Fluvoxamine
![]() | |
![]() | |
Clinical data | |
---|---|
Trade names | Luvox, Faverin, Fluvoxin, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a695004 |
License data |
|
Pregnancy category |
|
Routes of administration | By mouth |
Drug class | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 53% (90% confidence interval: 44–62%)[2] |
Protein binding | 77–80%[2][3] |
Metabolism | Liver (via cytochrome P450 enzymes. Mostly via oxidative demethylation)[2] |
Elimination half-life | 12–13 hours (single dose), 22 hours (repeated dosing)[2] |
Excretion | Kidney (98%; 94% as metabolites, 4% as unchanged drug)[2] |
Identifiers | |
| |
CAS Number | |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.125.476 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C15H21F3N2O2 |
Molar mass | 318.340 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
| |
| |
![]() ![]() |
Fluvoxamine, sold under the brand name Luvox among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class.[5] It is primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD),[6] but is also used to treat anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.[7][8]
Fluvoxamine's side-effect profile is very similar to other SSRIs: constipation, gastrointestinal problems, headache, anxiety, irritation, sexual problems, dry mouth, sleep problems and a risk of suicide at the start of treatment by lifting the psychomotor inhibition, but these effects appear to be significantly weaker than with other SSRIs (except gastrointestinal side-effects).[9] The tolerance profile is superior in some respects to other SSRIs, particularly with respect to cardiovascular complications, despite its age.[10]
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11]
Medical uses
In many countries (e.g., Australia,[12][13] the UK,[14] and Russia[15]) it is commonly used for major depressive disorder. Fluvoxamine is also approved in the United States for OCD,[16][6] and social anxiety disorder.[17] In Japan it is also approved to treat OCD, social anxiety disorder and MDD.[18][19] Fluvoxamine is indicated for children and adolescents with OCD.[20] The drug works long-term, and retains its therapeutic efficacy for at least one year.[21] It has also been found to possess some analgesic properties in line with other SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants.[22][23][24]
There is tentative evidence that fluvoxamine is effective for social phobia in adults.[25] Fluvoxamine is also effective for GAD, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and separation anxiety disorder in children and adolescents.[26] There is tentative evidence that fluvoxamine may help some people with negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia.[27][28]
Adverse effects
Gastrointestinal side effects are more common in those receiving fluvoxamine than with other SSRIs.[29] Otherwise, fluvoxamine's side-effect profile is very similar to other SSRIs.[2][16][12][14][30][31]
Common (1–10% incidence) adverse effects
- Abdominal pain
- Agitation
- Anxiety
- Asthenia (weakness)
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Dizziness
- Dyspepsia (indigestion)
- Headache
- Hyperhidrosis (excess sweating)
- Insomnia
- Loss of appetite
- Malaise
- Nausea
- Nervousness
- Palpitations
- Restlessness
- Sexual dysfunction (including delayed ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, etc.)
- Somnolence (drowsiness)
- Tachycardia (high heart rate)
- Tremor
- Vomiting
- Weight loss
- Xerostomia (dry mouth)
- Yawning
Uncommon (0.1–1% incidence) adverse effects
- Arthralgia
- Confusional state
- Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. oedema [buildup of fluid in the tissues], rash, pruritus)
- Extrapyramidal side effects (e.g. dystonia, parkinsonism, tremor, etc.)
- Hallucination
- Orthostatic hypotension
Rare (0.01–0.1% incidence) adverse effects
- Abnormal hepatic (liver) function
- Galactorrhoea (expulsion of breast milk unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding)
- Mania
- Photosensitivity (being abnormally sensitive to light)
- Seizures
Unknown frequency adverse effects
- Akathisia – a sense of inner restlessness that presents itself with the inability to stay still
- Bed-wetting
- Bone fractures
- Dysgeusia
- Ecchymoses
- Glaucoma
- Haemorrhage
- Hyperprolactinaemia (elevated plasma prolactin levels leading to galactorrhoea, amenorrhoea [cessation of menstrual cycles], etc.)
