Jump to content

Ilocos Norte

Coordinates: 18°10′N 120°45′E / 18.17°N 120.75°E / 18.17; 120.75
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Chipmunkdavis (talk | contribs) at 02:00, 12 November 2022 (Rv, multiple terminology issues, discussed at WT:Tambayan Philippines). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Ilocos Norte
Province
Province of Ilocos Norte
Sinking bell tower of Laoag
St. Augustine Church
Patapat Viaduct
Cape Bojeador Lighthouse
From top, left to right: Bangui Wind Farm, Sinking bell tower of Laoag, St. Augustine Church in Paoay, Patapat Viaduct in Pagudpud, Cape Bojeador Lighthouse in Burgos and La Paz Sand Dunes.
Flag of Ilocos Norte
Flag
Official seal of Ilocos Norte
Seal
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates: 18°10′N 120°45′E / 18.17°N 120.75°E / 18.17; 120.75
CountryPhilippines
RegionIlocos Region
FoundedFebruary 2, 1818
Capital
and largest city		Laoag
Government
 • GovernorMatthew Manotoc (NP)
 • Vice GovernorCecilia Araneta (NP)
 • LegislatureIlocos Norte Provincial Board
Area
[1]
 • Total3,467.89 km2 (1,338.96 sq mi)
 • Rank38th out of 81
Highest elevation
(Mount Sicapoo)
2,361 m (7,746 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[2]
 • Total609,588
 • Rank53rd out of 81
 • Density180/km2 (460/sq mi)
  • Rank52nd out of 81
Divisions
 • Independent cities0
 • Component cities
2
 • Municipalities
21
 • Barangays559
 • DistrictsLegislative districts of Ilocos Norte
Time zoneUTC+8 (PHT)
ZIP code
2900–2922
IDD : area code +63 (0)77
ISO 3166 codePH-ILN
Spoken languages
HDIIncrease 0.78 (High)[3]
HDI rank6th (2019)
Websitewww.ilocosnorte.gov.ph Edit this at Wikidata

Ilocos Norte (Template:Lang-ilo; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Ilocos Norte), is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. Its capital is Laoag City, located in the northwest corner of Luzon Island, bordering Cagayan and Apayao to the east, and Abra to the southeast, and Ilocos Sur to the southwest. Ilocos Norte faces the West Philippine Sea to the west and the Luzon Strait to the north.

Ilocos Norte is noted for its distinctive geography and culture.[4][5] This includes numerous examples of well-preserved Spanish colonial era architecture, particularly Saint William's Cathedral in Laoag with its sinking bell tower done in the Earthquake Baroque style,[6] the St. Augustine Church in Paoay which is one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites in the Philippines[7] and the Cape Bojeador Lighthouse. Famous geographical features include the La Paz Sand Dunes, the beaches of Pagudpud, and the eroded calcarenite Kapurpurawan rock formation in Burgos.[8] It is the birthplace of several notable Philippine leaders including former President Ferdinand E. Marcos,[9] Philippine Revolutionary War general Artemio Ricarte and Iglesia Filipina Independiente founder Gregorio Aglipay.[10] Three wind farms are located in Ilocos Norte. They are located in Burgos, Pagudpud and Bangui with the latter being the first wind power generation plant in the Philippines.[11]

History

Early history

Long before the arrival of the Spaniards there existed an extensive region consisting of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra and La Union. Merchants from Japan and China would often visit the area to trade gold for beads, ceramics and silk. The Austronesian inhabitants of the region called their place samtoy, from sao mi toy, which literally meant "our language".

Spanish colonial era

In 1571, the Spanish conquistadors had Manila under their control and they began looking for new sites to conquer. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi's grandson Juan de Salcedo volunteered to lead one of these expeditions. Together with 8 armed boats and 45 men the 22-year-old voyager headed north. On June 13, 1572, Salcedo and his men landed in present-day Vigan then proceeded to Laoag, Currimao and Badoc. As they sailed along the coast they were surprised to see numerous sheltered coves (looc) where the locals lived in harmony. They named the region Ylocos and its people Ylocanos.

