Foreign relations of the State of Palestine

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The Palestinian National Authority was established in 1994 by the Palestine Liberation Organization as a result of the Oslo Accords and the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement. The Israeli government transferred certain powers and responsibilities of self-government to the PA, which are in effect in parts of the West Bank, and used to be effective in the Gaza Strip before its takeover by Hamas. The Palestinian Authority enjoys wide recognition and maintains diplomatic relations with many states. In 1988 the PLO declared the State of Palestine, being quite widely recognised by states,[1] although often in equivocal terms.[2] The Palestinian National Authority publicly acknowledged the recognition of 94 other states.[3][4] Since then, other states have publicly extended recognition,[5][6] and the Palestinian Authority now has bilateral agreements in place with states in Latin America, Asia, Africa and Europe.[7]

In 1974, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3236 recognised the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, national independence, and sovereignty in Palestine. It also recognised the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the representative of the Palestinian people to the United Nations. States maintain official relations with it and the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) established through the Oslo Accords of 1994. Some, but not all, of these recognise the State of Palestine, which was proclaimed by the PLO on 15 November 1988.

Both the PNA and the PLO (representing itself, the PNA, or the State of Palestine) participate in multiple international organisations with status of member state, observer, associate, or affiliate.

In 1988 the UN adopted the designation "Palestine" for the PLO. Currently this reference is used for the PLO, PNA, and the State of Palestine by states and international organisations, in many cases regardless of the level of recognition and relations they have with any of these entities. The level of recognition of the State of Palestine within the international community is difficult to measure, given the often equivocal nature of statements made by foreign governments.[2]

Bilateral relations

Further information: List of diplomatic missions of Palestine and List of diplomatic missions to Palestine

Representation of the Palestinian National Authority abroad is performed by the Palestine Liberation Organization. In states that recognise the State of Palestine, it maintains embassies.[8] A number of other states have granted some form of diplomatic status to a PLO delegation, falling short of full diplomatic recognition. These delegations and missions are also sometimes referred to as "embassies" and their heads as "ambassadors".[9]

Representations of foreign countries to the Palestinian National Authority are performed by missions or offices in Ramallah and Gaza. States that recognise the State of Palestine also accredit to the PLO[10] (acting as its government-in-exile[11]) non-resident ambassadors residing in third countries.[12][13]

Background

Map showing nations which have recognised or have special diplomatic arrangements with the State of Palestine, or the Palestine Liberation Organization.

Francis Boyle, legal advisor to the PLO, assisted the organisation in drafting the 1988 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Palestine. At that time, the United States was using its Foreign Assistance Act and other measures to discourage other countries and international organisations from extending recognition.[14]

Shortly after its 1988 declaration, the State of Palestine was recognised by most members of the Arab League and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. Both of these organisations later published statements of recognition of, support for, and solidarity with Palestine, which was accepted as a member state in both forums.[15][16][17]

At the end of 1989, the New York Times reported that 89 United Nations member states had recognised the newly proclaimed state.[18][19] According to one author, however, by 1988, more than 100 countries had recognised the State of Palestine.[20] The PLO publicly acknowledged recognition from 94 states.[3][4] Since then, a number of other states have publicly extended recognition.[5] Boyle reported in 1990 that the number was over 114 states.[21][22] In 2005, Anat Kurz reported that 117 United Nations member states had formally recognised Palestine as a sovereign state.[23] In February 2009, Foreign Minister Riyad al-Maliki was able to submit to the ICC written statements from 67 of these countries. He was also able to show the existence of bilateral agreements with states in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe.[7]

In 2009 and 2010, Boyle reported that about 130 countries had recognised the State of Palestine.[24][25][26]

Recent developments

The most recent states to recognise the State of Palestine were Argentina and Brazil.[27][28][29] Uruguayan President José Mujica announced his government's recognition of the Palestinian state during the sixteenth conference of the Federation of Arab-American Entities (Ferab), held in Montevideo in November 2010.[30] He had initially announced his intentions to do so in September.[31] Mujica announced that "Palestine will have its embassy here ... in the first half of 2011." Foreign Affairs Minister Luis Almagro stated that this announcement only made official the joint communique signed in April by himself and Palestinian Foreign Minister Riyad al-Malki formalising "existing friendly relations between both sides."[30][32] He announced the State of Palestine was scheduled to establish an embassy in Montevideo within the first quarter of 2011.[33]

Chronological table of recognition and relations

At least 153 states, in addition to the European Union, currently have some form of diplomatic relations with the PLO and PNA, or recognise the State of Palestine:

  • 106 to 115 states recognise the State of Palestine;
    • of these, 80 to 85 have established diplomatic relations with the PLO;
  • 47 to 37 states, as well as the European Union, which don't recognise the State of Palestine, conduct official relations with the PLO and the PNA.
# Name State of Palestine
recognition since		 PLO/PNA relations since Mission of PLO or
State of Palestine		 Mission to PNA or
State of Palestine		 Notes
Recognising the State of Palestine declared in 1988:
1  Algeria 1988-11-15[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Algiers)[citation needed] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed] AL, OIC
2  Bahrain 1988-11-15[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Manama)[citation needed] — AL, OIC
3  Indonesia 1988-11-15[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Jakarta)[citation needed] Accredited embassy (Amman)[citation needed] OIC
4  Iraq 1988-11-15[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Baghdad)[citation needed] Accredited embassy (Damascus)[citation needed] AL, OIC
5  Kuwait 1988-11-15[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Kuwait City)[citation needed] — AL, OIC
6  Libya 1988-11-15[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Tripoli)[citation needed] Accredited Embassy (Cairo)[citation needed] AL, OIC
7  Malaysia 1988-11-15[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Kuala Lumpur)[citation needed] — OIC
8  Mauritania 1988-11-15[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Nouakchott)[citation needed] — AL, OIC
9  Morocco 1988-11-15[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Rabat)[citation needed] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Gaza)[citation needed]		 AL, OIC
10  Somalia 1988-11-15[34] AL, OIC
11  Tunisia 1988-11-15[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Tunis)[citation needed] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Gaza)[citation needed]		 AL, OIC
11  Turkey 1988-11-15[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Ankara)[citation needed] Consulate-General in Jerusalem[citation needed] OIC; Palestine–Turkey relations
12  Yemen[35] 1988-11-15[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Sana'a)[36] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed] AL, OIC
13  Afghanistan 1988-11-16[34] yes[when?] — Accredited embassy (Damascus)[citation needed] OIC
14  Bangladesh 1988-11-16[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Dhaka)[37] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC
15  Cuba 1988-11-16[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Havanna)[citation needed] Accredited embassy (Tunis)[citation needed]
16  Jordan 1988-11-16[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Amman)[38] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah, Gaza)[citation needed]		 AL, OIC
17  Madagascar 1988-11-16[34]
19  Malta 1988-11-16[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Valletta)[citation needed] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]		 EU
20  Nicaragua 1988-11-16[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Managua)[citation needed] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed]
21  Pakistan 1988-11-16[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Islamabad)[39] Accredited embassy (Damascus)[citation needed] OIC; Pakistan–Palestine relations
22  Qatar 1988-11-16[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Doha)[citation needed] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Gaza)[citation needed]		 AL, OIC
23  Saudi Arabia 1988-11-16[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Riyadh)[citation needed] — AL, OIC
24  United Arab Emirates 1988-11-16[34] yes[when?] Embassy in Abu Dhabi[40] — AL, OIC; Palestine – United Arab Emirates relations
25  Serbia[41] 1988-11-16[34] 1989[42] Embassy (Belgrade)[43] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[12]
26  Zambia 1988-11-16[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Lusaka)[citation needed] —
27  Albania 1988-11-17[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Tirana)[citation needed] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC
28  Brunei 1988-11-17[34] OIC
29  Djibouti 1988-11-17[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Djibouti City)[citation needed] — AL, OIC
30  Mauritius 1988-11-17[34]
31  Sudan 1988-11-17[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Khartoum)[citation needed] — AL, OIC
32  Cyprus 1988-11-18[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Nicosia)[citation needed] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]		 EU
33  Czech Republic[44] 1988-11-18[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Prague)[45] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah)[46]		 EU
34  Slovakia[44] 1988-11-18[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Bratislava)[47][48] Accredited embassy (Damascus)[citation needed]
Accredited office (Tel Aviv)[49][50]		 EU
35  Egypt 1988-11-18[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Cairo)[citation needed] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah, Gaza)[citation needed]		 AL, OIC
36  India 1988-11-18[34] 1974[51] Embassy (New Delhi)[52] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah)[51]		 AL observer; India–Palestine relations
37  Nigeria 1988-11-18[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Abuja)[citation needed] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC
38  Seychelles 1988-11-18[34]
39  Sri Lanka 1988-11-18[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Colombo)[53] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]
