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LGBTQ rights in Europe

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LGBTQ rights in Europe
Europe
StatusLegal in all 56 states
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories.
Gender identityLegal in 43 out of 56 states
Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
MilitaryAllowed to serve openly in 39 out of 52 states having an army
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Discrimination protectionsLegal in 42 out of 56 states
Legal in all 6 dependencies and other territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsLegal in 25 out of 56 states
Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 11 out of 56 states
AdoptionLegal in 19 out of 56 states
Legal in 3 out of 6 dependencies and other territories
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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. Thirteen out of the twenty one countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe;[A] a further thirteen European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of recognition for same-sex couples. Austria, Germany, Italy, Hungary and Switzerland are considering legislation to introduce same-sex marriage. Same-sex marriage will be enacted in Finland by March 2017. Slovenia has carried out a referendum to legalise same-sex marriage in December 2015 which failed to succeed. Malta is the only country in Europe that recognises legally performed same-sex marriages overseas but does not perform them. Constitutions of Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine recognizes marriage only as a union of one man and one woman.

According to the 2015 Eurobarometer, the top five EU countries in terms of LGBT rights and approval of same-sex marriage are the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Spain and Ireland. [citation needed]

History

A participant of 2013 Prague Pride wearing a traditional Moravian dress (Hanakia) and a sign "Good day - Olomouc greets Prague"

Although same-sex relationships were quite common in ancient Greece, Rome and pagan Celtic societies, after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, severe laws against homosexual behaviour appeared. An edict by the Emperor Theodosius I in 390 condemned all "passive" homosexual men to death by public burning. This was followed by the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian I in 529, which prescribed public castration and execution for all who committed homosexual acts, both active and passive partners. Homosexual behaviour, called sodomy, was considered a capital crime in most European countries, and thousands of homosexual men were executed across Europe during waves of persecution in these centuries. Lesbians were less often singled out for punishment, but they also suffered persecution and execution from time to time.[1]

Since the foundation of Poland in 966, Polish law has never defined homosexuality as a crime.[2][3] Forty years after Poland lost its independence in 1795, the sodomy laws of Russia, Prussia, and Austria came into force in the partitioned Polish territory. Poland regained its independence in 1918 and abandoned the laws of the occupying powers.[4][5][6] In 1932, Poland codified the equal age of consent for homosexuals and heterosexuals at 15.[7]

In Turkey, homosexuality has been legal since 1858.[8][9]

During the French Revolution, the French National Assembly rewrote the criminal code in 1791, omitting all reference to homosexuality. During the Napoleonic wars, homosexuality was decriminalised in territories coming under French control, such as the Netherlands and many of the pre-unification German states, however in Germany this ended with the unification of the country under the Prussian Kaiser, as Prussia had long punished homosexuality harshly. On 6 August 1942, the Vichy government made homosexual relations with anyone under twenty-one illegal as part of its conservative agenda. Most Vichy legislation was repealed after the war– but the anti-gay Vichy law remained on the books for four decades until it was finally repealed in August 1982 when the age of consent (15) was again made the same for heterosexual as well as homosexual partners.

Nevertheless, gay men and lesbians continued to live closeted lives, since moral and social disapproval by heterosexual society remained strong across Europe for another two decades, until the modern gay rights movement began in 1969.

Further information: LGBT social movements

Various countries under dictatorships in the 20th century were very anti-homosexual, such as in the Soviet Union, in Nazi Germany and in Spain under Francisco Franco's regime. In contrast, after Poland regained independence after World War I, it went on in 1932 to become the first country in 20th-century Europe to decriminalise homosexual activity[clarification needed], followed by Denmark in 1933, Iceland in 1940, Switzerland in 1942 and Sweden in 1944.

