Jump to content

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

Listen to this article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 110.92.125.79 (talk) at 07:28, 13 January 2016 (→History). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
Sistem Pengangkutan Gerak Cepat Singapura
新加坡地铁系统
சிங்கப்பூர் துரிதக் கடவு ரயில்
File:Singapore MRT logo.svg
Overview
OwnerLand Transport Authority
LocaleSingapore
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines8 (5 in operation, 1 under construction and 2 under planning)
Number of stations121
Daily ridership2.762 million (2014)[1]
Operation
Began operation7 November 1987; 36 years ago (1987-11-07)
Operator(s)SMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation)
SBS Transit (ComfortDelGro Corporation)
Technical
System length170.7 km (106.1 mi)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge

Template:Contains Chinese text Template:Contains Tamil text

The Mass Rapid Transit, or MRT, is a rapid transit system forming the major component of the railway system in Singapore, spanning the entire city-state. The initial section of the MRT, between Yio Chu Kang and Toa Payoh, opened on 7 November 1987, making it the second-oldest metro system in Southeast Asia, after Manila's LRT System. The network has since grown rapidly in accordance with Singapore's aim of developing a comprehensive rail network as the backbone of the public transport system in Singapore, with an average daily ridership of 2.899 million in 2014, approximately 77% of the bus network's 3.751 million in the same period.[2]

The MRT network encompasses 170.7 kilometres (106.1 mi) of route, with 121 stations in operation, on standard gauge. The lines are built by the Land Transport Authority, a statutory board of the Government of Singapore, which allocates operating concessions to the profit-based corporations, SMRT Corporation and SBS Transit. These operators also run bus and taxi services, thus facilitating full integration of public transport services. The MRT is complemented by a small number of regional Light Rail Transit (LRT) networks in Bukit Panjang, Sengkang and Punggol that link MRT stations with HDB public housing estates.[3]

History

Bugis MRT Station of the Downtown Line
Main article: History of the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

The origins of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) are derived from a forecast by city planners in 1967 which stated the need for a rail-based urban transport system by 1992.[4][5] Following a debate on whether a bus-only system would be more cost-effective, Lee Kuan Yew, then Prime Minister of Singapore came to the conclusion that an all-bus system would be inadequate, as it would have to compete for road space in a land-scarce country.[6][7] The initial S$5 billion construction of the Mass Rapid Transit network was Singapore's largest public works project at the time, starting on 22 October 1983 at Shan Road.[8] The network was built in stages, with the North South Line given priority because it passed through the Central Area that has a high demand for public transport. The Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC), later renamed as SMRT Corporation — was established on 14 October 1983; it took over the roles and responsibilities of the former provisional Mass Rapid Transit Authority.[6] On 7 November 1987, the first section of the North South Line started operations, consisting of five stations over six kilometres.[8] Fifteen more stations were opened later, and the MRT system was officially launched on 12 March 1988 by then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew. Another 21 stations were subsequently added to the system; the opening of Boon Lay on the East West Line on 6 July 1990 marked the completion of the system two years ahead of schedule.[9][10]

The MRT has subsequently been expanded. This includes a S$1.2 billion expansion of the North South Line into Woodlands, completing a continuous loop on 10 February 1996.[11][12] The concept of having rail lines that bring people almost directly to their homes led to the introduction of the Light Rail Transit (LRT) lines connecting with the MRT network.[12][13] On 6 November 1999, the first LRT trains on the Bukit Panjang LRT went into operation.[14] In 2002, the Changi Airport and Expo stations were added to the MRT network.[15] The North East Line, the first line operated by SBS Transit, opened on 20 June 2003, one of the first fully automated heavy rail lines in the world. On 15 January 2006, after intense lobbying by the public, Buangkok station was opened.[16][17] The Boon Lay Extension of the East West Line, consisting of Pioneer and Joo Koon stations, began revenue service on 28 February 2009.[18][19] The Circle Line opened in four stages from 28 May 2009 to 14 January 2012. Stage 1 of Downtown Line opened on 22 December 2013[20] with its official opening made on 21 December 2013 by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.[21] Stage 2 opened on 27 December 2015, with its official opening on 26 December by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.[22]

Infrastructure

Network

The following table lists the Mass Rapid Transit lines that are currently operational:

Name and color Commencement Next extension Terminal Stations Length (km) Depot Operator
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | North South Line 7 November 1987 2019 Jurong East Marina South Pier 26[23] 44.7 Bishan Depot
Ulu Pandan Depot
Changi Depot
Tuas Depot 		SMRT Trains
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | East West Line 12 December 1987 2016 Pasir Ris
Changi Airport 		Joo Koon
Tanah Merah 		31[24] 49.7[24]
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | Circle Line 28 May 2009 2025 Dhoby Ghaut
Marina Bay 		Harbourfront 30[25]† 35.4[25] Kim Chuan Depot
† excluding Bukit Brown, which is not operational.
Subtotal (Lines under SMRT Trains): 87 129.8[25]
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | North East Line 20 June 2003 2030 HarbourFront Punggol 16[26] 20[26] Sengkang Depot SBS Transit
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | Downtown Line 22 December 2013 2017 Bukit Panjang Chinatown 18[20] 20.9[20] Kim Chuan Depot
Gali Batu Depot
Subtotal (Lines under SBS Transit): 34 40.9
Total: 121 170.7
Map of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and Light Rapid Transit (LRT) network in Singapore.

Facilities and services

An SMRT Active Route Map Information System panel showing the current location of a train and upcoming stops
Main article: Facilities on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

Except for the partly at-grade Bishan, the entirety of the MRT is elevated or underground. Most below-ground stations are deep and hardened enough to withstand conventional aerial bomb attacks and to serve as bomb shelters.[27][28][29] Mobile phone service is available in and between all stations on the entire MRT network.[30] Underground stations and the trains themselves are air-conditioned, though some above-ground stations have fans.

