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Conservatism
in the United Kingdom
Ideologies
Principles
History
Intellectuals
Politicians
Commentators
Literature
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British conservatism refers to a political and philosophical tradition in the United Kingdom that emphasizes the preservation of established institutions,[1] the rule of law, gradual societal change, traditionalism[2] British Unionism,[3] loyalism, euroscepticism,[4] a free market economy,[5] individualism[6] and a strong belief in personal responsibility.

Along with liberalism and socialism, it is one of the major political ideologies in the UK.

Entries on the list must have achieved notability after the writing of Reflections on the Revolution in France which is often seen as the starting point of conservatism.[7]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

People

[edit]

Intellectuals, philosophers and historians

[edit]
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Edmund Burke 1729–1797 Philosopher and statesman, generally understood as part of a liberal tradition,[8] but sometimes associated with a 20th-century movement called modern conservatism [9][10][11]
Thomas Carlyle 1795–1881 Scottish essayist, historian, and philosopher Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle
Friedrich Hayek 1899–1992 Political philosopher and economist [12][13][14][15]
Christopher Dawson 1889–1970 Catholic historian and independent scholar [16]
Michael Joseph Oakeshott 1901-1990 Philosopher and political theorist [17]
Maurice Cowling 1926–2005 British historian [18]
Roger Scruton 1944–2020 Philosopher, writer, and social critic [19]
Niall Ferguson 1964 - Scottish–American historian [20]

Politicians and office holders

[edit]
The Roaring Lion, 1941
Margaret Thatcher in 1995
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Prime Minister Robert Peel 1788–1850 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1834 to 1835 and later from 1841 to 1846 [21]
Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli 1804–1881 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1874 to 1880 [22]
Prime Minister Winston Churchill 1874–1965 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and later from 1951 to 1955 [23]
Prime Minister Edward Heath 1916-2005 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 [24]
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher 1925–2013 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 [5]
Prime Minister John Major 1943 - Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1990 to 1997 [25]
Prime Minister Theresa May 1956 - Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2016 to 2019 [26][27]
Prime Minister Boris Johnson 1964 - Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2019 to 2022 [28][29]
Prime Minister David Cameron 1966 - Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016 [30][31]
Prime Minister Rishi Sunak 1980 - Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2022 to 2024 [32]

Media personalities, journalists, broadcasters, publishers, editors, radio hosts, columnists and bloggers

[edit]
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Peregrine Worsthorne 1923-2020 British journalist, writer, and broadcaster [33]
Auberon Waugh 1939-2001 British journalist and novelist [34]
Andrew Neil 1949 - Scottish journalist, chairman and broadcaster [35]
Peter Hitchens 1951 - Conservative author, broadcaster, journalist, and commentator
Charles Moore 1956 - British journalist and editor
Allison Pearson 1960 - British columnist and author
Tony Gallagher 1963 - British newspaper journalist and editor [36]
Piers Morgan 1965 - Broadcaster, journalist, writer, and television personality [37]
Tim Davie 1967 - British media executive [38]
Julia Hartley-Brewer 1968 - British radio presenter, political journalist and newspaper columnist [39][40]
Fraser Nelson 1973 - Political journalist and editor [41]
Isabel Oakeshott 1974 or 1975 - British political journalist [42]
Camilla Tominey 1978 - Journalist, broadcaster and news presenter [43][44]
Douglas Murray 1979 - Author, columnist, editor and political commentator

Painters, printmakers, fine-art photographers, visual artists and sculptors

[edit]
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
John Constable 1776–1837 English landscape painter in the Romantic tradition [45]
Samuel Palmer 1805–1881 British landscape painter, etcher and printmaker [46]
George Richmond 1809–1896 Painter, portraitist and member of The Ancients [47]
Wyndham Lewis 1882–1957 Painter, art critic and co-founder of the Vorticist movement [48]
L. S. Lowry 1887–1976 Mancunian painter known for his naïve artworks [49][50]
Francis Bacon 1909–1992 Irish-born British figurative painter [51][52]
Gilbert & George 1942 -

1943 -

Collaborative performance art duo [53][54][55]
Tracey Emin 1963 - English artist known for autobiographical and confessional artwork [56][57]

