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61st Academy Awards

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61st Academy Awards
Official poster promoting the 61st Academy Awards in 1989.
Official poster
DateMarch 29, 1989
SiteShrine Auditorium
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Produced byAllan Carr
Directed byJeff Margolis
Highlights
Best PictureRain Man
Most awardsRain Man (4)
Most nominationsRain Man (8)
TV in the United States
NetworkABC
Duration3 hours, 19 minutes
Ratings42.68 million
29.81% (Nielsen ratings)

The 61st Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 1988, and took place on Wednesday, March 29, 1989, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST.[1] During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Allan Carr and directed by Jeff Margolis.[1] Ten days earlier, in a ceremony held at the Beverly Hills Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Angie Dickinson.[2]

Rain Man won four awards, including the Best Picture. Other winners included Who Framed Roger Rabbit, also four wins (three competitive and one special); Dangerous Liaisons, with three awards; and The Accused, The Accidental Tourist, A Fish Called Wanda, The Appointments of Dennis Jennings, Beetlejuice, Bird, Hôtel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie, The Milagro Beanfield War, Mississippi Burning, Pelle the Conqueror, Tin Toy, Working Girl, and You Don't Have to Die with one each. The telecast garnered almost 43 million viewers in the United States,[3] the highest since the 56th ceremony in 1984.[4]

Winners and nominees

The nominees for the 61st Academy Awards were announced on February 15, 1989 at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Richard Kahn, president of the Academy, and the actress Anne Archer.[5] Rain Man led all nominees, with eight nominations; Dangerous Liaisons and Mississippi Burning tied for second with seven each.[6]

The winners were announced at the award ceremony on March 29, 1989.[7] Best Actress winner Jodie Foster became the third person in history to win the aforementioned category for a film with a single nomination. The last person to achieve this feat was Sophia Loren when she won for Two Women in 1961. Best Actor winner Dustin Hoffman was the fifth person to win the aforementioned category twice.[8] Sigourney Weaver became the fifth performer to receive two acting nominations in the same year[9] but did not win in either category.[10] John Lasseter and William Reeves won Best Animated Short Film for Tin Toy, which was Pixar's first Oscar ever and was the first CGI film to win an Oscar.[11]

Awards

Photo of Barry Levinson at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.
Barry Levinson, Best Director winner
Photo of Dustin Hoffman at the Paris premiere of Quartet.
Dustin Hoffman, Best Actor winner
Photo of Jodie Foster at the Berlin premiere of The Brave One.
Jodie Foster, Best Actress winner
Photo of Kevin Kline at the premiere of No Strings Attached in 2011.
Kevin Kline, Best Supporting Actor winner
Photo of Geena Davis at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.
Geena Davis, Best Supporting Actress winner
Photo of Christopher Hampton
Christopher Hampton, Best Adapted Screenplay winner
A man standing in front of a poster is seen wearing a black coat with an unbuttoned blue shirt featuring cars prints.
John Lasseter, Best Animated Short Film co-winner for Pixar's Tin Toy
An older man is seen wearing a blue sweatshirt over a collared shirt with a red and blue plaid design.
William Reeves, Best Animated Short Film co-winner for Pixar's Tin Toy
A older man is seen wearing a black coat over a royal blue collared shirt.
Dave Grusin, Best Original Score winner
A black and white photo of a blond, curly haired woman wearing a tank top is seen smiling.
Carly Simon, Best Original Song winner
Richard Williams, Best Visual Effects co-winner

Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with double dagger (‡).[12]

Box office performance of nominees

At the time of the nominations announcement on February 15, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $188 million, with an average of $37.7 million per film.[13] Rain Man was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees, with $97 million in domestic box office receipts.[13] The film was followed by Working Girl ($42.1 million), The Accidental Tourist ($24.2 million), Mississippi Burning ($18.6 million), and finally Dangerous Liaisons ($6.69 million).[13]

Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 52 nominations went to 13 films. Only Big (3rd), Rain Man (5th), Working Girl (21st), The Accused (32nd), The Accidental Tourist (38th), Gorillas in the Mist (40th), Mississippi Burning (45th), and Tucker: The Man and His Dream (50th) were nominated for Best Picture, directing, acting, or screenwriting. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1st), Coming to America (2nd), Die Hard (7th), Beetlejuice (9th), and Willow (12th).

