Phoebus, Virginia

Phoebus Historic District
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Virginia Landmarks Register
Historic Phoebus in 2013, viewed from East Mellen Street
Location	Roughly bounded by VA 64, Mallory St., E. County St. and Willard Ave., Hampton, Virginia
Coordinates	37°01′18″N 76°19′05″W
Area	86 acres (35 ha)
Built	1874 (1874)
Architect	Holtzclaw, Charles Taylor; Wenderoth, Oscar
Architectural style	Late Victorian, Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals
NRHP reference No.	06001098
VLR No.	114-5002
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	December 1, 2006
Designated VLR	September 6, 2006

Phoebus (formerly Chesapeake City) was an incorporated town located in Elizabeth City County on the Virginia Peninsula in eastern Virginia. Upon incorporation in 1900, it was named in honor of local businessman Harrison Phoebus (1840–1886), who is credited with convincing the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) to extend its tracks to the town from Newport News.

The town and county are both extinct, as they were consolidated by mutual consent with the independent city of Hampton in 1952, and adopted the latter's name. Phoebus is now an important historic neighborhood of Hampton and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History

Captain John Smith landed on a part of Phoebus known as Strawberry Banks on his first voyage up the James River in 1607. The area which became the Town of Phoebus was founded in 1609 as Mill Creek; it was located on the banks of the Chesapeake Bay and Hampton Roads, directly across from Norfolk's Willoughby Spit.

Mill Creek was located in Elizabeth Cittie [sic], one of four corporations, termed "citties" [sic], which were designated in 1619 by the Virginia Company of London, proprietor of the colony, to encompass the developed areas. (The other three were James Cittie, Charles Cittie, and Henrico Cittie). In 1634, the area became part of Elizabeth City Shire, one of the eight original shires of Virginia. It became Elizabeth City County in 1643.

English colonists soon built defensive fortifications at Old Point Comfort to protect the entrance to Hampton Roads. In 1830 the United States Army began construction there of Fort Monroe, which until 2011 had been the oldest active-duty fort in the nation.

During the American Civil War, numerous slaves escaped to Fort Monroe and Norfolk, which was occupied by Union forces from 1861. The US Army defined them as contraband, to prevent their being returned to slaveholders. They established facilities for the newly free slaves at the Fort Monroe Contraband Camp, located outside the fort. Officials contacted a respected local teacher, Mary S. Peake, and asked her to teach the freedmen and their children. She began by gathering people outside in Phoebus, under a large oak tree. This is where the Emancipation Proclamation was read to numerous citizens in 1863, and it became called the Emancipation Oak. The American Missionary Association (AMA), whose leaders included both black and white ministers, hired her to teach and arranged for her to use the Brown Cottage. This is considered the historic start of Hampton University, a historically black college (HBCU) which the AMA founded during the war.

Much of the Town of Phoebus was cultivated as Roseland Farm until 1871. It was then divided into lots for sale and developed as Chesapeake City. The streets were named after prominent citizens: Mallory, Curry, Hope, Lancer, and Mellen.

When the town was incorporated in 1900, its name was changed to Phoebus in honor of its leading citizen, Harrison Phoebus, who is largely credited with getting the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) to build the Hampton Branch. After the railroad's Peninsula Extension reached the new coal pier at Newport News in late 1881, the same construction crews were put to work on what would later be called the Peninsula Subdivision's Hampton Branch. From the main line at Old Point Junction, tracks were extended easterly a distance of about 10 miles (16 km) toward Fort Monroe. The tracks were completed about 9 miles (14 km) to the town, which became Phoebus in December 1882. A passenger and freight station was opened, which the railroad designated as "Phoebus".

From Phoebus, an extension across Mill Creek to reach Fort Monroe required a 2,800-foot-long (850 m) trestle, not completed until 1890. At that time, passenger and freight facilities were also added. At Fort Monroe, the U.S. Army built connecting tracks and operated its own locomotive for a number of years.

At Old Point Comfort, in addition to the Army base at Fort Monroe, the Hampton Branch served both the older Hygeia Hotel and the new Hotel Chamberlin, popular destinations for civilians. During the first half of the 20th century, excursion trains were operated to reach nearby Buckroe Beach, where an amusement park was among the attractions that brought church groups and vacationers.

In 1952 by voter referendum, the residents of Elizabeth City County and the town of Phoebus agreed to consolidation with the independent city of Hampton, Virginia.

Phoebus has an area listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. The Phoebus National Historic District is a 86-acre (350,000 m²) section of Phoebus which encompasses the historic business area on Mellen and Mallory Streets and a significant number of homes.

Notable people

• Ralph Wolfe Cowan (1931-2018), artist
• John William "Uncle Jack" Dey (1912–1978), noted and celebrated folk painter
• Christopher C. Kraft, Jr. (1924-2019), the original Flight Director for NASA, was born and raised in Phoebus.
• Mary S. Peake (1823–1862), first teacher of freedmen and their children in Phoebus (now Hampton)
• William T. Randall, (1915–2013), Negro League baseball player
• George R. E. Shell, (1908–1996), Ninth superintendent of Virginia Military Institute, Brigadier general in the

See also

• Former counties, cities, and towns of Virginia
• List of former United States counties

References

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Virginia" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–125.

External links

• Phoebus community website
• Virginia Places educational website
• Hampton Fire Dept history
• "Harrison Phoebus". Vol. 4. 1915. pp. 289–292 https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Encyclopedia_of_Virginia_Biography_volume_4.djvu/385. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)