As the Christianization of the region grew so did the landscape of the area. Vast tracts of land were utilized for churches and bell towers in line with the Spanish mission of bajo las campanas. In the town plaza it was not uncommon to see garrisons under the church bells. Indigenous peoples living in the Ilocos Region, such as the Yapayao and Isneg, were slowly pushed into living in the sparsely populated but resource-rich mountains, which would expose them to conflicts with developers in later eras, such as during Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos.[12]: 47 

Spanish colonization of the region was not completely successful. Owing to the abusive practices of many Augustinian friars a number of Ilocanos revolted. Noteworthy of these were the Dingras uprising (1589) and the Pedro Almasan revolt (San Nicolas, 1660). In 1762 Diego Silang led a series of battles aimed at freeing the Ilocano. When he died from his friendly fire his widow Gabriela continued his cause. She too was captured and executed.

In 1807 the sugar cane (basi) brewers of Piddig rose up in arms to protest the government's monopoly of the wine industry. In 1898 the church excommunicated Gregorio Aglipay for refusing to cut off ties with the revolutionary forces of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. Unperturbed, he established the Iglesia Filipina Independiente.

In an effort to gain political control and because of the increasing population of the region, a Royal Decree was signed on February 2, 1818, splitting Ilocos into two provinces: Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. Soon thereafter La Union and Abra became independent provinces.

World War II

After the fall of Corregidor and the subsequent occupation of the Philippines by the Empire of Japan, a number of small guerilla groups formed in the area of Ilocos Norte, some of which resorted to banditry.[13] Governor Roque Ablan Sr., with the help of Philippine Army Lt. Feliciano Madamba, was able to put together a guerilla unit to engage the Japanese forces and to rally the other guerilla groups into a common force. The leaders were assigned specific sectors using a system for distributing news and orders.[13][14]

Martial law era

Ilocos Norte gained additional prominence in December 1965 when Ferdinand Marcos became president, and again when he won a second term in 1969, boosted by debt-driven infrastructure spending that created economic crises and massive social unrest at the beginning of the 1970s.[15][16] Facing the end of his constitutionally allowed presidential terms, he declared martial law in 1972[17] and became dictator under a system of constitutional authoritarianism for fourteen more years.[18] His family and cronies were accused of stealing an estimated US$5 billion to US$10 billion during the 1980s,[19][20] when the Philippine economy went into a nosedive[21] until Marcos was deposed by the civilian-led People Power Revolution of February 1986.[22][23]

Various human rights violations were documented in the Ilocos Norte region during the Marcos martial law era, despite public perception that the region was supportive of Marcos' administration.[12][24] Various farmers from the towns of Vintar, Dumalneg, Solsona, Marcos, and Piddig were documented to have been tortured,[12]: 47–48 [24] and eight farmers in Bangui and three indigenous community members in Vintar were "salvaged" in 1984.[24]

There were also various protests against the Marcos administration at the time, with Aurora Park in the Laoag Plaza being one of the favored places to stage protests.[25] One of the prominent victims of the Martial Law era who came from Laoag was Catholic layperson and social worker Purificacion Pedro, who volunteered in organizations protesting the Chico River Dam Project in the nearby Cordillera Central mountains.[26] Wounded while visiting activist friends in Bataan, she was later killed by Marcos administration soldiers while recuperating in the hospital.[27][28] Another prominent opponent of the martial law regime was human rights advocate and Bombo Radyo Laoag program host David Bueno, who worked with the Free Legal Assistance Group in Ilocos Norte during the later part of the Marcos administration and the early part of the succeeding Aquino administration. He would later be assassinated by motorcycle-riding men in fatigue uniforms on October 22, 1987 – part of a wave of assassinations that coincided with the 1986-87 coup d'état that tried to unseat the democratic government set up after the 1986 People Power Revolution.[29] Both Bueno and Pedro were later honored among the first 65 people to have their names inscribed on the Wall of Remembrance of the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani, which honors the martyrs and heroes who fought the dictatorship,[30] and Pedro was listed among Filipino Catholics nominated to be named Servant of God.[31]

