Religion in Europe
Religion in Europe has been a major influence on art, culture, philosophy and law. The largest religion in Europe for at least a millennium and a half has been Christianity. A number of countries in Southeastern Europe have Muslim majorities. Smaller religions include Judaism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Hinduism which are found in their largest groups in Britain and France.
History
| Religion by country |
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 Religion portal |
Little is known about the prehistoric religion of Neolithic Europe. Bronze and Iron Age religion in Europe as elsewhere was predominantly polytheistic (Ancient Greek religion, Ancient Roman religion, Celtic polytheism, Germanic paganism etc.). The Roman Empire officially adopted Christianity in AD 380. During the Early Middle Ages, most of Europe underwent Christianization, a process essentially complete with the Christianization of Scandinavia in the High Middle Ages. The emergence of the notion of "Europe" or "Western World" is intimately connected with the idea of "Christendom", especially since Christianity in the Middle East was marginalized by the rise of Islam from the 8th century, a constellation that led to the Crusades, which although unsuccessful militarily were an important step in the emergence of a religious identity of Europe. At all times, traditions of folk religion existed largely independent from official denomination or dogmatic theology.
The Great Schism of the 11th and Reformation of the 16th century were to tear apart "Christendom" into hostile factions, and following the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, atheism and agnosticism became widespread in Western Europe. 19th century Orientalism contributed to a certain popularity of Buddhism, and the 20th century brought increasing syncretism, New Age and various new religious movements divorcing spirituality from inherited traditions for many Europeans. The latest history brought increased secularisation, and religious pluralism.[1]
The following is a list of European countries ranked by religiosity, based on belief in a god, according to the Eurobarometer Poll 2005. The 2005 Eurobarometer Poll asked whether the person believed "there is a god", believed "there is some sort of spirit of life force", "didn't believe there is any sort of spirit, god or life force".
| Country | Belief in a god | Belief in a spirit or life force |
Belief in neither a spirit, god or life force |
|---|---|---|---|
 Turkey |
95% | 2% | 1% |
 Malta |
95% | 3% | 1% |
 Cyprus |
90% | 7% | 2% |
 Romania |
90% | 8% | 1% |
 Greece |
81% | 16% | 3% |
 Portugal |
81% | 12% | 6% |
 Poland |
80% | 15% | 1% |
 Italy |
74% | 16% | 6% |
 Ireland |
73% | 22% | 4% |
 Croatia |
67% | 25% | 7% |
 Slovakia |
61% | 26% | 11% |
 Spain |
59% | 21% | 18% |
 Austria |
54% | 34% | 8% |
 Lithuania |
49% | 36% | 12% |
 Switzerland |
48% | 39% | 9% |
 Germany |
47% | 25% | 25% |
 Luxembourg |
44% | 28% | 22% |
 Hungary |
44% | 31% | 19% |
 Belgium |
43% | 29% | 27% |
 Finland |
41% | 41% | 16% |
 Bulgaria |
40% | 40% | 13% |
 Iceland |
38% | 48% | 11% |
 United Kingdom |
38% | 40% | 20% |
 Latvia |
37% | 49% | 10% |
 Slovenia |
37% | 46% | 16% |
 France |
34% | 27% | 33% |
 Netherlands |
34% | 37% | 27% |
 Norway |
32% | 47% | 17% |
 Denmark |
31% | 49% | 19% |
 Sweden |
23% | 53% | 23% |
 Czech Republic |
19% | 50% | 30% |
 Estonia |
16% | 54% | 26% |
The decrease in theism is illustrated in the 1981 and 1999 according to the World Values Survey,[2] both for traditionally strongly theist countries (Spain: 86.8%:81.1%; Ireland 94.8%:93.7%) and for traditionally secular countries (Sweden: 51.9%:46.6%, France 61.8%:56.1%, Netherlands 65.3%:58.0%). Some countries nevertheless show slight increase of theism over the period, Italy 84.1%:87.8%, Denmark 57.8%:62.1%. For a comprehensive study on Europe, see Mattei Dogan's "Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline" in Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion. Turkey and Malta are the most religious countries and Czech Republic and Estonia are the least religious countries in Europe.