- Hyponatraemia
- Mydriasis
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome – practically identical presentation to serotonin syndrome except with a more prolonged onset
- Paraesthesia
- Serotonin syndrome – a potentially fatal condition characterised by abrupt onset muscle rigidity, hyperthermia (elevated body temperature), rhabdomyolysis, mental status changes (e.g. coma, hallucinations, agitation), etc.
- Suicidal ideation and behaviour
- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
- Urinary incontinence
- Urinary retention
- Violence towards others[32]
- Weight changes
- Withdrawal symptoms
Interactions
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Luvox.jpg/220px-Luvox.jpg)
Fluvoxamine inhibits the following cytochrome P450 enzymes:[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]
- CYP1A2 (strongly) which metabolizes agomelatine, amitriptyline, caffeine, clomipramine, clozapine, duloxetine, haloperidol, imipramine, phenacetin, tacrine, tamoxifen, theophylline, olanzapine, etc.
- CYP3A4 (moderately) which metabolizes alprazolam, aripiprazole, clozapine, haloperidol, quetiapine, pimozide, ziprasidone, etc.[42]
- CYP2D6 (weakly) which metabolizes aripiprazole, chlorpromazine, clozapine, codeine, fluoxetine, haloperidol, olanzapine, oxycodone, paroxetine, perphenazine, pethidine, risperidone, sertraline, thioridazine, zuclopenthixol, etc.[43]
- CYP2C9 (moderately) which metabolizes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenytoin, sulfonylureas, etc.
- CYP2C19 (strongly) which metabolizes clonazepam, diazepam, phenytoin, etc.
- CYP2B6 (weakly) which metabolizes bupropion, cyclophosphamide, sertraline, tamoxifen, valproate, etc.
By so doing, fluvoxamine can increase serum concentration of the substrates of these enzymes.[33]
The plasma levels of oxidatively metabolized benzodiazepines (e.g., triazolam, midazolam, alprazolam and diazepam) are likely to be increased when co-administered with fluvoxamine. However the clearance of benzodiazepines metabolized by glucuronidation (e.g., lorazepam, oxazepam, temazepam)[44][45] is unlikely to be affected by fluvoxamine.[46] It appears that benzodiazepines metabolized by nitro-reduction (clonazepam, nitrazepam) are unlikely to be affected by fluvoxamine.[47] Using fluvoxamine and alprazolam together can increase alprazolam plasma concentrations.[48] If alprazolam is coadministered with fluvoxamine, the initial alprazolam dose should be reduced to the lowest effective dose.[49][50]
Fluvoxamine and ramelteon coadministration is not indicated.[51][52]
Fluvoxamine has been observed to increase serum concentrations of mirtazapine, which is mainly metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, by three- to four-fold in humans.[53] Caution and adjustment of dosage as necessary are warranted when combining fluvoxamine and mirtazapine.[53]
Fluvoxamine seriously affects the pharmacokinetics of tizanidine and increases the intensity and duration of its effects. Because of the potentially hazardous consequences, the concomitant use of tizanidine with fluvoxamine, or other potent inhibitors of CYP1A2, should be avoided.[54]
Pharmacology
Site | Ki (nM) |
---|---|
SERT | 2.5 |
NET | 1,427 |
5-HT2C | 5,786 |
α1-adrenergic | 1,288 |
σ1 | 36 |
Fluvoxamine is a potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor with around 100-fold affinity for the serotonin transporter over the norepinephrine transporter.[34] It has negligible affinity for the dopamine transporter or any other site, with the sole exception of the σ1 receptor.[58][10] It behaves as a potent agonist at this receptor and has the highest affinity (36 nM) of any SSRI for doing so.[58] This may contribute to its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and may also afford it some efficacy in treating the cognitive symptoms of depression.[59] Unlike some other SSRI, fluvoxamine's metabolites are pharmacologically neutral.[60]
History
Fluvoxamine was developed by Kali-Duphar,[61] part of Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Belgium, now Abbott Laboratories, and introduced as Floxyfral in Switzerland in 1983.[61] It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1994, and introduced as Luvox in the US.[62] In India, it is available, among several other brands, as Uvox by Abbott.[63] It was one of the first SSRI antidepressants to be launched, and is prescribed in many countries to patients with major depression.[64] It was the first SSRI, a non-TCA drug, approved by the U.S. FDA specifically for the treatment of OCD.[65] At the end of 1995, more than ten million patients worldwide had been treated with fluvoxamine.[66][failed verification] Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be registered for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder in children by the FDA in 1997.[67] In Japan, fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be approved for the treatment of depression in 1999[68][69] and was later in 2005 the first drug to be approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder.[70] Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI approved for clinical use in the United Kingdom.[71]
