

...that the linenfold style of relief carving, popular in Northern Europe from the 14th to 16th centuries, could be made with little carpentry skill and was mass produced in workshops from the later 15th century?

...that the once-buried remains of a power canal and flour mills in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota have been unearthed and are now open as Mill Ruins Park to provide historical interpretation in the area?

...that the World of Final Fantasy VIII is the second in the Final Fantasy series of console role-playing games to include pre-rendered backgrounds?

...that in Greek mythology, Heracles chased off the man-eating birds of Lake Stymphalia by playing castanet-like clappers called "crotala"?

...that the GTP category of the IMSA GT Championship (car pictured) was credited with innovations including antilock brakes, traction control and active suspension?

...that Tomorrow's Pioneers, a television program for children produced by Hamas, features a mascot similar to Mickey Mouse?

...that the Atari 8-bit computer game Dandy was originally written as its developer's MIT thesis?

...that the lyrics of one of the most popular French folk songs, Marlbrough s'en va-t-en guerre, which has the same melody as the English song For He's a Jolly Good Fellow, were written on a false rumour?

...that the concept of a communist crime was introduced in Polish law to facilitate studying and prosecution of crimes committed by people in authority against Polish citizens or the nation?

...that Kendal mint cake was carried by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay on the first successful ascent of Everest?

...that the Ludlow wall boxes (sample pictured), unlike traditional British cast-iron pillar boxes, are made largely of wood?

...that the Greater Poland Uprising of 1806 was one of two entirely victorious uprisings in the history of Poland? (UTC)

...that Saskatchewan Highway 39 is one of the nation of Canada's busiest highways, providing ease of transport for $6 billion in trade goods via approximately 100,000 trucks over the year?

...that The Haunted Manor is the most famous and popular of Polish operas?

...that the non-fiction book From Slogans to Mantras was cited in Choices as an Outstanding Academic Title that should be owned by every library?

...that William Hone played cricket both for and against the MCC inside four days in June 1868?

...that the floor of the Church of St. Wojciech (pictured) in Old Town, Kraków is up to 2.6 m below the level of the Main Market Square, repeatedly overlaid with new pavement in the course of eight centuries?

...that Manitoba Provincial Route 394 is the farthest north in the province?

...that the body of Grand Duke Dimitri Konstantinovich of Russia was rescued from a mass grave and secretly buried in the garden of a house in St. Petersburg?

...that the Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group is developing a standardized interface for NAND flash, the memory used in flash drives, digital cameras, and MP3 players?

...that the novel The Program draws on influences from Lifespring, Werner Erhard, and Large Group Awareness Training?

...that John Paterson (pictured) was the last Archbishop of Glasgow of the Church of Scotland?

...that the 2,700 feet (820 m) wide River Warren Falls fell 175 feet (53 m) in the area that is now downtown St. Paul, Minnesota almost 12,000 years ago?

...that Brazilian director Humberto Mauro first became interested in film after buying a Kodak camera in 1923, and won the Brazilian film of the year award only 4 years later?

...that the Battle of Durbe was by far the largest defeat suffered by the Teutonic Knights and Livonian Order in the 13th century?

...that Leung Kar Yan, one of the best-known kung fu film stars in Hong Kong action cinema, actually knew no martial arts and simply copied moves shown to him?

...that English-born cricketer Arthur Wood (pictured) had to satisfy a five year residency requirement before he was allowed to play with the Philadelphians?

...that the "100,000 year problem" is among the biggest mysteries facing those attempting to reconstruct past climates today?

...that the Hungarian Gold Train was a 1944 Nazi operated freight train that carried stolen Hungarian valuables to Berlin, but never reached its destination?

...that Australian chef Tobie Puttock is the godfather of Daisy Boo Oliver, the youngest daughter of British celebrity chef Jamie Oliver?

...that Pakistani Sufi singer Sain Zahoor (pictured) cut his first record in 2006, was nominated for the BBC World Music awards by word of mouth, and was the winner for the Asia/Pacific region that year?

...that due to the reputation of its founder, Jan Groenveld, the Cult Awareness and Information Centre of Australia became used as a resource in publications on cults soon after its founding?

...that George Hennet built and operated depots on behalf of the South Devon Railway after it was short of money?

...that members of the Lingbao School of Taoism believed their spirits would be refined in heaven after death and then reincarnated on Earth?

