1963

1963 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1963; MCMLXIII
Ab urbe condita	2716
Armenian calendar	1412; ԹՎ ՌՆԺԲ
Assyrian calendar	6713
Baháʼí calendar	119–120
Balinese saka calendar	1884–1885
Bengali calendar	1370
Berber calendar	2913
British Regnal year	11 Eliz. 2 – 12 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar	2507
Burmese calendar	1325
Byzantine calendar	7471–7472
Chinese calendar	壬寅年 (Water Tiger); 4660 or 4453; — to —; 癸卯年 (Water Rabbit); 4661 or 4454
Coptic calendar	1679–1680
Discordian calendar	3129
Ethiopian calendar	1955–1956
Hebrew calendar	5723–5724
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	2019–2020
- Shaka Samvat	1884–1885
- Kali Yuga	5063–5064
Holocene calendar	11963
Igbo calendar	963–964
Iranian calendar	1341–1342
Islamic calendar	1382–1383
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 38; (昭和３８年)
Javanese calendar	1894–1895
Juche calendar	52
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4296
Minguo calendar	ROC 52; 民國52年
Nanakshahi calendar	495
Thai solar calendar	2506
Tibetan calendar	阳水虎年; (male Water-Tiger); 2089 or 1708 or 936; — to —; 阴水兔年; (female Water-Rabbit); 2090 or 1709 or 937

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century; 20th century ; 21st century;
Decades:	1940s; 1950s; 1960s ; 1970s; 1980s;
Years:	1960; 1961; 1962; 1963 ; 1964; 1965; 1966;

Year 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January

January–February – Heavy snowfall causes many houses and buildings to collapse in northwestern Japan, with at least 231 reported dead from January through February. An express train delayed 106 hours 30 minutes arrived at Tokyo, because of heavy snow and adverse weather.
January 1
- Osamu Tezuka's Tetsuwan Atomu (Astro Boy), Japan's first serialized animated series based on the popular manga, debuts on Japanese television station Fuji TV.
- Bogle-Chandler case: CSIRO scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland near the Lane Cove River, Sydney.
January 8

- Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is exhibited in the United States for the first time, at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C..
January 14
- George C. Wallace becomes governor of Alabama. In his inaugural speech, he defiantly proclaims "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever!"^[1]^[2]
- The locomotive Flying Scotsman (British Railways No. 60103) makes its last scheduled run, before going into the hands of Alan Pegler for preservation.
January 22 – France and Germany sign the Elysée Treaty.
January 26 – The Australia Day shootings rock Perth, Western Australia; 2 people are shot dead and 3 others injured by Eric Edgar Cooke.
January 28 – African American student Harvey Gantt enters Clemson University in South Carolina, the last U.S. state to hold out against racial integration.
January 29 – French President Charles de Gaulle vetoes the United Kingdom's entry into the EEC.

February

February 8 – Travel, financial and commercial transactions by United States citizens to Cuba are made illegal by the John F. Kennedy Administration.
February 10 – Five Japanese cities located on the northernmost part of Kyūshū are merged and become the city of Kitakyūshū, with a population of more than 1 million.
February 11 – The CIA's Domestic Operations Division is created.
February 12 – Northwest Airlines flight 705 crashes in the Florida Everglades killing everyone aboard.
February 19 – The publication of Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique launches the reawakening of the Women's Movement in the United States as women's organizations and consciousness-raising groups spread.
February 21 – An earthquake destroys the village of Barce, Libya, killing 900.
February 27
- Juan Bosch takes office as the 41st president of the Dominican Republic.
- Female suffrage is enacted in Iran.
February 28 – Dorothy Schiff resigns from the New York Newspaper Publisher's Association, feeling that the city needs at least one paper. Her paper, the New York Post, resumes publication on March 4.

March

March
- Iron Man debuts in Marvel Comics's Tales of Suspense #39.
- The divorce case of the Duke and Duchess of Argyll causes scandal in the United Kingdom.
March 4 – In Paris, 6 people are sentenced to death for conspiring to assassinate President Charles de Gaulle. De Gaulle pardons 5 of them but the other conspirator is executed by firing squad a few days later.
March 5 – In Camden, Tennessee, country music superstar Patsy Cline (Virginia Patterson Hensley) is killed in a plane crash along with fellow performers Hawkshaw Hawkins, Cowboy Copas and Cline's manager and pilot Randy Hughes, while returning from a benefit performance in Kansas City, Kansas for country radio disc jockey "Cactus" Jack Call.

March 16 – Mount Agung erupts on Bali, killing 11,000.
March 18 – Gideon v. Wainwright: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the poor must have lawyers.
March 21 – The Alcatraz Island federal penitentiary in San Francisco Bay closes; the last 27 prisoners are transferred elsewhere at the order of Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.
March 22 – The Beatles release their first album Please Please Me.
March 23 – Dansevise by Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann (music by Otto Francker, text by Sejr Volmer-Sørensen) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 for Denmark.
March 27 – In Britain, Dr. Beeching issues a report calling for huge cuts to the UK's rail network.
March 31 – The 1962 New York City newspaper strike ends after 114 days.

April

April 1 – The longrunning soap opera General Hospital debuted on ABC.
April 3 – SCLC volunteers kick off the Birmingham campaign (Birmingham, Alabama) against racial segregation in the United States with a sit-in.
April 7 – Yugoslavia is proclaimed to be a socialist republic, and Josip Broz Tito is named President for Life.
April 8 – The 35th Academy Awards ceremony is held.
April 10 – The U.S. nuclear submarine Thresher sinks 220 miles (350 km) east of Cape Cod; all 129 crewmen die.
April 12 – Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth and others are arrested in a Birmingham, Alabama protest for "parading without a permit".
April 12 – The Soviet nuclear powered submarine K-33 collides with the Finnish merchant vessel M/S Finnclipper in the Danish Straits. Although severely damaged, both vessels make it to port.
April 15 – 70,000 marchers arrive in London from Aldermaston, to demonstrate against nuclear weapons.
April 16 – Martin Luther King, Jr. issues his Letter from Birmingham Jail.
April 20 – In Quebec, Canada, members of the terrorist group Front de libération du Québec, bomb a Canadian Army recruitment center, killing night watchman Wilfred V. O'Neill.
April 21–April 23 – The first election of the Supreme Institution of the Bahá'í Faith (known as the Universal House of Justice, whose seat is at the Bahá'í World Centre on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel) is held.
April 22 – Lester Bowles Pearson becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Canada.
April 25 – Sandra Elise Organ, noted choreographer, and Houston Ballet's first African-American ballerina, born in Omaha, Nebraska.
April 28 – A general election is held in Italy.
April 29 – Buddy Rogers becomes the first WWF Champion.

