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'''Chakma language''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|ɑː|k|m|ə|}}; autonym: {{Script/Chakma|𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄌𑄴}}, {{lang|ccp|Changmha Bhach|script=Latn}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language spoken by the [[Chakma people|Chakma]] and [[Daingnet people]]. The language has common features with other languages in the region like the [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian dialect]] of [[Bengali language]], [[Tanchangya language|Tanchangya]], [[Arakanese language|Arakanese]] and others. It is spoken by nearly 320,000 people in southeast Bangladesh in [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], and another 230,000 in [[India]], including 96,972 in Mizoram,<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK LAWNGTLAI |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1507_PART_B_DCHB_LAWNGTLAI.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General }}</ref> [[Tripura]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It is written using the [[Chakma script]], which is also called '''Ajhā pāṭh''', sometimes romanised '''Ojhopath'''. Literacy in Chakma script is low.
'''Chakma language''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|ɑː|k|m|ə|}}; autonym: {{Script/Chakma|𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄌𑄴}}, {{lang|ccp|Changmha Bhach|script=Latn}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language spoken by the [[Chakma people|Chakma]] and [[Daingnet people]]. The language has common features with other languages in the region like the [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian dialect]] of [[Bengali language]], [[Tanchangya language|Tanchangya]], [[Arakanese language|Arakanese]] and others. It is spoken by nearly 320,000 people in southeast Bangladesh in [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], and another 230,000 in [[India]], including 96,972 in Mizoram,<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK LAWNGTLAI |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1507_PART_B_DCHB_LAWNGTLAI.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General }}</ref> [[Tripura]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It is written using the [[Chakma script]], which is also called '''Ajhā pāṭh''', sometimes romanised '''Ojhopath'''. Literacy in Chakma script is low.


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==Medieval Chakma==
==Medieval Chakma==
The [[Chakma people|Chakma]] and [[Daingnet people]] now speak what may be considered divergent dialects of Magadhi Prakrit. However, this is due to [[language shift]] from a [[Tibeto-Burman language]]; that medieval language may have been related to [[Sak language|Sak]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |date=2002 |title=Medieval Oxomiya Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyX-Nug1rD8C |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12424-0}}</ref> or [[Chairel language|Chairel]]<ref>[[Charles F. Voegelin|Voegelin, Charles Frederick]] & [[Florence M. Voegelin|Florence Marie Robinett Voegelin]]. 1977. Classification and Index of the World's Languages. New York: Elsevier. {{ISBN|0-444-00155-7}}</ref> (and therefore of the [[Sal languages|Brahmaputran]] branch).
The [[Chakma people|Chakma]] and [[Daingnet people]] now speak what may be considered divergent dialects of Magadhi Prakrit. However, this is due to [[language shift]] from a [[Tibeto-Burman language]]; that medieval language may have been related to [[Sak language|Sak]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |date=2002 |title=Medieval Oxomiya Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyX-Nug1rD8C |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12424-0}}</ref> or [[Chairel language|Chairel]]<ref>[[Charles F. Voegelin|Voegelin, Charles Frederick]] & [[Florence M. Voegelin|Florence Marie Robinett Voegelin]]. 1977. Classification and Index of the World's Languages. New York: Elsevier. {{ISBN|0-444-00155-7}}</ref> (and therefore of the [[Sal languages|Brahmaputran]] branch).

==Writing system==
{{main|Chakma script}}
The Chakma script is an [[abugida]] that belongs to the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic family of scripts]]. Chakma evolved from the [[Burmese script]], which was ultimately derived from [[Pallava script|Pallava]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGHfVGV5A5wC&q=chakma+script+burmese%2Cp214&pg=PA214|title=Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide|isbn=9788178357584|last1=Talukdar|first1=S. P.|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWP0BwAAQBAJ&q=chakma+script+burmese&pg=PA28|title = Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh|date = 11 November 2013|isbn = 9783034856942}}</ref><ref>http://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09187r-n3645r-chakma.pdf</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 10:58, 8 March 2021

Chakma
Changmha, Daingnet
𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄌𑄴
'Changmha Bhach' in Chakma script
Native toBangladesh and India
RegionChittagong Hill Tracts
CADC, Mizoram
Tripura
Arunachal Pradesh
EthnicityChakma, Daingnet
Native speakers
326,000 in Bangladesh, 228,281 in India,[1][2] also in Myanmar
Chakma script, Latin script, Bengali script[3]
Language codes
ISO 639-3ccp[4]
Glottologchak1266
IETFccp

Chakma language (/ˈtʃɑːkmə/; autonym: 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄌𑄴, Changmha Bhach) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Chakma and Daingnet people. The language has common features with other languages in the region like the Chittagonian dialect of Bengali language, Tanchangya, Arakanese and others. It is spoken by nearly 320,000 people in southeast Bangladesh in Chittagong Hill Tracts, and another 230,000 in India, including 96,972 in Mizoram,[5] Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh. It is written using the Chakma script, which is also called Ajhā pāṭh, sometimes romanised Ojhopath. Literacy in Chakma script is low.