...that Moldavia's Prince Grigore Alexandru Ghica (pictured) ordered the abolition of slavery after being shocked by the suicide of a Roma cook?

...that a Hocktide initiation ceremony in Hungerford, England involves a blacksmith driving a nail into the initiate's shoe?

...that Margaret Singer was mandated to attend a PSI Seminars course by a United States federal court order?

...that Russian television implied that Filipp Kirkorov won the Eurovision Song Contest 1995 with "Kolibelnaya Dlya Vulkana" when he in fact only came 17th?

...that British Labour politician Margaret Hodge defeated five challengers in the Parliamentary Barking by-election in 1994, including Conservative Theresa May and UKIP's Gerard Batten?

...that the oldest ornamental water tower in the world is the Louisville Water Tower, which is even older than the famed Chicago Water Tower?

...that the main threat to Pisonia brunoniana (pictured) in New Zealand is cutting by people trying to prevent small songbirds from getting trapped by its very sticky seeds?

...that out of 60 four-star generals in the history of the U.S. Marine Corps, 17 were promoted upon retirement in recognition of combat citations, and one was promoted posthumously?

...that Thurman Tucker did not commit a single error during the Cleveland Indians' 1948 World Series-winning season, finishing with a perfect fielding percentage?

...that former Manitoba MLA John Moore Robinson established the soft fruit industry in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley in the late 1800s, along with the region's first corporate water management system to irrigate it?

...that Edward Manning Bigelow (pictured) is known as the "father of Pittsburgh's parks"?

...that Leo Arnaud is the composer of the well-known Olympic theme "Bugler's Dream?"

..that the nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution explains why the rates of molecular clocks are generally independent of population size?

...that Reginald Hugh Hickling drafted Malaysia's Internal Security Act, but did not expect it to be used against political opponents?

...that Mussolini's Quota 90 fixed the lira exchange rate against the pound sterling at the prevailing rate from five years earlier, when he assumed power?

...that Nazi officer Reiner Stahel commanded the garrison of Warsaw during the uprising of 1944?

...that Oliver Granger was a licenced methodist preacher before becomming an early leader of the Latter Day Saint movement?

...that the Stairs Expedition to Katanga was the winner in a race between two Victorian-era imperial powers to seize a vast mineral-rich territory in central Africa, which it achieved by assassinating the African king Msiri?

...that Dougherty Valley High School will be, upon its opening, the first real-estate developer-built high school in the San Ramon Valley Unified School District?

...that not only did Jim Harrison play for the Ireland cricket team, but so did his three brothers, his brother-in-law, and his nephew?

...that during World War II, Pierre-Marie Cardinal Gerlier asked that religious orders take Jewish children into hiding to avoid Nazi death camps?

...that as a young man, Fang Xuanling correctly predicted the downfall of the Sui Dynasty after the death of Emperor Wen of Sui?

...that Georgia was the home of prehistoric humans more than one and a half million years ago?

...that housetruckers in New Zealand live in old trucks and school buses (pictured) that have been converted into mobile homes?

...that former Boston Red Sox player Matt Young was only the second pitcher to throw a complete game no-hitter and lose, accomplishing the feat against the Cleveland Indians in 1992?

...that the current constitution of Nicaragua, the ninth in the country's history, was the final step in the institutionalization of the Sandinista regime?

...that two of the four known species of the worm-eating shrewlike rats from Luzon Island, Philippines were first described in April, 2007?

...that the Kent Music Report was a weekly table of Australian music singles and albums which was the primary record chart in that market from 1974 to 1988?

...that Monomohun Ghose became the first Indian practicing barrister in 1867?

...that Jan Stanisławski, a Polish modernist painter, had his portrait (pictured) painted by another icon of Polish Modernism, Stanisław Wyspiański?

...that potato tubers grow at the end of stolons?

...that Sir Sassoon Eskell is regarded in Iraq as the Father of Parliament?

...that in one type of trial by ordeal according to Anglo-Saxon law, the accused attempted to establish innocence by swallowing a morsel of bread and cheese, the corsned, without choking?

...that the speed of sound and temperature in the atmosphere can be remotely sensed by bouncing a radar signal off of sound waves in a RASS system?

...that some irregular troops in the Khyber Pass region during World War II were issued Khyber Pass Copy rifles because of concerns they would steal higher-quality ones and desert with them?