Bangui Wind Farm

In 2005, NorthWind Power Development Corp. began commercial operation of the Bangui Wind Farm in the Municipality of Bangui, having initiated and developed the project in response to a 1996 study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) which identified Bangui as one of the viable sites for wind energy sites in the Philippines.[32] Connected to the Luzon Grid, the project was the first wind farm in Southeast Asia,[33] supplying 40% of Ilocos Norte's electricity needs,[34] and becoming a major tourist site for Bangui.[35] AC Energy, the listed energy platform of the Ayala Group, acquired the controlling shares of Northwind and of the Bangui Wind Farm in 2017.[36]

Recent history

Ilocos Norte was among the provinces affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, reporting its first three cases of COVID-19 on March 31, 2020, including a male patient each from Batac and Paoay, and former senator Bongbong Marcos, who had arrived from travel to Spain.[37][38] Ilocos Norte experienced surges in cases in 2021,[39] with the spike reported in August 2021 being attributed to the Delta variant of the virus.[40]

Geography

Ilocos Norte covers a total area of 3,467.89 square kilometres (1,338.96 sq mi)[41] occupying the northern tip of the Ilocos Region in Luzon. The province is bordered by Cagayan to the extreme northeast, Apayao to the east, and Abra to the southeast, Ilocos Sur to the southwest, the South China Sea to the west, and the Luzon Strait to the north.

Administrative divisions

Administrative divisions of Ilocos Norte

Ilocos Norte comprises 21 municipalities and 2 component cities, further subdivided into 559 barangays. There are two legislative districts in the province. Updated classification of municipalities in Ilocos Norte. Updated Income Class of Ilocos Norte Municipalities

Barangays

Ilocos Norte has 559 barangays comprising its 21 municipalities and 2 cities.[43]

The most populous barangay in the province is Barangay No. 1, San Lorenzo (Poblacion) in the City of Laoag with a population of 4,391 in the 2010 census. If cities are excluded, Davila in the municipality of Pasuquin has the highest population, at 3,900. The least populous is Sapat in the municipality of Pasuquin, with only 32.[43]

Further information: List of barangays in Ilocos Norte

Demographics

Population census of Ilocos Norte
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 178,995—    
1918 219,129+1.36%
1939 237,586+0.39%
1948 251,455+0.63%
1960 287,333+1.12%
1970 343,427+1.80%
1975 371,724+1.60%
1980 390,666+1.00%
1990 461,661+1.68%
1995 482,651+0.84%
2000 514,241+1.37%
2007 547,284+0.86%
2010 568,017+1.36%
2015 593,081+0.83%
2020 609,588+0.54%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[42][43][44]

The population of Ilocos Norte in the 2020 census was 609,588 people,[2] with a density of 180 inhabitants per square kilometre or 470 inhabitants per square mile.

Religion

Paoay Church

Roman Catholicism and the Aglipayan Church are the two major religions in the province.[citation needed]

Among the major Roman Catholic churches in Ilocos Norte include:

Ilocos Norte is the home of the Aglipay Shrine (Aglipayan Church) where the church's first supreme leader was buried. There are also increasing members of Jehovah's Witnesses. There are also minor but steadily increasing members of Iglesia ni Cristo. Islam is also practiced by Mindanaoan traders and immigrants.

Languages

Aside from the national language and English, there are three indigenous languages in Ilocos Norte. There are the dominant Ilokano language, the Isnag language of the east, and the Faire Atta language in Currimao.