Gallup poll 2007–2008
| Irreligion in Europe by Gallup poll (2007–2008) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Percentage | |||
| Estonia |
84% | |||
| Sweden |
83% | |||
| Denmark |
80% | |||
| Norway |
78% | |||
 Azerbaijan |
74% | |||
| Czech Republic |
74% | |||
| France |
73% | |||
| United Kingdom |
71% | |||
| Finland |
69% | |||
| Netherlands |
66% | |||
 Belarus |
65% | |||
 Russia |
63% | |||
 Albania |
63% | |||
| Bulgaria |
62% | |||
| Latvia |
62% | |||
| Belgium |
61% | |||
| Hungary |
59% | |||
| Slovenia |
59% | |||
| Spain |
59% | |||
| Germany |
57% | |||
 Switzerland |
56% | |||
 Ukraine |
54% | |||
| Lithuania |
52% | |||
| Slovakia |
51% | |||
 Montenegro |
48% | |||
 Serbia |
45% | |||
 Kazakhstan |
43% | |||
| Austria |
42% | |||
| Ireland |
42% | |||
 Moldova |
31% | |||
| Croatia |
30% | |||
| Greece |
30% | |||
 Armenia |
29% | |||
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
29% | |||
| Portugal |
27% | |||
| Italy |
26% | |||
| Cyprus |
24% | |||
| Poland |
23% | |||
 Georgia |
22% | |||
 North Macedonia |
20% | |||
| Romania |
18% | |||
| Turkey |
9% | |||
During 2007–2008 a Gallup poll asked in several countries the question "Does religion occupy an important place in your life?" The table on right shows percentage of people who answered "No".[3]
Religiosity
Today, theism is losing prevalence in Europe in favour of Atheism and Humanism, and religion losing prevalence in favor of secularism. European countries have experienced a decline in church membership and church attendance, as well as a decline in the number of people professing a belief in a god. A relevant example is that Sweden where the church of Sweden, previously the state-church until 2000, claimed to have 82.9 % of the Swedish poplulation as its flock in 2000. Surveys showed this had dropped to 72.9 % by 2008. However in the 1990s only 15% of the Swedish population said they believed in a personal God. It is generally thought that this disparity between church claims and numbers of people who actually believe in a god is likely to be the case in many other EU countries, especially in France and northern Europe, as recent trends and surveys are showing.[citation needed]
Eurobarometer poll 2005
The Eurobarometer Poll 2005 found that, on average, 52% of the citizens of EU member states state that they believe in a god, 27% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force while 18% do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god or life force. 3% declined to answer. According to a recent study (Dogan, Mattei, Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline), 47% of Frenchmen declared themselves as agnostic in 2003.This situation is often called "Post-Christian Europe". A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in western Europe (especially Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden) has been noted, but there is an increase in Eastern Europe, especially in Greece and Romania (2% in 1 year). The Eurobarometer poll must be taken with caution, however, as there are discrepancies between it and national census results. For example in the United Kingdom, the 2001 census revealed over 70% of the population regarded themselves as "Christian" with only 15% professing to have "no religion", though the wording of the question has been criticized as "leading" by the British Humanist Association.[4]
Modern religions
Christianity
| Christianity by country |
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 Christianity portal |
The vast majority of theist Europeans are Christians, divided into a large number of denominations. Roman Catholicism is the largest denomination with adherents mostly existing in Latin Europe (which includes France, Italy, Spain, Southern [Wallon] Belgium, and Portugal), Ireland, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, and the Czech Republic, but also the southern parts of Germanic Europe (which includes Austria, Luxembourg, Northern [Flemish] Belgium, Southern and Western Germany, and Liechtenstein). Protestantism and Eastern Orthodoxy are organized into many churches, the largest of which are:
- Eastern Orthodoxy (the churches are in full communion, i.e. they see each other as local churches, members of a single religious body)
- Oriental Orthodoxy
- Protestantism (see list of Reformed churches, Porvoo Communion)
There are numerous minor Protestant movements, including various Evangelical congregations, Jehovah's Witnesses and others.
Islam
Except for the Iberian Peninsula where various Muslim states existed before the Reconquista, Western Europe has no Islamic tradition. The Muslim population in Western Europe today is mostly a result of migration accounting for between 4% and 7% of the population in France, 5.8% in the Netherlands, 5% in Denmark, just over 4% in Switzerland and Austria, and almost 3% in the United Kingdom.[5] Muslims make up 70% in Albania,[6] 40% in Bosnia and Herzegovina,[7] 33.3% in Macedonia,[8] about 20% in Montenegro,[9] 12% in Bulgaria[10] and between 10-15% of the population of Russia.[11] Islam has been a factor in the cultural development of the Balkans and parts of Russia.
