Madeleine Albright
Madeleine Albright | |
---|---|
![]() | |
64th United States Secretary of State | |
In office January 23, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | |
President | Bill Clinton |
Deputy | Strobe Talbott |
Preceded by | Warren Christopher |
Succeeded by | Colin Powell |
20th United States Ambassador to the United Nations | |
In office January 27, 1993 – January 21, 1997 | |
President | Bill Clinton |
Preceded by | Edward J. Perkins |
Succeeded by | Bill Richardson |
Personal details | |
Born | Marie Jana Korbelová May 15, 1937 Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse | |
Children | 3 |
Residence | Purcellville, Virginia[1] |
Education | Wellesley College (BA) Johns Hopkins University Columbia University (MA, PhD) |
Signature | ![]() |
Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright[2] (born Marie Jana Korbelová; May 15, 1937)[3][4] is an American politician and diplomat. She is the first female United States Secretary of State in U.S. history, having served from 1997 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton.
Albright emigrated to the United States in 1948 from Czechoslovakia with her family. Her diplomat father, Josef Korbel, settled their family in Denver, and she became a U.S. citizen in 1957. Albright graduated from Wellesley College in 1959 and earned a PhD from Columbia University in 1975, writing her thesis on the Prague Spring. She worked as an aide to Senator Edmund Muskie before taking a position under Zbigniew Brzezinski on the National Security Council. She served in that position until the end of President Jimmy Carter's lone term.
After leaving the National Security Council, Albright joined the academic staff of Georgetown University and advised Democratic candidates regarding foreign policy. After Clinton's victory in the 1992 presidential election, she helped assemble Clinton's National Security Council. In 1993, Clinton appointed her to the position of U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations. She held that position until 1997, when she succeeded Warren Christopher as Secretary of State. She served as Secretary of State until Clinton left office in 2001.
Albright currently[when?] serves as chair of Albright Stonebridge Group and as a professor of International Relations at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. In May 2012, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President Barack Obama.[5] Secretary Albright also serves as a director on the board of the Council on Foreign Relations.[6]
Early life and career
Born Marie Jana Korbelová in 1937 in the Smíchov district of Prague, Czechoslovakia,[7] she is a daughter of Anna (néee Spieglová) and Josef Korbel, a Czech diplomat.[8] At the time of her birth, Czechoslovakia had been independent for less than 20 years, having gained independence from the Austria-Hungary empire after World War I. Her father was a supporter of the early Czech democrats Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš.[9] Marie Jana had a younger sister Katherine[10] and a younger brother John. These versions of their names are anglicized.)[11]
When Marie Jana was born, her father was serving as press-attaché at the Czechoslovak Embassy in Belgrade. The signing of the Munich Agreement in September 1938 and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia by Adolf Hitler's troops forced the family into exile because of their links with Beneš.[12]
In 1941, Josef and Anna converted from Judaism to Catholicism.[8] Marie Jana and her siblings were raised in the Roman Catholic faith.[13][14] In 1997, Albright said her parents never told her or her two siblings about their Jewish ancestry and heritage.[15]
The family had moved to Britain where her father worked for Beneš’s Czechoslovak government-in-exile. Her family first lived on Kensington Park Road in Notting Hill, London (where they endured the worst of the Blitz), but later moved to Beaconsfield, then Walton-on-Thames, on the outskirts of London.[16] They kept a large metal table in the house, which was intended to shelter the family from the recurring threat of Nazi air raids.[17] While in England, Marie Jana was one of the children shown in a documentary film designed to promote sympathy for all war refugees in London.[18]
After the defeat of the Nazis in the European Theatre of World War II and the collapse of Nazi Germany and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, the Korbel family returned to Prague. They were given a luxurious apartment in the Hradčany district. (This benefit generated controversy for the family, as the flat had belonged to an ethnic German Bohemian industrialist family who were forced out by the Beneš decrees to expel such families. See "Controversies").