Every station is equipped with General Ticketing Machines (GTMs), a Passenger Service Centre and LED or plasma displays that show train service information and announcements. All stations are equipped with restrooms and payphones; some restrooms are located at street level.[31] Some stations, especially the major ones, have additional amenities and services, such as retail shops and kiosks, supermarkets, convenience stores, automatic teller machines, and self-service automated kiosks for a variety of services.[32] Heavy-duty escalators at stations carry passengers up or down at a rate of 0.75 m/s, 50% faster than conventional escalators.[33][34]

The older stations on the North South and East West lines were originally built with no accessibility facilities, such as lifts, ramps, tactile guidance systems (Braille tactiles on the floor surface), wider fare gates, or toilets for passengers with disabilities;[35] authorities in the past actively discouraged use of their system by the disabled.[36] Now, these facilities are being progressively installed as part of a programme to make all stations accessible to the elderly and to those with disabilities.[35][37][38] All stations are now barrier-free, although works are still ongoing to provide stations with additional barrier-free facilities. The installation of lifts at pedestrian overhead bridges next to six MRT stations and additional bicycle racks at 20 stations is slated to be completed by the end of 2013.[39]

Hours of operation

MRT lines operate from 5:30am to before 1:00am daily, with the exception of selected periods such as New Year's Eve, Chinese New Year, Deepavali, Hari Raya, Christmas, eves of public holidays, and special occasions such as the state funeral of Lee Kuan Yew, when most of the lines stay open throughout the night or extended till later. MRT serves as an essential purpose of transport owing to the support from various organisations and being a car-lite society.[40] When train services operate 24 hours, operators cannot carry out maintenance and engineering works to be done overnight.

Depots

Trains parked at the bay of the Bishan Depot

SMRT Corporation has four train depots: Bishan Depot is the central maintenance depot with train overhaul facilities,[41] while Changi Depot and Ulu Pandan Depot inspect and house trains overnight.[42] In March 2012, it was announced the new Tuas Depot would be ready in 2016 for the East West Line.[43] The underground Kim Chuan Depot houses trains for the Circle Line and Downtown Line, now jointly managed by the two operators.[44]

SBS Transit has two depots: Sengkang Depot houses trains for the North East Line, the Sengkang LRT and the Punggol LRT. Kim Chuan Depot is currently jointly operated with SMRT for the Downtown Line. Major operations will eventually be shifted to the main Gali Batu Depot by end 2015 although it will continue to operate on a minor capacity.

In August 2014, plans for the world's first four-in-one train and bus depot were announced. It will be built at Tanah Merah beside the original Changi Depot site to serve the East West, Downtown, and Thomson-East Coast lines.[45] The new 36ha depot can house about 220 trains and 550 buses and integrating the depot for both buses and trains will help save close to 66.12 acres (26.76 ha), or 60 football fields' worth, of land space.[46]

Architecture and art

Stadium station, located near the Singapore Sports Hub, was imprinted with sports motifs at the station entrance

Early stages of the MRT's construction paid relatively scant attention to station design, with an emphasis on functionality over aesthetics. This is particularly evident in the first few stages of the North South and East West lines that opened between 1987 and 1988 from Yio Chu Kang to Clementi. An exception to this was Orchard, chosen by its designers to be a "showpiece" of the system and built initially with a domed roof.[47] Architectural themes became a more important issue only in subsequent stages, and resulted in such designs as the cylindrical station shapes on all stations between Kallang and Pasir Ris except Eunos, and west of Boon Lay, and the perched roofs at Boon Lay, Lakeside, Chinese Garden, Bukit Batok, Bukit Gombak, Choa Chu Kang, Khatib, Yishun and Eunos stations.[48]

Art pieces, where present, are seldom highlighted; they primarily consist of a few paintings or sculptures representing the recent past of Singapore, mounted in major stations. The opening of the Woodlands Extension introduced bolder pieces of artwork, such as a 4,000 kg sculpture in Woodlands.[49] With the opening of the North East Line, a series of artworks created under a programme called "The Art In Transit" were commissioned by the Land Transport Authority. Created by 19 local artists and integrated into the stations' interior architecture, these works aim to promote the appreciation of public art in high-traffic environments. The artwork for each station is designed to suit the station's identity. All stations on the North East, Circle and Downtown Lines come under this programme.[50] An art contest was held by the authorities in preparation for a similar scheme to be implemented for the Circle Line.[51]

Expo station is sited adjacent to the Singapore Expo exhibition facility, and sports a futuristic design by Foster and Partners

The Expo station, located on the Changi Airport branch of the East West Line, is adjacent to the 100,000-square-metre Singapore Expo exhibition facility. Designed by Foster and Partners and completed in January 2001, the station features a large, pillarless, titanium-clad roof in an elliptical shape that sheathes the length of the station platform. This complements a smaller 40-metre reflective stainless-steel disc overlapping the titanium ellipse and visually floats over a glass elevator shaft and the main entrance. The other station with similar architecture is Dover.[52][53]

Changi Airport, the easternmost station on the MRT network, has the widest platform in any underground MRT station in Singapore. It is rated 10 out of 15 most beautiful subway stops in the world in 2011.[54]

Bras Basah station has a water feature to allow sunlight from above the station to filter in

Two Circle Line stations—Bras Basah and Stadium—were commissioned through the Marina Line Architectural Design Competition, which was jointly organised by the Land Transport Authority and the Singapore Institute of Architects. The competition did not require any architectural experience from competitors, and is acknowledged by the industry as one of the most impartial competitions held in Singapore to date. The winner of both stations was WOHA. In 2009, "Best Transport Building" was awarded to the designers at WOHA Architects at the World Architecture Festival.[55]

Expansion

The MRT system relied on its two main lines, the North South and East West lines, for more than a decade until the opening of the North East Line in 2003. While plans for these lines as well as those currently under construction were formulated long before, the Land Transport Authority's publication of a White Paper titled "A World Class Land Transport System" in 1996 galvanised the government's intentions to greatly expand the system.[56][57] It called for the expansion of the 67 kilometres of track in 1995 to 360 in 2030.[56] It was expected that daily ridership in 2030 would grow to 6.0 million from the 1.4 million passengers at that time[58]


The following table lists Mass Rapid Transit lines and stations that are currently under testing, construction, or that are in the planning stages:

Name and color Commencement Between stations No. of stations Length (km) Depot Operator
Under construction
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | East West Line 2016 (Tuas West Extension) Gul Circle Tuas Link 4[59] 7.5[59] Bishan Depot
Ulu Pandan Depot
Changi Depot
Tuas Depot		 SMRT Trains
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | Downtown Line 2017 (Stage 3)
2024 (DTL3e)		 Fort Canning
Xilin		 Expo
Sungei Bedok		 18[20] 23.2[20] Gali Batu Depot
Kim Chuan Depot
Changi Depot		 SBS Transit
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | North South Line 2019 (Canberra Station) Canberra 1[60] 0 (on existing line) Bishan Depot
Ulu Pandan Depot
Changi Depot
Tuas Depot		 SMRT Trains
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | Thomson-
East Coast Line 		2019 (Stage 1)
2020 (Stage 2)
2021 (Stage 3)
2023 (Stage 4)
2024 (Stage 5)		 Woodlands North
Springleaf
Mount Pleasant
Tanjong Rhu
Bedok South 		Woodlands South
Caldecott
Gardens by the Bay
Bayshore
Sungei Bedok		 31[61] 43[61] Mandai Depot
Changi Depot		 TBA
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | Circle Line 2025 (Stage 6) Keppel Prince Edward 3[62] 4[62] Kim Chuan Depot SMRT Trains
Under planning
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | Jurong Region Line 2025 — 20[63] —
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | Cross Island Line 2030 — 50[63] —
style="background-color:#Template:SMRT color" | North East Line 2030 (NELe) — 1[63] 2[63] Sengkang Depot SBS Transit
A diagram of the network
A diagram of the physical spread of the MRT network across the island according to the Land Transport's Master Plan 2013, including lines that are planned or under construction
History of the MRT network from 1983 to 2017 including future planned lines
Map of the proposed Singapore-Johor rail link, which will link to Malaysia's rail networks

Downtown Line

Main article: Downtown MRT Line

The 42-kilometre, 36 station fully underground Downtown Line,[20] will connect the northwestern and eastern regions of Singapore to the new downtown at Marina Bay in the south and to the Central Business District.[64] Similar to the Circle Line, three-car trainsets will run on the Downtown Line with line capacity projected for 500,000 commuters daily. Slated to be completed in three stages, Stage 2 from Bukit Panjang to Rochor began operations on 27 December 2015 and Stage 3 from Fort Canning to Expo will begin operations in 2017 and Stage 3e from Expo to Sungei Bedok in 2024 respectively.[65][66][67][68][69][70] Stage 1 from Bugis to Chinatown began operations in December 2013.[71]

Thomson-East Coast Line

Main article: Thomson-East Coast MRT Line

The 43-kilometre, 31 station fully underground Thomson-East Coast Line will connect the northern region of Singapore to the south,[61] running parallel to the existing North South Line passing through Woodlands, Sin Ming, Upper Thomson and Marina Bay[72] before turning east and running through Tanjong Rhu, Siglap, Marine Parade and Bedok.[46] The line will commence operation in five stages, with the first three stages starting from Woodlands North to Gardens by the Bay commencing operations between 2019 to 2021 respectively,[73] Stage 4 from Tanjong Rhu to Bayshore in 2023 and Stage 5 from Bedok South to Sungei Bedok in 2024.[46] The northern terminus of Woodlands North is also expected to interchange with the Singapore-Johor rail link to provide access to Johor Bahru and the future Johor Bahru Rapid Transit System.

Jurong Region Line

Main article: Jurong Region MRT Line

First proposed as a LRT line when originally announced in 2001, the Jurong Region Line has since been upgraded to be a medium capacity line after the project was revived in 2013. The new configuration will serve West Coast, Tengah and Choa Chu Kang and Jurong. Details will be announced once Tengah New Town development is up, and the completion will be by 2025.[63]

Cross Island Line

Main article: Cross Island MRT Line

The 50-kilometre Cross Island Line will span the island of Singapore, passing through Tuas, Jurong, Sin Ming, Ang Mo Kio, Hougang, Punggol, Pasir Ris and Changi. The addition of the new line brings commuters with another alternative for East-West travel to the current East West Line. It will also connect to all the other major lines to serve as a key transfer line, complementing the role currently fulfilled by the orbital Circle Line. This line will even have a longer timeframe due to the environmental study aspects, with the completion by 2030.[63]

Tuas West extension

Main article: East West MRT Line

The Tuas West Extension is an extension of the East West Line from Joo Koon to Tuas Link. The stations — Gul Circle, Tuas Crescent, Tuas West Road and Tuas Link — will extend MRT connectivity to the Tuas area and are expected to serve more than 100,000 commuters daily. Construction began in 2012 and is planned to be completed in 2016.[59]

Circle Line Stage 6

Main article: Circle MRT Line

To be completed by 2025, the 4-kilometre extension will run from Marina Bay through Keppel, ending at HarbourFront.[63]

Downtown Line 3 extension

Main article: Downtown MRT Line

To be completed by 2024, the extension will run from Expo via Xilin and interchange with Sungei Bedok of the Thomson-East Coast Line.[46]

North East Line extension

Main article: North East MRT Line

To be completed by 2030, the 2-kilometre extension will run from Punggol through Punggol North including the new Punggol Downtown. The extension is for future residents in Punggol North to have train access to the city centre as well as other parts of Singapore.[63]

Rolling stock

The following table lists the rolling stock of the network:

Name Line No.
of cars 		Total Service commencement Power supply Price
C151 North South Line
East West Line 		6 400[74] 7 November 1987 DC 750 V
third rail 		S$581.5 million[75][76]
C651 6 114[77][78] 20 September 1994 —
C751B 6 126[74][79][a] 28 January 2000 —
C151A 6 210[80][81] 27 May 2011 S$368 million[82]
C151B 6 270 2016 S$281.5 million[83]
C151C 6 72 2019 $136.8 million[84][85]
C751A North East Line 6 150 20 June 2003 DC 1500 V
overhead lines 		—
C751C 6 108 1 October 2015 S$234.9 million[86]
C830 Circle Line 3 120 28 May 2009 DC 750 V
third rail[87] 		S$282 million[88]
C830C 3 72 26 June 2015 S$134 million[89]
C951 Downtown Line 3 264[90][91] 22 December 2013[92] S$689.9 million[90][93][b]
T251 Thomson-
East Coast Line 		4 364 2019 DC 750 V
third rail[94] 		S$749 million[95]
  1. ^ Kawasaki Heavy Industries manufactured 66 cars and Nippon Sharyo manufactured 60 cars.
  2. ^ Two separate orders of the C951 were made. The figure listed is the total amount.
A C751B train at Eunos MRT station

At present, all Singapore lines run with fixed length trains between three and six cars,[75][96][97] with the future Thomson-East Coast Line using four cars. Since the system's conception in 1987, all train lines have been powered by the 750 volt DC third rail, with the exception of the North East Line which is powered by 1500 volt DC overhead lines. The North South and East West lines uses an automatic train operation system that is similar to London Underground's Victoria line.[97]