May

May 1 – The Coca-Cola Company introduces its first diet drink, TaB cola.
May 2
- Thousands of African Americans, many of them children, are arrested while protesting segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. Public Safety Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor later unleashes fire hoses and police dogs on the demonstrators.
- Berthold Seliger launches near Cuxhaven a 3 stage rocket with a maximum flight altitude of more than 62 miles (the only sounding rocket developed in Germany).
May 4 – The Le Monde Theater fire in Dioirbel, Senegal kills 64.
May 8
- Dr. No, the first James Bond film, is shown in U.S. theaters.
- Hue Vesak shootings: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam opens fire on Buddhists who defy a ban on the flying of the Buddhist flag on Vesak, the birthday of Gautama Buddha, killing nine. Earlier, President Ngo Dinh Diem allowed the flying of the Vatican flag in honour of his brother, Archbishop Ngo Dinh Thuc.
May 13 – A smallpox outbreak hits Stockholm, Sweden, lasting until July.
May 15 – Mercury program: NASA launches Gordon Cooper on Mercury 9, the last mission (on June 12 NASA Administrator James E. Webb tells Congress the program is complete).
May 23 – Fidel Castro visits the Soviet Union.
May 25 – The Organisation of African Unity is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
May 27 – The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan is singer-songwriter Bob Dylan's second studio album, and most influential, released by Columbia Records.

June

June 3 – Hue chemical attacks: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam pours chemicals on the heads of Buddhist protestors. The United States threatens to cut off aid to Ngo Dinh Diem's regime
June 3 – Pope John XXIII dies.
June 4 – President John F. Kennedy signs Executive Order 11110.
June 5 – The first annual NHL draft is held in Montreal, Quebec.
June 10 – The University of Central Florida is established by the Florida legislature.
June 11
- In Saigon, Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Ðức commits self-immolation to protest the oppression of Buddhists by the Ngo Dinh Diem administration.
- Alabama Governor George C. Wallace stands in the door of the University of Alabama to protest against integration, before stepping aside and allowing African Americans James Hood and Vivian Malone to enroll.
- President John F. Kennedy delivered a historic Civil Rights Address, in which he promises a Civil Rights Bill, and asks for "the kind of equality of treatment that we would want for ourselves."
June 12
- Medgar Evers is murdered in Jackson, Mississippi (his killer is convicted in 1994).
- Release of the film Cleopatra.
June 13 – The cancellation of Mercury 10 effectively ends the Mercury program of United States manned spaceflight.
June 16 – Vostok 6 carries Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman, into space.
June 17 – Abington School District v. Schempp: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that state-mandated Bible reading in public schools is unconstitutional.
June 19 – Valentina Tereshkova the first woman in space, returns to Earth.
June 21 – Pope Paul VI (Giovanni Battista Montini) succeeds Pope John XXIII as the 262nd pope.
June 26 – John F. Kennedy gives his 'Ich bin ein Berliner' speech in West Berlin.

July

July 1 – ZIP Codes are introduced in the U.S.
July 5
- Diplomatic relations between the Israeli and the Japanese governments are raised to embassy level.
- The Roman Catholic Church accepts cremation as a funeral practice.
July 7 – Double Seven Day scuffle: Secret police loyal to Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother of President Ngo Dinh Diem, attack American journalists including Peter Arnett and David Halberstam at a demonstration during the Buddhist crisis.
July 12 – Pauline Reade, 16, is abducted by Myra Hindley and Ian Brady in Manchester, England.
July 19 – American test pilot Joe Walker, flying the X-15, reaches an altutude of 65.8 miles (105.9 kilometers), making it a sub-orbital spaceflight by recognized international standards.
July 26
- An earthquake in Skopje, Yugoslavia leaves 1,800 dead.
- NASA launches Syncom, the world's first geostationary (synchronous) satellite.
July 30 – The Soviet newspaper Izvestia reports that Kim Philby has been given asylum in Moscow.

August

August 5 – The United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union sign a nuclear test ban treaty.
August 8 – The Great Train Robbery of 1963 takes place in Buckinghamshire, England.
August 15 – President Fulbert Youlou is overthrown in the Republic of Congo, after a three-day uprising in the capital.
August 18 – American civil rights movement: James Meredith becomes the first black person to graduate from the University of Mississippi.
August 21
- Xa Loi Pagoda raids: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces loyal to Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother of President Ngo Dinh Diem, vandalise Buddhist pagodas across the country, arresting thousands and leaving an estimated hundreds dead.
- Cable 243: In the wake of the Xa Loi Pagoda raids, the Kennedy administration orders the US Embassy, Saigon to explore alternative leadership in South Vietnam, opening the way towards a coup against Diem.
August 22 – American test pilot Joe Walker again achieves a sub-orbital spaceflight according to international standards, this time by piloting the X-15 to an altutude of 67.0 miles (107.8 kilometers).
August 28 – Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers his I Have A Dream speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to an audience of at least 250,000, during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

September

September – Marvel Comics releases the first-ever X-Men comic book
September 5 – British prostitute Christine Keeler is arrested for perjury. On December 6 she is sentenced to 9 months in prison.
September 6 – The Centre for International Industrial Property Studies (CEIPI) is founded.
September 7 – The Pro Football Hall of Fame opens in Canton, Ohio with 17 charter members.
September 10 – Mafia boss Bernardo Provenzano is indicted for murder (he is captured 43 years later, on April 11, 2006).
September 15 – American civil rights movement: The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, in Birmingham, Alabama, kills 4 and injures 22.
September 16
- Malaysia is formed through the merging of the Federation of Malaya and the British crown colony of Singapore, North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak.
- In Fort-Lamy, Chad, demonstrations are quelled with 300 dead.
September 18 – Rioters burn down the British Embassy in Jakarta, to protest the formation of Malaysia.
September 23 – King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals is established by a Saudi Royal Decree as the College of Petroleum and Minerals.
September 24 – The U.S. Senate ratifies the nuclear test ban treaty.
September 25 – The Denning Report on the Profumo affair is published in Great Britain.
September 27– The Littlest Hobo debuts on TV across North America with the first episode titled: Blue Water Sailor.
September 29
- The second period of the Second Vatican Council in Rome opens.
- The University of East Anglia is established in Norwich, England.