Korbel was appointed as Czechoslovakian Ambassador to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, and the family moved to Belgrade. Communists governed Yugoslavia, and Korbel was concerned his daughter would be indoctrinated with Marxist ideology in a Yugoslav school. She was taught by a governess and later sent to the Prealpina Institut pour Jeunes Filles finishing school in Chexbres, on Lake Geneva in Switzerland.[19] She learned to speak French while in Switzerland and changed her name from "Marie Jana" to "Madeleine".[20] The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took over the government in 1948, with support from the Soviet Union. As an opponent of communism, Korbel was forced to resign from his position.[21] He later obtained a position on a United Nations delegation to Kashmir. He sent his family to the United States, by way of London, to wait for him when he arrived to deliver his report to the U.N. Headquarters, then located in Lake Success, New York.[21]
Youth and young adulthood in the United States
Albright's family emigrated from the United Kingdom on the SS America, departing Southampton on November 5, 1948, and arriving at Ellis Island in New York Harbor on November 11, 1948.[22][23] The family initially settled in Great Neck on Long Island.[24] Korbel applied for political asylum, arguing that as an opponent of Communism, he was under threat in Prague.[25] With the help of Philip Moseley, a professor of Russian at Columbia University in New York City, Korbel obtained a position on the staff of the political science department at the University of Denver in Colorado.[26] He became dean of the university's school of international relations and later taught future U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. In 2008 the school was named as the Josef Korbel School of International Studies in his honor.[9]
Albright spent her teen years in Denver, and in 1955 graduated from the Kent Denver School in Cherry Hills Village, a suburb of Denver. She founded the school's international relations club and was its first president.[27] She attended Wellesley College, in Wellesley, Massachusetts, on a full scholarship, majoring in political science, and graduated in 1959.[28] The topic of her senior thesis was former Czechoslovakian Prime Minister Zdeněk Fierlinger.[29] She became a U.S. citizen in 1957, and joined the College Democrats of America.[30]
While home in Denver from Wellesley, Albright worked as an intern for The Denver Post. There she met Joseph Medill Patterson Albright. He was the nephew of Alicia Patterson, owner of Newsday and wife of philanthropist Harry Frank Guggenheim.[31] Albright converted to Episcopalianism at the time of her marriage.[13][14] The couple were married in Wellesley in 1959, shortly after her graduation.[28] They lived first in Rolla, Missouri, while her husband completed his military service at nearby Fort Leonard Wood. During this time, Albright worked at The Rolla Daily News.[32]
In January 1960, the couple moved to his hometown of Chicago, Illinois, where he worked at the Chicago Sun-Times as a journalist, and Albright worked as a picture editor for Encyclopædia Britannica.[33] The following year, Joseph Albright began work at Newsday in New York City, and the couple moved to Garden City on Long Island.[34] That year, she gave birth to twin daughters, Alice Patterson Albright and Anne Korbel Albright. The twins were born six weeks premature and required a long hospital stay. As a distraction, Albright began Russian classes at Hofstra University in the Village of Hempstead nearby.[34]
In 1962, the family moved to Washington, DC, where they lived in Georgetown. Albright studied international relations and continued in Russian at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, a division of Johns Hopkins University in the capital.[35]
In 1963 Joseph's aunt Alicia Patterson died, and the Albrights returned to Long Island with the notion of Joseph taking over the family newspaper business.[36] In 1967 Albright gave birth to another daughter, Katherine Medill Albright, and continued her studies at Columbia University's Department of Public Law and Government.[37] (It was later renamed as the political science department, and is located within the School of International and Public Affairs). She earned a certificate in Russian, an M.A. and a Ph.D., writing her Master's thesis on the Soviet diplomatic corps and her doctoral dissertation on the role of journalists in the Prague Spring of 1968.[38] She also took a graduate course given by Zbigniew Brzezinski, who later became her boss at the U.S. National Security Council.[39]
Career
Early career
Albright returned to Washington, D.C., in 1968, and commuted to Columbia for her PhD degree, which she received in 1975.[40] She began fund-raising for her daughters' school, involvement which led to several positions on education boards.[41] She was eventually invited to organize a fund-raising dinner for the 1972 presidential campaign of U.S. Senator Ed Muskie of Maine.[42] This association with Muskie led to a position as his chief legislative assistant in 1976.[43] However, after the 1976 U.S. presidential election of Jimmy Carter, Albright's former professor Brzezinski was named National Security Advisor, and recruited Albright from Muskie in 1978 to work in the West Wing as the National Security Council's congressional liaison.[43] Following Carter's loss in 1980 to Ronald Reagan, Albright moved on to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., where she was given a grant for a research project.[44] She chose to write on the dissident journalists involved in Poland's Solidarity movement, then in its infancy but gaining international attention.[44] She traveled to Poland for her research, interviewing dissidents in Gdańsk, Warsaw and Kraków.[45] Upon her return to Washington, her husband announced his intention to divorce her for another woman.[46]