A C751A train at Sengkang Depot

No rolling stock has been completely scrapped since service began, with the oldest C151 trains operating continuously since 1987.[75] Older trains have been renewed over the years under refurbishment schemes to enhance their lifespan as well as to adhere to updated safety and usability codes.[98][99] Refurbished and new trains sport sleeker designs, improved passenger information systems, more grab poles, wider seats, more space near the doors, spaces for wheelchairs and CCTV cameras.[100][101] As a trial run, luggage racks were installed on the C751B trains to serve travellers on the Changi Airport branch line.[102] However, the scheme was subsequently withdrawn in June 2002 and the luggage racks removed.[103][104]

All trains are contracted by open tender, with their contract numbers forming the most recognised name of the stock. Official sources occasionally refer to the trains of the North South and East West lines as numbered generation trains, with the C151 train being the first and C151C train being the Sixth.[105]

Fares and ticketing

General Ticketing Machines (GTM) at Expo MRT station, where passengers can purchase a Standard Ticket, or add value to their EZ-Link card
Main article: Fares and ticketing on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

Stations are divided into two areas, paid and unpaid, which allow the rail operators to collect fares by restricting entry only through the fare gates, also known as access control gates.[106] These gates, connected to a computer network, can read and update electronic tickets capable of storing data, and can store information such as the initial and destination stations and the duration for each trip.[107] General Ticketing Machines sell tickets for single trips or allow the customer to buy additional value for stored-value tickets. Tickets for single trips, coloured in green, are valid only on the day of purchase, and have a time allowance of 30 minutes beyond the estimated travelling time. Tickets that can be used repeatedly until their expiry date require a minimum amount of stored credit.

As the fare system has been integrated by TransitLink, commuters need to pay only one fare and pass through two fare gates (once on entry, once on exit) for an entire journey, even when transferring between lines operated by different companies.[107] Commuters can choose to extend a trip mid-journey, and pay the difference when they exit their destination station.

Fares

Because the rail operators are government-assisted, profit-based corporations, fares on the MRT system are pitched to at least break-even level.[27][108] The operators collect these fares by selling electronic data-storing tickets, the prices of which are calculated based on the distance between the start and destination stations.[107] These prices increase in fixed stages for standard non-discounted travel. Fares are calculated in increments based on approximate distances between stations, in contrast to the use of fare zones in other subway systems, such as the London Underground.

Although operated by private companies, the system's fare structure is regulated by the Public Transport Council (PTC), to which the operators submit requests for changes in fares.[108][109] Fares are kept affordable by pegging them approximately to distance-related bus fares, thus encouraging commuters to use the network and reduce its heavy reliance on the bus system. Fare increases over the past few years have caused public concern,[110] the latest one having taken effect from 1 October 2008.[111] There were similar expressions of disapproval over the slightly higher fares charged on SBS Transit's North East Line, a disparity that SBS Transit justified by citing higher costs of operation and maintenance on a completely underground line, as well as lower patronage.[112]

Ticketing

File:CEPAS ez-link Card.jpg
A standard CEPAS EZ-Link card for use on the MRT
Main articles: EZ-Link, Network for Electronic Transfers, and CEPAS

The ticketing system uses the EZ-Link and NETS FlashPay contactless smart cards based upon the Symphony for e-Payment (SeP) system for public transit built on the Singapore Standard for Contactless ePurse Application (CEPAS) system. This system allows for up to 4 card issuers in the market.[113] The EZ-Link card was introduced on 13 April 2002 as a replacement for the original TransitLink farecard, while its competitor the NETS FlashPay card entered the smartcard market on 9 October 2009.

A stored value adult EZ-Link or NETS FlashPay branded CEPAS card may be purchased at any TransitLink Ticket Office or Passenger Service Centre. The CEPAS card may be used for the payment of MRT, LRT and bus fares. The CEPAS card may also be used for payment for goods and services at selected merchants, Electronic Road Pricing tolls, and Electronic Parking System carparks.[113][114] Additional credit may be purchased via cash or NETS at any General Ticketing Machine (GTM), Add Value Machine, TransitLink Ticket Office, Passenger Service Centre, AXS Station, DBS/POSB/OCBC/UOB Automatic Teller Machines, online via a card reader purchased separately, or selected merchants. Additional credit of a predetermined value may also be automatically credited into the card when the card value runs low via an automatic recharge service provided by Interbank GIRO or credit card. An Adult Monthly Travel Card for unlimited travel on MRT, LRT and buses may also be purchased and is non-transferable.

A Standard Ticket contactless smart card for single or return journeys may also be purchased at the GTM for the payment of MRT and/or LRT fares. A S$0.10 deposit will be levied on top of the fare to be paid. The deposit will be automatically refunded through an offset of the fare to be paid for the third journey on the same ticket while an additional discount of S$0.10 will be given for the sixth journey on the same ticket. No refund of the deposit is provided if the card is used for fewer than 3 journeys. The ticket can be used for the purchase of single or return journeys to and from pre-selected stations up to a maximum of six journeys over 30 days. Fares for the Standard Ticket are always higher than those charged for the stored-valued CEPAS (EZ-Link and NETS FlashPay) cards for the same distance traveled. The ticket is retained by the user after each journey and does not need to be returned to any GTM or Passenger Service Centre. Identical to the usage of CEPAS cards, the ticket is tapped onto the faregate reader upon entry and exit.

For tourists, a Singapore Tourist Pass contactless smartcard may be purchased.[115] The card may be bought at selected TransitLink Ticket Offices and Singapore Visitors Centres. The deposit may be retrieved by returning the card to selected TransitLink Ticket Offices and Singapore Visitors Centres within 5 days from the date of issue.