October

October 1
- Nigeria becomes a republic; The 1st Republican Constitution is established
- In the U.S., the President's Commission on the Status of Women issues its final reports to President Kennedy.
October 2 – Los Angeles Dodgers left-handed pitcher Sandy Koufax sets a World Series record by striking out 15 New York Yankees in a 5-2 victory in Game 1 at Yankee Stadium. The Dodgers sweep the series in four straight, with Koufax defeating the Yankees 2-1 in Game 4 at Dodger Stadium.
October 4 – Hurricane Flora, one of the worst Atlantic storms in history, hits Hispaniola and Cuba killing nearly 7,000 people.
October 8 – Sam Cooke and his band are arrested after trying to register at a "whites only" motel in Louisiana. In the months following, he records the song "A Change Is Gonna Come".
October 9 – In northeast Italy, over 2,000 people are killed when a large landslide behind the Vajont Dam causes a giant wave of water to overtop it.
October 10
- The nuclear test ban treaty, signed on August 5, takes effect.
- The second James Bond film, From Russia with Love, opens in the UK.
October 14 – A revolution starts in Radfan, South Yemen against British colonial rule.
October 16 – The thousandth day of John F. Kennedy's presidency.
October 19 – Alec Douglas-Home succeeds Harold Macmillan as British Prime Minister.
October 28 – Demolition of the 1910 Pennsylvania Station begins in New York City. Demolition continues until 1966.
October 30 – Car manufacturing firm Lamborghini is founded.
October 31 – 74 die in a gas explosion during a Holiday on Ice show at the Indiana State Fair Coliseum in Indianapolis.

November

November 1 – Arecibo Observatory officially begins operation.
November 2 – 1963 South Vietnamese coup: South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is assassinated following a military coup.
November 6
- Vietnam War: Coup leader General Duong Van Minh takes over as leader of South Vietnam.
- Laura Welch (later Bush) causes a car accident that results in the death of Michael Dutton Douglas in her hometown of Midland, Texas.
November 7 – Wunder von Lengede: In Germany, 11 miners are rescued from a collapsed mine after 14 days.
November 8 – Finnair flight OH-LCA crashes before landing at Mariehamn airport on the Åland islands.
November 9
- Miike Coal Mine explosion: In Japan, a coal mine explosion kills 458 and sends 839 carbon monoxide poisoning victims to the hospital.
- A triple-train disaster in Yokohama, Japan kills 161.
November 10 – Malcolm X makes a historic speech in Detroit, Michigan: Message to the Grass Roots
November 14 – A volcanic eruption under the sea near Iceland creates a new island, Surtsey.
November 16 – A newspaper strike begins in Toledo, Ohio.
November 18
- The Dartford Tunnel opens in the U.K.
- The first push-button telephone is made available to AT&T customers.

November 22
- The Beatles' second U.K. album, With The Beatles, is released
- John F. Kennedy assassination: In Dallas, Texas, United States President John F. Kennedy is assassinated, Texas Governor John B. Connally is seriously wounded, and Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson becomes the 36th President. All television coverage for the next four days is devoted to the assassination, its aftermath, the procession of the horsedrawn casket to the Capitol Rotunda, and the funeral of President Kennedy. Stores and businesses shut down for the entire weekend and Monday, in tribute.
November 23
- John Kilbride, 12, is abducted by Myra Hindley and Ian Brady in Great Britain.
- The first episode of the BBC television series Doctor Who is broadcast in the United Kingdom.
- The Golden Age Nursing Home fire kills 63 elderly people near Fitchville, Ohio.
November 24
- Lee Harvey Oswald, alleged assassin of John F. Kennedy, is shot dead by Jack Ruby in Dallas, Texas on live national television. Later that night, a hastily arranged program, A Tribute to John F. Kennedy from the Arts, featuring actors, opera singers, and noted writers, all performing dramatic readings and/or music, is telecast on ABC-TV.
- Vietnam War: New U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson confirms that the United States intends to continue supporting South Vietnam militarily and economically.
November 25 – U.S. President Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Schools around the nation do not have class on that day, millions watch the funeral on live international television.
November 29
- U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson establishes the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination of President Kennedy.
- Trans-Canada Airlines Flight 831, a Douglas DC-8 carrying 118, crashes into a wooded hillside after taking-off from Dorval International Airport near Montreal, killing all on board (the worst air disaster for many years in Canada's history).