Albright joined the academic staff at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1982, specializing in Eastern European studies.[47] She also directed the university's program on women in global politics.[48] She served as a major Democratic Party foreign policy advisor, briefing Vice-Presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and Presidential candidate Michael Dukakis in 1988 (both campaigns ended in defeat).[49] In 1992, Bill Clinton returned the White House to the Democratic Party, and Albright was employed to handle the transition to a new administration at the National Security Council.[50] In January 1993, Clinton nominated her to be U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, her first diplomatic posting.[51]
U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
Albright was appointed Ambassador to the United Nations shortly after Clinton was inaugurated, presenting her credentials on February 9, 1993. During her tenure at the U.N., she had a rocky relationship with the U.N. Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, whom she criticized as "disengaged" and "neglect[ful]" of genocide in Rwanda.[52] Albright wrote: "My deepest regret from my years in public service is the failure of the United States and the international community to act sooner to halt these crimes."[53]
In Shake Hands with the Devil, Roméo Dallaire claims that in 1994, in Albright's role as the U.S. Permanent Representative to the U.N., she avoided describing the killings in Rwanda as "genocide" until overwhelmed by the evidence for it;[54] this is now how she describes these massacres in her memoirs.[52][55] She was instructed to support a reduction or withdrawal (something which never happened) of the U.N. Assistance Mission for Rwanda but was later given more flexibility.[55] Albright later remarked in PBS documentary Ghosts of Rwanda that "it was a very, very difficult time, and the situation was unclear. You know, in retrospect, it all looks very clear. But when you were [there] at the time, it was unclear about what was happening in Rwanda.""[56]
Also in 1996, after Cuban military pilots shot down two small civilian aircraft flown by the Cuban-American exile group Brothers to the Rescue over international waters, she announced, "This is not cojones. This is cowardice."[57] The line endeared her to President Clinton, who said it was "probably the most effective one-liner in the whole administration's foreign policy."[58]
In 1996, Albright entered into a secret pact with Richard Clarke, Michael Sheehan, and James Rubin to overthrow U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who was running unopposed for a second term in the 1996 selection. After 15 U.S. peacekeepers died in a failed raid in Somalia in 1993, Boutros-Ghali became a political scapegoat in the United States.[59] They dubbed the pact "Operation Orient Express" to reflect their hope that other nations would join the United States.[60] Although every other member of the United Nations Security Council voted for Boutros-Ghali, the United States refused to yield to international pressure to drop its lone veto. After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy and became the only U.N. Secretary-General ever to be denied a second term. The United States then fought a four-round veto duel with France, forcing it to back down and accept Kofi Annan as the next Secretary-General. In his memoirs, Clarke said that "the entire operation had strengthened Albright's hand in the competition to be Secretary of State in the second Clinton administration."[60]
Secretary of State
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When Albright took office as the 64th U.S. Secretary of State on January 23, 1997, she became the first female U.S. Secretary of State and the highest-ranking woman in the history of the U.S. government at the time of her appointment.[61] Not being a natural-born citizen of the U.S., she was not eligible as a U.S. Presidential successor and was excluded from nuclear contingency plans.
During her tenure, Albright considerably influenced American policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Middle East. According to Albright's memoirs, she once argued with Colin Powell for the use of military force by asking, "What's the point of you saving this superb military for, Colin, if we can't use it?"[62]
As Secretary of State she represented the U.S. at the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong on July 1, 1997. She along with the British contingents boycotted the swearing-in ceremony of the Chinese-appointed Hong Kong Legislative Council, which replaced the elected one.[63]
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According to several accounts, Prudence Bushnell, U.S. Ambassador to Kenya, repeatedly asked Washington for additional security at the embassy in Nairobi, including in an April 1998 letter directly to Albright. Bushnell was ignored.[64] She later stated that when she spoke to Albright about the letter, she told her that it had not been shown to her.[65] In Against All Enemies, Richard Clarke writes about an exchange with Albright several months after the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed in August 1998. "What do you think will happen if you lose another embassy?" Clarke asked. "The Republicans in Congress will go after you." "First of all, I didn't lose these two embassies," Albright shot back. "I inherited them in the shape they were."[66]
In 1998, at the NATO summit, Albright articulated what became known as the "three Ds" of NATO, "which is no diminution of NATO, no discrimination and no duplication – because I think that we don't need any of those three "Ds" to happen."[67]
