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Cruelty-free

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Laboratory rat

In the animal rights movement, cruelty-free is a label for products or activities that do not harm or kill animals anywhere in the world. Products tested on animals or made from animals are not considered cruelty-free, since these tests are often painful and cause the suffering and death of millions of animals every year.[1]

History

photograph
Reconstruction of a 1903 demonstration by William Bayliss, a physiologist at University College London, during which anti-vivisectionists said a dog was vivisected without anaesthetic.

Throughout time, we have used animal experimentation to increase our understanding on certain aspects of life.[2] Due to animal testing, we have been able to make essential discoveries and medical breakthroughs.[3] However, even though humans prefer to have medicine that is tested & evidence based, the testing of those medicines on animals is frowned upon.[4] The term cruelty-free was first used in this way by Lady Dowding who persuaded manufacturers of fake furs to use the label Beauty Without Cruelty and went on to found the charity Beauty Without Cruelty in 1959.[5] The term was popularised in the US in the 1970s by Marcia Pearson who founded the group Fashion With Compassion.[6] Then, in 1998, the United Kingdom started a trend by banning all testing on animals. Many other countries followed their lead soon after.[7]

Campaigns

In 1957 Charles Hume and W. M. S. Russell introduced the concept of the three R's in their book Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. These techniques to reduce animals used in tests and their suffering include: replacement (eliminate an animal test altogether), reduction (fewer animals used in test by using statistical analysis) and refinement (making tests less painful).[8]

In 1991 the European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) was established "to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are important to the biosciences and which reduce, refine or replace the use of laboratory animals."[9] Once the ECVAM's Scientific Advisory Committee approves a test it must be used under the Animal Protection Act, which does not allow the use of animals when an alternative exists.

In 2012, British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection joined forces with New England Anti-Vivisection Society and the European Coalition to End Animal Experiments to create an international organization to campaign against animal testing. BUAV supporter Ricky Gervais[10] announced the campaign—now considered a deciding factor in the European decision to ban animal testing for personal-care products. Although companies can still use animal testing in countries outside Europe (such as China, which requires animal testing on all imported cosmetics), the Leaping Bunny applies to a company's global market, and does not certify product that use animal testing anywhere in the world.

Tests

Animals such as rabbits, rats, mice, and guinea pigs are sometimes forced to eat or inhale substances, or have a cosmetic ingredient rubbed onto their shaved skin, eyes or ears every day for 28 or 90 days to see if they have an allergic reaction. Then they are killed and cut open to examine the effects the ingredient has on internal organs. These tests are also done with pregnant animals who, after much suffering, are killed along with the fetus. In more prolonged carcinogen tests, rats are force-fed a cosmetic ingredient over two years, monitored for cancer, and then killed.[11]

“Typically a young rabbit is tightly constrained in a box so that he is unable to move... Clips sometimes hold his eyelids open. Anesthesia is not generally administered. A researcher applies a concentrated substance to the outer layer of the eye and observes over a span days or weeks for responses such as blindness, bleeding, hemorrhaging and ulceration. At the end, the rabbits are generally killed.”

— Megan Erin Gallagher[12]

Primates, dogs, such as the Beagle, and cats are used for invasive experimentation as well. Many laboratories use these species to test drugs, chemicals, and diseases, whether old or new.

Alternatives

As technology developed, outdated animal testing is being replaced with quicker, cheaper and more accurate methods. Critics point out that humane alternatives can be slow to implement, costly, and test only one compound at a time.[13] Alternatives have shown positive results. For example, reconstructed human epidermis—which uses human skin donated from cosmetic surgery to replace the rabbit Draize skin test—is more relevant to human reactions. Other methods replace the Draize eye test by using in vitro (test-tube) human tissue. Computer-based systems allow for isolation of a select tissue or organ to conduct tests in an extremely controlled environment. These tests not only reduce animal testing, but are more precise and accurate at protecting humans from toxic substances.[14] Another cruelty-free option is using ingredients that have already been established as safe, such as the 20,000 ingredients in the European Union database.