Composers, musicians and record producers

[edit]
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Edward Elgar 1857-1934 English composer best known for his orchestral works including the Enigma Variations and the Pomp and Circumstance Marches [58]
Bill Wyman 1936 - Bassist of The Rolling Stones [59]
Errol Brown 1943-2015 British-Jamaican singer-songwriter and frontman of the soul band Hot Chocolate [60]
Jimmy Page 1944 - Guitarist, writer and composer of the renowned hard rock band Led Zeppelin [61][62][63]
Roger Daltrey 1944 - Co-founder and lead singer of the hard rock band The Who [64][65][66]
John Entwistle 1944-2002 Bassist of the hard rock band The Who [67]
Eric Clapton 1945 - Highly influential guitarist known for his solo work as well as being a member of blues rock band The Yardbirds and psychedelic rock band Cream [68]
Bryan Ferry 1945 - Vocalist and principal songwriter of the art rock band Roxy Music [69]
Roy Wood 1946 - Member and co-founder of rock bands The Move, Electric Light Orchestra and Wizzard [70]
Lynsey de Paul 1948-2014 English singer-songwriter and producer [71]
Kenney Jones 1948 - Drummer of the rock bands Small Faces and Faces [72]
Rick Wakeman 1949 - Keyboardist of the progressive rock band Yes [73]
Mike Oldfield 1953 - Prominent progressive rock musician [74]
John Lydon 1956 - Lead vocalist of the pioneering punk rock band Sex Pistols and frontman of the experimental post-punk band Public Image Ltd [75][76][77]
Ian Curtis 1956-1980 Lead singer and lyricist of the prolific post-punk band Joy Division [78][79][80][81]
Mark E. Smith 1957-2018 Frontman and lyricist of the pivotal experimental post-punk band The Fall [82]
Jon Moss 1957 - Drummer of the New Romantic group Culture Club [83]
Bruce Dickinson 1958 - Frontman of the influential heavy metal band Iron Maiden [84]
Morrissey 1959 - Frontman and lyricist of the important indie pop band The Smiths
Tony Hadley 1960 - Lead singer of the New Romantic group Spandau Ballet [85]
Gary Barlow 1971 - Lead singer of the pop group Take That [86]
Kerry Katona 1980 - Original member of the pop group Atomic Kitten [87]

Filmmakers, screenwriters, and producers

[edit]
The son of a high church Anglican, Olivier was a lifelong Conservative. In 1983, he wrote to congratulate Margaret Thatcher following her victory in that year's General Election.[88]
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Laurence Olivier 1907-1989 Director and writer of films including Hamlet and Richard III [89]
Peter Glenville 1913-1996 Director of films including The Prisoner and Becket [90]
Peter Sellers 1925-1980 Writer and director of films including The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film and Mr. Topaze [91]
Bryan Forbes 1926-2013 Director and writer of films including Séance on a Wet Afternoon, King Rat and The Stepford Wives [92]
Michael Winner 1935-2013 Director of films including Hannibal Brooks and Death Wish [93]
Terence Donovan 1936-1996 Photographer and director of music videos [94]
Tom Stoppard 1937 - Writer of films including Brazil, Empire of the Sun and The Russia House [95]
Julian Fellowes 1949 - Creator and writer of Downton Abbey and The Gilded Age [96]