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In February 1998, Albright partook in a town-hall style meeting at St. John Arena in Columbus where she, William Cohen, and Sandy Berger attempted to make the case for military action in Iraq. The crowd was disruptive, repeatedly drowning out the discussion with boos and anti-war chants. James Rubin downplayed the disruptions, claiming the crowd was supportive of a war policy.[68] Later that year, both Bill Clinton and Albright insisted that an attack on Saddam Hussein could be stopped only if Hussein reversed his decision to halt arms inspections. "Iraq has a simple choice. Reverse course or face the consequences," Albright said.[69]
In 2000, Albright became one of the highest level Western diplomats ever to meet Kim Jong-il, the then-leader of communist North Korea, during an official state visit to that country.[70]
In one of her last acts as Secretary of State, Albright on January 8, 2001, paid a farewell call on Kofi Annan and said that the U.S. would continue to press Iraq to destroy all its weapons of mass destruction as a condition of lifting economic sanctions, even after the end of the Clinton administration on January 20, 2001.[71]
In 2001, Albright received the U.S. Senator H. John Heinz III Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards Foundation.[72]
Post-Clinton administration
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Following Albright's term as Secretary of State, many speculated that she might pursue a career in Czech politics. Czech President Václav Havel spoke openly about the possibility of Albright succeeding him. Albright was reportedly flattered, but denied ever seriously considering the possibility of running for office in her country of origin.[73]
In 2001, Albright was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[74]
Also in 2001, Albright founded the Albright Group, an international strategy consulting firm based in Washington, D.C. that later become the Albright Stonebridge Group.[75] Affiliated with the firm is Albright Capital Management, which was founded in 2005 to engage in private fund management related to emerging markets.[76]
In 2003, Albright accepted a position on the Board of Directors of the New York Stock Exchange. In 2005, she declined to run for re-election to the board in the aftermath of the Richard Grasso compensation scandal, in which Grasso, the chairman of the NYSE Board of Directors, had been granted $187.5 million in compensation, with little governance by the board on which Albright sat. During the tenure of the interim chairman, John S. Reed, Albright served as chairwoman of the NYSE board's nominating and governance committee. Shortly after the appointment of the NYSE board's permanent chairman in 2005, Albright submitted her resignation.[77]
Albright serves on the Council on Foreign Relations Board of directors and on the International Advisory Committee of the Brookings Doha Center.[78] As of 2016, she is the Mortara Distinguished Professor of Diplomacy at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C.[79] Albright serves as chairperson of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and as president of the Truman Scholarship Foundation.[80] She is also the co-chair of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor[81] and was the chairwoman of the Council of Women World Leaders Women's Ministerial Initiative up until November 16, 2007, succeeded by Margot Wallström.[82]
On October 25, 2005, Albright guest starred on the television drama Gilmore Girls as herself.[83] She also made a guest appearance on Parks and Recreation, in the eighth episode of the seventh season.[84]
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At the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. on November 13, 2007, Albright declared that she with William Cohen would co-chair a new "Genocide Prevention Task Force"[85] created by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the American Academy of Diplomacy, and the United States Institute for Peace. Their appointment was criticized by Harut Sassounian[86] and the Armenian National Committee of America, as both Albright and Cohen had spoken against a Congressional resolution on the Armenian genocide.[87]
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Albright endorsed and supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign. Albright has been a close friend of Clinton and has served as an informal advisor on foreign policy matters. On December 1, 2008, then-President-elect Barack Obama nominated then-Senator Clinton for Albright's former post of Secretary of State.[88]
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In September 2009, Albright opened an exhibition of her personal jewelry collection at the Museum of Art and Design in New York City, which ran until January 2010.[89] In 2009 Albright also published the book Read My Pins: Stories from a Diplomat's Jewel Box about her pins.
In August 2012, when speaking at an Obama campaign event in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, Albright was asked the question "How long will you blame that previous administration for all of your problems?", to which she replied "Forever".[90][91] In October 2012, Albright appeared in a video on the official Twitter feed for the Democratic Party, responding to then-GOP candidate Mitt Romney's assertion that Russia was the "number-one geopolitical foe" of the United States. According to Albright, Romney's statement was proof that he had "little understanding of what was actually going on in the 21st Century [and] he is not up to date and that is a very dangerous aspect [of his candidacy]".[92]
Albright has described Donald Trump as "the most anti-democratic leader" in US history.[93][94] She has also criticised the Trump Administration for its delay in filling some diplomatic posts as a sign of "disdain for diplomacy".[95][96]
As of 2016, Albright serves as chair of Albright Stonebridge Group, a consulting firm,[97] and chair of the advisory council for The Hague Institute for Global Justice, which was founded in 2011 in The Hague.[98] She also serves as an Honorary Chair for the World Justice Project.[99] The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.[100]