Products

Companies now offer a wide range of cruelty-free products such as cosmetics, personal-care products, household cleaners, clothing, shoes, condoms (which are sometimes processed with casein), and candles (which usually use paraffin or beeswax). Organizations such as PETA, Choose Cruelty Free, Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics, British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, and its offshoot organization Cruelty Free International have released lists of cruelty-free products and cruel products to boycott. Since the 1990s the Leaping Bunny has been the only international third-party cruelty-free certification program. The number of cruelty-free brands is increasing as the public has a better understanding of cruelty-free products. Famous brands such as the Charlotte Tilbury, Urban Decay, Tarte and Colourpop are cruelty-free brands.

Events

National Cruelty-Free Week is an event in the United Kingdom every year arranged by the BUAV. The 2006 event was from 17–23 July. Other, similar, events include: National Vegetarian Week, UK Vegan Week and World Vegan Day, which takes place each year on November 1.

Criticisms

While some manufacturers have begun to label their products as “not tested on animals”, “we do not conduct animal testing”, “never tested on animals”, “against animal testing” or “cruelty-free”, these labels are confusing and potentially misleading, since there is no clear legal definition as to what they mean.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ Andre, Claire; Velasquez, Manuel. "Of Cures and Creatures Great and Small". Santa Clara University. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  2. ^ Kabene, Stefane; Baadel, Said (2019-11-12). "Bioethics: a look at animal testing in medicine and cosmetics in the UK". Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine. 12. doi:10.18502/jmehm.v12i15.1875. ISSN 2008-0387. PMC 7166243. PMID 32328228.
  3. ^ "Scholarly Articles on Animal Experimentation: History, Legislation & Activism". www.gale.com. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  4. ^ AKHTAR, AYSHA (October 2015). "The Flaws and Human Harms of Animal Experimentation". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 24 (4): 407–419. doi:10.1017/S0963180115000079. ISSN 0963-1801. PMC 4594046. PMID 26364776.
  5. ^ Bekoff, Marc; Meaney, Carron A. (1998), Encyclopedia of animal rights and animal welfare, p. 139, ISBN 978-0-313-29977-3
  6. ^ Joanne Stepaniak, Virginia Messina (2000), "The Body Beautiful", The Vegan Sourcebook, McGraw-Hill Professional, ISBN 978-0-7373-0506-7
  7. ^ "Timeline: Cosmetics testing on animals". The Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  8. ^ Balls, Michael (7 January 1994). "Replacement of animal procedures: alternatives in research, education and testing". Laboratory Animals. 28 (3): 193–211. doi:10.1258/002367794780681714. PMID 7967458.
  9. ^ Curren, Roger (Nov–Dec 2000). "From inhumane to in vitro: The changing face of science". The Animals' Agenda. 20 (6): 22. ProQuest 215888290.
  10. ^ Caroline Frost (15 March 2012), "Ricky Gervais Fronts Cruelty Free International Crusade To End Cosmetic Tests On Animals", Huffington Post
  11. ^ "Animal Tests & Alternatives". Cruelty Free International. Archived from the original on March 31, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
  12. ^ Gallagher, Megan Erin (2003). "Toxicity Testing Requirements, Methods and Proposed Alternatives" (PDF). Environs. 26 (2): 253.
  13. ^ Curren, Roger (Nov–Dec 2000). "From inhumane to in vitro: The changing face of science". The Animals' Agenda. 20 (6): 22. ProQuest 215888290.
  14. ^ Curren, Roger (Nov–Dec 2000). "From inhumane to in vitro: The changing face of science". The Animals' Agenda. 20 (6): 22. ProQuest 215888290.
  15. ^ Winders, Delcianna (2006). "Combining Reflexive Law and False Advertising Law to Standardize Cruelty-Free Labeling of Cosmetics". N.Y.U. L. Rev. 81: 454. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
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