40  Belarus 1988-11-19[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Minsk)[54] Accredited embassy (Damascus)[citation needed]
41  Guinea 1988-11-19[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Conakry)[citation needed] — OIC
42  Namibia[55] 1988-11-19[34] yes[when?] Accredited embassy (Pretoria)[56] —
43  Ukraine 1988-11-19[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Kiev)[57] —
44  Russia 1988-11-19[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Moscow)[citation needed] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]		 OIC observer; Palestine–Russia relations
45  Vietnam 1988-11-19[34] 1968[58] Embassy (Hanoi)[59] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed]
46  China, People's Republic of 1988-11-20[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Beijing)[citation needed] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]		 Palestine – People's Republic of China relations
47  Burkina Faso 1988-11-21[34] OIC
48  Comoros 1988-11-21[34] AL, OIC
49  Guinea-Bissau 1988-11-21[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Bissau)[citation needed] — OIC
50  Mali 1988-11-21[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Bamako)[citation needed] OIC
51  Cambodia[60] 1988-11-21[34] yes[when?] Accredited embassy (Hanoi)[61] —
52  Mongolia 1988-11-22[34] 1979-04-25[62] — Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed]
53  Senegal 1988-11-22[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Dakar)[citation needed] — OIC
54  Hungary 1988-11-23[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Budapest)[63] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]		 EU
55  Cape Verde 1988-11-24[34]
56  Korea, North 1988-11-24[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Pyongyang)[citation needed] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed] North Korea-Palestine relations
57  Niger 1988-11-24[34] OIC
58  Romania 1988-11-24[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Bucharest)[64] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]		 EU; Romania–Palestine relations
59  Tanzania 1988-11-24[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Dar es Salaam)[65] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed]
60  Bulgaria 1988-11-25[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Sofia)[citation needed] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah)[66]		 EU
61  Maldives 1988-11-28[34] OIC
62  Ghana 1988-11-29[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Accra)[67] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed]
63  Togo 1988-11-29[34] OIC
64  Zimbabwe 1988-11-29[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Harare)[68] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed]
65  Chad 1988-12-01[34] OIC
66  Laos 1988-12-02[34] [69][dead link]
67  Sierra Leone 1988-12-03[34] OIC
68  Uganda 1988-12-03[34] OIC
69  Congo, Republic of the 1988-12-05[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Brazaville)[citation needed] —
70  Angola 1988-12-06[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Luanda)[citation needed] —
71  Mozambique 1988-12-08[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Maputo)[citation needed] — OIC
72  São Tomé and Príncipe 1988-12-10[34]
73  Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1988-12-10[34]
74  Gabon 1988-12-12[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Libreville)[citation needed] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC
75  Oman 1988-12-13[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Muscat)[citation needed] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Gaza)[citation needed]		 AL, OIC
76  Poland 1988-12-14[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Warsaw)[70] Office (Ramallah)[71] EU
77  Botswana 1988-12-19[34]
78    Nepal 1988-12-19[34]
79  Burundi 1988-12-22[34]
80  Central African Republic 1988-12-23[34] OIC observer
81  Bhutan 1988-12-25[34]
82  Rwanda 1989-01-02[34]
83  Ethiopia 1989-02-04[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Addis Ababa)[citation needed] —
84  Iran 1989-02-04[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Tehran)[citation needed] Accredited embassy (Damascus)[citation needed] OIC; Iran–Palestine relations
85  Benin 1989 or before[34] OIC
86  Equatorial Guinea 1989 or before[34]
87  Gambia 1989 or before[34] yes[when?] Embassy (Banjul)[citation needed] — OIC
88  Kenya 1989 or before[34][72] yes[when?] Accredited embassy (Harare)[68] —
89  Lebanon 1989 or before[34] yes[when?][73][need quotation to verify] Embassy (Beirut)[citation needed] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed] AL, OIC
90  Philippines[74][13][75] 1989[76][when?] 1989-09[76] Accredited embassy[where?][13] Accredited embassy (Amman)[13]
91  Kazakhstan 1992 or before[when?] 1992-04-06[77] Embassy (Astana)[77] Accredited embassy (Tel Aviv)[77] OIC
92  Azerbaijan 1992 or before[when?] 1992-04-15[78] Accredited embassy (Tashkent)[79] — OIC
93  Georgia 1992 or before[when?] 1992-04-25[80] — —
94  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-05-27[6] 1992-10-30[6] Embassy (Sarajevo)[81] Accredited embassy (Cairo)[citation needed] OIC observer
95  Uzbekistan 1994 or before[when?] 1994-09-25[82] Embassy (Tashkent)[83] — OIC
96  South Africa 1995 or before[when?] 1995-02-15[84] Embassy (Pretoria)[85] Office (Ramallah,[86] Gaza[citation needed])
97  Paraguay 2005 or before[when?] 2005-03-25[87] Accredited embassy (Brasília)[88] —
98  Montenegro 2006-07-24[89] 2006-08-01[89] Accredited embassy (Belgrade)[90] —
99  Costa Rica 2008-02-05[91][92] yes[when?] Accredited embassy (New York)[93] —
100  Côte d'Ivoire 2008 or before[when?] yes[when?] Embassy (Abidjan)[94] — OIC
101  Venezuela 2009-04-27[95] yes[when?] —[96] Accredited embassy[where?]
Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]		 AL observer; Venezuela–Palestine relations
102  Tajikistan 2009 or before[when?] yes[when?] Accredited embassy (Tashkent)[97] — OIC
103  Kyrgyzstan 2010 or before[when?] yes[when?] Accredited embassy (Tashkent)[98] — OIC
104  Brazil 2010-12-01[27][28][29][99] yes[when?] Embassy (Brasília)[99] Office (Ramallah)[99] AL observer; Brazil–Palestine relations
105  Argentina 2010-12-04[27][28][29][100] yes[when?] Delegation (Buenos Aires)[101] —
106  Bolivia 2010-12-22[102]
Conflicting or inconclusive sources regarding the recognition of the State of Palestine declared in 1988:
107  Cameroon [dubious – discuss] 1989 or before[when?][103][unreliable source?][104] yes[when?][105] — — OIC
108  Syria [dubious – discuss] 1989 or before[when?][104] 2006 or before[when?] Delegation (Damascus)[106] Accredited embassy (Amman)[citation needed] AL, OIC
109  Guyana [dubious – discuss] 2001 or before[when?][104] yes[when?] Accredited embassy (Havana)[107] — OIC
110  Swaziland [dubious – discuss] 2001 or before[when?][108][103][unreliable source?]
111  Vanuatu [dubious – discuss] 2001 or before[when?][108][103][unreliable source?] 2010 or before[109] Non-resident delegation (Canberra)[109] —
112  Suriname [dubious – discuss] 2003 or before[when?][104] OIC
113  Turkmenistan [dubious – discuss] 2003 or before[when?][104] OIC
114  Lesotho [dubious – discuss] 2010 or before[when?][110][111]
115  Uruguay [dubious – discuss] 2010-11-13[112][27][30][28][29][113][114][115] 2010-04-20[32] — —[30]
Not recognising the State of Palestine declared in 1988, but conducting official relations with the PLO and PNA:
116  Finland — 1982[116] Delegation (Helsinki)[116] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
117  Colombia — 1988-10-03 [117] Delegation (Bogota)[118] Accredited delegation (Cairo)[117]
118  Chile — 1990-03[119] Representation (Santiago)[120][121][122][123] Representative office (Ramallah)[124]
119  Israel — 1993-08-20 non-resident Department (Gaza)[125] [where?]
120  Holy See — 1994-10-25[126] Delegation (Rome)[citation needed] Apostolic Delegation (Jerusalem)[127][citation needed] Holy See–Palestine relations
—  European Union[128] — 1994 or before[when?] Mission (Brussels)[citation needed] Office (Ramallah)[129] EU itself
121  Estonia — 2004 or before[when?][130] Non-resident delegation (Helsinki)[130] — EU
122  Ecuador — 2008 or before[when?][131] Non-resident delegation (Lima)[131] —
123  Peru — 2008 or before[when?][131] Delegation (Lima)[131] —
124  Australia — yes[when?][109] Delegation (Canberra)[109] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]
125  Austria —[34][132] yes[when?] Representation (Vienna)[133] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
126  Belgium — yes[when?] Delegation (Brussels)[citation needed] Consulate-General in Jerusalem[citation needed] EU
127  Canada — yes[when?] Delegation (Ottawa)[citation needed] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]
128  Croatia — yes[when?][105] — —
129  Denmark — yes[when?] Delegation (Copenhagen)[citation needed] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU; Denmark–Palestine relations
130  Eritrea — yes[when?][105] — — AL observer
131  France — yes[when?] Delegation (Paris)[citation needed] Consulate-General in Jerusalem[citation needed] EU
132  Germany —[34][134] yes[when?] Delegation (Berlin)[135] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
133  Greece — yes[when?] Delegation (Athens)[citation needed] Consulate-General in Jerusalem[citation needed] EU
134  Ireland — yes[when?] Delegation (Dublin)[136] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
135  Italy — yes[when?] Delegation (Rome)[citation needed] Consulate-General in Jerusalem[citation needed] EU
136  Japan — yes[when?] Delegation (Tokyo)[citation needed] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]
137  Latvia — yes[when?] Non-resident delegation (Helsinki)[116] — EU
138  Lithuania — yes[when?] Non-resident delegation (Helsinki)[116] — EU
139  Luxembourg — yes[when?] Non-resident delegation (Brussels)[citation needed] — EU
140  Mexico — yes[when?] Delegation (Mexico City)[citation needed] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]
141  Netherlands — yes[when?] Delegation (The Hague)[citation needed] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
142  New Zealand — yes[when?][109] Non-resident delegation (Canberra)[109] —
143  Norway — yes[when?][137] Delegation (Oslo)[138] Office (Ramallah)[139]
144  Papua New Guinea — yes[when?][140] Non-resident delegation (Canberra)[140] —
145  Portugal — yes[when?] Delegation (Lisbon)[citation needed] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
146  Slovenia — yes[when?] — Office (Ramallah)[citation needed] EU
147  Korea, South — yes[when?] — Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]
148  Spain — yes[when?] Delegation (Madrid)[citation needed] Consulate-General in Jerusalem[citation needed] EU
149  Sweden — yes[when?] Delegation (Stockholm)[citation needed] Consulate-General in Jerusalem[citation needed] EU
150   Switzerland — yes[when?] Delegation (Bern)[141] Office (Ramallah)[citation needed]
151  Timor-Leste — yes[when?][109] Non-resident delegation (Canberra)[109] —
152  United Kingdom — yes[when?] Delegation (London)[citation needed] Consulate-General in Jerusalem[citation needed] EU; Palestine – United Kingdom relations
153  United States — yes[when?] Delegation (Washington, D.C.)[142] Consulate-General in Jerusalem[143][citation needed]
Foreign relation of Palestine
  diplomatic relations with the PLO and recognition of the State of Palestine
  diplomatic recognition of the State of Palestine