Safety and security

Safety

Platform screen doors at Woodleigh station on the North East Line
Main article: Safety on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

Operators and authorities state that numerous measures had been taken to ensure the safety of passengers, and SBS Transit publicised the safety precautions on the driverless North East Line before and after its opening.[100][116] Safety campaign posters are highly visible in trains and stations, and the operators frequently broadcast safety announcements to passengers and to commuters waiting for trains. Fire safety standards are consistent with the strict guidelines of the US National Fire Protection Association.[29][117]

There were calls for platform screen doors to be installed at above-ground stations after several incidents in which passengers were killed by oncoming trains when they fell onto the railway tracks at above-ground stations. Underground stations already featured the doors since 1987. The authorities initially rejected the proposal by casting doubts over functionality and concerns about the high installation costs,[118] but made an about-turn when the government announced plans to install half-height platform screen doors on the above-ground stations in January 2008,[66] citing lower costs due to it becoming a more common feature worldwide.[119] They were first installed at Jurong East, Pasir Ris and Yishun stations in 2009 under trials to test their feasibility.[120]

Half-height platform screen doors at Pasir Ris station on the East West Line

By 14 March 2012, all above-ground stations have been retrofitted with the doors and are operational.[121] These doors prevent suicides and prevent unauthorised access to restricted areas. Under the Rapid Transit Systems Act, acts such as smoking, eating or drinking on stations and trains, the misuse of emergency equipment and trespassing on the railway tracks are illegal, with penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment.[122][123]

There were a few major accidents in the history of the MRT that raised safety concerns among the public. On 5 August 1993, two trains collided at Clementi station because of an oil spillage on the track, which resulted in 132 injuries.[124] During the construction of the Circle Line on 20 April 2004, a tunnel being constructed under Nicoll Highway collapsed and led to the deaths of four people.[125] The overall reliability of the ageing North South and East West lines were questioned by the public after multiple major train disruptions in December 2011 led to a Committee of Inquiry, which uncovered serious shortcomings in SMRT Corporation's maintenance regime.[126] Since then, every MRT line has been plagued with major to minor disruptions. On 7 July 2015, a traction power fault caused train service on North South and East West lines to be disrupted for about three hours during the evening peak hours.[127]

On 7 July 2015, train services on the North South MRT Line and East West MRT Line in Singapore were suspended in both directions following a major power trip.[128] The disruption lasted for more than 3 hours, affecting 250,000 commuters. This was considered the worst disruption to the MRT network since it first began operations in 1987. Independent experts from Sweden and Japan were hired to conduct investigation into the cause of the disruption. The cause was identified as damage to a third rail insulator due to a water leak at Tanjong Pagar station. A program was implemented to replace insulators liable to similar failure.[129]

Security

Closed-circuit television cameras at a MRT station
Closed-circuit television cameras monitor activities at City Hall MRT station. A real-time video feed is broadcast and shown at the station concourse.
Main article: Security on the Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

Security concerns related to crime and terrorism were not high on the agenda of the system's planners at its inception.[130] However, after the Madrid train bombings in 2004 and the foiled plot to bomb the Yishun MRT Station,[131] the operators deployed private, unarmed guards to patrol station platforms and check the belongings of commuters.[132]

Recorded announcements are frequently made to remind passengers to report suspicious activity and not to leave their belongings unattended. Digital closed-circuit cameras (CCTVs) have been upgraded with recording-capability at all stations and trains operated by SMRT Corporation.[133][134] Trash bins and mail boxes have been removed from station platforms and concourse levels to station entrances, to eliminate the risk that bombs will be placed in them.[135] Photography without permission was also banned in all MRT stations since the Madrid bombings, but it was not in the official statement in any public transport security reviews.[136]

On 14 April 2005 the Singapore Police Force announced plans to step up rail security by establishing a specialised security unit for public transport, the unit today is known as the Public Transport Security Command or more commonly known as TRANSCOM.[137] These armed officers began overt patrols on the MRT and LRT systems on 15 August 2005, conducting random patrols in pairs in and around rail stations and within trains.[138] They are trained and authorised to use their firearms at their discretion, including deadly force if deemed necessary.[139] On 8 January 2006, a major civil exercise involving over 2,000 personnel from 22 government agencies, codenamed Exercise Northstar V, simulating bombing and chemical attacks at Dhoby Ghaut, Toa Payoh, Raffles Place and Marina Bay MRT stations was conducted. Thirteen stations were closed and about 3,400 commuters were affected during the three-hour exercise.[140]

Security concerns were brought up by the public when two incidents of vandalism at train depots occurred within two years.[141] In both incidents, graffiti on the affected trains were discovered after they entered revenue service.[142] The first incident, on 17 May 2010, involved a breach in the perimeter fence of Changi Depot and resulted in the imprisonment and caning of a Swiss citizen, and an Interpol arrest warrant for his accomplice. The train involved was a C151 train.[143][144] SMRT Corporation received a S$50,000 fine by the Land Transport Authority for the first security breach.[144] Measures were put in place by the Public Transport Security Committee to enhance depot security in light of the first incident, but works were yet to be completed by SMRT Corporation when the second incident, on 17 August 2011, occurred at Bishan Depot.[141][142]

On 22 November 2012, the Land Transport Authority carried out a ground deployment exercise with SMRT to test their incident management plans in the event of a train service disruption. In total, about 135 personnel including representatives from the Singapore Police Force's Transport Command (TransCom) and SBS Transit participated in the exercise. Train service continued as per normal and commuters were not affected by the exercise. Codenamed 'Exercise Greyhound', the exercise went through the scenario of a broken rail on the East West Line at Buona Vista. SMRT had also activated their Rail Incident Management Plan.[145]