The Faire Atta language is listed as one of the 15 endangered languages of the Philippines according to the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Endangered Languages. The Faire Atta language is listed as Severely Endangered, with less than 300 speakers remaining. All remaining speakers of the language are part of the community's elders. Without a municipality-wide teaching mechanism of the Faire Atta language for the youth, the language may be extinct within 3-5 decades, making it a language in grave peril unless a teaching-mechanism is established by either the government or an educational institution in Currimao and nearby municipalities.[46]

Economy

Poverty incidence of Ilocos Norte

5
10
15
20
2006
17.75
2009
14.70
2012
9.88
2015
8.00
2018
4.47
2021
1.70

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]

Bagoong fermenting in burnay jars

Products and industries

The province specializes in the following products and industries:

  • Agriculture — rice, corn, garlic, legumes, root crops, tobacco, and other fruits and vegetables
  • Fishery — tilapia and assorted fishes
  • Livestock — swine and cattle
  • Cottage industries — loom weaving, furniture, ceramics, iron works
  • Manufacturing and food processing — salt, empanada, bagoong, patis, basi (native Ilocano wine), vinegar, longganisa, chicharon, bagnet, chichacorn (cornick), jewelry, garments, cereal processing, packaging, mechanized processing equipment
  • Wind Power — Ilocos Norte's position on the northwest corner of Luzon makes it ideal for wind power generation. There is currently a 25 Megawatt wind farm in Ilocos Norte, and several more wind energy projects are being planned
  • Tourism
  • Pottery

Culture and the arts

Prominent artists

Tampuhan by Juan Luna

Ilocos Norte has given birth to numerous artists that have received national acclaim - perhaps the most notable being Philippine Revolution era activist and leader Juan Luna, who was born in Badoc. The province is also home to at least one National Artists of the Philippines - National Artist for Theater Severino Montano who was conferred the honor in 2001.[55] Another influential artist was Ricarte Puruganan, one of the Philippines' influential "Thirteen Moderns," who broke away from the painting style of Conservatives, led by Fernando Amorsolo, during the first half of the 20th century.[56]

In the folk arts, the Philippines also recognizes Magdalena Gamayo of Pinili. Ilocos Norte as one of its National Living Treasures for textile weaving, preserving the Inabel weaving tradition of Northern Philippines.[57]

Damili

The town of San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte is known for its Terra Cotta pottery, called Damili after the Ilocano language word for pottery.[58] San Nicolas' pottery tradition has been declared part of the Philippine National Commission for Culture and the Arts' School of Living Traditions program[59]

Inabel

Main article: Inabel

Ilocos Norte is a center of the Inabel weaving tradition, whose cloths are well known for being soft but sturdy, with a wide range of pattern designs drawn from Ilocano culture and experience[60][61]

Cuisine

Preeminent Philippine culinary historian Doreen Fernandez notes that Bitterness as a flavor principle is a uniquely prominent in Ilocano culture, quoting fellow food critic Edilberto Alegre saying the bitter "Ilocos Norte mystique" is best represented in Papait, a meat variant of Filipino Kilawin characterized by its Bitter flavors.[4]: 56 

Government

Term of Office: June 30, 2022 - June 30, 2025

Ilocos Norte Capitol, the seat of the provincial government
Governor Matthew Manotoc
Vice Governor Cecilia Araneta-Marcos
Representatives
Provincial Board Members

1st District:

  • Rodolfo Christian G. Fariñas
  • Franklin Dante A. Respicio
  • Saul A. Lazo
  • Portia Pamela R. Salenda
  • Donald G. Nicolas

2nd District:

  • Medeldorf M. Gaoat (Sr. PBM)
  • Domingo C. Ambrocio
  • Da Vinci M. Crisostomo
  • James Paul C. Nalupta
  • Aladine T. Santos
PCL President Handy T. Lao
ABC President Elmer C. Faylogna
SK Federated President Rafael Salvador C. Medina