Society and culture
Manufacturers include BayPharma, Synthon, and Teva, among others.[72]
Research
COVID-19
There is tentative evidence fluvoxamine might be useful for reducing COVID-19 disease severity if given as an early treatment.[73][74][75] In Canada, Ontario's COVID-19 Advisory had approved it for usage if other preferred treatments were unavailable.[76]
In May 2022, based on a review of available scientific evidence, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) refused to issue an emergency use authorization covering the use of fluvoxamine to treat COVID-19, saying that, at the time, the data was not sufficient to conclude that fluvoxamine may be effective in treating non-hospitalized people with COVID-19 to prevent serious illness or hospitalization. The agency stated that study results suggest that further clinical trials may be warranted.[77][78]
Environment
Fluvoxamine is a common finding in waters near human settlement.[79] Christensen et al. 2007 finds it is "very toxic to aquatic organisms" by European Union standards.[79]
References
- ^ Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
- ^ a b c d e f "Product Information Luvox". TGA eBusiness Services. Abbott Australasia Pty Ltd. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ van Harten J (March 1993). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 24 (3): 203–20. doi:10.2165/00003088-199324030-00003. PMID 8384945. S2CID 84636672.
- ^ "Luvox". ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ "Fluvoxamine Maleate Information". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 15 July 2015. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ a b McCain JA (July 2009). "Antidepressants and suicide in adolescents and adults: a public health experiment with unintended consequences?". P T. 34 (7): 355–78. PMC 2799109. PMID 20140100.
- ^ Figgitt DP, McClellan KJ (October 2000). "Fluvoxamine. An updated review of its use in the management of adults with anxiety disorders". Drugs. 60 (4): 925–54. doi:10.2165/00003495-200060040-00006. PMID 11085201.
- ^ Irons J (December 2005). "Fluvoxamine in the treatment of anxiety disorders". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 1 (4): 289–99. PMC 2424117. PMID 18568110.
- ^ Vezmar, S. et al., « Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Fluvoxamine and Amitriptyline in Depression », J Pharmacol Sci, vol. 110, no 1, 2009, p. 98 – 104 (ISSN 1347-8648)
- ^ a b Westenberg HG, Sandner C (April 2006). "Tolerability and safety of fluvoxamine and other antidepressants". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 60 (4): 482–491. doi:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00865.x. PMC 1448696. PMID 16620364.
- ^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
- ^ a b Rossi S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3.
- ^ "Luvox Tablets". NPS MedicineWise. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
- ^ a b Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8.
- ^ "Summary of Full Prescribing Information: Fluvoxamine". Drug Registry of Russia (RLS) Drug Compendium (in Russian). Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ^ a b "Fluvoxamine Maleate tablet, coated prescribing information". DailyMed. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ "Luvox CR approved for OCD and SAD". MPR. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "2005 News Releases". Astellas Pharma. Archived from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ^ "International Approvals: Ebixa, Depromel/Luvox, M-Vax". www.medscape.com. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ^ "US-FDA Fluvoxamine Product Insert". March 2005.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Wilde MI, Plosker GL, Benfield P (November 1993). "Fluvoxamine. An updated review of its pharmacology, and therapeutic use in depressive illness". Drugs. 46 (5): 895–924. doi:10.2165/00003495-199346050-00008. PMID 7507038.