Investments
Madeleine Albright is a co-investor with Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, and George Soros in a $350 million investment vehicle called Helios Towers Africa, which intends to buy or build thousands of mobile phone towers in Africa.[101][102]
Controversies
Deaths by sanctions against Iraq
On May 12, 1996, Albright defended UN sanctions against Iraq on a 60 Minutes segment in which Lesley Stahl asked her "We have heard that half a million children have died. I mean, that's more children than died in Hiroshima. And, you know, is the price worth it?" and Albright replied, "We think the price is worth it."[103] Albright later criticized Stahl's segment as "amount[ing] to Iraqi propaganda"; said that her question was a loaded question;[104][105] wrote "I had fallen into a trap and said something I did not mean";[106] and regretted coming "across as cold-blooded and cruel".[103] Sanctions critics took Albright's failure to reframe the question as confirmation of the statistic.[106][107][108] The segment won an Emmy Award.[109][110]
In the context of the 1998 Iraq campaign, Albright expressed another justification: "But if we have to use force, it is because we are America; we are the indispensable nation. We stand tall and we see further than other countries into the future, and we see the danger here to all of us."[111]
2003 Iraq War
According to Politifact, Albright opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, although after the U.S. was committed to the war, she said she would support the President.[112]
Art ownership lawsuit
Following the Washington Post's profile of Albright by Michael Dobbs, an Austrian man, Philipp Harmer, launched legal action against Albright, claiming her father, Josef Korbel, had illegally taken possession of artwork which belonged to his great-grandfather, Karl Nebrich.[113] Nebrich, a German-speaking Prague industrialist, was forced to abandon some of his possessions when ethnic Germans were expelled from the country after World War II under the Beneš decrees. His apartment, at 11 Hradčanská Street in Prague, was subsequently given to Korbel and his family, which they occupied before also being forced to flee to America. Harmer felt Korbel stole his great-grandfather's artwork, which was left in the apartment. The matter was handled by Albright's brother, John Korbel.[113]
Allegations of hate speech against Serbs
In late October 2012, during a book signing in the Prague bookstore Palác Knih Luxor, Albright was visited by a group of activists from the Czech organization "Přátelé Srbů na Kosovu". She was filmed saying "Disgusting Serbs, get out!" to the Czech group, which had brought war photos to the signing, some of which showed Serbian victims of the Kosovo War in 1999. The protesters were expelled from the event when police arrived. Two videos of the incident were later posted by the group on their YouTube channel.[114][115] Filmmaker Emir Kusturica expressed thanks to Czech director Václav Dvořák for organizing and participating in the demonstration. Together with other protesters, Dvořák also reported Albright to the police, stating that she was spreading ethnic hatred and disrespect to the victims of the war.[116][117]
Albright's involvement in the NATO bombing of Serbia was the main cause of the demonstration – a sensitive topic which became even more controversial when it was revealed that her investment firm, Albright Capital Management, was preparing to bid in the proposed privatization of Kosovo's state-owned telecom and postal company, Post and Telecom of Kosovo. In an article published by the New York-based magazine Bloomberg Businessweek, it was estimated that the deal could be as large as €600 million. Serbia opposed the sale, and intended to file a lawsuit to block it, alleging that the rights of former Serbian employees were not respected.[118]
Clinton campaign comment
Albright supported Hillary Clinton during her 2016 presidential campaign. While introducing Clinton at a campaign event in New Hampshire ahead of that state's primary, Albright said, "There's a special place in hell for women who don't help each other" (a phrase Albright had used on several previous occasions in other contexts).[citation needed] The remark was seen as a rebuke of younger women who supported Clinton's primary rival, Senator Bernie Sanders, which many women found "startling and offensive."[119] In a New York Times op-ed published several days after the remark, Albright said: "I absolutely believe what I said, that women should help one another, but this was the wrong context and the wrong time to use that line. I did not mean to argue that women should support a particular candidate based solely on gender."[120]
Honorary degrees and awards
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Albright holds honorary degrees from Brandeis University (1996), the University of Washington (2002), Smith College (2003), Washington University in St. Louis (2003),[121] University of Winnipeg (2005), the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2007),[122] Knox College (2008),[123] and Tufts University (2015).[124]
Albright was the second recipient of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award presented by the Prague Society for International Cooperation. In September 2006, Albright—along with Václav Havel—received the Menschen in Europa Award for furthering the cause of international understanding.[125]
Books
- Madam Secretary (2003) – Albright's memoir, published after her retirement
- The Mighty and the Almighty: Reflections on America, God, and World Affairs (2006)
- Memo to the President Elect: How We Can Restore America's Reputation and Leadership (2008)[citation needed]
- Read My Pins (2009)[126][127]
- Prague Winter: A Personal Story of Remembrance and War, 1937–1948 (2012);[128] Reviewed by Paul Wilson in The New York Review of Books, 7 June 2012, pages 35–37.