In 1962, homosexual behaviour was decriminalised in Czechoslovakia, following a scientific research of Kurt Freund that included phallometry of homosexually oriented men who appeared to have given up sexual relations with other men and established heterosexual marriages. Freund came to the conclusion that homosexual orientation may not be changed.[citation needed]

In 1972, Sweden became the first country in the world to allow people who were transsexual by legislation to surgically change their sex and provide free hormone replacement therapy.[10]

In 1979, a number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of being homosexual, in protest of homosexuality being classified as an illness. This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office of the National Board of Health and Welfare. Within a few months, Sweden became the first country in Europe from those that had previously defined homosexuality as an illness to remove it as such.[11]

In 1989, Denmark was the first country in Europe, and the world, to introduce registered partnerships for same-sex couples.[citation needed]

In 1991, Bulgaria was the first country in Europe to ban same-sex marriage.[12] Since then, eleven countries have followed (Lithuania in 1992, Belarus and Moldova in 1994, Ukraine in 1996, Poland in 1997, Latvia and Serbia in 2006, Montenegro in 2007, Hungary in 2012, Croatia in 2013 and Slovakia in 2014).[12][13]

In 2001 a next step was made, when the Netherlands opened civil marriage for same-sex couples, which made it the first country in the world to do so. Since then, eleven other European states have followed (Belgium in 2003, Spain in 2005, Norway and Sweden in 2009, Portugal and Iceland in 2010, Denmark in 2012, France in 2013, the United Kingdom in 2014 and Luxembourg and the Republic of Ireland in 2015).[citation needed]

On 22 October 2009, the assembly of the Church of Sweden, voted strongly in favour of giving its blessing to homosexual couples,[14] including the use of the term marriage, ("matrimony"). The new law was introduced on 1 November 2009.

Recent developments

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

Civil partnerships have been legal in Ireland since 2011. In 2013, the government held a constitutional convention which voted overwhelmingly in favour of amending the constitution in order to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples. On 22 May 2015, Irish citizens voted on whether to add the following amendment to the constitution: "Marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex.". 62.1% of the electorate voted in favour of the amendment, making Ireland the first country worldwide to introduce same-sex marriage through a national referendum. Ireland's first same-sex marriage ceremonies took place in November 2015.

The Isle of Man has allowed civil partnerships since 2011, as well as Jersey in 2012.[citation needed] Liechtenstein also legalised registered partnership by 68 percent of voters via a referendum in 2011.[15]

On 1 January 2012, a new constitution of Hungary enacted by the government of Viktor Orbán, leader of the ruling Fidesz party, came into effect, restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples and containing no guarantees of protection from discrimination on account of sexual orientation.[16]

In 2012, the United Kingdom government launched a public same-sex marriage consultation,[17] intending to change the laws applying to England and Wales. Its Marriage Bill was signed into law on 17 July 2013. The Scottish government launched a similar consultation, aiming to legalise same-sex marriage by 2015. On 4 February 2014, the Scottish Parliament passed a bill to legalise same sex marriages in Scotland as well as ending the "spousal veto" that would allow spouses to deny transgender partners the ability to change their legal gender. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom which does not allow same sex marriage. [18]

In May 2013, France legalised same-sex marriage, with French president François Hollande signing a law authorising marriage and adoption by gay couples.[19]

On 7 June 2013, Romania amended its Constitution to ban same-sex marriage through a commission tasked with amending it, with 15 MPs in the commission voting for,and only 3 abstentions.[20]

On 30 June 2013, Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, signed the Russian LGBT propaganda law into force, which was approved by the State Duma. The law makes distributing propaganda among minors in support of non-traditional sexual relationships a criminal offence.[21]

On 1 December 2013, a referendum was held in Croatia to constitutionally define marriage as a union between a woman and a man. The vote passed, with 65.87% supporting the measure, and a turnout of 37.9%.[22]

On 27 January 2014 in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Turkish Cypriot deputies passed an amendment repealing a colonial-era law that punished homosexual acts with up to five years in prison by a new Criminal Code.[23]

On 14 April 2014, the Parliament of Malta voted in favour of the Civil Union Act which recognises same-sex couples and permits them to adopt children. On the same day the Maltese parliament also voted in favour of a constitutional amendment to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

On 4 June 2014, the Slovak parliament overwhelmingly approved a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, with 102 deputies for and 18 deputies against the legislation.[13]

On 18 June 2014, the Parliament of Luxembourg approved a bill to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption.[24] The law was published in the official gazette on 17 July and took effect 1 January 2015.[25][26][27]

On 15 July 2014, Croatian Parliament passed the Life Partnership Act giving same-sex couples all rights that married couples have, except for adoption.[28] However, the Act allows a parent's life partner to become the child's partner-guardian. Partner-guardianship as an institution is equal to step-child adoption in rights and responsibilities, but it does not give parental status to the parent's life partner. Criteria for partner-guardianship and step-parent adoption for opposite-sex couples are the same. Also, regardless of partner-guardianship, a parent's life partner may attain partial parental responsibility over the child either via court or consensus among the parents and life partner, even full in some cases when the court decides that it is in the child's best interest.