- ^ Kwasucki J, Stepień A, Maksymiuk G, Olbrych-Karpińska B (2002). "Evaluation of analgesic action of fluvoxamine compared with efficacy of imipramine and tramadol for treatment of sciatica – open trial". Wiadomosci Lekarskie. 55 (1–2): 42–50. PMID 12043315.
- ^ Schreiber S, Pick CG (August 2006). "From selective to highly selective SSRIs: a comparison of the antinociceptive properties of fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram and escitalopram". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 16 (6): 464–8. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.11.013. PMID 16413173. S2CID 39278756.
- ^ Coquoz D, Porchet HC, Dayer P (September 1993). "Central analgesic effects of desipramine, fluvoxamine, and moclobemide after single oral dosing: a study in healthy volunteers". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 54 (3): 339–44. doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.156. PMID 8375130. S2CID 8229797.
- ^ Williams T, Hattingh CJ, Kariuki CM, Tromp SA, van Balkom AJ, Ipser JC, Stein DJ (October 2017). "Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAnD)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 (10): CD001206. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001206.pub3. PMC 6360927. PMID 29048739.
- ^ Cheer SM, Figgitt DP (2002). "Spotlight on fluvoxamine in anxiety disorders in children and adolescents". CNS Drugs. 16 (2): 139–44. doi:10.2165/00023210-200216020-00006. PMID 11825104. S2CID 26774895.
- ^ Silver H (2001). "Fluvoxamine as an adjunctive agent in schizophrenia". CNS Drug Reviews. 7 (3): 283–304. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00200.x. PMC 6741705. PMID 11607044.
- ^ Polcwiartek C, Nielsen J (March 2016). "The clinical potentials of adjunctive fluvoxamine to clozapine treatment: a systematic review". Psychopharmacology. 233 (5): 741–50. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4161-1. PMID 26626327. S2CID 12168939.
- ^ Brayfield A, ed. (13 August 2013). Fluoxetine Hydrochloride. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Taylor D, Paton C, Shitij K (2012). The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-97948-8.
- ^ "Faverin 100 mg film-coated tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Abbott Healthcare Products Limited. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ Szalavitz, Maia (7 January 2011). "Top Ten Legal Drugs Linked to Violence". Time. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
- ^ a b Ciraulo DA, Shader RI (2011). Ciraulo DA, Shader RI (eds.). Pharmacotherapy of Depression (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 49. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7. ISBN 978-1-60327-435-7.
- ^ a b Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B (2010). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8.
- ^ Baumann P (December 1996). "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 31 (6): 444–69. doi:10.2165/00003088-199631060-00004. PMID 8968657. S2CID 31923953.
- ^ DeVane CL, Gill HS (1997). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine: applications to dosage regimen design". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 58 (Suppl 5): 7–14. PMID 9184622.
- ^ DeVane CL (1998). "Translational pharmacokinetics: current issues with newer antidepressants". Depression and Anxiety. 8 (Suppl 1): 64–70. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)8:1+<64::AID-DA10>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID 9809216. S2CID 22297498.
- ^ Bondy B, Spellmann I (March 2007). "Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotics: useful for the clinician?". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 20 (2): 126–30. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328017f69f. PMID 17278909. S2CID 23859992.
- ^ Kroon LA (September 2007). "Drug interactions with smoking". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 64 (18): 1917–21. doi:10.2146/ajhp060414. PMID 17823102.
- ^ Waknine Y (13 April 2007). "Prescribers Warned of Tizanidine Drug Interactions". Medscape News. Medscape. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ^ "Fluvoxamine (Oral Route) Precautions". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
- ^ Hemeryck A, Belpaire FM (February 2002). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cytochrome P-450 mediated drug-drug interactions: an update". Current Drug Metabolism. 3 (1): 13–37. doi:10.2174/1389200023338017. PMID 11876575.
- ^ "Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers". FDA. 26 May 2021.
- ^ Raouf M (2016). Fudin J (ed.). "Benzodiazepine Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics" (PDF).