On 22 August 2013, ‘Exercise Greyhound 2013’ was carried out by the Land Transport Authority with SBS Transit to validate the procedures of SBST’s Operations Control Centre (OCC) and the workability of its contingency plans for bus bridging, free bus service and deployment of Goodwill Ambassadors (GAs) during a simulated prolonged train service disruption. About 300 personnel including representatives from LTA, SBST, SMRT, the Singapore Police Force’s Transport Command (TransCom), Traffic Police and Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) participated in the exercise. Train service continued as per normal and commuters were not affected by the exercise.[146]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Singapore Land Transport: Statistics In Brief 2015" (PDF). Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  2. ^ "Public Transport Ridership" (PDF). Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  3. ^ Land Transport Authority, Singapore 1996, p. 8.
  4. ^ Sharp 2005, p. 66
  5. ^ Fwa Tien Fang (4 September 2004). "Sustainable Urban Transportation Planning and Development — Issues and Challenges for Singapore". Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore. CiteSeerx: 10.1.1.119.9246. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ a b "1982 – The Year Work Began". Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  7. ^ Lee Siew Hoon & Chandra Mohan. "In Memoriam — Ong Teng Cheong: A Profile". Channel NewsAsia. Singapore. Archived from the original on 23 February 2002. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  8. ^ a b Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, pp. 8–9
  9. ^ Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, p. 10.
  10. ^ Sharp 2005, p. 109.
  11. ^ Sharp 2005, p. 110
  12. ^ a b Lim Seng Tiong (11 February 1996). "Bukit Panjang to get S'pore's first light rail train". The Straits Times. Singapore. p. 1.
  13. ^ Sharp 2005, p. 122.
  14. ^ Karamjit Kaur (26 July 1999). "Bukit Panjang LRT to begin operating on Nov 6". The Straits Times. Singapore. p. 3.
  15. ^ Karamjit Kaur (9 February 2002). "Next stop: Changi Airport; New MRT station at airport opens. With wider fare gates and a futuristic design, it promises to be a hit with commuters". The Straits Times. p. 3.
  16. ^ Hasnita A Majid (28 August 2005). "Residents bring up 'white elephant' Buangkok MRT during minister's visit". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008.
  17. ^ Yvonne Cheong (12 November 2005). "Grassroots leaders plan celebration for Buangkok MRT station opening". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008.
  18. ^ Yeo Ghim Lay; Goh Yi Han (28 February 2009). "Boon for Boon Lay". The Straits Times. Singapore. p. 32.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Cheryl Lim (21 February 2009). "Boon Lay MRT extension offers shorter journey times". Channel NewsAsia.[dead link]
  20. ^ a b c d e f "Projects – Downtown Line – Stages". Land Transport Authority. 17 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  21. ^ "Downtown Line Stage 1 officially opened by PM Lee". The Straits Times. Singapore. 21 December 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  22. ^ "DTL2 is a key step towards a car-lite Singapore, says PM Lee as he opens the new line". The Straits Times. Singapore. 26 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  23. ^ "North-South Line". Land Transport Authority. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  24. ^ a b "East-West Line". Land Transport Authority. 29 January 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  25. ^ a b c "Our Business". SMRT Corporation. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  26. ^ a b "Overview – North East Line". SBS Transit. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
  27. ^ a b Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, p. 14
  28. ^ "Civil Defence Shelter Programme". Singapore Civil Defence Force. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  29. ^ a b Kwan Cheng Fai (April 1987). Architecture of Singapore MRT Underground Stations Concept Layout and Planning. MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 29–33. {{cite conference}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  30. ^ Eoin Licken (1 July 1999). "New Frontier for Mobile-Phone Operators Lies Underground". The New York Times.
  31. ^ Pang Kia Seng, Michael T W Grant, Tom Curley & Scott Danielson (April 1987). Architectural Aspects of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit Elevated Stations. MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 13–27. {{cite conference}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ Geraldine Yeo (8 February 1996). "MRT shops: What works and why". The Straits Times. Singapore. p. 43.
  33. ^ Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore, Trackline Volume 4 No. 5 (October 1987), "A safe railway for all", pp. 4–5.
  34. ^ Dr. Ing D Herrmann (April 1987). Heavy Duty Escalators and Their Special Features for MRT. MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 341–350. {{cite conference}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  35. ^ a b Sharp 2005, pp. 176–179.
  36. ^ Toh Su Fen (Land Transport Authority) (2 July 1998). "Public transport can't cater to all disabled (Letter to the editor)". The Straits Times. Singapore. p. 49. Archived from the original on 25 September 2006.
  37. ^ Asha Popatlal (12 March 2004). "Tactile tiles to help blind navigate Singapore's MRT stations". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 17 March 2004.
  38. ^ Land Transport Authority et al., Journeys Issue 42 (Jan/Feb 2003), "Get a Lift-up!", p. 10.
  39. ^ "COS 2012: Land Transport Updates" (Press release). Ministry Of Transport. 7 March 2012.[dead link]
  40. ^ "Train, bus runs". The Straits Times. Singapore. 24 December 2007. p. 18.
  41. ^ Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, p. 46.
  42. ^ B B Broms & J N Shirlaw (April 1987). Depot Sites. MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 71–77. {{cite conference}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  43. ^ "COS 2012: Land Transport Updates" (Press release). Ministry of Transport. 7 March 2012.[dead link]
  44. ^ "Room to develop at new Circle MRT Line depot". The Straits Times. 28 October 2003. p. 116.
  45. ^ Royston Sim and Maria Almenoar (14 August 2012). "New MRT line in east by 2020; will have 10 stops". The Straits Times. Singapore.
  46. ^ a b c d "Joint News Release by the Land Transport Authority & Singapore Land Authority – Thomson-East Coast Links". Land Transport Authority. 15 August 2014.
  47. ^ Audrey Teo-Loh & Patrick de Labrusse (April 1987). Orchard Station Architectural Works. MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 53–63. {{cite conference}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  48. ^ Khaw Boon Wan (6 June 2003). "Speech at Launch of Art In Transit" (Press release). Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. Archived from the original on 29 November 2007.
  49. ^ Naidu Ratnala Thulaja. "Woodlands MRT Station". National Library Board Infopedia. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  50. ^ "Art in Transit brochure" (PDF). Land Transport Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2005. Retrieved 7 December 2005. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ Adeline Chia (21 August 2008). "Draw the Line; Stop and look before you go as the new $6.7-billion MRT line will be a charmed circle of art and design". The Straits Times. p. 50.