In September 2014, a law went into effect in Denmark effectively dropping the former practice of requiring transgender persons to undergo arduous psychiatric evaluation and castration before being allowed legal gender change. By requiring nothing more than a statement of gender identity and subsequent confirmation of the request for gender change after a waiting period of 6 months, this means that anyone wishing their legal gender marker changed can do so with no expert-evaluation and few other formal restrictions.[29] Meanwhile, Norwegian Health Minister Bent Høie has made promises that a similar law for Norway will be drafted soon.[30]

On 9 October 2014, the parliament of Estonia passed the Cohabitation bill by a 40-38 vote.[31] It was signed by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves that same day and took effect on 1 January 2016.[32]

On 27 November 2014 the Parliament of Andorra passed a Civil Union bill, legalising also joint adoption for same-sex partners. On 24 December 2014, the bill was published in the official journal, following promulgation by co-prince François Hollande as signature of one of the two co-princes was needed. It took effect on 25 December 2014.[33]

On 12 December 2014 the Parliament of Finland passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 101-90 vote.[34] The law was signed by President Sauli Niinistö on 20 February 2015. In order that the provisions of the framework law would be fully implementable further legislation has to be passed. The provisional date of the law going into effect is 1 March 2017.[35]

On 21 January 2015, the Parliament of Macedonia overwhelmingly approved Amendment XXXIII to the Constitution of Macedonia, banning same-sex marriage, with 72 MPs voting for and 4 MPs voting against.[36]

On 7 February 2015, Slovaks voted in a referendum to ban same-sex marriage and same-sex parental adoption.[37] The result of the referendum was for the proposals, with 95% and 92% votes for, respectively.[38] However, the referendum was deemed invalid because of a low turnout.[39]

On 3 March 2015 the Parliament of Slovenia passed a same-sex marriage bill by a 51-28 vote.[40] On 20 December 2015, Slovenians reject the new same-sex marriage bill by a margin of 63% to 37%.

In November 2015, the Parliament of Cyprus approved a bill which legalised civil unions for same-sex couples in a 39-12 vote.[41] It took effect on 9 December 2015[42][43]

A bill to legalise civil unions for same-sex couples in Greece was approved in December 2015 by its Parliament in a 194-55 vote.[44] The law was signed by the President and took effect on 24 December 2015.[45]

On 29 April 2016, the Parliament of the Faroe Islands, a Danish dependency, voted to extend Danish same-sex marriage legislation to the territory, excluding the possibility to be legally wed in a religious ceremony. The change was scheduled to come into force on 1 July 2016, but the Danish Parliament still must approve the exclusion of religious marriages for the Faroe Islands. The Danish government has signalled that it will indeed have such legislation voted.[46] The legislation is expected to enter into force in December 2016.[47]

A bill to legalise civil unions for same-sex couples in Italy was approved on 13 May 2016 by the Parliament of Italy. The law was signed by the President on 20 May 2016.[48] It was published in the Official Gazette on 21 May and therefore entered into force on 5 June 2016; a governmental decree to be adopted within 30 days under sec. 34 of the law is still required to define the procedure under which Italian register offices will have to register civil unions. [49]

On 21 September 2016, the States of Guernsey approved the bill to legalize same-sex marriage, in a 33-5 vote. It awaits Royal Assent in the Privy Council.[50][51]

On 26 October, 2016, the Gibraltar Parliament unanimously approved a bill to allow same-sex marriage by a vote of 15-0. It now awaits Royal Assent.[52]