- ^ Peppers MP (1996). "Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal in the elderly and in patients with liver disease". Pharmacotherapy. 16 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1996.tb02915.x. PMID 8700792. S2CID 1389910.
- ^ "fluvoxamine maleate: PRODUCT MONOGRAPH" (PDF). 2016.
- ^ "Luvox Data Sheet" (PDF). Medsafe, New Zealand. 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
- ^ Suzuki Y, Shioiri T, Muratake T, Kawashima Y, Sato S, Hagiwara M, Inoue Y, Shimoda K, Someya T (April 2003). "Effects of concomitant fluvoxamine on the metabolism of alprazolam in Japanese psychiatric patients: interaction with CYP2C19 mutated alleles". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 58 (12): 829–33. doi:10.1007/s00228-003-0563-9. PMID 12698310. S2CID 32559753.
- ^ Gerlach M, Warnke A, Greenhill L (2014). Psychiatric Drugs in Children and Adolescents: Basic Pharmacology and Practical Applications. Springer-Verlag Wien. p. 131. ISBN 978-3-7091-1500-8.
- ^ Fleishaker JC, Hulst LK (1994). "A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the combined administration of alprazolam and fluvoxamine". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 46 (1): 35–9. doi:10.1007/bf00195913. PMID 8005185. S2CID 2161450.
- ^ Obach RS, Ryder TF (August 2010). "Metabolism of ramelteon in human liver microsomes and correlation with the effect of fluvoxamine on ramelteon pharmacokinetics". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 38 (8): 1381–91. doi:10.1124/dmd.110.034009. PMID 20478852. S2CID 8421997.
- ^ Pandi-Perumal SR, Spence DW, Verster JC, Srinivasan V, Brown GM, Cardinali DP, Hardeland R (12 April 2011). "Pharmacotherapy of insomnia with ramelteon: safety, efficacy and clinical applications". Journal of Central Nervous System Disease. 3: 51–65. doi:10.4137/JCNSD.S1611. PMC 3663615. PMID 23861638.
- ^ a b Anttila AK, Rasanen L, Leinonen EV (October 2001). "Fluvoxamine augmentation increases serum mirtazapine concentrations three- to fourfold". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 35 (10): 1221–3. doi:10.1345/aph.1A014. PMID 11675851. S2CID 44807359.
- ^ Granfors MT, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Ahonen J, Neuvonen PJ (April 2004). "Fluvoxamine drastically increases concentrations and effects of tizanidine: a potentially hazardous interaction". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 75 (4): 331–41. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2003.12.005. PMID 15060511. S2CID 25781307.
- ^ Ishikawa M, Ishiwata K, Ishii K, Kimura Y, Sakata M, Naganawa M, et al. (October 2007). "High occupancy of sigma-1 receptors in the human brain after single oral administration of fluvoxamine: a positron emission tomography study using [11C]SA4503". Biological Psychiatry. 62 (8): 878–83. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.001. PMID 17662961. S2CID 728565.
- ^ Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB (2009). The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of psychopharmacology (4th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Pub. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-585-62386-0. OCLC 320111564.
- ^ Yahata M, Chiba K, Watanabe T, Sugiyama Y (September 2017). "Possibility of Predicting Serotonin Transporter Occupancy From the In Vitro Inhibition Constant for Serotonin Transporter, the Clinically Relevant Plasma Concentration of Unbound Drugs, and Their Profiles for Substrates of Transporters". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 106 (9): 2345–2356. doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.007. PMID 28501470.
- ^ a b Hashimoto K (September 2009). "Sigma-1 receptors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: clinical implications of their relationship". Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 9 (3): 197–204. doi:10.2174/1871524910909030197. PMID 20021354.
- ^ Hindmarch I, Hashimoto K (April 2010). "Cognition and depression: the effects of fluvoxamine, a sigma-1 receptor agonist, reconsidered". Human Psychopharmacology. 25 (3): 193–200. doi:10.1002/hup.1106. PMID 20373470. S2CID 26491662.
- ^ Hrdina PD (July 1991). "Pharmacology of serotonin uptake inhibitors: focus on fluvoxamine". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 16 (2 Suppl 1): 10–8. PMC 1188307. PMID 1931931.