  other official relations with the PNA and the PLO

There is no infomation available pertaining to the positions of:

The following states have not yet recognised the State of Palestine, and maintain no established formal relations with its government:

Relations with international organisations

The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority are represented in various international organizations as member, associate or observer. Because of inconclusiveness in sources[144] in some cases it is impossible to distinguish whether the participation is executed by the PNA, the PLO as representative of the State of Palestine or by the PLO as a non-state entity.

International Organisation status Representation Application date Admission date
Membership
Organisation of the Islamic Conference member State of Palestine 1969 [145]
Arab League [146] member State of Palestine 1976 [145]
International Organization for Standardization member[147][148] Palestine Standards Institution[149] 2001 2004
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies member Palestine Red Crescent Society 2006
International Trade Union Confederation member [150] Palestine General Federation of Trade Unions
Union for the Mediterranean member Palestinian National Authority 2008
Asian Parliamentary Assembly member [151] Palestinian Legislative Council (PNA)
Inter-Parliamentary Union member [152] Palestine[clarification needed]
Non-Aligned Movement member [153] Palestine[clarification needed]
Group of 77 member [154] Palestine[clarification needed]
Asian Group of the United Nations member [155][dubious – discuss] Palestine Liberation Organization 1986-04-02 [156]
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia member [157] Palestine[clarification needed]
Non-member status
International Telecommunication Union observer [158] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UN)
United Nations non-state observer Palestine Liberation Organization 1974
UNESCO observer [159] National Organizing Committee
Universal Postal Union special observer Palestinian National Authority 2008
World Health Organization observer [160] Palestine Liberation Organization (as in the UN) 1998
World Tourism Organization special observer [161] Palestine[clarification needed] 1999
World Intellectual Property Organization observer [162] Palestine[clarification needed]

Additionally the Palestinian National Authority participates in trade liberalization:

The Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian National Authority jointly[164] are accepted as party to the following international agreements about transport in the Arab Mashreq: Road, Rail, Maritime.

Arab League

Palestine is a member of the Arab League. Represented there since 1964 by the Palestine Liberation Organization, after the 1988 declaration of statehood, its status was upgraded to full membership under the name 'Palestine' with the Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization serving as 'president of Palestine'.[165]

Organisation of the Islamic Conference

Palestine is a member state of the international Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) and the Islamic Development Bank, an international financial institution set up for member states.[166][167]

United Nations representation

Main article: Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations

The Palestine National Council (PNC) sent formal notification to the U.N. Secretary-General regarding the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in May 1964. The following year in October, some Arab states requested that a PLO delegation be allowed to attend meetings of the Special Political Committee, and it was decided that they could present a statement, without implying recognition. PLO participation in the discussions of the Committee took place under the agenda item of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) from 1963 to 1973.[168]

The Palestine Liberation Organization gained observer status at the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 through General Assembly Resolution 3237. Acknowledging the proclamation of the State of Palestine,[169] the UN re-designated this observer to be referred to as "Palestine" in 1988 (General Assembly Resolution 43/177) and affirmed "the need to enable the Palestinian people to exercise their sovereignty over their territory occupied since 1967".[170][171] In July 1998, the General Assembly adopted a new Resolution (52/250) conferring upon Palestine additional rights and privileges, including the right to participate in the general debate held at the start of each session of the General Assembly, the right of reply, the right to co-sponsor resolutions and the right to raise points of order on Palestinian and Middle East issues.[172] By this resolution, "seating for Palestine shall be arranged immediately after non-member States and before the other observers."[172] This Resolution was adopted by a vote of 124 in favour, 4 against (Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, United States) and 10 abstentions.[173][174]

Applications

Geneva Conventions

In 1989, the Palestine Liberation Organization, on behalf of the State of Palestine, submitted a letter of accession to the Geneva Conventions. However, Switzerland, as the depositary state, determined that because the question of Palestinian statehood had not been settled within the international community, it was therefore incapable of recognising Palestine as a "power" that could accede to the Conventions.[19]

"Due to the incertainty [sic] within the international community as to the existence or the non-existence of a State of Palestine and as long as the issue has not been settled in an appropriate framework, the Swiss Government, in its capacity as depositary of the Geneva Conventions and their additional Protocols, is not in a position to decide whether this communication can be considered as an instrument of accession in the sense of the relevant provisions of the Conventions and their additional Protocols."[175]

Nevertheless the Palestine Red Crescent Society is currently member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, which requires its participants to adhere to the Geneva Conventions.[176]

World Health Organization (WHO)

The PLO currently holds observer status at the World Health Organization (WHO), but applied for full membership status for the State of Palestine in 1989. The United States, which provided one-quarter of the WHO's funding at the time, informed the WHO that its funding would be withheld if Palestine was admitted as a member state. Yasser Arafat described the U.S. statement as "blackmail". The PLO was asked to withdraw its application by the WHO director general. The WHO subsequently voted to postpone consideration of the application and no decision on the application has been made yet.[177] John Quigley writes that Palestine's efforts to gain membership in several international organisations connected to the United Nations was frustrated by U.S. threats to withhold funding from any organisation that admitted Palestine.[178]