Academy Honorary Awards

Special Achievement Award

Films with multiple nominations and wins

Presenters and performers

The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers.[17]

Presenters

Name(s) Role
Charlie O'Donnell Announcer for the 61st annual Academy Awards
Richard Kahn (AMPAS president) Gave opening remarks welcoming guests to the awards ceremony
Tom Selleck Introducers of presenters Melanie Griffith and Don Johnson
Melanie Griffith
Don Johnson		 Presenters of the award for Best Supporting Actress
Jane Fonda Presenter of the film Rain Man on the Best Picture segment
Kim Novak
James Stewart		 Presenters of the awards for Best Sound and Best Sound Effects Editing
Robert Downey Jr.
Cybill Shepherd		 Presenters of the award for Best Makeup
Patrick Swayze Presenter of film tribute to 1950s movie musicals and the award for Best Original Score
Olivia Newton-John Introducer of presenters Donald Sutherland and Kiefer Sutherland
Donald Sutherland
Kiefer Sutherland		 Presenters of the Academy Honorary Award to the National Film Board of Canada
Anjelica Huston Presenter of the film Mississippi Burning on the Best Picture segment
Willem Dafoe
Gene Hackman		 Presenters of the award for Best Art Direction
Bo Derek
Dudley Moore		 Presenters of the award for Best Costume Design
Billy Crystal Presenter of the movie tap dancers and Best Original Song performances montage
Sammy Davis Jr.
Gregory Hines		 Presenters of the award for Best Original Song
Candice Bergen
Jacqueline Bisset
Jack Valenti		 Presenters of the award for Best Foreign Language Film
Barbara Hershey Presenter of the film The Accidental Tourist on the Best Picture segment
Michael Caine
Sean Connery
Roger Moore		 Presenters of the award for Best Supporting Actor
Beau Bridges
Jeff Bridges
Lloyd Bridges		 Presenters of the award Best Visual Effects
Walter Matthau Introducer of presenters of Lucille Ball and Bob Hope
Lucille Ball
Bob Hope		 Introducers of the performance of the "I Wanna Be an Oscar Winner" musical number
Geena Davis
Jeff Goldblum		 Presenters of the award for Best Documentary Short Subject
Edward James Olmos
Max von Sydow		 Presenters of the award for Best Documentary Feature
Anne Archer Presenter of the film Dangerous Liaisons on the Best Picture segment
Charles Fleischer
Robin Williams		 Presenters of the Special Achievement Academy Award to Richard Williams
Demi Moore
Bruce Willis		 Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography
Carrie Fisher
Martin Short		 Presenters of the awards for Best Live Action Short Film and Best Animated Short Film
Michael Douglas Presenter of the award for Best Actor
Ali MacGraw Presenter of the film Working Girl on the Best Picture segment
Farrah Fawcett
Ryan O'Neal		 Presenters of the award for Best Film Editing
Angie Dickinson Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award
Richard Dreyfuss
Amy Irving		 Presenters of the award Best Original Screenplay
Michelle Pfeiffer
Dennis Quaid		 Presenters of the award for Best Adapted Screenplay
Goldie Hawn
Kurt Russell		 Presenters of the award for Best Director
Tom Cruise
Dustin Hoffman		 Presenters of the award for Best Actress
Cher Presenter of the award for Best Picture

Performers

Name(s) Role Performed
Marvin Hamlisch Musical arranger Orchestral
Army Archerd
Eileen Bowman
Coral Browne
Cyd Charisse
Dale Evans
Alice Faye
Merv Griffin
Dorothy Lamour
Rob Lowe
Tony Martin
Vincent Price
Buddy Rogers
Roy Rogers
Lily Tomlin		 Performers

"I Only Have Eyes for You" from Dames
"You Are My Lucky Star" from Broadway Melody of 1936
"I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts"
"Proud Mary"
"Hooray for Hollywood" from Hollywood Hotel

Keith Coogan
Patrick Dempsey
Corey Feldman
Joely Fisher
Tricia Leigh Fisher
Savion Glover
Carrie Hamilton
Melora Hardin
Ricki Lake
Matt Lattanzi
Chad Lowe
Tracy Nelson
Patrick O'Neal
Corey Parker
D. A. Pawley
Tyrone Power Jr.
Holly Robinson
Christian Slater
Blair Underwood		 Performers "(I Wanna Be an) Oscar Winner"

The ceremony

The photograph of a bespectacled man wearing a tuxedo with a white and black pocket square in his left chest pocket.
Allan Carr served as producer for the 61st Academy Awards.