Public opinion around Europe

See also: Societal attitudes towards homosexuality
Eurobarometer 2015: % of people in each country who totally agreed "with the statement that LGB people should have the same rights as heterosexual people ."[53]
Country Percentage
 Netherlands 96%
 Sweden 95%
 Denmark 90%
 Spain 90%
 Ireland 87%
 United Kingdom 84%
 France 81%
 Belgium 81%
 Malta 77%
 Finland 74%
 Italy 72%
 Portugal 71%
 Germany 70%
 Austria 70%
 Czech Republic 62%
 Greece 62%
 Slovenia 54%
 Bulgaria 51%
 Hungary 49%
 Croatia 48%
 Estonia 44%
 Latvia 42%
 Romania 36%
 Russia 23%

In a 2002 Pew Global Attitudes Project surveyed by the Pew Research Center, showed majorities in every Western European nation said homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagreed.[54] A Eurobarometer in 2006 surveying up to 30,000 people from each European Union country, showed split opinion around the then 27 member states on the issue of same sex marriage. The majority of support came from the Netherlands (82%), Sweden (71%), Denmark (69%), Belgium (62%), Luxembourg (58%), Spain (56%), Finland (54%), Germany (52%) and the Czech Republic (52%). All other countries within the EU had below 50% support; with Romania (11%), Latvia (12%), Cyprus (14%), Bulgaria (15%), Greece (15%), Lithuania (17%), Poland (17%), Hungary (18%) and Malta (18%) at the other end of the list.[55] Same sex adoption had majority support from only two countries: Netherlands at 69% and Sweden at 51% and the least support from Poland and Malta on 7% respectively.[55]

A more recent survey carried out in October 2008 by The Observer affirmed that the majority of Britons – 55% – support gay marriage.[56] A 2013 poll shows that the majority of the Irish public support gay marriage and gay adoption, 73% and 60% respectively.[57] France has support for same sex marriage at 62%,[58] and Russian at 14%.[59] Italy has support for the 'Civil Partnership Law' between gays at 45% with 47% opposed.[60] In 2009 58.9% of Italians supported civil unions, while 40.4 supported same-sex marriage.[61] In 2010, 63.9% of Greeks supported same-sex partnerships, while 38.5% supported same-sex marriage.[62] In 2012 a poll by MaltaToday[63] showed that 41% of Maltese supported same sex marriage, with support increasing to 60% amongst the 18-35 age group. In a 2013 opinion poll conducted by CBOS, 65% of Poles were against same-sex civil unions, 72% of Poles were against same-sex marriage, 88% were against adoption by same-sex couples, and 68% were against gays and lesbians publicly showing their way of life.[64] In Croatia, a poll from November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea.[65] A CBOS opinion poll from February 2014 found that 70% of Poles believe same-sex sexual activity is morally unacceptable, while only 22% believed it is morally acceptable.[66] A 2015 NDI public opinion poll shows that only 10% of the population in the Balkans (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia) believe LGBTI marriages are acceptable, in contrast to 88% who think they're unacceptable.[67]

According to pollster Gallup Europe, women, younger generations, and the highly educated are more likely to support same-sex marriage and adoption rights for gay people than other demographics.[68]