Novelists, poets and short story writers

[edit]
"And personally, I am, as you know, an old-fashioned Tory. So far we are in accord", T. S. Eliot wrote to Ford Madox Ford in 1923.[97]
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Charlotte Brontë 1816-1855 Author of Jane Eyre and Villette [98]
Lewis Carroll 1832–1898 Author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass [99]
Alfred Austin 1835–1913 Author of A Poem – To England [100]
Mary Augusta Ward 1851-1920 Author of Robert Elsmere, Marcella, and The Marriage of William Ashe
Robert Louis Stevenson 1850-1894 Author of Treasure Island, A Child's Garden of Verses, Kidnapped and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde [101]
George Gissing 1857–1903 Author of The Nether World, New Grub Street and The Odd Women [102]
Joseph Conrad 1857–1924 Author of Heart of Darkness and Nostromo [103]
Arthur Conan Doyle 1859-1930 Creator of Canon of Sherlock Holmes and The Lost World [104]
W. W. Jacobs 1863–1943 Author of The Lady of the Barge including The Monkey's Paw [105]
Rudyard Kipling 1865–1936 Nobel Laureate author of The Jungle Book duology, Kim and Just So Stories [106]
Saki 1870-1916 Author of The Westminster Alice and When William Came [107][108]
Lord Alfred Douglas 1870-1945 Author of The City of the Soul and The Duke of Berwick [109]
Robert Hugh Benson 1871–1914 Author of Lord of the World and Come Rack! Come Rope! [110]
G. K. Chesterton 1874–1934 Author of The Napoleon of Notting Hill, The Everlasting Man and the Father Brown stories [111][112]
John Hay Beith 1876–1952 Author of Pip, A Safety Match and The Midshipmaid under the pen name Ian Hay [113]
T. E. Hulme 1883–1917 Author of "Autumn" and "A City Sunset", both published in 1909 in a Poets' Club anthology, have the distinction of being the first Imagist poems.
T. S. Eliot 1888-1965 Author of The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, The Waste Land, The Hollow Men and Four Quartets [114]
Agatha Christie 1890-1976 Author of Murder on the Orient Express, A Murder Is Announced, and The Murder of Roger Ackroyd [115]
J. R. R. Tolkien 1892–1973 Author of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit [116]
C. S. Lewis 1898–1963 Author of The Chronicles of Narnia, The Screwtape Letters and Mere Christianity
Elizabeth Bowen 1899–1973 Author of The Last September, The House in Paris, The Death of the Heart, The Heat of the Day and Eva Trout [117][118]
Barbara Cartland 1901-2000 Author of A Ghost in Monte Carlo [119]
Evelyn Waugh 1903–1966 Author of the Decline and Fall , A Handful of Dust, Brideshead Revisited, and the Sword of Honour trilogy [120]
Anthony Powell 1905-2000 Author of the 12-volume roman-fleuve A Dance to the Music of Time [121]
Lawrence Durrell 1912–1990 Author of The Alexandria Quartet [122]
Anthony Burgess 1917–1993 Author of The Malayan Trilogy and A Clockwork Orange [123]
P. D. James 1920–2014 Author of the Adam Dalgliesh mysteries, An Unsuitable Job for a Woman and The Children of Men [124]
John Braine 1922–1986 Author of Room at the Top [125]
Kingsley Amis 1922-1995 Author of Lucky Jim, Jake's Thing and The Old Devils [126][127]
Philip Larkin 1922–1985 Author of The Whitsun Weddings and High Windows [128][129]
J. G. Ballard 1930–2009 Author of The Atrocity Exhibition, Crash and High-Rise [130][131][132]
V. S. Naipaul 1932-2018 Nobel Laureate author of the A House for Mr Biswas, In a Free State, A Bend in the River and The Enigma of Arrival
Jilly Cooper 1937 - Author of the Rutshire Chronicles including Riders, Rivals and The Man Who Made Husbands Jealous [133]
Frederick Forsyth 1938 - Author of The Day of the Jackal, The Dogs of War and The Fist of God [134]

Media

[edit]
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
The Times 1785 – British daily national newspaper based in London that is widely considered to be the newspaper of record[135] along with The Daily Telegraph [136][137]
The Sunday Times 1821 – British Sunday newspaper whose circulation makes it the largest in Britain's quality press market category [138][139]
The Spectator 1828 – Conservative news magazine first published in July 1828 making it the oldest surviving weekly magazine in the world[140]
The Daily Telegraph 1855 – British daily conservative broadsheet newspaper founded by Arthur B. Sleigh which is often regarded as the paper of record newspaper of record[141] together with The Times [142][143]