In an attempt to attract viewers to the telecast and increase interest in the festivities, the Academy hired film producer and veteran Oscar ceremony executive talent coordinator Allan Carr to produce the 1989 ceremony.[18][19] In interviews with various media outlets, he expressed that it was a dream come true to produce the Oscars.[20]

Notable changes were introduced in the production of the telecast. For the first time, presenters announced each winner with the phrase "And the Oscar goes to..." rather than "And the winner is...".[21] The green room where Oscar presenters, performers, and winners gathered backstage was transformed into a luxurious suite complete with furniture, pictures, refreshments, and other amenities called "Club Oscar".[22] Instead of hiring a host for the proceedings, Carr heavily relied on presenters often grouped in pairs that had some connection, either through family or the film industry;[23][24][25] not until 2019 would another ceremony lack a host.[26]

Several other people were involved in the production of the ceremony. Jeff Margolis served as director of the telecast.[27] Lyricist and composer Marvin Hamlisch was hired as musical supervisor of the festivities.[28] Comedian and writer Bruce Vilanch was hired as a writer for the broadcast, a role he has had ever since.[29] Carr had also rounded up eighteen young stars, including Patrick Dempsey, Corey Feldman, Ricki Lake, and Blair Underwood, to perform in a musical number entitled "I Wanna Be an Oscar Winner".[30] Unlike in most Oscar ceremonies, however, Carr announced that none of the three songs nominated for Best Original Song would be performed live.[24]

The telecast was also remembered for being the final public appearance of actress and comedian Lucille Ball, where she and co-presenter Bob Hope were given a standing ovation.[31] On April 26, almost a month after the ceremony, she died from a dissecting aortic aneurysm at age 77.[32]

Opening number

In an effort to showcase more glamour and showmanship in the ceremony, producer Carr hired playwright Steve Silver to co-produce an opening number inspired by Silver's long-running musical revue Beach Blanket Babylon.[33] The segment consisted of an elaborate stage show centered on actress Eileen Bowman dressed as Snow White from Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, who comes to Hollywood and is entranced by its glamour.[33] Like Beach Blanket Babylon, the opening act also featured dancers wearing giant, elaborate hats.[33] In a setting designed to resemble the Cocoanut Grove nightclub, Hollywood dignitaries such as actresses Alice Faye, Dorothy Lamour, Cyd Charisse, her husband Tony Martin, as well as Buddy Rogers and Vincent Price were prominently featured, while singer and television producer Merv Griffin sang a rendition of the song "I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts" (of which he had had a hit recording in 1949). Bowman and actor Rob Lowe then sang a reworked version of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Proud Mary", with lyrics rewritten to refer to the film industry; it is this song for which the act is infamously remembered.[33]

Critical reviews and public reaction

The show was panned by most of the media publications. Los Angeles Times television critic Howard Rosenberg lamented, "the Academy Awards telecast on ABC was surprisingly devoid of magic. It was on the musty side, and compared with last month's Grammycast, absolutely moribund."[34] Film critic Janet Maslin chastised the opening number, saying it "deserves a permanent place in the annals of Oscar embarrassments". She also bemoaned that the "I Wanna Be an Oscar Winner" number "was confusingly shot and inspired no confidence in Hollywood's future".[35] Television editor Tony Scott of Variety complained, "The 61st Annual Academy Awards extravaganza—seen in 91 different countries including, for the first time, the Soviet Union—turned out to be a TV nyet" He also observed that the "Break-Out Superstars number" looked like they were "cavorting around a giant Oscar as if it were the golden calf".[36]

The telecast also received a mixed reception from professionals within the showbusiness industry. Talent agent Michael Ovitz praised Carr saying that he had "brought show business back to the movie business". Actress Jennifer Jones thanked Carr in a written letter to the producer, which read "You delivered."[37] On the other hand, seventeen people, including actors Paul Newman, Gregory Peck, and Julie Andrews, and directors Billy Wilder and Joseph L. Mankiewicz, signed an open letter deriding the telecast as "an embarrassment to both the Academy and the entire motion picture industry".[38]

There has been speculation that some of the blowback against the ceremony, which was the first produced by an openly gay person and which prominently featured a musical number based on a gay nightclub show, was homophobic in nature,[39] although others, such as Bruce Vilanch and David Geffen, have challenged that assessment.[40]

In addition, The Walt Disney Company filed suit against AMPAS for use of the likeness of Snow White.[41] The lawsuit demanded unspecified damages for "copyright infringement, unfair competition, and dilution of business reputation".[4] Academy President Richard Kahn immediately issued an apology to the studio, and the lawsuit was subsequently dropped.[42]

Bowman has claimed that she was made to sign a gag order the next day prohibiting her from speaking to the press about her performance for the next 13 years. She finally spoke about it publicly in a 2013 interview, in which she described the performance as looking "like a gay bar mitzvah".[43]

Ratings and aftermath

Despite the criticism regarding the production of the ceremony, the American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 42.68 million people over its length, which was a 1% increase from the previous year's ceremony.[3][44] The show also drew higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony, with 29.81% of households watching over a 50.41 share.[3] It was the highest rated Oscar broadcast since the 56th ceremony held in 1984.[4]