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:
  Joint adoption legal1
  Stepparent adoption legal
  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples
1In Finland a law will come into force in 2017.
  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Europe
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
 Austria Eurobarometer 2023 65%[69] 30% 5%
 Belgium Ipsos 2021 72%[70] 21% 7%
 Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2006 12%[71] 68%[71] 20%[71]
 Cyprus Eurobarometer 2006 10%[71] 86%[71] 4%[71]
Czech Republic Czech Republic CVVM 2019 47%[72] 47% 6%
 Denmark Pew Research Center 2017 75%[73] - -
 Estonia HumanrightsEE 2023 47%[74] 44%[74] 9%[74]
 Finland Taloustutkimus 2013 51%[75] 42%[75] 7%[75]
 France Ipsos 2021 62%[70] 29% 10%
 Germany Ipsos 2021 69%[70] 24% 6%
 Greece KAPA Research 2023 53%[76] 41%[76] 6%[76]
 Hungary Ipsos 2021 59%[70] 36% 5%
 Ireland Red C Poll 2011 60%[77] - -
 Italy Eurispes 2023 50.4% [78] 49.6% 0%
 Latvia SKDS 2023 27%[79] 23%[79] 46%[79]
 Lithuania Eurobarometer 2006 12%[71] 82%[71] 6%[71]
 Luxembourg Politmonitor 2013 55%[80] 44%[80] 1%[80]
 Malta Misco 2014 20%[81] 80%[81] -
 Netherlands Ipsos 2021 83%[70] 12% 5%
 Norway YouGov 2012 54%[82] 34%[82] 12%[82]
 Poland Ipsos 2021 33%[70] 58% 10%
 Portugal Pew Research Center 2017 59%[83] 28%[83] 13%[83]
 Romania Eurobarometer 2006 8%[71] 82%[71] 10%[71]
 Russia Ipsos 2021 23%[70] 67% 10%
 Serbia Civil Rights Defenders 2020 22.5%[84] - -
 Slovakia Eurobarometer 2006 12%[71] 84%[71] 4%[71]
 Slovenia Delo Stik 2015 38%[85] 55%[85] 7%[85]
 Spain Ipsos 2021 77%[70] 17% 6%
 Sweden Ipsos 2021 79%[70] 17% 4%
  Switzerland Pink Cross 2020 67%[86] 30%[86] 3%[86]
 Ukraine Gay Alliance of Ukraine 2013 7%[87] 68%[87] 12%
13% would allow some exceptions[87]
 United Kingdom Ipsos 2021 72%[70] 19% 9%

Legislation by country or territory

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
Tables:

European Union

Main article: LGBT rights in the European Union
LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
European Union European Union Yes Legal in all 27 member states[88] Yes/No Recognized in 25/27 member states
 Yes/No Legal in 16/27 member states
 Yes/No Stepchild adoption legal in 20/27 member states;
joint adoption legal in 17/27 member states 		Yes Legal in all member states Yes Membership requires a state to ban discrimination based on person's sexual orientation in employment.
4/27 states ban some anti-gay discrimination.
23/27 states ban all anti-gay discrimination 		Yes/No Legal in 25/27 member states[89]

Central Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Austria Austria Yes Legal since 1971; equal age of consent since 2002[90]
+ UN decl. sign. 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2010[91] Yes Legal since 2019[92] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2013;
joint adoption since 2016[93][94][95] 		Yes Includes transgender people[96] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery[98]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia); equal age of consent since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2006[99] No Upcoming Effective from January 1, 2025 “biological and partial step-child” adoption for same-sex couples, not full joint adoption. Yes Includes transgender people[100] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (with mandatory sterilisation)[101]
Germany Germany Yes Legal in East Germany since 1968
Legal in West Germany since 1969; equal age of consent since 1988 in East Germany and since 1994 in unified Germany
+ UN decl. sign.[90][102] 		Yes Registered life partnerships from 2001 to 2017 (existing partnerships and new foreign partnerships still recognised)[103][104] Yes Legal since 2017[105] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2005; successive adoption since 2013; joint adoption legal since 2017[105] Yes Includes transgender people[106] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[107] Upcoming Effective from November 1, 2024 self-determination of gender changes.
Hungary Hungary Yes Legal since 1962; equal age of consent since 2002
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2009[108] No Constitutional ban since 2012[109][110][111][112] No Constitutional ban since 2020[113][110] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity

No Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2020.[114]

Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Yes Legal since 1989; equal age of consent since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2011[115] Upcoming Effective from January 1, 2025 [116][117][118][119][120][121] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2022;
joint adoption since 2023[122][123] 		Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] No Gender change is not legal[101]
Poland Poland Yes Legal since 1932
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No/Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2012;
registered partnership proposed 2019 		No Constitutional ban since 1997[124] (Article 18 of the Constitution is generally interpreted as limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples[125][126][127][128][129][130])[a] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[132] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender. No provisions for nonbinary people. [133]
Slovakia Slovakia Yes Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia); equal age of consent since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No/Yes some limited rights for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples since 2018;
Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 (Proposed) 		No Constitutional ban since 2014 No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[134] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[135][136] Yes/No Allowed to change legal gender in theory. However because of lack of care and refusal by the state, de facto almost impossible since 2022. See LGBT rights in Slovakia § Gender identity and expression
Slovenia Slovenia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Registered cohabitation since 2006[137];
Registered partnerships since 2017[138] 		Yes Legal since 2022[139] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2011;
joint adoption since 2022[140] 		Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Gender change is legal[141]
Switzerland Switzerland Yes Legal nationwide since 1942
Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798; equal age of consent since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[90][142] 		Yes Registered partnerships in Geneva (2001),[143] Zürich (2003),[144] Neuchâtel (2004)[145] and Fribourg (2005)[145]
Nationwide since 2007[146] 		Yes Legal since 2022[147] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2018;
joint adoption since 2022[147][148] 		Yes Includes transgender people[149] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [150] Yes Gender change is legal on simple declaration (self-determination +16 yo); surgery/sterilisation not required. [151]

Eastern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Abkhazia Abkhazia
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal after 1991 No No No No
Armenia Armenia Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No No Constitutional ban since 2015[152][153] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. No[154] No No
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Yes Legal since 2000[90] No No No No No No
Belarus Belarus Yes Legal since 1994[90] No No Constitutional ban since 1994[155] No No/Yes Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able[156] No Yes/No (Highly bureaucratic, lengthy two-stage process: deciding body meets only twice a year; permission for medical or surgical interventions only at the second stage. Flaw in passport conversion whereby passport number may reveal former designation of sex to agencies.)[157]
Georgia (country) Georgia Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No No Constitutional ban since 2018 No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[158] Yes Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[101]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Yes Legal since 1998[90] No No No Yes[159] No Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery, sterilization, hormone therapy and medical examinations[citation needed]
Moldova Moldova Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No No Constitutional ban since 1994[160] No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination Yes No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2017[101]
Russia Russia Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal[161][90]
No Illegal in practice in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation. 		No No Constitutional ban since 2020[162] No No No No Gender change has not been legal since 2023[163]
South Ossetia South Ossetia
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal after 1991 No No No No
Transnistria Transnistria
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal since 2002[164] No No No No
Ukraine Ukraine Yes Legal since 1991
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No No Constitutional ban since 1996[165] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[166] Yes[167][168] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[169] Yes No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2016[170]

Northern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Denmark Denmark Yes Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1973
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Registered partnerships from 1989 to 2012 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[171] Yes Legal since 2012[172][173] Yes Stepchild adoption since 1999;
joint adoption since 2010[174][175] 		Yes Includes transgender people[176] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[177]
Estonia Estonia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Cohabitation agreement since 2016[178] Yes Legal since 2024[179] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2016;
joint adoption since 2024[180] 		Yes[citation needed] Includes transgender people[181] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Gender reassignment legal; surgery not required[101]
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands
(Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark) 		Yes Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1977
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Yes Legal since 2017[182][183] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[184][185] No[186]
Finland Finland
Åland (includes Åland) 		Yes Legal since 1971; equal age of consent since 1999
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Registered partnerships from 2002 to 2017 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[187] Yes Legal since 2017[188] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2009;
joint adoption since 2017 		Yes Includes transgender people[189] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Since 2023, by way of self-determination.[190]
Iceland Iceland Yes Legal since 1940; equal age of consent since 1992
(As part of Denmark)
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Registered cohabitation since 2006;[191]
Registered partnerships from 1996 to 2010 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[192] 		Yes Legal since 2010[193][194] Yes Legal since 2006[195][196] No standing army Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[197][101]
Latvia Latvia Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2024[198][199] No Constitutional ban since 2006[200] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples, incl. stepchild adoption[201] Yes[202] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[203] YesLegal change allowed[204] but requires "full" transition and doctor's or court's approval.[205] Sterilization required.[206]
Lithuania Lithuania Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018; Cohabitation agreement pending [207] Civil unions proposed. No Constitutional ban since 1992[208] No Only married couples can adopt[209] YesSince 2015[210] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Effective from 2/2/2022, gender change on legal documents permitted without surgery and no non-binary option available.[211][212]
Norway Norway Yes Legal since 1972
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Registered partnerships from 1993 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[213] Yes Legal since 2009[214][215] Yes Stepchild adoption since 2002;
joint adoption since 2009[216][217] 		Yes Includes transgender people[218] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[219] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender[98]
Sweden Sweden Yes Legal since 1944; equal age of consent since 1972
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Registered partnerships from 1995 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[220] Yes Legal since 2009[221] Yes Legal since 2003[222][223] Yes[224] Includes transgender people[225] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes/Upcoming First country within the world in 1972 to allow gender reassignment procedures for individuals. Effective from July 1, 2025 by self-determination for individuals to change gender.