It is officially recognised by neither the Bangladesh government nor the Indian government, the only two countries where local Chakma people live. In India, it is also spoken primarily in the Chakma Autonomous District Council (CADC) which consists of the Tuichawng constituency of Lawngtlai district in Mizoram.

Although there were no Chakma language radio or television stations as of 2011, the language has a presence in social media and on YouTube. The Hill Education Chakma Script website provides tutorials, videos, e-books, and Chakma language forums.[6]

In 2012, the Government of Tripura announced it would "introduce Chakma language in Chakma script in primary schools of Tripura. Imparting of education up to elementary stage in mother tongue is a national policy. To begin with Chakma language subjects in its own scripts will be introduced in 58 primary schools in Chakma concentrated areas."[7]

"In preparation for the January 2014 education season, the national curriculum and textbook board has already started printing books in six languages ... Chakma, Kokborok (Tripura community), Marma, Santal, Sadri (Orao community) and Achik."[8]

Mor Thengari (My Bicycle) was Bangladesh's first Chakma-language movie. However, it was banned in Bangladesh due to its controversial plot.[9]

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open æ a

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ
breathy bʱ dʱ ɡʱ
Affricate voiceless tʃ
voiced dʒ
Fricative voiceless s (ʃ) h
voiced z
Nasal m n ŋ
Trill/Tap r ɽ
Approximant w l j
  • /p/ can be heard as [ɸ] in intervocalic and word-final positions.
  • /t k/ can be heard as [t̪ʰ x] in word-initial and intervocalic positions.
  • A /ʃ/ sound is rare, and in some cases, is a free variant sound of /s/.[10][11]

Medieval Chakma

The Chakma and Daingnet people now speak what may be considered divergent dialects of Magadhi Prakrit. However, this is due to language shift from a Tibeto-Burman language; that medieval language may have been related to Sak[12] or Chairel[13] (and therefore of the Brahmaputran branch).

Writing system

Main article: Chakma script

The Chakma script is an abugida that belongs to the Brahmic family of scripts. Chakma evolved from the Burmese script, which was ultimately derived from Pallava.[14][15][16]

References

  1. ^ "Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011" (PDF). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  2. ^ CENSUS OF INDIA 2011. "LANGUAGE" (PDF). Government of India. p. 12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "Chakma". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
  4. ^ Language https://op.europa.eu/web/eu-vocabularies/at-dataset/-/resource/dataset/language. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ "DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK LAWNGTLAI" (PDF). Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General.
  6. ^ "Languages: Online Activism To Save Chakma Language". Rising Voices. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  7. ^ Hueiyen News Service / Newmai News Network (31 August 2012). "Chakma script to be introduced in Tripura". E-Pao! Headlines. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  8. ^ Chowdhury, K. R. (21 May 2013). "Native tongue offers ethnic children a good start". khabarsouthasia.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  9. ^ "Bangladesh's Censor Board Blocks the Country's First Chakma-Language Film". Global Voices. 11 December 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  10. ^ Tanchangya, Shanta Rakshit (December 2013). A comparative study of vowels in Chakma and English (PDF) (BA). BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
  11. ^ Bhattacharyya, Sumana (2004). A Linguistic study of Chakma. University of Calcutta.
  12. ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2002). Medieval Oxomiya Languages. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12424-0.
  13. ^ Voegelin, Charles Frederick & Florence Marie Robinett Voegelin. 1977. Classification and Index of the World's Languages. New York: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-00155-7
  14. ^ Talukdar, S. P. (2010). Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide. ISBN 9788178357584.
  15. ^ Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh. 11 November 2013. ISBN 9783034856942.
  16. ^ http://unicode.org/L2/L2009/09187r-n3645r-chakma.pdf
  • Cāṅmā, Cirajyoti and Maṅgal Cāṅgmā. 1982. Cāṅmār āg pudhi (Chakma primer). Rāṅamāṭi:Cāṅmābhāṣā Prakāśanā Pariṣad.
  • Khisa, Bhagadatta. 2001. Cāṅmā pattham pāt (Chakma primer.) Rāṅamāṭi: Tribal Cultural Institute(TCI).
  • Singā. 2004. Phagadāṅ

External links

Chakma language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Media related to Chakma language at Wikimedia Commons

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