December

December 3 – The Warren Commission begins its investigation.
December 4 – The second period of Second Vatican Council closes.
December 5 – The Seliger Forschungs-und-Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH demonstrates rockets for military use to military representatives of non-NATO-countries near Cuxhaven. Although these rockets land via parachute at the end of their flight and no allied laws are violated, the Soviet Union protests this action.
December 7 – Tony Verna, a CBS-TV director, invented Instant Replay and aired it during his direction of a live, televised sporting event, the 1963 Army-Navy Game played in Philadelphia.
December 8
- A lightning strike causes the crashing of Pan Am Flight 214 near Elkton, Maryland, killing 81 people.
- Frank Sinatra Jr. is kidnapped at Harrah's Lake Tahoe.
December 10 – In the United States, the X-20 Dyna-Soar spaceplane program is cancelled. Also on this date: Chuck Yeager "while testing an NF-104A rocket-augmented aerospace trainer, he narrowly escaped death when his aircraft went out of control at 108,700 feet (nearly 21 miles up) and crashed. He parachuted to safety at 8,500 feet after vainly battling to gain control of the powerless, rapidly falling craft. In this incident he became the first pilot to make an emergency ejection in the full pressure suit needed for high altitude flights.”
December 12 – Kenya becomes independent, with Jomo Kenyatta as prime minister.
December 19 – Zanzibar gains independence from Great Britain as a constitutional monarchy, under Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah.
December 21 – Cyprus Emergency: Inter-communal fighting erupts between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots.
December 22 – The cruise ship Lakonia burns 180 miles (290 km) north of Madeira, with the loss of 128 lives.
December 25
- Walt Disney releases his 18th feature-length animated motion picture The Sword in the Stone, about the boyhood of King Arthur. It is the penultimate animated film personally supervised by Disney.
- İsmet İnönü of CHP forms the new government of Turkey (28th government, coalition partners; independents, İnönü has served 10 ten times as a prime minister, this is his last government)
December 26 – "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and "I Saw Her Standing There" are released in the U.S., marking the beginning of full-scale Beatlemania.

Date unknown

The 1955 film Oklahoma!, an adaptation of the famed Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, is re-released nationally for the first time.
David. H. Frisch and J. H. Smith prove that the radioactive decay of mesons is slowed by their motion (see Einstein's special relativity and general relativity).
The Semi Automatic Ground Environment is fully deployed.
TAT-3 cable goes into operation.
Ivan Sutherland writes the revolutionary Sketchpad program and runs it on the Lincoln TX-2 computer at MIT.
Construction of Moscow's Ostankino Tower begins.
Harvey Ball invents the ubiquitous smiley face symbol.
The Reformed Druids of North America (RDNA) is founded.
The IEEE Computer Society is founded.
The Urdu typewriter keyboard is standardised by the Central Language Board in Pakistan.
For the first time in four consecutive years, the film The Wizard of Oz is not telecast. Reasons for this remain unknown to this day, but because the film at that time was telecast during the second week of December and the nation was still in mourning over the Kennedy assassination then, it could be that CBS executives decided it would be inappropriate to show it less than three weeks after such a tragic event.

Births

January

January 2
- David Cone, American baseball player
- Edgar Martínez, American baseball player
January 6 – Tony Halme, Finnish boxer and politician (d. 2010)
January 13 – Jiang Wen, Chinese actor
January 14 – Steven Soderbergh, American film director
January 16 – James May, English motoring journalist and television show host
January 18 – Ian Crook, English footballer
January 20 – Firebreaker Chip, American professional wrestler
January 21
- Hakeem Olajuwon, Nigerian basketball player
- Detlef Schrempf, German basketball player
January 23 – Gail O'Grady, American actress
January 24 – Arnold Vanderlyde, Dutch boxer
January 26
- Chin Siu Ho, Hong Kong actor
- José Mourinho, Portuguese football manager
- Riddell Akua, Nauruan politician
January 30 – Thomas Brezina, Austrian author

February

February 2 – Eva Cassidy, American vocalist (d. 1996)
February 3 – Gretel Killeen, Australian journalist
February 4 – Pirmin Zurbriggen, Swiss alpine skier
February 11 – Diane Franklin, American actress
February 14 – Dwayne Wiggins, American singer-songwriter and record producer
February 17 – Michael Jordan, American basketball player
February 18 – Rob Andrew, English rugby union player
February 19 – Seal, English singer
February 20 – Charles Barkley, American basketball player
February 21 – William Baldwin, American actor
February 22
- Vijay Singh, Fiji golfer
- Donald Braswell II, American singer

March

March 1 – Russell Wong, American actor
March 2 – Tuff Hedeman, American PRCA World Champion Bull Rider
March 3 – Martín Fiz, Spanish long-distance runner
March 4 – Daniel Roebuck, American actor
March 5 – Joel Osteen, American televangelist and son of John Osteen
March 6 – Gary L. Stevens, American jockey
March 7 – Kim Ung-yong, Korean child prodigy
March 12 – Joaquim Cruz, Brazilian runner
March 13 – Fito Páez, Argentine musician
March 14 – Bruce Reid, Australian cricketer
March 15 – Bret Michaels, American rock singer (Poison)
March 17 – Alex Fong, Hong Kong actor
March 18
- Ratna Pathak,Indian film actress
- Vanessa L. Williams, American beauty queen, actress, and singer
March 20
- Paul Annacone, American tennis player and coach
- Kathy Ireland, American model and actress
March 21 – Ronald Koeman, Dutch football player and manager
March 22 – Susan Ann Sulley, British musician
March 26 – Natsuhiko Kyogoku, Japanese writer
March 27
- Charly Alberti, Argentinian musician
- Quentin Tarantino, American actor, director, writer, and producer
- Xuxa, Brazilian television personality
March 29 – Elle Macpherson, Australian supermodel

April

April 3 – Criss Oliva, American metal guitarist (savatage), – Karl Beattie, Director, Husband Of Yvette Fielding
April 4
- Jack Del Rio, American football player and coach
- Graham Norton, Irish comedian and talk show host
- Frank Yallop, Canadian footballer
April 6 – Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador
April 8 – Julian Lennon, British musician son of John Lennon
April 9 – Joe Scarborough, American newscaster
April 10 – Doris Leuthard, Swiss Federal Councillor
April 11 – Chris Ferguson, American poker player
April 12 – Michael English, American Christian musician
April 13 – Garry Kasparov, Russian chess player
April 16 – Jimmy Osmond, American singer
April 17 – Joel Murray, American actor
April 18
- Eric McCormack, Canadian actor
- Conan O'Brien, American television entertainer and talk show host
April 19 – Valerie Plame, former United States CIA Operations officer
April 21
- Ken Caminiti, American baseball player (d. 2004)
- Roy Dupuis, Canadian actor
April 24 – Tõnu Trubetsky, Estonian rock musician (Vennaskond)
April 26
- Jet Li, Chinese martial artist and actor
- Colin Scotts, Australian-born American football player
April 27
- Cali Timmins, Canadian actress
- Russell T Davies, Welsh television producer and writer
April 30 – Michael Waltrip, American race car driver