Nevertheless, AMPAS created an Awards Presentation Review Committee to evaluate and determine why the telecast earned such a negative reaction from the media and the entertainment industry.[4] The committee later determined that Carr's biggest mistake was allowing the questionable opening number to run for 12 minutes. Producer and former Directors Guild of America president Gilbert Cates, who headed the committee, said that Carr would have not received such harsh criticism if the number had been much shorter.[4] Cates was subsequently hired as producer of the succeeding year's telecast.[45]

According to various showbiz insiders and reporters, the criticism and backlash from the ceremony resulted in Carr never again producing a film or theatrical show. He died from complications resulting from liver cancer on June 29, 1999, at the age of 62.[33][4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Osborne 2008, p. 296
  2. ^ "Past Scientific & Technical Awards Ceremonies". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  3. ^ a b c Gorman, Bill (February 17, 2009). "Academy Awards Show Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Tribune Media. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e f Hofler, Robert (March 1, 2010). "Snow Job". Los Angeles. Emmis Communications. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Williams, Jeannie (February 16, 1989). "Michael's high-profile feast". USA Today. Gannett Company. p. 2D.
  6. ^ Cieply, Michael (February 16, 1989). "'Rain Man' Given 8 Oscar Nominations; Sigourney 2 : Hoffman Wins 6th Acting Nod". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Kehr, Dave (March 30, 1989). "`Rain Man` The Big Winner, But Upsets Put Zip In Oscars". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ O'Neil, Tom (February 23, 2009). "Sean Penn is the ninth actor to win two lead Oscars". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Levy 2003, p. 83
  10. ^ Levy 2003, p. 283
  11. ^ Price, David (2008). The Pixar Touch. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 106. ISBN 0-307-26575-7.
  12. ^ "The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b c "1988 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Solomon, Charles (March 24, 2000). "Drawing Attention to Canada, Winning Oscars in the Process". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "About the Governors Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "Who Framed Roger Rabbit". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Retrieved November 4, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Mull, Marrison (March 26, 1989). "Calendar Goes to The Oscars : The Oscar Telecast : Live from the Shrine Auditorium, Wednesday, 6 P.M., ABC-TV (7, 3, 10, 42)". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Williams, Jeannie (October 11, 1988). "Twiggy's happy ending". USA Today. Gannett Company. p. 2D.
  19. ^ Volland, John (October 11, 1988). "TV & Video". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Culhane, John (March 26, 1989). "For Oscar's Producer, the Key Is C". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Pond 2005, p. 11 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPond2005 (help)
  22. ^ Uricchio, Marylynn (March 29, 1989). "Awards show producer is putting posh on Oscar". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Crain Communications. p. 12. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  23. ^ Pond 2005, p. 5 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPond2005 (help)
  24. ^ a b Siskel, Gene (March 26, 1989). "One Man`s War Against The Dullest Night On Television". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Romero, Frances (March 1, 2011). "No Hosts – Top 10 Worst Awards-Show Hosts". Time. Time Warner. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Keegan, Rebecca (February 20, 2019). "The Politics of Oscar: Inside the Academy's Long, Hard Road to a Hostless Show". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
  27. ^ "Credits". Jeff Margolis Productions. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Voland, John (October 27, 1988). "Movies". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Vary, Adam B. (February 5, 2010). "An Oscar Insider Tells All". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Pond 2005, p. 8 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPond2005 (help)
  31. ^ "Coemdian Lucille Ball suffers a heart attack". The Spokesman-Review. Cowles Publishing Company. April 19, 1989. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
  32. ^ Flint, Peter B. (April 27, 1989). "Lucille Ball, Spirited Doyenne of TV Comedies, Dies at 77". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ a b c d e Pond, Steve (February 27, 2005). "And the loser is..." Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ Rosenberg, Howard (March 30, 1989). "Overcast for Allan Carr's Oscarcast". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Maslin, Janet (March 31, 1989). "Review/Television; The Oscars as Home Entertainment". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Hofler 2010, p. 416 harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFHofler2010 (help)
  37. ^ Champlin, Charles (April 4, 1989). "Allan Carr: 'We Won the Town'". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Speers, W. (April 29, 1989). "Judge Orders James Brown's Autograph". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia Media Network. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ Little, Becky (January 22, 2019). "The Scathing Reaction to the Last Oscars With No Host". History. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  40. ^ Hofler, Robert (March 1, 2010). "The Worst Oscars Ever". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  41. ^ Easton, Nina (March 31, 1989). "Disney Sues Over Use of Snow White at Oscars". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Vaughan, Vicki (April 7, 1989). "Disney Accepts Apology, Drops Academy Suit". Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Abramovitch, Seth (February 20, 2013). "'I Was Rob Lowe's Snow White': The Untold Story of Oscar's Nightmare Opening". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ Johnson, Greg (March 18, 1999). "Call It the Glamour Bowl". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 768

Bibliography

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