- Fascism: A Warning (2018)[129]
Personal life
Albright married Joseph Medill Patterson Albright in 1959.[28] The couple had three daughters before divorcing in 1982.[130]
Albright was raised Roman Catholic, but converted to Episcopalianism at the time of her marriage in 1959. Albright's parents had converted from Judaism to Catholicism in 1941, during Albright's early childhood.[8] When The Washington Post reported on Albright's Jewish heritage shortly after she had become Secretary of State in 1997, Albright called the report a "'major surprise.'"[131] Albright has stated that she did not learn until age 59[132] that her parents were originally Jewish and that as many as a dozen of her Jewish relatives in Czechoslovakia--including three of her grandparents--had died in the Holocaust.[13][14][133]
Albright has mentioned her physical fitness and exercise regimen in several interviews. In 2006, she said she was capable of leg pressing 400 pounds.[134][135]
Albright was listed as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50s by the Guardian in March 2013.[136]
See also
- List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries
- List of foreign-born United States Cabinet Secretaries
References
Footnotes
- ^ Madeleine Albright's House in Purcellville, VA (Google Maps) Retrieved 2018-05-08.
- ^ Sciolino, Elaine (1988-07-26). "Dukakis's Foreign Policy Adviser: Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright". New York Times. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright Fast Facts". CNN. May 8, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ^ Roger Cohen. "Memory Goes to War". The New Republic. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ^ Cohen, Tom (May 29, 2012). "Albright, Dylan among recipients of Presidential Medal of Freedom". CNN.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Board of Directors – Council on Foreign Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. 2006-05-14. Archived from the original on 2010-11-03. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Biography at The Washington Post". The Washington Post. 1999-12-15. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
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(help) - ^ a b c "Madeleine Albright's War Years". Tablet Magazine. April 26, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ^ a b Dobbs, Michael (December 28, 2000). "Josef Korbel's Enduring Foreign Policy Legacy". The Washington Post. p. A05. Retrieved 2009-04-09.(subscription required)
- ^ Dobbs, Michael (February 9, 1997). "Out Of The Past". Washington Post. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
- ^ Baum, Geraldine (February 8, 1995). "A Diplomatic Core". Los Angeles Times. p. 3. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
- ^ Albright, 2003: pp. 8–9
- ^ a b c Dobbs, Michael (February 4, 1997). "Albright's Family Tragedy Comes to Light". The Washington Post.
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(help) - ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Albright's Family Tragedy Comes to Light". Washington Post. 1997-02-04. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ Albright, 2003, pp. 9–11.
- ^ John Carlin (8 February 1998). "Profile: She who knows tyranny; Madeleine Albright". The Independent. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 9.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 15.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 4.
- ^ a b Albright, 2003, p. 17.
- ^ "Passenger Manifest". The Statue of Liberty – Ellis Island Foundation. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael (1999). Madeleine Albright: A twentieth-century odyssey. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-5659-9. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 18.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 19–20.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 20.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 24.
- ^ a b c Albright, 2003, p. 47.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 43.
- ^ Albright, 2003, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 36.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 48.
- ^ Albright, 2003, pp. 49–50.
- ^ a b Albright, 2003, p. 52.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 54.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 55.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 56.
- ^ Albright, 2003, pp. 56, 59, 71.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 57.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 71.
- ^ Albright, 2003, pp. 63–66.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 65.
- ^ a b Scott, A.O. (April 25, 1999). "Madeleine Albright: The Diplomat Who Mistook Her Life for Statecraft". Slate. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ a b Albright, 2003, p. 91.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 92.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 94.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 99.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 100.
- ^ Albright, 2003, pp. 102–104.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 127.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 131.
- ^ a b Albright, 2003, p. 207.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 147.
- ^ Dallaire, Roméo. Shake Hands with the Devi. p. 374.
- ^ a b Albright, 2003, pp. 150–151.
- ^ "Interview Madeleine Albright". Ghosts of Rwanda. PBS Frontline. April 1, 2004. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
- ^ Albright, 2003, p. 205.
- ^ "Albright's Personal Odyssey Shaped Foreign Policy Beliefs". The Washington Post. 1996-12-06. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Goshko, John M. (February 16, 2016). "Boutros Boutros-Ghali, U.N. secretary general who clashed with U.S., dies". Washington Post.
- ^ a b Clarke, Richard (2004). Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror. New York: Free Press. p. 201. ISBN 0-7432-6024-4.
- ^ "Biography: Madeleine Korbel Albright". Office of the US Secretary of State. Archived from the original on 2016-02-04. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ Albright, 2003, p. 182.