- ^ a b Sittig's Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (PDF) (3rd ed.). William Andrew. 2008. p. 1699. ISBN 978-0-8155-1526-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ Leslie LK, Newman TB, Chesney PJ, Perrin JM (July 2005). "The Food and Drug Administration's deliberations on antidepressant use in pediatric patients". Pediatrics. 116 (1): 195–204. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0074. PMC 1550709. PMID 15995053.
- ^ "Brand Index―Fluvoxamine India". Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
- ^ Omori IM, Watanabe N, Nakagawa A, Cipriani A, Barbui C, McGuire H, Churchill R, Furukawa TA (March 2010). "Fluvoxamine versus other anti-depressive agents for depression". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD006114. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006114.pub2. PMC 4171125. PMID 20238342.
- ^ "OCD Medication". Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
- ^ "Fluvoxamine Product Monograph" (PDF). 1999.
- ^ "Luvox Approved For Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Children and Teens". Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Higuchi T, Briley M (February 2007). "Japanese experience with milnacipran, the first serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor in Japan". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 3 (1): 41–58. doi:10.2147/nedt.2007.3.1.41. PMC 2654524. PMID 19300537.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Wishart DS, Guo AC, Oler E, Wang F, Anjum A, Peters H, et al. "Showing metabocard for Fluvoxamine (HMDB0014322)". Human Metabolome Database, HMDB. 5.0.
- ^ "Solvay's Fluvoxamine maleate is first drug approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder in Japan".
- ^ Walker R, Whittlesea C, eds. (2007) [1994]. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-4293-5.
- ^ "Fluvoxamine". www.drugbank.ca. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
- ^ Hashimoto Y, Suzuki T, Hashimoto K (January 2022). "Mechanisms of action of fluvoxamine for COVID-19: a historical review". Molecular Psychiatry. 27 (4): 1898–1907. doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01432-3. PMC 8739627. PMID 34997196.
- ^ Reis G, Dos Santos Moreira-Silva EA, Silva DC, Thabane L, Milagres AC, Ferreira TS, et al. (January 2022). "Effect of early treatment with fluvoxamine on risk of emergency care and hospitalisation among patients with COVID-19: the TOGETHER randomised, platform clinical trial". Lancet Glob Health. 10 (1): e42–e51. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00448-4. PMC 8550952. PMID 34717820.
- ^ Facente SM, Reiersen AM, Lenze EJ, Boulware DR, Klausner JD (1 December 2021). "Fluvoxamine for the Early Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Review of Current Evidence". Drugs. 81 (18): 2081–2089. doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01636-5. ISSN 1179-1950. PMC 8633915. PMID 34851510.
- ^ Avril, Tom (20 January 2022). "Another old drug is being tried vs. COVID-19, and might actually help". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ "FDA declines to authorize common antidepressant as COVID treatment". Reuters. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ^ Memorandum Explaining Basis for Declining Request for Emergency Use Authorization of Fluvoxamine Maleate (PDF) (Memorandum). Food and Drug Administration. 16 May 2022. 4975580. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2022.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b
- • Chia, Mathias; Lorenzi, Adriana; Ameh, Ilu; Dauda, Suleiman; Cordeiro-Araújo, Micheline Kézia; Agee, Jerry; Okpanachi, Ibrahim Yusuf; Adesalu, Abosede Taofikat (2021). "Susceptibility of phytoplankton to the increasing presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the aquatic environment: A review". Aquatic Toxicology. 234. Elsevier: 105809. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105809. ISSN 0166-445X. PMID 33780670. S2CID 232419482.
- • Christensen, Anne; Faaborg-Andersen, Sofie; Ingerslev, Flemming; Baun, Anders (2007). "Mixture and single-substance toxicity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors toward algae and crustaceans". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 26 (1). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)): 85–91. doi:10.1897/06-219R.1. ISSN 0730-7268. PMID 17269464. S2CID 6562531.
External links
- "Fluvoxamine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.