Tourism

Kapurpurawan Rock Formation in Burgos

Ilocos Norte is a tourist destination, being the location of Fort Ilocandia, hotel, resort and casino. Built between 1981 and 1983 by the Philippine Tourism Authority, the Spanish-Moroccan Villa was designed by Architect Jeorge Ramos.[undue weight? – discuss] The golf course on Paoay Lake was built by Marcos in 1977 and was designed by Gary Player.[62][undue weight? – discuss]

Also of note are the La Paz Sand Dunes, Malacañang of the North, Cape Bojeador Lighthouse, Bangui Wind Farm, Saud Beach in Pagudpud and the Early Pliocene calcarenite Kapurpurawan Burgos Formation which was sculpted by wind and waves.[63]

References

  1. ^ "List of Provinces". PSGC Interactive. Makati, Philippines: National Statistical Coordination Board. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  2. ^ a b c Census of Population (2020). "Region I (Ilocos Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  3. ^ "Gender and Special Population Groups; Provincial Human Development Index". Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  4. ^ a b Fernandez, Doreen (2020). Tikim : essays on Philippine food and culture. Leiden ; Boston. ISBN 978-90-04-41479-2. OCLC 1114270889.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ "Damili". 16 March 2001.
  6. ^ Ichimura, Anri (2020-04-10). "How Mother Nature Restructured 'Earthquake' Baroque Churches in the Philippines". Esquire Magazine Philippines.
  7. ^ "Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte: The Stunning Historical Icon of the North". PRIMER Magazine.
  8. ^ Callejo, Gretchen & Fernando, Allan Gil & Silva, Leopoldo. (2015). New Age Dates of the Kapurpurawan Rock Formation in Burgos, Ilocos Norte based on Foraminifera Assemblage.
  9. ^ Benedicto, Bobby (August 2021). "The place of the dead, the time of dictatorship: Nostalgia, sovereignty, and the corpse of Ferdinand Marcos". Environment and Planning D: Society & Space. 39 (4): 722–739. doi:10.1177/02637758211013038. ISSN 0263-7758. PMC 8369899. PMID 34421166.
  10. ^ "Batac City". Museo Ilocos Norte. 2008-12-09. Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  11. ^ Neil (2021-10-20). "AC Energy to take control of three Ilocos wind farms". BusinessWorld. Archived from the original on 2021-10-20. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  12. ^ a b c Pawilen, Reidan M. (May 2021). "The Solid North myth: an Investigation on the status of dissent and human rights during the Marcos Regime in Regions 1 and 2, 1969-1986". University of the Philippines Los Baños University Knowledge Digital Repository. Archived from the original on 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  13. ^ a b Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (2001). The fateful years: Japan's adventure in the Philippines, 1941-45. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. pp. 611–612. ISBN 971-542-274-8. OCLC 48220661.
  14. ^ Morton, Louis (2004). The fall of the Philippines. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 1-4102-1696-9. OCLC 66529013.
  15. ^ Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992). "IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines". Journal of Philippine Development. XIX (35).
  16. ^ Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines". DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05: 3, 19.
  17. ^ Celoza, Albert F. (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 9780275941376.
  18. ^ Navera, G.S. (2019). "Metaphorizing Martial Law: Constitutional Authoritarianism in Marcos's Rhetoric (1972–1985)". Philippine Studies. 66 (4).
  19. ^ Romero, Jose V. Jr. (2008). Philippine political economy. Quezon City, Philippines: Central Book Supply. ISBN 9789716918892. OCLC 302100329.
  20. ^ "Hail to the thief". The Economist. November 12, 2016.
  21. ^ Guido, Edson Joseph; de los Reyes, Che (2017), "The best of times? Data debunk Marcos's economic 'golden years'", ABSCBN News and Public Affairs
  22. ^ "A History of the Philippine Political Protest". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  23. ^ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
  24. ^ a b c "Ilocanos remember dark days of martial law, vow to continue fight". 2 October 2012.
  25. ^ Guiang, Jun (2021-11-12). "Youth activism in Ilocos Norte in the 70s - Ilocos Sentinel". The Ilocos Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2021-11-12. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  26. ^ "MARTYRS & HEROES: PEDRO, Purificacion A." July 13, 2016.