May

May 1 – Benjamin LaGuer, American prisoner proclaiming innocence for more than two decades
May 2 – Ray Traylor, American professional wrestler ("Big Bossman") (d. 2004)
May 5 – James LaBrie, Canadian vocalist (Dream Theater)
May 9 – Gary Daniels, British martial artist and actor
May 10 – A. Raja, Indian politician
May 11 – Natasha Richardson, English actress (d. 2009)
May 12 – Jerry Trimble, American actor and martial artist
May 16
- Jon Coffelt, American artist
- Mercedes Echerer, Austrian actress and politician
May 19 – Yazz, English singer
May 23 – Wally Dallenbach Jr., American race car driver and announcer
May 24
- Joe Dumars, American basketball player
- Rich Rodriguez, American football coach
May 25
- Mike Myers, Canadian actor and comedian
- Eha Rünne, Estonian shot putter and discus thrower
May 26 – Clive Cowdery, English insurance entrepreneur

June

June 5 – Joe Rudán, Hungarian heavy metal singer
June 6 – Jason Isaacs, British actor
June 9 – Johnny Depp, American actor
June 12
- Warwick Capper, Australian rules footballer
- Jerry Lynn, American professional wrestler
- Tim DeKay, American character actor
June 13 – Bettina Bunge, German tennis player
June 14 – Graham Brown, Canadian Athlete ("The Rug")
June 15 – Helen Hunt, American actress
June 16 – James Fullington, American professional wrestler ("The Sandman)
June 17 – Greg Kinnear, American actor
June 18 – Bruce Smith, American football player
June 20 – Amir Derakh, American musician
June 22 – Randy Couture, American mixed martial arts fighter
June 23 – Colin Montgomerie, Scottish golfer
June 24
- Mike Wieringo, American comic-book artist (d. 2007)
- Preki, Serbia-born American footballer
June 25
- Doug Gilmour, Canadian hockey player
- George Michael, English singer
June 26 – Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Russian businessman, former Komsomol activist and oligarch
June 29 – Anne-Sophie Mutter, German violinist
June 30 – Yngwie Malmsteen, Swedish guitarist, composer, and bandleader

July

July 4 – Christopher George Kennedy, American son of Robert F. Kennedy
July 6 – Miguel De Garikoitz Aspiazu Rubina, Basque separatist
July 11 – Lisa Rinna, American actress
- Bruce McGill, American actor
- Peter Murphy, vocalist of the rock group Bauhaus
July 16 – Phoebe Cates, American actress
July 17
- Letsie III, King of Lesotho
- Matti Nykanen, Finnish ski jumper
July 18 – Allen Sarven, American professional wrestler (Al Snow)
July 22 – Emilio Butragueno, Spanish football player
July 24
- Julie Krone, American jockey
- Karl Malone, American basketball player
July 27 – Donnie Yen, Hong Kong actor and martial artist
July 28 – Gregory Henriquez, Canadian architect
July 29
- Graham Poll, English football referee
- Jim Beglin, Irish football commentator
July 30
- Lisa Kudrow, American actress
- Chris Mullin, American basketball player and executive

August

August 1 – Coolio, American rapper
August 2 – Laura Bennett, American fashion designer
August 3 – James Hetfield, American musician (Metallica)
August 6 – Kevin Mitnick, American computer hacker
August 7 – Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, son of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy (d. 1963)
August 8 – Stephen Walkom, Canadian ice hockey official and executive
August 9 – Whitney Houston, American singer
August 15 – Valery Levaneuski, entrepreneur, politician, former political prisoner
August 17 – James Whitbourn, British composer
August 19 – John Stamos, American actor
August 22 – Tori Amos, American singer
August 23
- Hans-Henning Fastrich, German field hockey player
- Kenny Wallace, American race car driver
- Park Chan-wook, South Korean film director and screenwriter
August 24 – Hideo Kojima, Japanese video-game director
August 26
- Michael Tao, Hong Kong actor
- Liu Huan, Chinese singer
August 30
- Michael Chiklis, American actor
- Phil Mills, British race car driver
August 31
- Todd Carty, British actor
- The Egyptian Lover, American rapper, DJ and producer

September

September 1 – Carola Smit, Dutch musician
September 6 – Geert Wilders, Dutch politician
September 7 – Eric Wright (Eazy-E), American rapper (d. 1995)
September 8 – Li Ning, Chinese gymnast
September 9 – Markus Wasmeier, German alpine-skier
September 10 – Randy Johnson, American baseball player
September 11 – Joey Dedio, American actor
September 12 – Norberto Barba, American cinematographer and film director
September 16 – Richard Marx, American pop/rock singer
September 17 – Masahiro Chono, Japanese professional wrestler
September 19
- Jarvis Cocker, English rock musician (Pulp)
- David Seaman, English football goalkeeper
September 21
- Cecil Fielder, American baseball player
- Angus MacFadyen, Scottish actor
September 28 – Steve Blackman, American professional wrestler
September 29
- Dave Andreychuk, Canadian hockey player
- Les Claypool, American bassist (Primus)

October

October 1 – Mark McGwire, American baseball player
October 5
- Laura Davies, English golfer
- Ronni Le Tekrø, Norwegian guitarist (TNT)
October 6 – Elisabeth Shue, American actress
October 10
- Anita Mui, Hong Kong singer (d. 2003)
- Daniel Pearl, American journalist (d. 2002)
- Jolanda de Rover, Dutch swimmer
October 12
- Satoshi Kon, Japanese anime director
- Alan McDonald, Northern Irish footballer
- Mabi de Almeida, Angolan professional football coach
October 17 – Norm MacDonald, Canadian comedian
October 22 – Brian Boitano, American figure skater
October 23
- Thomas Di Leva, Swedish singer
- Wilson Yip, Hong Kong actor and director
October 25 – John Levén, Swedish bassist (Europe)
October 26 – Natalie Merchant, American singer, songwriter, and musician
October 27 – Feyyaz Uçar, Turkish footballer
October 28
- Mark Kwok, Hong Kong actor
- Lauren Holly, American actress
October 30 – Kristina Wagner, American actress
October 31
- Fred McGriff, American baseball player
- Johnny Marr, English musician
- Dermot Mulroney, American actor
- Rob Schneider, American actor