...that Vulcana (pictured) was a Welsh strongwoman who traveled the world with her husband, performing as The Atlas and Vulcana Group of Society Athletes?

...that Beatus of Lungern, a first century Christian missionary to Switzerland, is often depicted as a monk fighting a dragon?

...that Edward F. Boyd pioneered the concept of niche marketing in the United States by avoiding ethnic stereotypes in advertising for Pepsi?

...that flora and fauna of the Indian state of Karnataka include a species of ant newly discovered on the campus of the Indian Institute of Science?

...that though no fossil grasses have been discovered, the earliest-known grassland ecosystem, the 30+ million-year-old Tinguiririca fauna of Chile, can be detected through the grazers' teeth?

...that baseball player Jimmy Brown led all St. Louis Cardinals hitters in batting average with .300 en route to their 1942 World Series victory?

...that the Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial (pictured) in Vienna commemorates the 65,000 Austrian Jews who were victims of the Holocaust?

...that Francis Bacon described antiquities as "remnants of history which have casually escaped the shipwreck of time"?

...that during the Hardin County onion pickers strike in 1934, anti-union vigilantes seized control of the town of McGuffey, Ohio, for a day?

...that William Campbell was the first acknowledged discoverer of gold in the Australian state of Victoria in 1850, but kept his discovery secret for fear a gold rush would disrupt his pastoral interests?

...that Richard Polwhele's polemic poem The Unsex'd Females deplored the female pastime of amateur botany due to the impropriety of learning about the reproduction of plants?

...that Jean Balukas (pictured) began her record-setting streak of seven consecutive U.S. Open straight pool championships when only 13 years old?

...that the well-known Parthenon building in Athens replaced an Older Parthenon on the same site?

...that the United Kingdom's most reported UFO incident was observed at RAF West Freugh?

...that Lewis Sperry Chafer was a budding musician at Oberlin College but became a leader in the dispensationalist movement and founded Dallas Theological Seminary?

...that despite his lack of surgical training, Gerónimo Lluberas once successfully removed a foreign object embedded in the cornea of an eight-year-old boy's eye?

...that the 32nd Indiana Monument, currently at Cave Hill National Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky, is the oldest surviving American Civil War memorial?

...that the first windowed envelope (pictured) was designed in 1901 by Americus Callahan ?

...that Edward Lipiński was one of the most prominent Polish economists of the 20th century?

...that Mongolian barbecue is neither Mongolian nor barbecue but is a restaurant style of stir-frying based on teppanyaki that originated in Taiwan?

...that Triptych, May-June 1973 is the second of Francis Bacon's three "Black Triptychs" painted in commemoration of the suicide of his lover George Dyer?

...that the Oriental Seminary, established in 1829, was the earliest privately run modern school in Kolkata?

...that the AFL-CIO Organizing Institute has trained over 10,000 trade union organizers since its 1989 founding?

...that the first feature film of director Paul Verhoeven is Business Is Business, a 1971 comedy film about two prostitutes in Amsterdam?

...that Australian Broadcasting Corporation cult film reviewer and war correspondent John Hinde (pictured) bequeathed AU$1 million to start a new Australian literary prize?

...that the catfish genus Hemiancistrus currently includes species of two other undescribed genera?

...that the early 1980s recession was the the most serious recession in the United States since the Great Depression?

...that plastic surgeons use body shaping to remove large amounts of hanging skin from the bodies of men and women who have lost as much as 35 to 136 kg (100 to 300 pounds)?

...that Elias Zoghby, a Melkite Catholic archbishop, attempted to re-establish communion between the Melkite Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church while maintaining communion with the Roman Catholic Church?

...that baseball player Jack Clements was the first person to catch 1,000 games in Major League Baseball and the last regular catcher to throw left-handed?

...that the precise status of the Florida Maple (Acer barbatum) as an independent species, or a subspecies of Sugar Maple (A. saccharum) is not clear?

...that most of the dogs seen in the 2007 Thai film, Ma-Mha, were strays rescued from shelters and trained specifically for the film?

...hammered oak piles used during the Medieval construction of pile bridges have remained solid for up to 750 years?

...that among people on stamps of Azerbaijan, featured in 1995 are eight female astronauts?

...that Boans, a department store in Perth, Australia, was once the country's largest private employer?

...that the Duquesne Spy Ring consisted of 33 Nazi spies (one pictured) arrested by the FBI in 1941 and sentenced to serve a total of over 300 years in prison in what is the largest spy ring conviction in the history of the United States?