  52. ^ Karamjit Kaur (11 February 1998). "Changi Airport MRT station designed for travellers". The Straits Times. p. 1.
  53. ^ "EXPO Station, Singapore, 1997–2000". Foster and Partners. Retrieved 20 September 2007.[dead link]
  54. ^ "15 of the Most Beautiful Subway Stops in the World, BootsnAll Travel Guide".
  55. ^ "Bras Basah Mass Rapid Transit Station". World Buildings Directory. 2009. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ a b Land Transport Authority, Singapore 1996, pp. 44–47
  57. ^ "Other Rail Projects". Land Transport Authority. Archived from the original on 13 December 2005. Retrieved 7 December 2005.
  58. ^ Land Transport Masterplan
  59. ^ a b c "Construction Starts for Tuas West Extension". Land Transport Authority. 4 May 2012.
  60. ^ "Canberra Station". Land Transport Authority.
  61. ^ a b c "Projects – Thomson Line". Land Transport Authority of Singapore. 23 August 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  62. ^ a b "Circle line 6". Land Transport Authority.
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h "TWO NEW RAIL LINES AND THREE NEW EXTENSIONS TO EXPAND RAIL NETWORK BY 2030". Land Transport Authority. 17 January 2013.
  64. ^ Asha Popatlal (5 November 2006). "MRT feasibility studies underway for Downtown Line". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008.
  65. ^ "The Rail Report: 12 Stations of Downtown Line 2 to Open on 27 December". Land Transport Authority. 6 August 2015.
  66. ^ a b "Speech by Mr Raymond Lim, Minister for Transport, at the Visit to Kim Chuan Depot, 25 January 2008, 9.00am" (Press release). Ministry of Transport. 25 January 2008.
  67. ^ Dominique Loh (27 April 2007). "Govt approves S$12b MRT Downtown Line to be built by 2018". Channel NewsAsia.[dead link]
  68. ^ Christoper Tan (28 April 2007). "33-station Downtown Line gets go-ahead, will be ready by 2018". The Straits Times. p. 1.
  69. ^ Imelda Saad (15 July 2008). "Downtown Line Stage 2 to have 12 stations". Channel NewsAsia. Singapore.[dead link]
  70. ^ "Downtown Line 2 to open ahead of schedule in December: Transport Minister Lui". Channel NewsAsia. 28 June 2015.
  71. ^ Sim, Royston (7 October 2013). "Land Transport Masterplan: Downtown Line Stage 1 to open on Dec 22". The Straits Times. Singapore. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  72. ^ "Speech by Mrs Josephine Teo, Minister of State, Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Transport, at DTL3 Tunelling Works Ceremony". Ministry Of Transport. Retrieved 11 July 2012.[dead link]
  73. ^ "Speech by Mr Lui Tuck Yew, Minister for Transport, at the Inspection of Downtown Line 1 Station and Announcement of Thomson Line alignment, 29 August 2012, 10.00am at Telok Ayer Station". Ministry of Transport. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.[dead link]
  74. ^ a b "Hyogo Works History". Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Archived from the original on 18 November 2005. Retrieved 19 March 2006.
  75. ^ a b c Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore 1988, p. 15.
  76. ^ Chris Sherwell (12 April 1984). "Kawasaki wins major Singapore metro contract". Financial Times. London. p. 1.
  77. ^ "References — Metro System, MRTC, Six-Car Units, Singapore". Siemens AG. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2005.
  78. ^ "Improved MRT train for a better ride arrives". The Straits Times. Singapore. 21 September 1994. p. 3.
  79. ^ "Soon, a shorter wait for MRT trains". The Straits Times. Singapore. 9 May 2000. p. 31.
  80. ^ "Both orders for Singapore Subway Train 132 LTA" (Press release). 29 August 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  81. ^ "LTA awards $368m train supply job". The Business Times. Singapore. 7 May 2009.
  82. ^ "AWARD OF CONTRACT 151A; 22 NEW TRAINS FOR NORTH-SOUTH / EAST-WEST LINES". 6 May 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
  83. ^ "Trains for North-South/East-West Lines and Tuas West Extension". Land Transport Authority. 28 August 2012.
  84. ^ "12 More Trains to Boost Capacity of North-South and East-West Lines". Land Transport Authority. 22 September 2015.
  85. ^ Tan, Christopher (22 September 2015). "Kawasaki clinches contract for final batch of new MRT trains". Straits Times. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  86. ^ "Alstom to supply 34 Metropolis trains and signaling upgrade to Singapore metro" (Press release). Paris: Alstom. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  87. ^ Xavier Champaud (24 October 2005). "CCL — The Longest Automatic Metro Line In The World" (PDF). IRSE Technical Convention, Singapore: Institution of Railway Signal Engineers, Singapore: 6. Retrieved 18 December 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  88. ^ "Award of Electrical and Mechanical Systems Contract 830 for the Marina Line" (Press release). Land Transport Authority. 28 December 2000. Archived from the original on 11 August 2003. Retrieved 12 July 2014. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  89. ^ "LTA and SMRT Award Contracts for New Trains and Re-Signalling Project". Land Transport Authority. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  90. ^ a b "Shorter Waiting Time With 15 More Trains For Downtown Line". Land Transport Authority. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  91. ^ "First Downtown Line train lands in Singapore". Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  92. ^ Christopher Tan (8 November 2008). "Downtown train deal goes to Bombardier". The Straits Times. p. 45.
  93. ^ "LTA Awards 6 Downtown Line Contracts Totalling $1.13 Billion". Land Transport Authority. 7 November 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
  94. ^ "KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD/CSR QINGDAO SIFANG CO. LTD/KAWASAKI HEAVY INDUSTRIES (SINGAPORE) PTE. LTD. CONSORTIUM AWARDED PRESTIGIOUS CONTRACT WORTH $749 MILLION". Land Transport Authority. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  95. ^ "Contract T251". Land Transport Authority. 28 May 2014.
  96. ^ "Train and System Information (Trains)". SMRT Corporation. Archived from the original (Archive) on 1 April 2001. Retrieved 2 January 2007.
  97. ^ a b I J Mortimer & M Ishizuka (April 1987). Mechanical Features of Singapore MRT Rolling Stock. MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 411–419. {{cite conference}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  98. ^ Ching Li Tor (4 May 2005). "Fair grounds for fare hikes?". Today. Singapore.
  99. ^ T. Rajan (5 November 2006). "MRT trains get $145m overhaul". The Straits Times. Singapore. p. 1.
  100. ^ a b Karamjit Kaur (20 November 2002). "Driverless MRT trains on new line will be safe; The North-East MRT line will have safety features like CCTVs and smoke detectors to protect commuters, says LTA". The Straits Times. p. 10.
  101. ^ Land Transport Authority et al., Journeys Issue 42 (Jan/Feb 2003), "Safe, Sound and Fully Automated", pp. 8–9.
  102. ^ "Commencement of revenue service at Changi Airport Station" (PDF) (Press release). SMRT Corporation. 6 February 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2008. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  103. ^ "Board MRT to airport from Tanah Merah". The Straits Times. 18 July 2003. p. 2.