November

November 1
- Rick Allen, British rock musician (Def Leppard)
- Mark Hughes, Welsh football player & manager
- Katja Riemann, German actress
November 2
- Craig Saavedra, American filmmaker
- Bobby Dall, American rock bassist (Poison)
November 4 – Lena Zavaroni, Scottish entertainer (d. 1999)
November 7 – John Barnes, Jamaican-born English footballer
November 11 – Kip James, American professional wrestler
November 13 – Vinny Testaverde, American football player
November 15 – Benny Elias, Australian rugby player
November 18 – Dante Bichette, American baseball player
November 19
- Terry Farrell, American actress
- Jon Potter, British field hockey player
- Peter Schmeichel, Danish football player
November 21 – Nicollette Sheridan, English actress
November 22 – Winsor Harmon, American actor
November 23 – Troy Hurtubise, Canadian inventor
November 25
- Holly Cole, Canadian jazz singer
- Bernie Kosar, American football player

December

December 2 – Ann Patchett, American novelist
December 3 – Terri Schiavo, American right-to-die cause célèbre (d. 2005)
December 4 – Sergey Bubka, Ukrainian pole vaulter
December 7 – Mark Bowen, Welsh footballer
December 8
- Toshiaki Kawada, Japanese professional wrestler
- Greg Howe, American guitarist
December 13
- Jake White, South African rugby coach
- Uwe-Jens Mey, German speed skater
December 14
- Cynthia Gibb, American actress
- Vytautas Juozapaitis, Lithuanian baritone, pedagogue (professor) and TV host
December 16
- Benjamin Bratt, American actor
- Jeff Carson, American singer
December 18
- Pauline Ester, French singer
- Charles Oakley, American basketball player
- Brad Pitt, American actor
December 19 – Jennifer Beals, American actress
December 21
- Govinda Ahuja, Indian actor and politician
- Jacques Simonet, Belgian politician (d. 2007)
December 22
- Bryan Gunn, Scottish footballer
- Luna H. Mitani, Japanese-American Surrealist painter
December 23
- Jim Harbaugh, American football player
- Donna Tartt, American author
December 26 – Lars Ulrich, Danish-born rock drummer (Metallica)
December 29
- Francisco Bustamante, Filipino billiard player
- Sean Payton, American football coach
December 30 – Kim Hill, American Christian singer

Deaths

January

January 1
- Filippo Del Giudice, Italian film producer (b. 1892)
- Robert S. Kerr, American business and politician, heart attack (b. 1896)
January 2
- Jack Carson, Canadian actor, stomach cancer (b. 1910) [1]
- Al Mamaux, professional baseball player and manager (b. 1894)
- Dick Powell, American actor, lymphoma (b. 1904) [2]
January 5
- Rogers Hornsby, American baseball player, heart attack after cataract surgery (b. 1896)
- Erik Strandmark, Swedish film actor, plane crash (b. 1919)
January 6
- Frank Tuttle, American film director (b. 1892)
- Stark Young, American teacher, playwright, novelist, painter, literary critic, and essayist (b. 1881)
January 7 – Erik Lundqvist, Swedish athlete (b. 1908)
January 8
- Boris Morros, American movie producer and FBI double agent (b. 1891)
- Jack Okey, American art director (b. 1889)
January 10 – Franz Planer, European film cinematographer (b. 1894)
January 13
- Sonny Clark, American jazz pianist, heart attack (b. 1931)
- Sylvanus Olympio, 1st President of Togo, assassination (b. 1902)
January 14 – Gustav Regler, German Socialist novelist (b. 1898)
January 16
- Cesare Fantoni, Italian film actor (b. 1905)
- Gilardo Gilardi, Argentine composer, pianist, and conductor (b. 1889)
January 18 – Edward Charles Titchmarsh, British mathematician (b. 1899)
January 21 – Al St. John, American actor, heart attack (b. 1893)
January 23 – Józef Gosławski, Polish sculptor and medallic artist (b. 1908)
January 24
- Otto Harbach, American lyricist and librettist (b. 1873)
- Kenneth Western, part of The Western Brothers (b. 1899)
January 25 – Marion Sunshine, American actoress (b. 1894)
January 26 – Ole Olsen, American actor, kidney ailment (b. 1892)
January 27 – Evelyn Francisco, silent film actress (b. 1904)
January 28
- John Farrow, American film director, heart attack (b. 1904)
- Jean Piccard, Swiss-born chemist and engineer (b. 1884)
January 29
- Anthony Coldeway, American screenwriter (b. 1887)
- Robert Frost, American poet, heart failure (b. 1874)
- Lee Meadows, professional baseball player (b. 1894)
January 30
- Jane Gail, American silent movie and stage actress (b. 1890)
- Cecil McGivern, British broadcasting executive and writer (b. 1907)
- Francis Poulenc, French composer, heart failure (b. 1899)
January 31
- Alasgar Alakbarov, Azerbaijani actor (b. 1910)
- Ossie Vitt, professional baseball player and manager (b. 1890)