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

In 1989 a "Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State" was submitted by Algeria, Indonesia, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, and Yemen.[34] Currently, Palestine participates at UNESCO through its National Organizing Committee.[159]

Participation in international sports federations

International Organisation status Representation Application date Admission date
International Olympic Committee (and Olympic Council of Asia) member Palestine Olympic Committee 1986 1995
International Paralympic Committee member Palestinian Paralympic Committee
FIFA (International Federation of Association Football)[179] member [180] Palestinian Football Association 1998

Aftermath of Hamas' victory

After the victory of the Change and Reform list (led by Hamas) in the 2006 elections, many governments, including the United States, as well as the European Union, cut ties with the organs of the PLC,[181][182] but not those connected to the PNA President, Mahmoud Abbas. The boycott led to the withholding of foreign aid, upon which much of the Palestinian economy is dependent, promised to the PNA. The European Union set up a mechanism to transfer some aid to PNA employees, many of whom had gone unpaid for months, that bypassed the government. After Abbas' sacking of Prime Minister Ismail Haniya as a response by Hamas' takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007, the boycott was lifted.

References

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  2. ^ a b Crawford, James (1999). "Israel (1948-1949) and Paletine (1998-1999): Two Studies in the Creation of States", in Goodwin-Gil G.S. and S. Talmon, The Reality of International Law: Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, pp. 110-115 Cite error: The named reference "crawford" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b United Nations Security Council (2008). Repertoire of the practice of the Security Council. United Nations Publications. p. 759. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b Reut Institute (14 August 2004). "Act of Recognition of Statehood". Structure of the Political Process. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
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  7. ^ a b Palestinian ministers press for Israel "'war crimes" probe, AFP, 13 February 2009. Cite error: The named reference "iccdec" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
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  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Executive Board (12 May 1989). "Hundred and thirty-first Session: Item 9.4 of the provisional agenda, Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State" (PDF). United Nations. pp. 18, Annex II. Retrieved 2010-11-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); The list also includes a number of states which no longer exist.
  35. ^ Prior to Yemeni unification, both Democratic Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic had recognised the State of Palestine on 15 November 1988.
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  44. ^ a b Former Czechoslovakia recognised the State of Palestine on 18 November 1988, and following the its dissolution, both the Czech Republic and Slovakia retained ties.
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  49. ^ "The Embassy of the Slovak Republic in Tel Aviv is accredited for the State of Israel and the Palestinian National Authority". Mzv.sk. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
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  51. ^ a b "India-Palestine Relations" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs - India. Retrieved 2010-12-07.: "In 1947, India voted against the partition of Palestine at the UN GA. India was first Non-Arab State to recognize PLO ... in 1974. India was one of the first countries to recognize the State of Palestine in 1988. In 1996, India opened its Representative Office to the Palestine Authority in Gaza, which later was shifted to Ramamllah in 2003"
  52. ^ Government of Palestine. "Embassy of Palestine in India". Palestine. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  53. ^ "Sri Lanka Embassy List". Pacific Prime. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  54. ^ "Embassy of the State of Palestine". Kompass. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  55. ^ Namibia was established by the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), which recognised the State of Palestine on 19 November 1988, at which time it was a UN observer entity.
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  57. ^ "Ambassador Extraordinary And Plenipotentiary Of Palestine To Ukraine". Mfa.gov.ua. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  58. ^ "Vietnam-Palestine Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Vietnam. Retrieved 2009-07-18.: "1968: Viet Nam established ties with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)... 19th November 1988: Viet Nam recognized the State of Palestine and officially transformed the PLO’s resident Representative Office into the Embassy of the State of Palestine."
  59. ^ Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Government of Vietnam. Retrieved March 20, 2007.
  60. ^ Only one government emerged from the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, but both Democratic Kampuchea and People's Republic of Kampuchea recognised the State of Palestine on 18 November 1988 and 21 November 1988 respectively.
  61. ^ Government of Cambodia. "Foreign Missions Accredited to Cambodia: Asia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. Retrieved 2010-11-20.: Embassy of the State of Palestine to Cambodia (non-resident)
  62. ^ Mongolia LIST OF STATES WITH DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS; as PLO relations before SoP establishment.
  63. ^ "List of Embassies". Hungary Tourist Info. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
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  73. ^ Kassim, 1997, p. 291.
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  77. ^ a b c Government of Kazakhstan. "Cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the State of Palestine". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20. Relations established on 6 April 1992. Palestinian Embassy in Kazakhstan was opened in 1993.
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  79. ^ "Embassy of the State of Palestine to the Republic of Uzbekistan, Central Asia and Azerbaijani Republic". Webcache.googleusercontent.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