Southern Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 2000; equal age of consent since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[90][226][227] 		Yes Since 2005, for members of the British Armed Forces[228] Yes Since 2014, for members of the British Armed Forces[229] Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[230]
Albania Albania Yes Legal since 1995
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No No No Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] No No legal recognition[101]
Andorra Andorra Yes Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Stable unions since 2005[231]; Civil unions from 2014–2023, replaced by civil marriage[232] Yes Legal since 2023 Yes Legal since 2014[233][232][234] Has no military Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Since 2023, without SRS and sterilization - but with a mandatory 2-year waiting period.[235]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Yes Legal since 1996 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Republika Srpska since 1998, and in Brčko District since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No No No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Requires surgery for change[236]
Bulgaria Bulgaria Yes Legal since 1968; equal age of consent since 2002
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 No Constitutional ban since 1991[237] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[238] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[239][240]

No Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2017.[241][242]

Croatia Croatia Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 2003 [243] Life partnerships since 2014[244] No Constitutional ban since 2013[245] Yes Legal since 2022[246] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97][247] Yes Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health.[248]
Cyprus Cyprus Yes Legal since 1998; equal age of consent since 2002
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015[249] No No Yes[250] Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[251]
Gender change not legal.
Gibraltar Gibraltar
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1993; equal age of consent since 2012
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2014[252] Yes Legal since 2016[253] Yes Legal since 2014 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[254] Yes Forbids discrimination on the grounds of gender reassignment[254]

No Gender change is not legal

Greece Greece Yes Legal since 1951; equal age of consent since 2015
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Cohabitation agreements since 2015[255] Yes Legal since 2024[256] Yes Legal since 2024 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Under the Legal Gender Recognition Act 2017[257][258]
Italy Italy Yes Legal since 1890
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Civil unions since 2016[259] No In 2018 the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriages performed abroad must be registered as civil unions. (Proposed) [260] Yes/No Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation since 2016[261][262] Yes Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[263][264]
Kosovo Kosovo
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal since 1994
(as part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 2004[90] 		No No[265] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[266][267] Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[268] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

No No legal recognition[101]

Malta Malta Yes Legal since 1973
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Civil unions since 2014[269] Yes Legal since 2017 Yes Legal since 2014 Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016 		Yes Transgender people allowed to change gender; surgery not required since 2015[270]
Montenegro Montenegro Yes Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Life partnership from July 2021[271] No Constitutional ban since 2007 (Court decision pending)[272][273] No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[98][101]
North Macedonia North Macedonia Yes Legal since 1996
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No (Proposed) No No Yes[citation needed] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

Gender change is legally recognized since 2021[274]

Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory) 		Yes Legal since 2014[275][276][90] No No No No Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[275][276] Yes Legal, requires surgery for change[277]
Portugal Portugal Yes Legal since 1983; equal age of consent since 2007
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes De facto unions since 2001[278][279] Yes Legal since 2010[280] Yes Legal since 2016[281][282][283] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes All documents can be amended to the recognised gender since 2011[284]
Romania Romania Yes Legal since 1996; equal age of consent since 2002
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No/Yes Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018;[285]
 No No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[286] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory)[101]
San Marino San Marino Yes Legal since 1865
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Civil unions since 2019 No Yes/No Stepchild adoption legal since 2019 Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination No No legal recognition[98]
Serbia Serbia Yes Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire to 1860,[287] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 2006
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		No (Proposed) No Constitutional ban since 2006[288] No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Legal after 1 year of hormone therapy, surgery no longer required since 2019[289]
Spain Spain Yes Legal since 1979
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes De facto unions in Catalonia (1998),[290] Aragon (1999),[290] Navarre (2000),[290] Castilla–La Mancha (2000),[290] Valencia (2001),[291] the Balearic Islands (2001),[292] Madrid (2001),[290] Asturias (2002),[293] Castile and León (2002),[294] Andalusia (2002),[290] the Canary Islands (2003),[290] Extremadura (2003),[290] Basque Country (2003),[290] Cantabria (2005),[295] Galicia (2008)[296] La Rioja (2010),[297] and Murcia (2018),[298][299] and in both autonomous cities; Ceuta (1998)[300] and Melilla (2008).[301] Yes Legal since 2005[302] Yes Legal since 2005[303][304] Yes Includes transgender people[305] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal nationwide since 2023.[306] 		Yes Since 2023, by way of self-determination[307]
Turkey Turkey Yes Legal since 1858[90] No No No No No Yes Legal since 1988, requires sterilisation and surgery for change[308]
Vatican City Vatican City Yes Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)[90] No No No Has no military No

Western Europe

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGB people allowed to serve openly in military Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belgium Belgium Yes Legal nationwide since 1795; equal age of consent since 1985
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Legal cohabitation since 2000[309] Yes Legal since 2003[310][311][312] Yes Legal since 2006[313][314] Yes Includes transgender people[315] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Since 2018, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[316]
France France Yes Legal nationwide since 1791
Legal in Savoy since 1792; equal age of consent since 1982
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Civil solidarity pact since 1999[317] Yes Legal since 2013[318] Yes Legal since 2013[319] Yes Includes transgender people[320] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[97] Yes Since 2017, sex changes no longer requires sterilisation and surgery[321]
Bailiwick of Guernsey Guernsey
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1983; equal age of consent since 2012
+ UN decl. sign.[322][323][90] 		Yes Civil partnerships performed in the UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012[324][325] Legal cohabitation since 2017[326] Yes Legal since 2017 in Guernsey, since 2018 in Alderney, and since 2020 in Sark[327]
[328] 		Yes Legal since 2017[329] Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[330][331] Yes Legal gender changes since 2007[332][333]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Yes Male legal since 1993
Female always legal
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Civil partnerships from 2011 to 2015 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[334] Yes Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum[335] Yes Legal since 2017[336][337][338][339][340][341] Yes Includes transgender people[342] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[343][344][345] Yes Under the Gender Recognition Act 2015, by self-declaration.[346]
Isle of Man Isle of Man; equal age of consent since 2006
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2011[347] Yes Legal since 2016[348] Yes Legal since 2011 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[349] Yes Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11)[350][351]
Jersey Jersey; equal age of consent since 2006
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom) 		Yes Legal since 1990
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2012[352] Yes Legal since 2018[353][354] Yes Legal since 2012 Yes UK responsible for defence Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[355] Yes Under the Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010[356]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Yes Legal since 1795; equal age of consent since 1992
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Registered partnerships since 2004[357] Yes Legal since 2015[358][359] Yes Legal since 2015[360] Yes Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[361] Yes No divorce, sterilization and/or surgery legally required since September 2018 for change of gender[362][101]
Monaco Monaco Yes Legal since 1793
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Cohabitation agreements since 2020 No (Proposed) No Yes France responsible for defence Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[90]
Netherlands Netherlands Yes Legal since 1811; equal age of consent since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Registered partnership since 1998[363] Yes Legal since 2001[364] Yes Legal since 2001[365][366] Yes Includes transgender people[367] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[368] Yes Since 2014, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[369][370]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Yes Female always legal. Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982; equal age of consent since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[90] 		Yes Civil partnerships since 2005[371] Yes Legal in England, Wales, and Scotland since 2014, and Northern Ireland since 2020[372][372] Yes Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[373][374][375] Yes Since 2000; Includes transgender people[376] Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[377][90] [378] Yes Under the Gender Recognition Act 2004

See also

References and notes

A The UK Parliament excepted Scotland and Northern Ireland from its same-sex marriage legislation, although the Scottish parliament has since legalised it.
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    • Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 9788325573652. Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej").
    • Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-78536-304-7. Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution.
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