February

February 1
- Louis D. Lighton, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1895)
- Wyndham Standing, English actor (b. 1880)
February 2 – William Gaxton, star of vaudeville, film, and theatre, cancer (b. 1893)
February 6 – Piero Manzoni, Italian artist, heart attack (b. 1933)
February 8 – George Dolenz, American actor, heart attack (b. 1908)
February 9 – Abd al-Karim Qasim, Prime minister of Iraq, shot to death (b. 1914)
February 11 – Sylvia Plath, American poet and novelist, suicide (b. 1932)
February 15
- Edgardo Donato, Uruguayan tango composer and orchestra leader (b. 1897)
- Louis J. Gasnier, French film director (b. 1875)
- Bump Hadley, Major League Baseball pitcher (b. 1904)
February 16
- Else Jarlbak, Danish film actress (b. 1911)
- László Lajtha, Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist and conductor (b. 1892)
February 18
- Monte Blue, American actor, heart attack because of complications from influenza (b. 1887)
- Beppe Fenoglio, Italian writer (b. 1887)
- Tokugawa Iemasa, Japanese politician, 17th head of the former Tokugawa shogunate (b. 1884)
February 19 – Benny Moré, Cuban singer, cirrhosis (b. 1919)
February 20
- Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian conductor, cancer (b. 1914)
- Jacob Gade, Danish violinist and composer (b. 1879)
- Bill Hinchman, professional baseball player (b. 1883)
February 22 – Arthur Guy Empey, soldier, author, screenwriter, and actor (b. 1883)
February 24 – Herbert Asbury, American journalist and writer, from a chronic lung disease (b. 1889)
February 28
- Eppa Rixey, American baseball player (b. 1891)
- Dr Rajendra Prasad, former President of India (b. 1884)

March

March 1 – Irish Meusel, American professional baseball player (b. 1893)
March 4 – William Carlos Williams, American writer, stroke (b. 1883)
March 5
- Patsy Cline, American singer plane crash (b. 1932)
- Cowboy Copas, American country music singer plane crash (b. 1913)
- Ludde Gentzel, Swedish film actor (b. 1885)
- Hawkshaw Hawkins, American country music singer plane crash (b. 1921)
- Cyril Smith, Scottish actor heart attack (b. 1892)
March 6 – Robert E. Cornish, experimenter (b. 1903)
March 7 – Joachim Holst-Jensen, Norwegian film actor (b. 1880)
March 11
- Ignat Bednarik, Romanian painter (b. 1882)
- Joe Judge, American professional baseball player (b. 1894)
March 16 – Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria (b. 1883)
March 17
- Thomas L. Lennon, screenwriter (b. 1896)
- Lizzie Miles, African American blues singer, heart attack (b. 1895)
March 18 – Wanda Hawley, American actress (b. 1895)
March 21 – Felice Minotti, Italian film actor (b. 1887)
March 22
- Cilly Aussem, German tennis champion (b. 1909)
- Abraham Ellstein, American composer for Yiddish entertainments (b. 1907)
- Mihály Székely, Hungarian bass singer (b. 1901)
March 23 – Thoralf Skolem, Norwegian mathematician (b. 1887)
March 25 – Felix Adler, American screenwriter, abdominal cancer (b. 1884)
March 26 – Jean Bruce, French writer, car accident (b. 1921)
March 27 – Harry Piel, German actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer (b. 1892)
March 28
- Antoine Balpêtré, French film actor (b. 1898)
- Frank J. Marion, American motion picture pioneer (b. 1869)
- Alec Templeton, Welsh composer, pianist and satirist (b. 1909) or b. 1910)
March 29
- Pola Gojawiczyńska, Polish writer (b. 1896)
- Wilcy Moore, American professional baseball player (b. 1897)
March 31 – Harry Akst, American songwriter (b. 1894)

April

April 1 – Agnes Mowinckel, Norwegian actress and stage producer (b. 1875)
April 3 – Alma Richards, American Olympic gold medalist (b. 1890)
April 4
- Jason Robards, Sr., American stage and screen actor, heart attack (b. 1892)
- Oskari Tokoi, leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland (b. 1873)
April 6
- Mario Fabrizi, comedian and actor, stress-related illness (b. 1924)
- Otto Struve, Russian–American astronomer (b. 1897)
April 7 – Amedeo Maiuri, Neapolitan archaeologist (b. 1886))
April 9
- Eddie Edwards, American jazz trombonist (b. 1891)
- Benno Moiseiwitsch, Jewish-Ukrainian pianist (b. 1890)
April 11 – Nando Bruno, Italian film actor (b. 1895)
April 12
- Felix Y. Manalo, First Filipino Executive Minister of the Iglesia ni Cristo (b. 1886)
- Herbie Nichols, American jazz pianist and composer, leukemia (b. 1919)
April 13 – Luis Somoza Debayle, 50th President of Nicaragua (b. 1922)
April 14
- Arthur Jonath, German Olympic athlete (b. 1909)
- Kodō Nomura, Japanese novelist and music critic, acute pneumonia (b. 1882)
- Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, Indian Historian, writer, and scholar (b. 1893)
April 15 – Edward Hearn, American actor (b. 1888)
April 23
- Ferruccio Cerio, Italian film writer and director (b. 1904)
- Paul Fejos, Hungarian film director (b. 1897)
- Harry Harper, professional baseball player (b. 1895)
- Don C. Harvey, American television and film actor, cardiac arrest (b. 1911)
- Frederick Peters, American film actor (b. 1884)
April 24 – Leonid Lukov, Soviet film director and screenwriter (b. 1909)
April 25 – Christopher Hassall, English actor, dramatist, librettist, lyricist, and poet, heart attack (b. 1912)
April 26 – Roland Pertwee, English playwright, screenwriter, director, and actor (b. 1885)
April 27 – Kenneth Macgowan, American film producer (b. 1888)
April 30
- Giovanni Grasso, Italian film actor (b. 1888)
- William C. Mellor, American cinematographer, heart attack (b. 1903)
- Bryant Washburn, American film actor, heart attack (b. 1889)

May

May 1 – Lope K. Santos, Filipino writer, Father of Philippine National Language and Grammar (b. 1879)
May 2 – Van Wyck Brooks, American literary critic and writer (b. 1886)
May 6 – Monty Woolley, American actor (b. 1888)
May 7 – Theodore von Kármán, Hungarian-American engineer and physicist (b. 1881)
May 11 – Herbert Spencer Gasser, American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
May 12
- Bobby Kerr, Canadian runner (b. 1882)
- Aiden Wilson Tozer, American Protestant pastor (b. 1897)
May 18 – Ernie Davis, American football player, first African-American to win the Heisman Trophy (b. 1939)
May 24 – Elmore James, American blues guitarist (b. 1918)
May 31 – Edith Hamilton, German-born author (b. 1867)