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  83. ^ sherif, sharof, sharofiddin, sharof2000. "Diplomatic corps in Tashkent". Mfa.uz. Retrieved 2010-12-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  87. ^ Paraguay MFA flash Politica exterior, Relaciones diplomaticas bilaterales, Palestina.
  88. ^ Embassy of the State of Palestine
  89. ^ a b Government of Montenegro. "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20. Recognition by Montenegro extended 24 July 2006. Relations established 1 August 2006.
  90. ^ "Embassy of Palestine in Belgrade". Mip.gov.me. 2008-01-21. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  91. ^ "Israeli diplomat postpones meeting after Costa Rica recognizes Palestinian state: "We would like to express our disappointment over this regretful decision of the government of Costa Rica to establish full diplomatic relations with the 'state of Palestine," Mekel said". Windowintopalestine.blogspot.com. 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  92. ^ "Israeli diplomat postpones meeting after Costa Rica recognizes Palestinian state". The Associated Press. Haaretz. 26 February 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  93. ^ Template:Es icon Gobierno de Costa Rica. "Oficinas Consulares acreditadas ante el Gobierno de Costa Rica". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  94. ^ Template:Fr icon Government of Côte d'Ivoire. "Les Ambassades et Consulats accrédités en Cote d'Ivoire". Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres. Retrieved 2010-11-20.: "AMBASSADE DE LA PALESTINE ... (Etat de Palestine)"
  95. ^ Template:Es icon Bolivarian Government of Venezuela (27 April 2009). "Venezuela y Palestina establecen relaciones diplomáticas: Comunicado Conjunto Sobre el Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Bolivariana de Venezuela y el Estado de Palestina". Ministry of Communication and Information. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  96. ^ Suggett, James. "Palestine Embassy to be established in Caracas". Venezuelanalysis.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
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  98. ^ Template:Ky icon Government of Kyrgyzstan. "Embassy of the State of Palestine to Kyrgyzstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  99. ^ a b c Template:Pt Reconhecimento do Estado Palestino nas Fronteiras de 1967 Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved on 2010-12-03.
  100. ^ La Argentina se suma a Brasil y reconoce a Palestina como Estado libre LA NACION. Retrieved on 2010-12-06.
  101. ^ Palestinian National Authority. "Mision de Palestina". Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  102. ^ Bolivia to recognize sovereign Palestine Agence France Presse
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  107. ^ Government of Guyana. "Non-Resident Ambassadors & High Commissioners to Guyana". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  108. ^ a b Taylor & Francis Group (2004). Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. p. 3325. ISBN 9781857432558.
  109. ^ a b c d e f g h General Delegation of Palestine to Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific. "Mandate and Vision". Palestinian National Authority. Retrieved 2010-11-20.: "The General Delegation of Palestine is the diplomatic representation of Palestine to Australia, New Zealand, Timor Leste and Vanuatu."
  110. ^ Government of the United States. "Lesotho". Department of State. Retrieved 2010-11-20. "Lesotho also recognizes Palestine as a state".
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  115. ^ Template:Es icon Gama Cero (13 November 2010). "Uruguay reconoció al Estado de Palestina". Blogger.com. Retrieved 2010-11-21.
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  117. ^ a b Template:Es icon Government of Colombia. "Autoridad Nacional Palestina". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Retrieved 2010-12-13.: "Se establecieron relaciones diplomáticas el 3 de octubre de 1988. La Misión Especial de Palestina en Colombia fue establecida en 1996. La Embajada de Colombia en El Cairo es concurrente ante la Autoridad Palestina, y la Sección Consular de la Embajada en Tel Aviv atiende asuntos de carácter consular."
  118. ^ Template:Es icon Government of Colombia. "Embajada de Palestina". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Retrieved 2010-12-13.: "Jefe de la Misión Especial de Palestina, Bogotá, D. C."
  119. ^ Embassy of Palestine in Chile. "Embajada de Palestina en Chile" (in Spanish).
  120. ^ EMBASSIES, MISSIONS, GENERAL AND SPECIAL DELEGATIONS OF PALESTINE ABROAD: "Embassy of the Representation of Palestine"
  121. ^ Embassy of the Representation of Palestine in Chile
  122. ^ Embassy of Palestine in Chile. "Embajada de Palestina en Chile" (in Spanish).
  123. ^ Ministry of Foreign Relations of Chile (2009-11-24). "Canciller se reunió con embajadora palestina" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  124. ^ Chileabroad.cl - Ministry of Foreign Relations of Chile. "Misión de Chile ante la Autoridad Nacional Palestina" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  125. ^ Palestine Liberation Organisation. "About us". Negotiations Affairs Department. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  126. ^ Holy See. "Bilateral relations of the Holy See". Secretariat of State. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  127. ^ "1948: Established as Apostolic Delegation of Jerusalem and Palestine". Gcatholic.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  128. ^ Supranational union; 8 of its 27 member states recognise the State of Palestine and the rest 19 members maintain official relations with the PLO and PNA.
  129. ^ European Commission. "The Role of the Office of the European Union Representative". Office of the European Union Representative: West Bank and Gaza Strip, UNRWA. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  130. ^ a b Government of Estonia. "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2010-11-20. "Estonia recognises the Palestine Liberation Authority [sic] as the representative of the Palestinian people on the international level."
  131. ^ a b c d Palestinian National Authority non-resident representative to Ecuador
  132. ^ Austria was listed as recognizing SoP since 14.12.2010, but Algeria, Indonesia, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, and Yemen (application submitters) later requested that Austria be deleted from the UNESCO application annex II list.