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Tory Democracy". Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  2. ^ Ball, Stuart (2013). Portrait of a Party: The Conservative Party in Britain 1918–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 74.
  3. ^ David Dutton, "Unionist Politics and the aftermath of the General Election of 1906: A Reassessment." Historical Journal 22#4 (1979): 861–76.
  4. ^ Georgiou, Christakis (April 2017). "British Capitalism and European Unification, from Ottawa to the Brexit Referendum". Historical Materialism. 25 (1): 90–129. doi:10.1163/1569206X-12341511.
  5. ^ a b Davies, Stephen, Margaret Thatcher and the Rebirth of Conservatism, Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs, July 1993
  6. ^ Bale, Tim (2011). The Conservative Party: From Thatcher to Cameron. p. 145.
  7. ^ Greenblatt, Stephen (2012). The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Romantic Period. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-39391252-4.
  8. ^ Joseph de Maistre's Life, Thought, and Influence: Selected Studies. 2001. p. 191. ISBN 0-7735-2288-3.
  9. ^ Dennis O'Keeffe; John Meadowcroft (2009). Edmund Burke. Continuum. p. 93. ISBN 978-0826429780.
  10. ^ Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Third Edition. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 74.
  11. ^ F. P. Lock, Edmund Burke. Volume II: 1784–1797 (Clarendon Press, 2006), p. 585.
  12. ^ Ebenstein, Alan O. (2003). Hayek's Journey : the mind of Friedrich Hayek (First Palgrave Macmillan ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403960382.
  13. ^ Caldwell, Bruce (2004). Hayek's Challenge : an intellectual biography of F.A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-09193-7.
  14. ^ Schmidtz, David; Boettke, Peter (Summer 2021). "Friedrich Hayek". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  15. ^ Gamble, Andrew (1996). Hayek: The Iron Cage of Liberty. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-367-00974-8.
  16. ^ Carter, Stephen G. (2006) Historian of the spirit: an introduction to the life and ideas of Christopher H. Dawson, 1889-1970, Durham theses, Durham University. Page 10
  17. ^ Mark Garnett (ed.), Conservative Moments: Reading Conservative Texts, Bloomsbury Academic, 2018, ch. 9.
  18. ^ "Maurice Cowling". The Daily Telegraph. 26 August 2005.
  19. ^ The Stone (29 January 2020). "Roger Scruton Was a Conservative. But What Kind?". The New York Times.
  20. ^ Skidelsky, William (20 February 2011). "Niall Ferguson: 'Westerners don't understand how vulnerable freedom is'". The Guardian.
  21. ^ Clark, Peel and the Conservatives: A Study in Party Politics 1832–1841, 196–97, 199; Read, Peel and the Victorians, 66–67.
  22. ^ Hurd, Douglas and Edward Young. "Disraeli discussed by Douglas Hurd and Edward Young", The Daily Telegraph, 27 June 2013
  23. ^ Andrew Roberts (2018). Churchill: Walking with Destiny. Penguin. p. 127. ISBN 9781101981016.
  24. ^ Langdon, Julia (1 October 2015). "Sir Edward Heath: One Nation Tory's political legacy". BBC News. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  25. ^ "1990: Tories choose Major for Number 10". BBC News. 27 November 1990.
  26. ^ Quinn, Ben (30 June 2016). "Theresa May sets out 'one-nation Conservative' pitch for leadership". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016.
  27. ^ Parker, George; Warrell, Helen (25 July 2014). "Theresa May: Britain's Angela Merkel?". Financial Times. London. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016.
  28. ^ Hayton, Richard (July 2021). "Conservative Party Statecraft and the Johnson Government". The Political Quarterly. 92 (3): 412–419. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.13006. S2CID 236571324.
  29. ^ Parker, George (21 December 2014). "Boris Johnson aims to win back voters as 'One Nation Tory'". Financial Times. London.
  30. ^ "Cameron: Tories need new identity". BBC News. 17 November 2005. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  31. ^ "Introducing Cameronism". BBC News. 11 July 2011. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
  32. ^ "Rishi Sunak, a very Tory kind of technocrat". The Economist. 13 April 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  33. ^ Obituaries, The Telegraph (5 October 2020). "Sir Peregrine Worsthorne, brilliant and independent". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  34. ^ "Auberon Waugh". The Telegraph. London. 18 January 2001. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  35. ^ Andrew Neil, Full Disclosure (London: Pan, 1997), p. 32.