June

June 1 – Alfred V. Kidder, American archaeologist (b. 1885)
June 3
- Pope John XXIII (b. 1881)
- Nazim Hikmet, Turkish poet (b. 1901)
June 7 – ZaSu Pitts, American actress (b. 1894)
June 9 – Jacques Villon, French painter (b. 1875)
June 10 – Anita King, American actress and race car driver (b. 1884)
June 11 – Thich Quang Duc, Vietnamese Buddhist monk (suicide) (b. 1897)
June 12 – Medgar Evers, African-American civil rights activist (b. 1925)
June 18 – Pedro Armendariz, Mexican actor (suicide) (b. 1912)
June 27 – John Maurice Clark, American economist (b. 1884)

July

July 6 – Georg, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1899)
July 10 – Teddy Wakelam, English sports broadcaster and rugby union player (b. 1893)
July 12 – Slatan Dudow, Bulgarian film director (b. 1903)
July 18 – Jack Solomon, American restaurateur (b. 1896)

August

August 1 – Theodore Roethke, American poet (b. 1908)
August 2 – Oliver La Farge, American writer (b. 1901)
August 4 – Tom Keene, American actor (b. 1896)
August 9 – Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, American infant son of President and Mrs. Kennedy
August 10
- Estes Kefauver, American politician (b. 1903)
- Ernst Wetter, Swiss Federal Councillor (b. 1877)
August 11 – Clem Bevans, American actor (b. 1879)
August 17 – Richard Barthelmess, American actor (b. 1895)
August 18 – Clifford Odets, American playwright (b. 1906)
August 20 – Joan Voûte, Dutch astronomer (b. 1879)
August 22 – William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield, British businessman and a philanthropist (b. 1877)
August 23 – Larry Keating, American actor (b. 1896)
August 24 – James Kirkwood, Sr., American film director (b. 1875)
August 27
- Allama Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi, Indian founder of the Khaksar Movement (b. 1888)
- W. E. B. Du Bois, American civil rights activist (b. 1868)
August 30 – Guy Burgess, British spy, one of the Cambridge Five (b. 1911)
August 31 – Georges Braque, French painter (b. 1882)

September

September 3 – Louis MacNeice, Irish poet (b. 1907)
September 11 – Suzanne Duchamp, French painter (b. 1889)
September 12 – Modest Altschuler, Belarus-born American composer (b. 1873)
September 17 – Eduard Spranger, German philosopher and psychologist (b. 1882)
September 19 – David Low, New Zealand cartoonist (b. 1891)
September 25
- Alexander Sakharoff, Russian dancer and choreographer (b. 1886)
- Kurt Zeitzler, German Army officer (b. 1895)

October

October 7 – Gustaf Gründgens, German actor (b. 1899)
October 10 – Édith Piaf, French singer (b. 1915)
October 11 – Jean Cocteau, French writer (b. 1889)
October 25 – Roger Désormière, French conductor (b. 1898)
October 29 – Adolphe Menjou, American actor (b. 1890)
October 31 – Henry Daniell, English actor (b. 1894)

November

November 1
- Elsa Maxwell, American gossip columnist (b. 1883)
- Le Quang Tung, Vietnamese military leader (b. 1923) (assassinated)
November 2
- Ngo Dinh Diem, President of South Vietnam (b. 1901) (assassinated)
- Ngo Dinh Nhu, Vietnamese military leader (b. 1910) (assassinated)
November 15 – Fritz Reiner, Hungarian conductor (b. 1888)
November 21 – Robert Stroud, American prisoner and Alcatraz "Birdman" (b. 1890)
November 22
- C. S. Lewis, Irish-born British critic, novelist (The Chronicles of Narnia) and Christian apologist (b. 1898) - (Lewis died in Oxford at approx. 17:30 GMT)
- John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (b. 1917) (assassinated) - (Kennedy died in Dallas at 12:30 ((18:30 GMT)
- J. D. Tippit, American police officer with the Dallas Police Department (b. 1924) - (Tippit died in Dallas at approx 13:15 ((19:15 GMT)
- Aldous Huxley, British writer (Brave New World) (b. 1894) - (Huxley died in Los Angeles at 17:21 ((01:21 GMT)
- Wilhelm Beiglböck, German Nazi physician at Dachau concentration camp (b. 1905)
November 24 – Lee Harvey Oswald, American alleged assassin of President John F. Kennedy (b. 1939) (assassinated)^[3]
November 26 – Amelita Galli-Curci, Italian opera singer (b. 1882)
November 28 – Ernesto Lecuona, Cuban composer (b. 1896)
November 30 – Phil Baker, American comedian and radio personality (b. 1896)

December

December – Andy Kennedy, Northern Ireland footballer (b. 1897)
December 2
- Sabu Dastagir, Indian-American actor (b. 1924)
- Thomas J. Hicks, American runner (b. 1875)
December 5 – Karl Amadeus Hartmann, German composer (b. 1905)
December 12 – Theodor Heuss, 5th President of Germany (b. 1884)
December 12 – Yasujiro Ozu, Japanese filmmaker (b. 1903)
December 14 – Dinah Washington, African-American jazz/blues singer (b. 1924)
December 15 – Rikidōzan, Korea-born Japanese professional wrestler (b. 1924)
December 21 – Jack Hobbs, English cricketer (b. 1882)
December 25 – Tristan Tzara, French poet (b. 1896)
December 28 – Paul Hindemith, German composer (b. 1895)
December 28 – A. J. Liebling, American journalist (b. 1904)

Nobel Prizes

Physics – Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen
Chemistry – Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta
Physiology or Medicine – Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley
Literature – Giorgos Seferis
Peace – International Committee of the Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies

References

^ The American Experience: George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Fire: Timeline (1952 – 1972), Public Broadcasting Service, 2000
^ Michael J. Klarman. "Brown v. Board: 90 Years Later", Humanities: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities, March/April 2004
^ The Warren Commission Report

[1] The American Experience: George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Fire: Timeline (1952 – 1972), Public Broadcasting Service, 2000

[2] Michael J. Klarman. "Brown v. Board: 90 Years Later", Humanities: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities, March/April 2004

[3] The Warren Commission Report

[1]

[2]

[3]