  133. ^ "BMAA" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  134. ^ The German Democratic Republic recognised the State of Palestine on 18.11.1988, but it later unified with the Federal Republic of Germany and it doesn't recognise it currently.
  135. ^ "German diplomatic list" (PDF) (in Template:De icon). Auswaertiges-amt.de. Retrieved 2010-12-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  136. ^ Palestinian National Authority. "General Delegation of Palestine in Ireland". Palestinian Monitoring Group. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  137. ^ "Norway Calls for Palestinian State, Gives Diplomatic Mission Embassy Rank". Bloomberg. 2010-12-15. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
  138. ^ Norway diplomatic list, October 2010
  139. ^ Representative Office of Norway to the Palestinian Authority
  140. ^ a b "The Head of the General Delegation of Palestine to Australia and New Zealand and Ambassador to East Timor, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu". Palestine-australia.com. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  141. ^ Palestinian National Authority. "General Delegation of Palestine in Switzerland". Palestinian Monitoring Group. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  142. ^ Mozgovaya, Natasha (22 July 2010). "U.S. upgrades status of Palestinian mission in Washington". Haaretz. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  143. ^ "US Consulate in Jerusalem". Jerusalem.usconsulate.gov. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  144. ^ Such as listing "Palestine" or Occupied Palestinian Territory without further explanation.
  145. ^ a b Initially representing only the Palestine Liberation Organization itself.
  146. ^ Including its subordinated organizations of Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development and Arab Monetary Fund.
  147. ^ "ISO members". Iso.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  148. ^ representation for 'Occupied Palestinian Territory' equivalent to that of a state, assigned the code "ps", English country names and code elements
  149. ^ "Palestine Standards Institution". Iso.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  150. ^ "ITUC affiliates". Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  151. ^ Asian Parliamentary Assembly. "Asian Parliamentary Assembly member parliaments". Secretariat, Asian Parliamentary Assembly. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  152. ^ Inter-Parliamentary Union. "Members of the Union". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  153. ^ Government of Egypt, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. "Members, Observers and Guests". Non-Aligned Movement. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
  154. ^ "G77 members". G77.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  155. ^ United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. "Government structures". United Nations. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  156. ^ Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. "Status of Palestine at the United Nations". Retrieved 2010-12-09.
  157. ^ "ESCWA membership". Escwa.un.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  158. ^ "Palestine ITU status". Itu.int. 2010-10-20. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  159. ^ a b WADA. "Summary update on Government progress to become a State Party to the UNESCO International Convention against Doping in Sport" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
  160. ^ "Palestine WHO status" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  161. ^ "UNWTO observers". Unwto.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  162. ^ WIPO (2010-03-23). "List of Observers". Wipo.int. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  163. ^ Israel has free trade agreements with the EU, EFTA, Turkey and others[who?].
  164. ^ United Nations. "Historical Information". Office of Legal Affairs; United Nations Publications. Retrieved 2010-11-20. Palestine was admitted to membership in ESCWA pursuant to ECOSOC Resolution 2089 (LXIII) dated 22 July 1977. Full powers for the signature of the Agreements were issued by the leaders of the PLO and the PNA.
  165. ^ Takkenberg, 1998, pp. 136–138.
  166. ^ "OIC Member States". Permanent Mission of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference to the United Nations Offices in Geneva and Vienna. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
  167. ^ Taylor & Francis group and Lucy Dean, 2003, p. 1328.
  168. ^ "Status of Palestine at the United Nations". Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations – New York. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
  169. ^ United Nations, General Assembly (15 December 1988). "43/177: Question of Palestine". United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  170. ^ "General Assembly Resolution 43/177". Unispal.un.org. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
  171. ^ Hillier, 1998, p. 214.
  172. ^ a b Osmańczyk and Mango, 2003, p. 1741.
  173. ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Resolution 250. A/RES/52/250 Retrieved 2010-09-21.
  174. ^ Silverburg, 2002, p. 292.
  175. ^ Note of Information, Government of Switzerland, Berne, 13 September 1989.
  176. ^ The ICJ noted that Palestine gave a unilateral undertaking, by declaration of 7 June 1982, in the name of the 'State of Palestine' to apply the Fourth Geneva Convention – and that Switzerland, as depositary State, considered that unilateral undertaking valid. See paragraph 91 of the International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion, Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Source
  177. ^ "The Palestine Declaration to the International Criminal Court: The Statehood Issue" (PDF). Rutgers Law Record. 6 May 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  178. ^ Quigley, 1990, p. 231.
  179. ^ The Palestinian Football Association is also member of Asian Football Confederation and Union of Arab Football Associations.
  180. ^ Palestinian Football Association at FIFA
  181. ^ See for example, Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109–446, 21 December 2006. Cornell University Law School. 120 Stat. 3318.
  182. ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (4 March 2008). "U.S. plotted to overthrow Hamas after election victory". The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-11-21.

External links

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