Judaism
The Jews were dispersed within the Roman Empire from the 2nd century. At one time Judaism was practiced widely throughout the European continent; throughout the Middle Ages, Jews were frequently accused of ritual murder and faced pogroms and legal discrimination. The Holocaust perpetrated by Nazi Germany decimated Jewish population, and today, France is the home of largest Jewish community in Europe with 1% of the total population.[12] Other European countries with notable Jewish populations include Germany, the United Kingdom, Russia and Italy.
Other religions
- Buddhism thinly spread throughout Europe and growing rapidly in recent years, about 3 million.[13][14] In Kalmykia, Tibetan Buddhism is prevalent.
- Hinduism mainly among Indian immigrants in the United Kingdom. In 1998 there were an estimated 1.4 million Hindu adherents in Europe.[15]
- Sikhism, nearly 1 million adherents of Sikhism in Europe. Most of the community live in United Kingdom (750,000) and Italy (70,000). Around 10,000 in Belgium and France. Netherlands and Germany have a Sikh population of 12,000. All other countries have less than or 5,000 Sikhs.
Below one million adherents
- Neopagan movements in some countries, notably in the British Isles Germanic Europe and the Baltic states (the UK, German-speaking Europe and Scandinavia).
- Rastafari, communities in the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and elsewhere.
- Jainism, small membership rolls, mainly among Indian immigrants in the United Kingdom.
- The Bahá'í Faith, upwards of 60,000, with populations of several thousand in Russia, Switzerland, Italy, France, Spain, Albania, et al.
- West African Vodun and Haitian Vodou (Voodoo), mainly among West African and black Caribbean immigrants in the UK and France.
- Traditional African Religions (including Muti), mainly in the United Kingdom and France.
- Other: Animism, Christian Scientists, Gnosticism, Paganism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mennonites, Moravian Church, Mormonism or Latter-day Saints, Pantheism, Polytheism, theological relativism, Scientology, Seventh-day Adventists, Universal Life Church, Unitarians, Hare Krishna, Wiccan, and Zoroastrianism.[citation needed]
No religion
Europe has a large and growing[citation needed] atheist, agnostic and Humanist, irreligous population with 18% on average answering the question "I do not believe in a spirit, God or life force" in The Eurobarometer Poll 2005. The largest non-confessional populations (as a percentage) are found in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden and Ukraine.
A European country has also been the first officially atheist state in the world. Albania in 1967 constitutionally banished religion.[16]
Official religions
A number of countries in Europe have official religions, including Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, the Vatican City (Catholic); Greece (Eastern Orthodox); Denmark, Iceland, Norway (Lutheran); and England (Anglican). In Switzerland, some cantons are officially Catholic, others Reformed Protestant. Some Swiss villages even have their religion as well as the village name written on the signs at their entrances.
Georgia has no established church, but the Georgian Orthodox Church enjoys de facto privileged status. Much the same applies in Germany with the Evangelical Church and the Roman Catholic Church. In Finland, both the Finnish Orthodox Church and the Lutheran Church are official. England, a part of the United Kingdom, has Anglicanism as its official religion. Scotland, another part of the UK, has Presbyterianism as its national church, but it is no longer "official". In Sweden, the national church used to be Lutheranism, but it is no longer "official" since 2000 and has lost more than 10% of its adherents since the same year. Azerbaijan, France, Ireland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain and Turkey are officially "secular".
See also
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References
- ^ Henkel, Reinhard and Hans Knippenberg "The Changing Religious Landscape of Europe" edited by Knippenberg published by Het Spinhuis, Amsterdam 2005 ISBN 9055892483, pages 7-9
- ^ World Values Survey, Religion and morale: Believe in God. Accessed 2007-07-25
- ^ Gallup Poll
- ^ Census 2011
- ^ Muslims in Europe: Country guide, BBC News, 23 December 2005, accessed 3 May 2007
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Albania - People
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Bosnia and Herzegovina - People
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Macedonia
- ^ Muslims in Europe: Country guide - Serbia and Montenegro
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Bulgaria
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Russia
- ^ CIA The World Factbook -- France
- ^ "Vipassana Foundation - Buddhists around the world".
- ^ "BuddhaNet - Buddhism in the West".
- ^ "Hinduism>".
- ^ [1]-Atheist State of Albania (1967-1991