  27. ^ Remollino, Alexander Martin (December 14–20, 2003). "Human Rights Martyrs of the Word". www.bulatlat.com. Archived from the original on 2004-03-12.
  28. ^ "No Way to Go But Onwards! Philippine Religious Resist Marcos Repression" (PDF). Christian Conference of Asia: CCA News. 18 (3). Christian Conference of Asia: 4. March 1983.
  29. ^ Clarke, Gerard (2006). The Politics of NGOs in Southeast Asia. Routledge.
  30. ^ "A Tribute to Human Rights Lawyer David Bueno (1988)". August 19, 2015.
  31. ^ "Philippines". newsaints.faithweb.com. Archived from the original on 2019-10-09.
  32. ^ "Giant windmills energize Ilocos Norte". Philstar.com. 13 October 2005.
  33. ^ "First wind farm for Southeast Asia | WWF". wwf.panda.org. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  34. ^ Cabie, Honor (November 2, 2016). "Ilocos Norte's Windmills: Tourism and Energy Giants". Manilastandard.net. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  35. ^ "AC Energy Corporation - NorthWind". AC Energy Corporation. Archived from the original on 2021-10-09. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  36. ^ "AC Energy Takes Control of Northwind". AC Energy Corporation. 2017-02-05. Archived from the original on 2021-10-19. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  37. ^ "Ilocos Norte lists first coronavirus cases". Archived from the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  38. ^ "Despite earlier denials, former Sen. Bongbong Marcos tests positive for COVID-19". Yahoo! News Philippines. Archived from the original on 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  39. ^ Mugas, John Michael (2021-08-19). "Ilocos Norte bans returning residents anew amid virus surge". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  40. ^ Paciente, Kenneth (2021-09-03). "Ilocos Norte confirms increase in cases caused by Delta variant". PTV. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  41. ^ a b c "Province: Ilocos Norte". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  42. ^ a b Census of Population (2015). "Region I (Ilocos Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  43. ^ a b c Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region I (Ilocos Region)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  44. ^ "Philippines Census Of Population of all LGUs 1903-2007". Archive.org. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  45. ^ "Laoag Earthquake - 17 August 1983". Phivolcs. 1983. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
  46. ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". Unesco.org. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  47. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  48. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005.
  49. ^ "2009 Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 8 February 2011.
  50. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 27 August 2016.
  51. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 27 August 2016.
  52. ^ "Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population, by Region and Province: 1991, 2006, 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 27 August 2016.
  53. ^ "Updated Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold, Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population with Measures of Precision, by Region and Province: 2015 and 2018". Philippine Statistics Authority. 4 June 2020.
  54. ^ "2021 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics of the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 August 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  55. ^ "About Culture and Arts". www.ncca.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  56. ^ "Botong and Puruganan: Rediscovering the two 'Moderns' │ GMA News Online".
  57. ^ "GAMABA: Magdalena Gamayo".
  58. ^ "Damili". 16 March 2001.
  59. ^ "San Nicolas town in Ilocos Norte banks on heritage for development". 14 December 2014.
  60. ^ "The Inabel of Ilocos: Woven Cloth for Everyday".
  61. ^ "Art of the Loom: Weaving the Story That is the Binakul – Yuchengco Museum".
  62. ^ "Fort Ilocandia". Discover Philippines (September–October): 16–17, 24. 2004.
  63. ^ Callejo, Gretchen; De Silva, Leopoldo; Fernando, Allan (2017). "New age assignment of the Kapurpurawan Rock Formation Calcarenite in Burgos Ilocos Norte Based on Planktonic Foraminiferal Assemblage". Journal of the Geological Society of the Philippines: 26–40.
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilocos_Norte&oldid=1121393584"