  104. ^ Karamjit Kaur; Shahida Ariff (24 April 2002). "MRT slow-down as trains are taken off for checks; SMRT pulls out 21 trains after detecting gear fault; longer wait for commuters, direct service to Changi Airport affected". The Straits Times. p. 6.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  105. ^ "Joint Team on Track to Meet COI Recommendations to Improve Rail Reliability". Land Transport Authority. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  106. ^ R C Longden & E W Finch (April 1987). Automatic Fare Collection — Serving the Commuter. MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 319–324. {{cite conference}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  107. ^ a b c Sharp 2005, pp. 113–115.
  108. ^ a b Land Transport Authority, Singapore 1996, pp. 58–59.
  109. ^ "Tricky balance in fare changes". The Straits Times. 17 September 2007. p. 21.
  110. ^ Yvonne Cheong (14 April 2005). "Public transport fare hike not justified as SMRT still profitable: CASE". Channel NewsAsia. Singapore. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008.
  111. ^ Christopher Tan (13 September 2008). "Bus and MRT fares to go up from Oct 1". The Straits Times. p. 1.
  112. ^ "No Revision To Bus And Train Fares, And New NEL Fare Structure Approved" (PDF) (Press release). Public Transport Council. 8 May 2003.
  113. ^ a b Maria Almenoar (9 January 2009). "Free replacement exercise on till Sept 30". The Straits Times. Retrieved 20 July 2009.[dead link]
  114. ^ Imelda Saad (26 August 2008). "New e-payment system and next generation card for public transport". Channel NewsAsia.
  115. ^ Maria Almenoar (13 December 2007). "New unlimited travel pass for visitors". The Straits Times. p. 35.
  116. ^ Tammy Tan (SBS Transit) (24 December 2005). "Measures in place to ensure safe ride on NEL (Letter to the editor)". The Straits Times. p. 12.
  117. ^ Y C Siew & J P Copsey (April 1987). Singapore Mass Rapid Transit System Design for Fire and Emergency. MRTC & IES 1987, pp. 131–139. {{cite conference}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  118. ^ "Safety at MRT and LRT Stations — Respect The Yellow Line" (Press release). Land Transport Authority. 20 November 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  119. ^ "Platform screen doors for all above-ground MRT stations by 2012". The Straits Times. 25 January 2008. Archived from the original on 28 January 2008.
  120. ^ Yeo Ghim Lay (3 September 2008). "Platform doors for elevated MRT stations". The Straits Times. p. 26.
  121. ^ "LTA Completes Installation of Half Height Platform Screen Doors". Land Transport Authority. 14 March 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  122. ^ "Rapid Transit Systems Act (Chapter 263A, Section 42)". Singapore Statutes Online. Retrieved 7 December 2005.
  123. ^ Teh Jen Lee (27 July 2009). "Fine for eating sweets too strict?". The New Paper. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  124. ^ Matthew Pereira; Branden Pereira (6 August 1993). "MRT Trains collide at Clementi: 132 hurt". The Straits Times. pp. 1 & 25.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  125. ^ "Braced Excavation Collapse: Nicoll Highway, Singapore". Geomechanics of Failures. Springer: 151–181. 2010. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3531-8_6. Retrieved 28 March 2014. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  126. ^ Hetty Musfirah & Abdul Khamid (10 July 2012). "Govt shares some blame for Dec's MRT breakdowns: Lui". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  127. ^ "Train service on North-South, East-West Lines disrupted". Channel NewsAsia. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  128. ^ "Singapore's subway suffers massive breakdown in rush hour". Reuters. 7 July 2015.
  129. ^ "Massive SMRT disruption due to leak on rail insulator". The Star (Malaysia). 30 July 2015.
  130. ^ López, M.J.J. (1996), Den Haag: RCM-advies, "Crime Prevention Guidelines for the Construction & Management of Metro Systems", pp. 35–39.
  131. ^ "The Link of the Yishun Videotape" (Press release). Minister for Home Affairs (Singapore). 24 January 2002.[dead link]
  132. ^ Goh Chin Lian (1 June 2004). "Security guards start MRT patrols". The Straits Times. p. 4.
  133. ^ Johnson Choo (7 August 2004). "CCTVs at 35 elevated MRT stations to have recording capability by Oct 2004". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 8 March 2005.
  134. ^ Goh Chin Lian (6 June 2006). "Buses, trains get security cameras". The Straits Times. p. 5.
  135. ^ Goh Chin Lian (13 May 2005). "Postboxes moved out of MRT, LRT stations". The Straits Times. Singapore. p. 5.
  136. ^ Karen Chow (SMRT Corporation) (4 September 2007). "Why no photos at MRT stations... (Letter to the editor)". The Straits Times. p. 29.
  137. ^ Dominique Loh (2 May 2005). "MRT stations to have armed police officers on patrol". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008.
  138. ^ Khushwant Singh; Asad Latif (16 August 2005). "Armed police patrol trains". The Straits Times. p. 1.
  139. ^ Johnson Choo (15 August 2005). "Special armed police unit begins MRT patrols". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008.
  140. ^ "Singapore holds largest-ever terror attack response drill". Channel NewsAsia. 8 January 2006. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008.
  141. ^ a b Joy Fang (19 August 2011). "MRT graffiti read: 'Jet Setter's'". my paper. Singapore.
  142. ^ a b "MRT train vandalised at Bishan depot". AsiaOne. Singapore. 17 August 2011.
  143. ^ Imelda Saad (8 June 2010). "SMRT says staff mistook graffiti on train for advert". Channel NewsAsia.
  144. ^ a b Evelyn Choo (14 February 2011). "SMRT given maximum fine". Channel NewsAsia.
  145. ^ "GROUND DEPLOYMENT EXERCISE TO IMPROVE MRT INCIDENT MANAGEMENT". Land Transport Authority.
  146. ^ "Joint News Release by the Land Transport Authority & SBST – Ground Deployment Exercise to Improve Incident Management". Land Transport Authority. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.

Academic publications

  • Sock, Y.P. and Walder, Jay H. (1999). Singapore's Public Transport.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Corporate and governmental sources

  • Sharp, Ilsa (2005). The Journey — Singapore's Land Transport Story. SNP:Editions. ISBN 981-248-101-X.
  • Land Transport Authority, Singapore (2 January 1996). A World Class Land Transport System — White Paper presented to Parliament. ISBN 9971-88-488-7.
  • Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore (1993). Stored Value — A Decade of the MRTC. ISBN 981-00-5034-8.
  • Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Singapore (1988). The MRT Story. ISBN 981-00-0251-3.
  • Singapore MRT Limited (1987). MRT Guide Book. ISBN 981-00-0150-9.
  • Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) and Institution of Engineers Singapore (IES) (1987). Mass Rapid Transit System : Proceedings of the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Conference, Singapore 6–9 April 1987. ISBN 9971-84-636-5.
Library resources about
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
Listen to this article
(2 parts, 3 minutes)
  2. Part 2
Spoken Wikipedia icon
These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated
Error: no date provided
, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
(Audio help · More spoken articles)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)&oldid=699593694"