...that although Duraiappah stadium mass grave was unearthed in the northern city of Jaffna, Sri Lanka in April 1999, the 24 victims have not been identified yet?

...that the Chief Justice of Chester presided over a court independent of the rest of the English judiciary until 1830?

...that the phage group was an informal network of biologists centered around Max Delbrück that contributed heavily to the origins of molecular biology?

...that American diplomat and attorney Adrian S. Fisher was a leading negotiator of the earliest international nuclear test ban and non-proliferation treaties?

...that the Rule 184 cellular automaton (examples pictured) can simultaneously model the behavior of cars moving in traffic, the accumulation of particles on a surface, and particle-antiparticle annihilation reactions?

...that Archbishop of Toledo Pedro Segura y Sáenz had to leave the city during the Spanish Civil War, because he denounced the Republican government and extolled monarchy?

...that Dwarkin developed the hand-held harmonium, a western instrument, to make it suitable for use with Indian music?

...that the grey colored Achelous-class landing craft repair ship USS Askari was painted green during the Vietnam War, reflecting her assignment to the brown-water navy?

...that Antonio Ricaurte immolated himself in 1814 to prevent the Spanish Crown from taking over the San Mateo estate in Venezuela?

...that Four Plays in One is a Jacobean stage play by John Fletcher and his collaborators containing four shorter plays written between 1590 and 1607?

...that the Jagiellonian Library (pictured) of Kraków, dating back to the 14th century, is the largest Polish collection of pre-19th century texts?

...that the Calvinist philosopher and New Testament scholar Vern Poythress argues that mathematics is the rhyme of the universe?

...that the travel narrative The Malay Archipelago, by biologist Alfred Russel Wallace, was used by Joseph Conrad as a reference for his novel Lord Jim?

...that Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler Raatbek Sanatbayev was running for President of the National Olympic Committee of Kyrgyzstan, when he was assassinated, as the previous head of the Committee had been?

...that Flamingo, a stabile by Alexander Calder located in Chicago, was the first piece of art commissioned by the General Services Administration under its Percent for Art program?

...that sandwich board-wearing human billboards (pictured) gave rise to the term "sandwich man"?

...that Brazilian indie singer-songwriter CéU was the first international artist chosen for promotion through the Starbucks Hear Music Debut CD series?

...that the non-fiction book Gifts of Deceit described Koreagate, and the United States Congressional investigation of the Unification Church?

...that the regional newspaper of Wagga Wagga, The Daily Advertiser was first published in 1868, making it one of the oldest in Australia?

...that the valleys of the Minnesota and Upper Mississippi Rivers were carved by Glacial River Warren, an enormous river which drained Glacial Lake Agassiz in central North America?

...that sailors and shipowners would refuse to sail when Moll Pitcher (pictured), an eighteenth-century fortune-teller famous throughout New England, predicted disaster?

...that President Bush has indicated he may use the third veto of his Presidency on the Matthew Shepard Act?

...that the world's third largest statue under cover, The Statue of the Republic, is housed in El Capitolio, in Havana?

...that José María Morelos, a mule driver and priest from Michoacán, won 22 straight battles against the Spanish in the Mexican War of Independence?

...that Sir Brian Smedley was named a High Court judge only a few years after overruling Government attempts to keep key evidence secret in the 1992 Matrix Churchill trial?

...that 2007 International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductee Bruton Smith went to bankruptcy court before he became one of the 400 richest Americans?

...that the original version of the Gettysburg Cyclorama (detail pictured), a cylindrical painting of almost 300 feet (91 m) in length, recently sold for an undisclosed amount?

...that Ray Davies of The Kinks began having an identity crisis when people walked up to him singing "Oh yes he is" after "Dedicated Follower Of Fashion" became a hit?

...that the football stadium Nya Gamla Ullevi which is under construction in Gothenburg, Sweden, is only the second Swedish top league stadium built since 1966?

...that the Romanian Skete Prodromos on Mount Athos shelters an icon of Theotokos considered in the Eastern Orthodox world to have been miraculously painted?

...that Jacobean play The Atheist's Tragedy is the only dramatic work recognized by the consensus of modern scholarship as the undisputed work of Cyril Tourneur?

...that Ganendranath Tagore established the Jorasanko Natyasala, a private theatre in his own household, in Kolkata in 1865?

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