  36. ^ Statesman, New (2023-09-27). "The New Statesman's right power list". New Statesman. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  37. ^ "Piers Morgan reveals how he voted in this year's General Election". LBC. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
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  42. ^ Waterson, Jim (11 June 2018). "Profile: Isabel Oakeshott and The Bad Boys of Brexit". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
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  44. ^ Statesman, New (2023-09-27). "The New Statesman's right power list". New Statesman. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  45. ^ Rosenthal, John. "London of John Constable". Encyclopedia Britannica. An economic depression after the Napoleonic Wars had led to agrarian riots, and yet Constable, a loyal Tory, chose to portray an abstracted, well-ordered English society that was untouched by the industrial and social changes surrounding him.
  46. ^ Graham-Dixon, Andrew (November 13, 2005). "Samuel Palmer: Vision and Landscape". The Telegraph. Palmer was as conservative in his political and religious beliefs as he was revolutionary in his artistic methods.
  47. ^ Vaughan, 18–21, 20 quoted
  48. ^ Jones, Jonathan (6 November 2013). "The revolution will not be aestheticised the top rightwing". The Guardian.
  49. ^ Cumming, Laura (30 June 2013). "Lowry and the Painting of Modern Life – review". The Guardian. According to The Guardian, L. S. Lowry loathed sentiment, was a lifelong conservative and made frankly caustic remarks about the crowds he painted.
  50. ^ Hudson, Mark (24 June 2013). "LS Lowry: there's more to him than matchstick men". The Telegraph. A tall, ungainly man in a raincoat who tramped the Salford streets, a rent-collector by day and an artist by night, a lifelong Tory voter and teetotaller, who lived with his mother and never formed relationships with women, Lowry is seen as a social and cultural curiosity: a naive outsider, whose relentlessly repetitive work hints at an intellectual and emotional constriction, an Asperger's-like precocity. He's universally known in this country, but means pretty much nothing anywhere else.
  51. ^ Lybarger, Jeremy (21 April 2021). "The Turbulent Life of Francis Bacon". The New Republic.
  52. ^ Brown, Neal (5 May 1998). "Francis Bacon". Frieze.
  53. ^ van Praagh, Anna (5 July 2009). "Gilbert and George: 'Margaret Thatcher did a lot for art'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  54. ^ Michael Prodger (November 2019). "The Critic Interview: Gilbert and George". The Critic. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  55. ^ Jonathan Jones (1 March 2021). "Gilbert and George on their epic Covid artworks: 'This is an enormously sad time'". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  56. ^ Arifa Akbar (30 August 2010). "Artists flinch at 'honour' of hanging in Tory offices – Culture minister Ed Vaizey says he ruffled feathers after selecting contemporary artworks to adorn Westminster". The Independent on Sunday. London, UK. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  57. ^ "Tracey Emin: I'm abused by other artists for voting Tory". 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  58. ^ Hunt, Tristram (7 June 2007). "Behind the pomp and circumstance". The Guardian.
  59. ^ Wyman, Bill (15 May 2000). "Stone age survivor". The Guardian.
  60. ^ Sweeting (7 May 2015). "Errol Brown obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  61. ^ Bordowitz, Hank (2014). Led Zeppelin on Led Zeppelin. Chicago Review Press. p. 480. ISBN 9781613747575.
  62. ^ Stubbs, David (21 April 2015). "Join The Chant? Pop's Endlessly Problematic Relationship With Politics". The Quietus.
  63. ^ Power, Martin (2016). No Quarter The Three Lives of Jimmy Page. Omnibus Press. p. 400. ISBN 9780571322411.
  64. ^ "I will never forgive Labour for their immigration policies". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  65. ^ Prynne, Miranda (22 October 2013). "The NHS makes people unhealthy, says rock legend Roger Daltrey". The Daily Telegraph.
  66. ^ "Roger Daltrey: 'Woke generation' is creating a 'miserable world'". Yahoo! News. 30 April 2021.
  67. ^ "Interview with John Entwistle". Alan McKendree. 1995.
  68. ^ Bainbridge, Luke (October 14, 2007). "The ten right-wing rockers". The Guardian. Retrieved October 14, 2007.