- ^ "U.S. to Boycott Seating of New Hong Kong Legislature – June 10, 1997". CNN. 1997-06-10. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ^ "Before Bombings, Omens and Fears". Partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ^ PBS Documentary
- ^ Clark, Richard A. (2004). Against All Enemies. Simon and Schuster,. p. 206. ISBN 9780743266406.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ "News from the USIA Washington File". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
- ^ "U.S. policy on Iraq draws fire in Ohio", CNN. February 18, 1998. Retrieved 9 jan 2017
- ^ "Hussein seeks 'just' solution to standoff". CNN. November 13, 1998. Archived from the original on January 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-21.
- ^ "Frontline: Kim's Nuclear Gamble: Interviews: Madeleine Albright". PBS. 2003-03-27. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ^ "U.S. Will Maintain Pressure on Iraq, Albright Says". United States Diplomatic Mission to Italy. 2001-01-08. Archived from the original on 2009-06-05. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "National - Jefferson Awards Foundation".
- ^ "EUROPE | Albright Tipped for Czech Presidency". BBC News. 2000-02-28. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ "The Albright Group LLC". BusinessWeek. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
- ^ "Albright Capital Management LLC – Brochure" (PDF). Albright Capital Management. March 18, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
{{cite web}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Business: Interim NYSE chairman to stay another year". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ^ "Board of Directors-Council on Foreign Relations". Archived from the original on 2010-11-03. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Faculty – Mortara Center for International Studies". Retrieved 28 November 2016.
- ^ "The Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation – Officers & Board of Trustees". Retrieved 28 November 2016.
- ^ "Making the Law Work for Everyone – Group Report – Volume II" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
- ^ "United Nations Foundation – Ministerial Initiatives". United Nations Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Madeleine Albright on Gilmore girls". YouTube. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright Loved Her Waffle Date With Leslie Knope". Jezebel. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
- ^ "How to stop genocide | Preventing genocide | The Economist". The Economist. 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ^ Madeleine Albright to Co-Chair Genocide Prevention Task Force, Huffington Post, November 20, 2007.
- ^ "Armenian Americans Criticize Hypocrisy of Genocide Prevention Task Force Co-Chairs | Asbarez". Asbarez. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
- ^ "Clinton named Secretary of State". BBC News. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
- ^ Lamb, Christina (October 4, 2009). "Madeleine Albright reveals Brooch Diplomacy Pinned Down Adversaries". London: The Sunday Times [UK]. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ Spiering, Charlie (21 August 2012). "Madeleine Albright campaigns for Obama: We're going to blame Bush 'forever'". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
- ^ Robillard, Kevin (21 August 2012). "Madeleine Albright: Dems should blame George W. Bush 'forever'". Politico. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- ^ Romney, who calls Russia our "No. 1 geopolitical foe," doesn't seem to realize it's the 21st century. #RomneyNotReady
- ^ "Madeleine Albright Warns: Don't Let Fascism Go 'Unnoticed Until It's Too Late'". NPR.org. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ^ Thomsen, Jacqueline (2018-04-04). "Madeleine Albright: Trump is the most anti-democratic president in American history". TheHill. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ^ Samuels, Brett (2017-11-30). "Albright: Trump's 'disdain for diplomacy' creating a 'national security emergency'". TheHill. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ^ Albright, Madeleine K. (2017-11-29). "Opinion | The national security emergency we're not talking about". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
- ^ "About Albright Stonebridge Group". Albright Stonebridge Group. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright in Board of The Hague Institute for Global Justice" on YouTube, YouTube. uploaded May 31, 2011 by THIGJTHIGJ.
- ^ "Honorary Chairs". World Justice Project. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ "What We Do – The World Justice Project". World Justice Project. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^
"Soros, Albright, Rothschild in $350m Deal". Institutional Investor. 2009-11-30. Archived from the original on 2014-08-30. Retrieved 2014-03-26.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^
Mills, Lauren. "Soros Joins Top Names in African Deal" (PDF). Helios Investment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2014-03-26.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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suggested) (help) - ^ a b The Mighty and the Almighty: Reflections on America, God, and World Affairs. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0060892586. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
- ^ Rosen, Mike (2002-03-15). "U.S., U.N. not to blame for deaths of Iraqis". Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original on 2002-04-14.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Albright's Blunder". Irvine Review. 2002. Archived from the original on 2003-06-03. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ^ a b Albright, Madeleine (2003). Madam Secretary: A Memoir. pp. 274, 275.
- ^ "The Politics of Dead Children: Have Sanctions against Iraq Murdered Millions?". Reason magazine. March 2002. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Economics Sanctions and Iraq: 'The Non-Denial Heard 'Round the World'". How the World Works: A Brief Survey of International Relations. CourseSmart. ISBN 978-0-205-72905-0.
- ^ Spagat, Michael (September 2010). "Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions" (PDF). Significance.
- ^ "Lesley Stahl". CBS News. 1998. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
- ^ Interview on NBC-TV, (Transcript, February 19, 1998, USIS Washington File, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)). - ^ In foreign policy spat, Bernie Sanders suggests Madeleine Albright supported Iraq invasion, By Linda Qiu on Sunday, February 7th, 2016. "Mostly false."
- ^ a b Suzanne Smalley (2000-05-17). "Germans lost their art, too: Family says Albright's father took paintings". The Prague Post. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Pratele Srbu na Kosovu (2012). Madeleine Albright in Prague: "Disgusting Serbs!" (in Czech). Prague, Palác Knih Luxor: YouTube: pratelesrbunakosovu. Event occurs at 1:00. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
- ^ "Madeleine Albright's scrap with pro-Serbian activists". The Atlantic. 2012-10-29.
- ^ Emir Kusturica i Vaclav Dvorak (in Czech). Prague: YouTube: sigor108. 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-15.
- ^ Wirnitzer, Jan (2012-11-13). "Aktivisté dali trestní oznámení na Albrightovou kvůli "odporným Srbům"" (in Czech). iDnes.
- ^ Matlack, Carol (2012-08-30). "Albright firm eyes Kosovo's contested state telecom". Businessweek.
- ^ Alan Rappeport, Gloria Steinem and Madeleine Albright Rebuke Young Women Backing Bernie Sanders, New York Times (February 8, 2016).
- ^ Madeleine Albright, My Undiplomatic Moment, New York Times (February 12, 2016).
- ^ "Madeleine Albright to deliver Washington University's 142nd Commencement address". Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- ^ "UNC News Release – Five to receive honorary degrees at Carolina's Spring Commencement". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 2007-05-03. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
- ^ "Knox Announces Honorary Degree Recipients". Knox College. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
- ^ "Honorary Degrees". Tufts University. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
- ^ "Menschen in Europa". Menschen in Europa. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
- ^ Albright, Madeleine (29 September 2009). "Read My Pins: Stories from a Diplomat's Jewel Box by Madeleine Albright". Harper Collins. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
- ^ "Sunday Morning with Katie Couric – Madeleine Albright's Pins". CBS News, USA. 29 September 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Albright, Madeleine, Prague Winter: A Personal Story of Remembrance and War, 1937–1948, Amazon.com.
- ^ Albright, Madeline (10 April 2018). "Fascism: A Warning". Harper Collins. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael (May 2, 1999). "Becoming Madeleine Albright". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Franklin Foer (1997-02-16). "Did She Know?". Slate. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
- ^ Jaweed Kaleem (2012-04-27). "Madeleine Albright Discusses Her Jewish Background And Her New Book, 'Prague Winter'". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
- ^ MJ Lee (2012-04-24). "Albright memoir: Her secret past". Politico. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
- ^ Bedard, Paul. "Washington Whispers (4 May, 2006)". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
- ^ "Madeline Albright Reveals Exercise Regimen For "Kicking Ass"". NPR. 2001-12-19. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
- ^ Cartner-Morley, Jess; Mirren, Helen; Huffington, Arianna; Amos, Valerie (2013-03-28). "The 50 best-dressed over 50s". The Guardian. London.
Works cited
- Albright, Madeleine (2003). Madam Secretary: A Memoir. Miramax; 1ST edition. p. 576. ISBN 0-7868-6843-0.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
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- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Madeleine Albright at TED
- 2007 commencement speech, Wellesley College
- HarperCollins profile (her publisher)
- Audio recording of Albright's talk, "The Mighty and the Almighty," as part of the University of Chicago World Beyond the Headlines series.
- Madeleine Albright Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
- 1937 births
- 20th-century American politicians
- American Episcopalians
- American people of Czech-Jewish descent
- American women diplomats
- Clinton administration cabinet members
- Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism
- Czech emigrants to the United States
- Czech expatriates in England
- Czech people of Jewish descent
- Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
- Czechoslovak expatriates in the United Kingdom
- Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Female foreign ministers
- Georgetown University faculty
- Grand Order of Queen Jelena recipients
- Living people
- Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies alumni
- People from Purcellville, Virginia
- People from Beaconsfield
- People from Notting Hill
- Politicians from Prague
- People from Walton-on-Thames
- People with acquired American citizenship
- Permanent Representatives of the United States to the United Nations
- Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
- Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
- Recipients of the Order of the White Lion
- School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni
- United States Secretaries of State
- Wellesley College alumni
- Women members of the Cabinet of the United States
- Albright family
- People from Great Neck, New York
- People from Denver
- Christians from Colorado