  69. ^ Matre, Lynn Van (26 August 1988). "BRYAN FERRY". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  70. ^ Cole, Paul (22 May 2019). "Wizzard's Roy Wood: 'I wish it could be Brexit every day'". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  71. ^ Laing, Dave (2 October 2014). "Lynsey de Paul obituary". The Guardian.
  72. ^ Gourlay, Dom (2012-04-03). ""The best dressed band in England" - DiS meets Kenney Jones of The Small Faces & The Who / In Depth // Drowned In Sound". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 2015-12-28.
  73. ^ Wheeler, Brian (26 November 2010). "So what exactly is 'progressive' in politics?". BBC News. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  74. ^ Thing, Oliver (22 January 2017). "Today's Britain rings hollow for Mr Tubular Bells". The Times.
  75. ^ Lewis, Isobel (4 November 2020). "Sex Pistols' John Lydon says voters are done with 'intellectual left-wing ideas' as he defends Trump". The Independent.
  76. ^ Clarke, Naomi (July 2022). "Johnny Rotten backs Jacob Rees-Mogg to be the next Prime Minister". Independent.co.uk.
  77. ^ McGrath, Nick (1 June 2022). "John Lydon: 'I've got no animosity against any of the royal family'". The Times. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  78. ^ Bainbridge, Luke (14 October 2007). "The ten right-wing rockers". The Guardian.
  79. ^ Starkey, Arun (August 26, 2022). "7 of the most shocking political stances of musicians". Far Out Magazine.
  80. ^ Stubbs, David (21 April 2015). "Join The Chant? Pop's Endlessly Problematic Relationship With Politics". The Quietus. Ian Curtis of Joy Division not only voted Conservative in 1979 but persuaded the Liberal candidate to give him a lift to the polling station in order to do so.
  81. ^ Curtis, Deborah (2014). Touching From a Distance. Faber & Faber. p. 256. ISBN 9780571322411.
  82. ^ E. Smith, Mark (2014). Renegade The Lives and Tales of Mark E. Smith. Penguin Books Limited. p. 256. ISBN 9780241972434.
  83. ^ Matos, Michaelangelo (2020). How 1984 Became Pop's Blockbuster Year. Hachette Books. p. 480. ISBN 9780306903359.
  84. ^ "Iron Maiden's Bruce Dickinson reveals why he voted to leave the EU and says he's 'quite relaxed' about Brexit". NME. 26 November 2018. Archived from the original on Nov 27, 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  85. ^ Hann, Michael (25 March 2009). "Spandau Ballet: The sound of Thatcherism". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
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  91. ^ Travis, Alan (January 30, 2010). "Letters of congratulations to Margaret Thatcher on becoming prime minister". The Guardian.
  92. ^ Sinyard, Neil. "Forbes, Bryan (1926-2013)". Screenonline. Undoubtedly his most controversial screenplay - and arguably his best - was for Guy Green's The Angry Silence (1960), in which Richard Attenborough is 'sent to Coventry' by his workmates after refusing to join an unofficial strike. Left-wing critics were outraged by the film's portrayal of the unions and its caricatured communists, but Forbes (who politically has always leaned to the right) maintained that he achieved a fair balance by portraying the management as equally crass.
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  96. ^ Sweney, Mark (19 November 2010). "Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes to become Tory peer". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
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  98. ^ Thormählen, Marianne (2017). "Charlotte Brontë: A radical Tory". Literature Compass. 14 (12). doi:10.1111/lic3.12428. ISSN 1741-4113.
  99. ^ Gardner, Martin (2000). Introduction to The annotated Alice: Alice's adventures in Wonderland & Through the looking glass. W. W. Norton & Company. p. xv. ISBN 0-517-02962-6.
  100. ^ McKie, David (2008). McKie's Gazetteer, A Local History of Britain. Atlantic Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-84354-654-2.Under Ashford, Kent.
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  108. ^ Drake, Robert (1962). "Saki "Some Problems and a Bibliography"". Gale. He satirized society from the point of view of aristocratic Toryism in short stories
  109. ^ "The Autobiography of Lord Alfred Douglas", (1929),p. 220
  110. ^ Pearce, Joseph (1 June 2022). "The Genius of Robert Hugh Benson". The Imaginative Conservative.
  111. ^ Fawcett, Edmund (2020). Conservatism: The Fight for a Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-691-17410-5.
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  114. ^ "T. S. Eliot".
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References

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